Article(id=1322942296332837805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343622524, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343622524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343622524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343622524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941718441623734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='489', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343484745, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344165564, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944574066402279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944574070596584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=713, endPage=721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942296529970094, articleId=1322942296332837805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Study on asymmetric propagation mechanisms of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in shale reservoirs, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In studies of multi-cluster hydraulic fracture propagation patterns, traditional research has emphasized inter-cluster competitive and unbalanced propagation caused by stress shadowing effects. However, theoretical analysis and field monitoring reveal that unbalanced propagation should also include the concept of spatial asymmetry, especially as fracturing processes evolve toward dense-cluster spacing and extreme limited-entry perforation techniques. The spatially asymmetric propagation of hydraulic fractures significantly affects the identification of effective stimulated volume, assessment of inter-well interference, and optimization of extreme limited-entry perforation techniques. Taking the Lianggaoshan Formation shale oil in the Fuxing block as an example, this study established an asymmetric propagation model for multi-cluster fractures in horizontal wells with dense-cluster spacing using a three-dimensional discrete lattice simulation method. The model precisely characterized the spatial evolution of hydraulic fractures , analyzed sensitivity factors influencing symmetry, and proposed optimization strategies. The results showed that: (1) Stress shadowing between fractures led to asymmetric propagation and complementary morphologies. As cluster density increased, asymmetric propagation became more pronounced, primarily in middle clusters, consistent with microseismic monitoring results. (2) As the pad fluid changed from low viscosity to gelled fluid, the asymmetry index showed a decreasing trend, and the equilibrium index showed a significant increasing trend. Increasing pad fluid viscosity enhanced fracture initiation and propagation uniformity while reducing asymmetry to some extent. However, severe fracture deflection occurred and complexity increased, limiting fracture length and requiring further scale enhancement. (3) Limited-entry perforation significantly improved initiation uniformity but exacerbated asymmetry, with severe deflection in middle-cluster fractures, particularly when cluster spacing was ≤6 m. However, when cluster spacing was ≥8 m, limited-entry perforation not only enhanced initiation uniformity but also effectively reduced the asymmetry of hydraulic fractures. In subsequent operations, based on full consideration of symmetry and uniformity, cluster spacing, fluid viscosity, and injection rate should be reasonably configured, supplemented by temporary plugging and limited-entry perforation techniques, to improve the stimulated volume of the hydraulic fracture network. This study provides a novel perspective on asymmetric fracture propagation for optimizing multi-cluster fracturing and perforation design in unconventional reservoirs.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=BAIYU ZHU, FAN ZHANG, ZHIFANG ZHU, MENGLING DONG, XIANG LIU, BAOLIN LI, authorsList=BAIYU ZHU, FAN ZHANG, ZHIFANG ZHU, MENGLING DONG, XIANG LIU, BAOLIN LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=FAN ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942300422284225, articleId=1322942296332837805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=页岩储层多簇水力裂缝非对称扩展机理研究, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

在多簇水力裂缝扩展规律中,传统重点强调其应力阴影导致的簇非均衡扩展。但理论与现场监测发现,非均衡扩展还包括空间非对称扩展的内涵,特别是压裂工艺走向密切割+限流射孔工艺后。水力裂缝空间非对称扩展效应,对有效改造体积识别、井间窜扰判断、限流射孔工艺优化等具有显著影响。研究以复兴区块凉高山组页岩油为例,结合三维离散格子模拟方法,建立了水平井密切割段内多簇尺度非对称扩展模型,分析了影响其对称性的敏感性因素,形成了优化方案。结果显示:①由于缝间应力阴影导致水力裂缝非对称扩展与形态互补,随着密切割程度增加,非对称扩展现象显著,主要发生在中间簇,与微地震监测结果一致;②随着前置液从低黏变为冻胶,非对称指数呈降低趋势,均衡指数呈明显的增加趋势,但裂缝转向严重,复杂度增加,缝长可能受限,需要进一步强化规模;③限流射孔起裂均衡性显著提升,但非对称更为严重,中间簇裂缝转向严重,尤其在簇间距小于等于6 m时;当簇间距大于等于8 m时,限流射孔不仅能提升起裂均衡程度,还可降低水力裂缝非对称性。后续应在充分考虑对称性与均衡性的基础上,合理配置簇间距、黏度、排量等参数,辅以暂堵、限流射孔等工艺,提高水力缝网改造体积。

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朱柏宇(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发研究等工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:

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张凡(1981—),男,硕士,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:
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朱柏宇(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发研究等工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:

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朱柏宇(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发研究等工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:

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岩石参数默认值取值模拟参数默认值取值
最大水平主应力/MPa2525簇间距/m4、5、6、8、10、12
最小水平主应力/MPa2010、15、20应力差/MPa105、10、15
垂向应力/MPa3030排量/(m3/min)2112、18、24
单轴抗压强度/MPa7272黏度/(mPa·s)4010、30、200
弹性模量/GPa1515暂堵球数/颗不暂堵
内摩擦角/(°)2323单簇孔数/孔62、4、6
断裂韧性/(MPa·m0.5)0.380.38簇数1211、12
), ArticleFig(id=1322942305405116417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942296332837805, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石参数默认值取值模拟参数默认值取值
最大水平主应力/MPa2525簇间距/m4、5、6、8、10、12
最小水平主应力/MPa2010、15、20应力差/MPa105、10、15
垂向应力/MPa3030排量/(m3/min)2112、18、24
单轴抗压强度/MPa7272黏度/(mPa·s)4010、30、200
弹性模量/GPa1515暂堵球数/颗不暂堵
内摩擦角/(°)2323单簇孔数/孔62、4、6
断裂韧性/(MPa·m0.5)0.380.38簇数1211、12
), ArticleFig(id=1322942305489002498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942296332837805, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Optimization ideas for fracturing technology of symmetric and uniform propagation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数均衡性影响程度对称性影响程度优化方案
簇间距★★★★★★8~10 m
排量★★★★★排量介于18~24 m³/min
前置液黏度★★★★★★★★前置高黏
限流射孔★★★★★★单簇4孔(限流)
应力差★★★>10 MPa时需增大簇间距
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对称均衡扩展的压裂工艺优化思路

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参数均衡性影响程度对称性影响程度优化方案
簇间距★★★★★★8~10 m
排量★★★★★排量介于18~24 m³/min
前置液黏度★★★★★★★★前置高黏
限流射孔★★★★★★单簇4孔(限流)
应力差★★★>10 MPa时需增大簇间距
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页岩储层多簇水力裂缝非对称扩展机理研究
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朱柏宇 , 张凡 , 朱志芳 , 董孟玲 , 刘湘 , 李保林
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(3): 713-721
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (3) : 713 -721
页岩储层多簇水力裂缝非对称扩展机理研究
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朱柏宇 , 张凡, 朱志芳, 董孟玲, 刘湘, 李保林
作者信息
  • 中国石化江汉油田分公司石油工程技术研究院,湖北   武汉 430035
通讯作者:
张凡(1981—),男,硕士,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:
作者简介:

朱柏宇(1991—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发研究等工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:

Study on asymmetric propagation mechanisms of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in shale reservoirs
BAIYU ZHU , FAN ZHANG, ZHIFANG ZHU, MENGLING DONG, XIANG LIU, BAOLIN LI
Affiliations
  • Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute, Sinopec Jianghan Oilfield Company, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, China
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025251
文章导航
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页岩  /  水力压裂  /  非对称扩展  /  三维离散格子法  /  应力阴影  /  凉高山组
shale  /  hydraulic fracturing  /  asymmetric propagation  /  three-dimensional discrete lattice method  /  stress shadow  /  Lianggaoshan Formation
朱柏宇, 张凡, 朱志芳, 董孟玲, 刘湘, 李保林. 页岩储层多簇水力裂缝非对称扩展机理研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (3) : 713 -721 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025251
BAIYU ZHU, FAN ZHANG, ZHIFANG ZHU, MENGLING DONG, XIANG LIU, BAOLIN LI. Study on asymmetric propagation mechanisms of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in shale reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (3) : 713 -721 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025251
中国非常规油气资源丰富,预计2025年中国页岩气产量有望达到300×108 m3 ,页岩油年产量达670×104 t 以上[1]。水平井分段多簇压裂技术作为构建复杂缝网系统的核心手段,已在页岩油气高效开发领域形成广泛共识[2-3]。工程实践表明,采用簇间距优化的密切割工艺可显著缩短基质流体至裂缝的渗流路径[4-6],有效降低驱动压力梯度,该技术体系已在北美页岩油压裂工程中实现规模化应用[7-8]。当前北美地区普遍采用“长水平段+密切割+限流射孔”的工艺组合模式[9],典型参数为单段长度介于50~60 m、簇密度介于10~15簇/段,簇间距进一步降低至4~8 m,配合2~4孔/簇的限流射孔方案以确保均衡起裂[10]。在中国,复兴陆相页岩具有高黏土强塑性、岩石破裂形态简单等特征[11],复杂成缝难度大,超密布缝是提高缝控体积的关键。以凉高山组为例,现有工艺参数为单段长介于50~75 m、簇密度介于8~12簇/段、簇间距介于7~8 m,结合多级暂堵技术实现超密缝网均衡改造[12]。
多簇水力裂缝扩展规律中,传统重点强调其应力阴影导致的竞争扩展、非均衡扩展[13-14],但理论分析与现场监测发现,非均衡扩展还应该包括空间非对称扩展的内涵[15-16]。GEERTSMA等[17]最早提出了裂缝并非对称双翼裂缝,可能存在单侧扩展。许多室内实验及现场动态监测均观察到了不对称扩展裂缝,其中一侧的裂缝翼可能是另一侧的十倍长,且该现象普遍存在[18]。微地震监测揭示,当储层存在强非均质性、发育层理缝或高三向地应力时,裂缝在垂向与水平方向均可能出现不对称扩展,且更易朝向已开采井延伸[19-21]。在不考虑地应力非均质性、储层非均质性及天然裂缝的条件下,大部分商业化的水力压裂设计模型假设裂缝在井眼周围近对称地发育和扩展[22]。非对称扩展包含储层岩石与上下围岩之间的应力、岩石力学性质及层理弱面差异导致的穿层扩展问题,以及天然裂缝、应力非均质分布引起的缝长方向非对称扩展行为[23-28]。地应力方向非对称性还可能是邻井地层压力变化引起的,即井间应力诱导作用,如拉链式压裂后压裂的段非对称性明显加剧[29]。水力裂缝空间非对称扩展效应,对有效改造体积识别、井间窜扰判断、限流射孔工艺优化、套变分析等具有显著影响,密切割工艺可能会加剧非对称扩展。
但实际上,簇间应力诱导也会导致水力裂缝空间非对称性,即在均质地层中由于缝间应力阴影也会导致非对称扩展,这点目前是缺乏研究的。为此,以复兴页岩油凉高山组为例,结合三维离散格子模拟方法,建立了水平井段内多簇尺度非对称扩展模型,精细刻画了水力裂缝空间演化行为,系统探讨了水平应力差、簇间距、排量、黏度、暂堵及射孔等关键因素下的裂缝扩展行为,并最终形成了密切割水力裂缝均衡与对称扩展的工艺优化方案。
三维离散格子法中格子由一个准随机分布的节点阵列组成,节点之间通过法向弹簧和剪切弹簧连接,弹簧代表了岩体的弹性特性,而裂缝破裂延伸可以通过弹簧的断裂来模拟。天然裂缝和水力裂缝通过引入光滑节理模型来实现,水力裂缝扩展路径无需预制裂缝产状,并允许水力裂缝非平面扩展,同时计算全变形和应力[22]。
与离散元方法相似,该模型采用动态显式算法来求解水力裂缝的起裂、延伸及闭合行为,采用中心差分法求解平动自由度:
u˙i(t+Δt/2)=u˙i(t-Δt/2)+∑Fi(t)Δt/mui(t+Δt)=ui(t)+u˙i(t+Δt/2)Δt
式中:u˙i(t)为t时刻节点i分量的速度,单位m/s;Δt为固体力学计算时间步长,单位s;m为节点的质量,单位kg;Fi(t)为t时刻作用在节点i分量的力,单位N;ui(t)为t时刻节点i分量的位移,单位m。
同样,采用中心差分法求解节点i分量的转动自由度可以表示为:
ωi(t+Δt/2)=ωi(t-Δt/2)+∑Mi(t)IΔt
式中:ωi(t)为t时刻i分量的角速度,单位rad/s;I为转动惯量,单位kg·m2;Mi(t)为t时刻节点i分量的力矩,单位N·m。
节点弹簧法向力的变化和相对位移通过节点的速度计算:
FiN(t+Δt/2)←FiN(t-Δt/2)+u˙iN(t)kNΔtFiS(t+Δt/2)←FiS(t-Δt/2)+u˙iS(t)kSΔt
式中:FiN(t)为t时刻节点i分量的法向力,单位N;u˙iN(t)为t时刻节点i分量的法向速度,单位m/s;kN为法向刚度,单位N/m;FiS(t)为t时刻节点i分量的切向力,单位N;u˙iS(t)为t时刻节点i分量的切向速度,单位m/s;kS为剪切刚度,单位N/m。
当FiN(t)超过抗拉强度或FiS(t)超过抗剪强度时,弹簧发生拉伸或剪切破坏产生水力裂缝。
离散格子方法中流体流动与岩体变形破裂双向全耦合,即岩体变形会影响缝内流体流动,而缝内流体流动导致压力增加或渗透性变化也会影响岩体变形。管道中的流量基于润滑方程计算:
q=βkra312μpA-pB+ρfgzA-zB
式中:q为流体流量,单位m3/s;kr为相对渗透率;β为校正系数,其大小根据流体单元尺寸和流体流动网络的连通性自动进行线性差值获得;a为裂缝宽度,单位m;ρf为流体密度,单位kg/m3;μ为流体黏度,单位Pa·s;g为重力加速度,单位m/s2;pA和pB分别为流体单元A和流体单元B的流体压力,单位Pa;zA和zB分别为流体单元A和流体单元B的水头,单位m。
时间步长的压力增量可以通过以下公式计算:
Δp=∑qiVK¯fΔtf
式中:Δp为流体压力增量,单位Pa;qi为与节点i相连的管道流量,单位m3/s;V为节点体积,单位m3;K¯f为表观流体体积模量,单位Pa;Δtf为流体计算时间步长,单位s,按照离散元计算经验,流体计算时间步长通常为固体力学计算步长的50~100倍。
采用研究区室内真三轴物模实验配套验证,采用不同标号水泥模拟互层性页岩水力压裂模型(隔档层模量为20 MPa,储层模量为16 MPa),中间不设置层理。分层浇筑过程中预埋井筒,模型尺寸为300 mm×300 mm×300 mm,模型水平应力场为10 MPa,垂向应力差为5 MPa,注入排量为120 mL/min,压裂液黏度为10 mPa·s。当簇间距为5 cm时,数值模拟与实验均显示两翼裂缝起裂延伸效果更佳,中间簇裂缝受到抑制,难以穿层;当簇间距为10 cm时,数值模拟与实验发现第1、2簇优先扩展,而第3簇延伸受限。实验与数值模拟基本匹配(图1)。
复兴区块凉高山组埋深介于2 000~3 000 m,根据该区凉二段(凉高山组二段)地质工程进行模型建立和参数设置,模型上下部存在厚层介壳灰岩作为隔夹层。该地区垂向应力、最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力分别为65、60、55 MPa,地层压力为35 MPa,根据太沙基公式折算有效应力开展模拟。岩石弹性模量为15 GPa,泊松比为0.35,抗拉强度为4.00 MPa,单轴抗压强度为72 MPa,断裂韧性为0.38 MPa·m0.5,储层的孔隙度为2%,渗透率为0.10×10-3 µm2。该区普遍采用“多簇密切+复合暂堵+不同粒径组合支撑”的思路进行压裂改造,每段8~12簇,段长介于50~75 m,同时配套多级暂堵及限流射孔促均衡。如图2所示,模型长、宽、高分别为150 m×100 m×30 m,模型在高度方向设置上下隔档层,隔档层厚度均为10 m,水平井筒沿着最小水平主应力方位布置,井筒直径为125 mm。设计了12个等间距的射孔簇,每个簇根据限流射孔程度设置为2、4、6孔。数值模拟参数设置如表1所示,系统探讨了水平应力差、簇间距、排量、黏度及射孔等关键因素下的裂缝扩展行为。
首先讨论了不同密切割程度下水力裂缝扩展规律,设置簇间距分别为4、5、6、8、10、12 m开展讨论(图3)。当簇间距为4 m时,最外侧裂缝由于受应力干扰较弱,呈外凹形对称扩展特征;中间簇水力裂缝发育受到抑制,裂缝形态相对平直,且大部分中间簇裂缝均呈单方向延伸非对称扩展特征,但由于簇间裂缝受应力干扰严重,部分簇发生了明显的偏转。当簇间距为6 m时,趾端最外侧水力裂缝呈外凹形特征,跟端外侧水力裂缝呈平直非对称扩展特征,其他水力裂缝均呈平直对称扩展。当簇间距为10 m和12 m时,中间簇水力裂缝基本为平直缝,外侧存在轻微偏转,水力裂缝均衡性显著提升。整体而言,随着簇间距降低,水力裂缝非对称扩展现象明显加剧,当簇间距缩小为4、5、6 m时并不能明显增加改造体积,随着簇间距增加,由于各簇均衡起裂,用液规模应适度放大以保障改造体积。
由于水力裂缝两侧裂缝存在非对称扩展现象,对非对称指数和均衡指数进行计算:
L0=nanb
ε=nbn
式中:L0为非对称指数;na为非对称扩展射孔簇数量;nb为起裂射孔簇数量;ε为均衡指数;n为总簇数。
图4统计了不同簇间距下的水力裂缝扩展非对称指数与均衡指数变化,可以看出,当簇间距从12 m降至4 m时,非对称指数逐步增加,表明簇间距越小水力裂缝对称性越差,非对称指数从0.08增至0.78。当簇间距为4、5、6、8、10 m时,均衡性相差不大,水力裂缝均衡指数介于0.75~0.84;当簇间距为12 m时,水力裂缝均衡指数为1.00,所有簇均有起裂延伸。表明在密切割工艺下,过小的簇间距会导致水力裂缝非对称扩展,且均衡性无显著提升。
研究区开展了密切割工艺下的微地震监测,该工艺簇间距为6.8 m、簇数为12簇。微地震监测也证实了密切割工艺下水力裂缝的非对称扩展现象,尤其是在外侧簇中,这点与数值模拟结果不尽相同。同时,微地震监测到的非对称扩展形态与数值模拟也有差异,数值模拟中非对称扩展呈现单侧簇裂缝发育而另一侧裂缝不发育特征,微地震监测到的水力裂缝非对称形态体现为两侧半缝长差异(图5)。
讨论了不同水平应力差与簇间距的耦合作用,水平应力差分别为5、10、15 MPa(图6)。当水平应力差为5 MPa时,外侧裂缝呈外凹型对称扩展特征,中间簇裂缝呈明显非对称扩展特征,且中间簇裂缝水平转向明显,当簇间距为4 m和6 m时相邻裂缝之间发生汇聚。在低应力差情况下,随着簇间距从4 m增至10 m,缝间应力干扰降低,水力裂缝偏转现象变弱。当水平应力差为10 MPa时,裂缝偏转程度降低,仅在簇间距为4 m和6 m时发生明显偏转;当簇间距为8 m和10 m时,裂缝基本为平直缝。当水平应力差为15 MPa时,外侧水力裂缝有轻微外凹型特征,相对于低应力差情况下,中间簇水力裂缝相对平直,仅当簇间距为4 m时少数裂缝存在轻微偏转,部分裂缝存在非对称扩展现象,簇间距越小,非对称扩展现象越严重。整体而言,储层埋深较浅水平应力差较小时,采用密切割造缝水力缝网复杂程度会明显提升,但穿层扩体不易,改造体积会受限;在深层高应力差情况下,密切割造缝缝间偏转较小,水力缝网改造体积较大,更适用于密切割造缝工艺,但簇间距不易过小,过小会导致非对称扩展,影响改造体积。
不同排量与簇间距耦合作用下的水力裂缝扩展规律如图7所示,排量设置分别为12、18、24 m3/min,不同排量下控制模拟时长,以保证注液规模一致。随着排量增加,水力裂缝起裂扩展数量明显增加,均衡性明显改善。当排量为12 m3/min时,跟端与趾端最外侧水力裂缝有效延伸,但中间簇水力裂缝起裂延伸效果较差,尽管水力裂缝起裂数量较少,但部分裂缝仍存在非对称扩展现象,如簇间距分别为4、6、10 m时。当排量为18 m3/min时,起裂簇数有所增加,均衡性变好,但裂缝非对称扩展仍然较为严重。当排量为24 m3/min时,起裂均衡度进一步改善,起裂簇显著增加,改造体积有所增加,但半缝长有轻微降低。虽然排量增加会使起裂延伸裂缝数量增加,但非对称性反而更加严重,尤其在簇间距为4 m和6 m时。
目前对于页岩油前置液黏度在不同区块具有不同认识,复兴区块页岩油前置液阶段主要采用中高黏前置液造缝,而在古龙区块页岩油主要采用前置冻胶造缝。研究对比了不同簇间距下,不同前置液黏度对水力裂缝起裂与延伸的影响(图8),分别设置了前置低黏(10 mPa·s)、前置中黏(30 mPa·s)、前置冻胶(200 mPa·s)。可以看出,随着前置液黏度增加,射孔簇起裂延伸数量明显增加,起裂均衡性变好,但水力裂缝缝长显著降低,裂缝转向严重复杂程度增加,尤其在簇间距为4 m和6 m时。采用前置低黏时,水力裂缝起裂7簇,大部分水力裂缝均为非对称扩展,当簇间距为4 m时跟端相邻两簇水力裂缝发生了明显的汇聚。采用前置中黏,水力裂缝起裂延伸更为均衡,但中间簇裂缝仍以非对称扩展为主,裂缝发生轻微偏转,尤其是簇间距为4、6、8 m时。采用前置冻胶,基本上每一簇均发生了起裂,但中间簇非对称扩展与转向严重,在簇间距为4 m和6 m情况下出现了较多呈“S”型与“T”型缝。
从国内外促均衡技术应用情况来看,2022年之前,国内页岩油气分段多簇压裂普遍采用投球暂堵工艺[30-31],近年来随着北美HFTS矿场试验催生了限流射孔工艺[32],目前国内正在广泛开展限流射孔促均衡试验。探讨了簇间距在4、6、8、10 m情况下,单簇2孔、单簇4孔、单簇6孔水力裂缝起裂延伸情况(图9)。可以看出,随着孔数从6孔下降至2孔,更多簇发生了起裂,起裂均衡性显著提升,但非对称更为严重,尤其是在簇间距为4 m和6 m时。当簇间距为4 m和6 m、单簇孔数为2孔时,大部分孔均有起裂,但中间簇裂缝转向严重,相邻簇裂缝发生了明显的沟通,且起裂簇基本均为单侧扩展。当簇间距为8 m和10 m时,2孔和4孔限流相比6孔,更多的簇起裂延伸,且同时裂缝扩展对称性较强,单侧扩展现象较弱。
适当增加簇间距有助于减少裂缝间的相互干扰,改善裂缝形态的对称性和均衡性,簇间距增至8~10 m可显著降低非对称指数,且均衡指数维持大于0.75,尤其在应力差较小或使用较低黏度前置液的情况下更为显著。同时,在中深层低应力差与深层高应力差条件下需分别采取不同的簇间距策略以适应地质条件差异,深层高应力差大于10 MPa下建议簇间距大于8 m。此外,增加施工排量虽能促进更多射孔簇起裂并提高均衡性,但应避免过高排量导致非对称扩展加剧,建议排量控制在18~24 m³/min。选择合适的前置液黏度也被证实是提升裂缝起裂均衡性和降低非对称性的有效手段之一,采用前置高黏工艺可同步优化均衡指数与非对称指数指标(均衡指数增至0.95,非对称指数降低30%)。适度限流射孔(单簇4孔)在簇间距大于8 m时效果较好,均衡指数增至0.9,非对称指数降低至0.1。最终,通过合理调整簇间距、水平应力差适应性策略、施工排量调节、前置液黏度选择,以及配套投球暂堵和限流射孔技术,能够有效增强裂缝扩展的对称性和均衡性,进而显著提高页岩油气开发的效率和产量(表2)。
研究以复兴区块凉高山组页岩油为例,结合三维离散格子模拟方法,建立了水平井密切割段内多簇尺度非对称扩展模型,精细刻画了水力裂缝空间演化行为,分析了影响其对称性的敏感性因素,形成了优化方案。得到了以下认识:
1) 由于缝间应力阴影导致水力裂缝非对称扩展与形态互补,随着密切割程度增加,非对称扩展现象显著,主要发生在中间簇,与微地震监测结果一致。
2) 在深层高应力差情况下,密切割造缝缝间偏转较小,水力缝网改造体积较大,因此更适合用密切割造缝工艺,但簇间距不易过小,过小会导致非对称扩展。
3) 随着前置液从低黏变为冻胶,非对称指数呈降低趋势,而均衡指数呈明显的增加趋势,即前置液黏度越高,越有利于降低水力裂缝非对称性,并提高起裂延伸均衡性。
4) 限流射孔起裂均衡性显著提升,但非对称更为严重,中间簇裂缝转向严重,尤其在簇间距小于等于6 m时;当簇间距大于等于8 m时,限流射孔不仅能提升起裂均衡程度,还可降低水力裂缝非对称性。

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2026年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025251
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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    中国石化江汉油田分公司石油工程技术研究院,湖北   武汉 430035

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张凡(1981—),男,硕士,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发工作。地址:湖北省武汉市硚口区南泥湾大道71号,邮政编码:430035。E-mail:
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