Article(id=1322942108662902856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768147200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343577781, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343577781, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343577781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343577781, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=926, endPage=933, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942108834869321, articleId=1322942108662902856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Seepage simulation of CO2 immiscible flooding in low-permeability reservoirs based on physics-informed neural networks, columnId=1322941869210075380, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Digital and Intelligent Energy, runingTitle=null, highlight=

CO2 immiscible flooding technology in low-permeability reservoirs plays an important role in enhancing oil recovery and achieving carbon neutrality. This process involves solving strongly nonlinear equations, where traditional numerical simulation methods face challenges related to numerical stability and convergence, requiring fine tuning of temporal and spatial discretization steps. To address these issues, this study proposed a novel numerical simulation method based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for CO2 immiscible flooding in low-permeability reservoirs. The proposed method was based on the classical Buckley-Leverett (BL) fractional flow equation, explicitly incorporating the coupled effects of threshold pressure gradient and CO2 solubility on displacement front propagation and saturation evolution. By embedding the BL equation and its initial and boundary conditions into the loss function of the PINNs, the neural network inherently satisfied the governing physical constraints during training. Meanwhile, it enabled the approximation modeling of complex nonlinear seepage processes in a mesh-free continuous space, thereby enhancing both numerical stability and predictive capability. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, the numerical solutions obtained by PINNs were compared with analytical solutions. The results demonstrated that the constructed PINNs model exhibited high accuracy in capturing the position of the displacement front and the distribution of fluid saturation, with small differences from the analytical solutions, a coefficient of determination (R2) exceeding 93%, and a mean absolute error of 0.19×10-2. Compared with conventional explicit finite difference methods, the PINNs-based numerical simulation method exhibited stronger numerical stability and scalability. This study provides a new deep learning-based pathway for numerical simulation of CO2 immiscible flooding in low-permeability reservoirs. It contributes to a deeper understanding of seepage behavior mechanisms under multiphysics coupling, and provides theoretical support and methodological reference for the synergistic advancement of CO2 geological sequestration and enhanced oil recovery.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=QIONGLIN SHI1, 2, JUNJIAN LI1, LYU XIAOCONG1, HUIQING LIU1, XIAOLIANG YANG2, authorsList=QIONGLIN SHI, JUNJIAN LI, LYU XIAOCONG, HUIQING LIU, XIAOLIANG YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=LYU XIAOCONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942112106426456, articleId=1322942108662902856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=基于物理信息神经网络的低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱渗流模拟, columnId=1322941869369458934, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=数智能源, runingTitle=null, highlight=

低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱技术在提高原油采收率和实现碳中和方面具有重要意义。该过程涉及强非线性方程求解,传统数值模拟方法面临数值稳定性和收敛性挑战,需要精细调节时间和空间步长。因此,针对低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱提出了一种基于物理信息神经网络(Physics-Informed Neural Networks,PINNs)的数值模拟方法。该方法以经典Buckley-Leverett(BL)分流量方程为基础,引入启动压力梯度与CO2溶解度参数,揭示其对驱替前缘传播与饱和度演化的耦合影响。通过将BL方程及其初始边界条件嵌入PINNs的损失函数中,神经网络在训练过程中自动满足控制方程约束,同时能够在无网格的连续空间中对复杂非线性渗流过程进行建模,从而提高模型的数值稳定性与预测能力。为了验证模型的准确性,将数值解与解析解进行了对比。结果表明,所建立的PINNs模型在捕捉驱替前缘位置和流体饱和度分布方面均表现出较高的精度,预测结果与解析解差异小,决定系数(R2)超过93%,平均绝对误差为0.19×10-2。与传统显式差分法相比,PINNs数值模拟方法具备更强的数值稳定性与可扩展性。本研究为低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱数值模拟提供了一种深度学习新路径,有助于深入理解多物理场耦合下的渗流行为机制,也为CO₂地质封存与提高原油采收率的高效协同提供理论支撑与方法参考。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=石琼林1, 2, 李俊键1, 吕晓聪1, 刘慧卿1, 杨小亮2, authorsList=石琼林, 李俊键, 吕晓聪, 刘慧卿, 杨小亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕晓聪, authorNote=

石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

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吕晓聪(1989—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,从事地下空间储能研究。地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(北京),邮政编码:102249。E-mail:
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石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

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石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2015, 125: 154-161., articleTitle=Applying fractional flow theory to evaluate CO2 storage capacity of an aquifer, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322942112349696089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942112353890394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, companyId=1322942112349696089, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942112362279003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, companyId=1322942112349696089, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院,北京 102249)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322942112437776476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942112446165085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, companyId=1322942112437776476, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Onshore Operation Area, PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan, Hebei 063200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942112454553694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, companyId=1322942112437776476, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油冀东油田分公司陆上作业区,河北   唐山 063200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322942117483524231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Logical structural framework of PINNs, figureFileSmall=oODdbMEoR2nL0zHsJYqhLQ==, figureFileBig=Q8yUHBdVu0EO/+BUIr3+AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942117546438792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PINNs逻辑结构框架

注:fw, b为由权重w和偏置b参数化的深度神经网络;ℒ∙为偏微分算子;g为源项函数;R为偏微分方程残差,用于衡量神经网络输出对控制方程的满足程度;ϵ为误差阈值,是防止除零的常数;SMSE为均方误差;SMSE{u, BC, IC}为数据与边界/初始条件损失项之和;SMSER为残差损失项。

, figureFileSmall=oODdbMEoR2nL0zHsJYqhLQ==, figureFileBig=Q8yUHBdVu0EO/+BUIr3+AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942117798097033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of effects of network architecture parameters (layer width and depth) on model performance, figureFileSmall=7uEWU/PGNxNbi459H5pD4A==, figureFileBig=wasRdWewMDdk4HE86qpOiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942117936509066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=网络架构参数(层宽和深度)对模型性能的影响分析, figureFileSmall=7uEWU/PGNxNbi459H5pD4A==, figureFileBig=wasRdWewMDdk4HE86qpOiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942118112669835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison between PINNs prediction results and analytical solutions, figureFileSmall=V14YEBmoQuHLrxvpt08Gcw==, figureFileBig=AakzkrFtFMTUf09YLeIAqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942119949774988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PINNs预测结果与解析解对比, figureFileSmall=V14YEBmoQuHLrxvpt08Gcw==, figureFileBig=AakzkrFtFMTUf09YLeIAqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120104964237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Gas saturation distribution and prediction errors at different times, figureFileSmall=F74ZZYTaM21cjZgl2QKU9g==, figureFileBig=oDZ2Nq7GiTpPrVlUU5Bbcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120360816782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同无因次时间下含气饱和度分布及预测误差

注:Δsg为气相饱和度差值,为预测值和实际值(解析解)的差值。

, figureFileSmall=F74ZZYTaM21cjZgl2QKU9g==, figureFileBig=oDZ2Nq7GiTpPrVlUU5Bbcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120427925647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Three-dimensional spatial distribution of gas saturation at different times, figureFileSmall=XBOks5/6ZPQJ/VyTdjFkvg==, figureFileBig=7kT5PS3O9rGjBHeF4vwbwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120486645904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同时刻下含气饱和度三维空间分布, figureFileSmall=XBOks5/6ZPQJ/VyTdjFkvg==, figureFileBig=7kT5PS3O9rGjBHeF4vwbwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120687972497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation patterns of loss function with number of iterations, figureFileSmall=pzMsgNMLDcpLrpxdpNtwag==, figureFileBig=vBmIYZKyjRSDnKPFIhMy/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942120813801618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图6, caption=损失函数随迭代次数变化规律, figureFileSmall=pzMsgNMLDcpLrpxdpNtwag==, figureFileBig=vBmIYZKyjRSDnKPFIhMy/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942121182900371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Dynamic variation patterns of Adam adaptive learning rate adjustment strategy, figureFileSmall=VtbGzNw4sR14A2KPNNYdNw==, figureFileBig=VHIdm89beSCoRW2YTelbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942121258397844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=Adam自适应学习率调整策略动态变化规律, figureFileSmall=VtbGzNw4sR14A2KPNNYdNw==, figureFileBig=VHIdm89beSCoRW2YTelbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942121627496597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Reservoir fluid properties and production parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
油藏压力/MPa21.9非混相边界压力/MPa11.05
岩心长度/cm10CO2注入速率/(cm3/s)0.02
岩心截面/cm25孔隙度/%12.7
束缚水饱和度0.35储层渗透率/10-3 μm25.12
气驱残余油饱和度0.1原油地下黏度/(mPa·s)1.91
残余气饱和度0.05原油相对密度0.78
最小混相压力/MPa34.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322942121967235222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942108662902856, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储层流体物性及生产参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
油藏压力/MPa21.9非混相边界压力/MPa11.05
岩心长度/cm10CO2注入速率/(cm3/s)0.02
岩心截面/cm25孔隙度/%12.7
束缚水饱和度0.35储层渗透率/10-3 μm25.12
气驱残余油饱和度0.1原油地下黏度/(mPa·s)1.91
残余气饱和度0.05原油相对密度0.78
最小混相压力/MPa34.3
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基于物理信息神经网络的低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱渗流模拟
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石琼林 1, 2 , 李俊键 1 , 吕晓聪 1 , 刘慧卿 1 , 杨小亮 2
油气藏评价与开发 | 数智能源 2026,16(4): 926-933
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油气藏评价与开发 |数智能源 2026 , 16 (4) : 926 -933
基于物理信息神经网络的低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱渗流模拟
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石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

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石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

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石琼林1, 2 , 李俊键1, 吕晓聪1, 刘慧卿1, 杨小亮2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院,北京 102249
  • 2 中国石油冀东油田分公司陆上作业区,河北   唐山 063200
通讯作者:
吕晓聪(1989—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,从事地下空间储能研究。地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(北京),邮政编码:102249。E-mail:
作者简介:

石琼林(1983—),男,在读博士研究生,高级工程师,从事复杂油气藏CO2提高采收率研究。地址:河北省唐山市曹妃甸区陆上作业区,邮政编码:063200。E-mail:

Seepage simulation of CO2 immiscible flooding in low-permeability reservoirs based on physics-informed neural networks
QIONGLIN SHI1, 2 , JUNJIAN LI1, LYU XIAOCONG1, HUIQING LIU1, XIAOLIANG YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2 Onshore Operation Area, PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan, Hebei 063200, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025057
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物理信息神经网络  /  低渗透油藏  /  CO2非混相驱  /  启动压力梯度  /  CO2溶解  /  Buckley-Leverett方程
physics-informed neural networks  /  low-permeability reservoirs  /  CO2 immiscible flooding  /  threshold pressure gradient  /  CO2 dissolution  /  Buckley-Leverett equation
石琼林, 李俊键, 吕晓聪, 刘慧卿, 杨小亮. 基于物理信息神经网络的低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱渗流模拟. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 926 -933 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025057
QIONGLIN SHI, JUNJIAN LI, LYU XIAOCONG, HUIQING LIU, XIAOLIANG YANG. Seepage simulation of CO2 immiscible flooding in low-permeability reservoirs based on physics-informed neural networks[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 926 -933 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025057
随着全球能源需求的不断增长和环境保护意识的提升,CO2驱油技术作为一种重要的增强油气采收率手段,在低渗透油藏的开发中发挥了越来越关键的作用[1-6]。在众多CO2驱油方法中,非混相驱因其较高的成本效益和技术成熟度被广泛应用于油田实际开发中[7-8]。CO2非混相驱通过物理方式将CO2注入油藏中,与油层中的原油相互作用,逐步将原油驱出,从而提高采收率。然而,CO2非混相驱过程中存在诸多复杂的物理现象,包括启动压力梯度和CO2溶解效应,这些因素显著增加了其渗流行为的复杂程度[9-10]。这些复杂效应使得传统的数值模拟方法在处理这些现象时常常面临计算精度和效率的挑战[11-15]。因此,开发新的模拟技术以更准确地描述这些复杂效应,成为当前研究的重要方向。
近年来,物理信息神经网络(PINNs)作为一种新兴的数值模拟方法,展现了在解决复杂偏微分方程(PDEs)问题中的巨大潜力[16-18]。PINNs通过将物理知识融入神经网络的训练过程中,不仅能够有效地求解各种PDEs,还能有效地处理边界条件和初始条件,以较少的网格和时间步长实现复杂物理问题的有效求解,并且具备更强的泛化能力。具体而言,PINNs通过最小化损失函数来逼近偏微分方程的解,同时结合物理定律,如质量守恒和动量守恒,进一步提升了模型的可靠性[19]。尽管PINNs在多个领域取得了显著进展,但针对低渗透油藏中CO2非混相驱过程的应用研究尚处于起步阶段,特别是在考虑启动压力梯度和CO2溶解这两种关键因素时,仍然存在较大的研究空间。
以低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱渗流模拟为研究对象,基于PINNs方法研究启动压力梯度和CO2溶解对渗流过程的影响,并且通过PINNs方法对Buckley-Leverett(BL)方程进行求解。BL方程是描述CO2非混相驱过程中流体行为的经典方程,能够提供对渗流过程的理论支持。已有研究表明,尽管BL方程最初用于描述低压油水驱替,但其也可以有效扩展到注气驱替(假设气体为不可压缩流体)条件下,合理刻画气体驱替过程中流体界面推进与波及效率变化[20-24]。为了验证所提出方法的准确性,对比了PINNs数值解与解析解,评估PINNs在实际应用中的性能表现,以确保其在复杂渗流环境下的有效性和可靠性。
忽略地层水的影响,CO2非混相驱过程涉及油气两相流,假设多孔介质和流体为不可压缩,同时忽略重力和毛管力影响,建立油气两相渗流数学模型:
φ∂Sg∂t+∇∙ug=qgφ∂So∂t+∇∙uo=qoSgx=0, t=1-Swc-Sor,B.C.Sgx, t=0=Sgr,I.C.
式中:ug和uo分别为气相和油相的速度,单位cm/s;Sg和So分别为气相和油相饱和度;Swc、Sgr及Sor分别为束缚水、残余气和残余油饱和度;φ为储层孔隙度;qg和qo分别为气相和油相的体积流量,单位cm3/s;x为水平距离,单位cm; t为时间,单位s;B.C.和I.C.分别为边界条件和初始条件。
低渗透油藏的特征是平均孔径较小,导致流体-固体界面相互作用强烈,从而产生启动压力梯度。在这个过程中,油相的启动压力梯度对于其在多孔介质中的流动至关重要。由于气相具有较高的流动性,其启动压力梯度可以忽略不计。基于这一假设,油气的一维流动方程可以表示为:
uo=-KKroμodpdx+0.1Goug=-KKrgμgdpdxuo+ug=ut=qA
式中:K为地层的绝对渗透率,单位μm2;Go为油相启动压力梯度,单位MPa/cm;p为储层压力,单位MPa;ut为总流速(假设注入速率为常数,该值也为常数),单位cm/s;Kro和Krg分别为油相和气相的相对渗透率;μo和μg分别为油相和气相黏度,单位mPa·s;q为CO2总注入速率,单位cm3/s;A为一维模型的横截面面积,单位cm2。
对于低渗透油藏CO2驱相对渗透率,应用改进的CO2驱相对渗透率模型,如式(3)、式(4)所示。考虑CO2与原油间的相互作用,建立油相相渗指数(nrog)与油藏压力之间的关系式,如式(5)所示。
Kro=So-Sor1-Swc-Sornrog
Krg=Sg-Sgc1-Swc-Sgc4
nrog=1,        p¯≥pmmp2p¯+pnm-3pmmppnm-pmmp3,        p¯=pmmp,pmmp>p¯>pnm
式中:Sgc为束缚气饱和度;nrog为气相渗透率相渗指数;p¯为驱替时油藏平均压力或注入压力,单位MPa;pmmp为CO2和原油最小混相压力,单位MPa;pnm为非混相边界压力,通常取CO2和原油界面张力大于或等于7.0 mN/m时所对应的压力,单位MPa。
基于式(2)中油气两相的渗流速度可得:
dpdx=-ut/K+0.1GoKro/μoKro/μo+Krg/μg
将式(6)代入式(2)中可得:
fg=11+Kroμg/(Krgμo)1+0.1GoKKroutμo
式中:fg为气相分流量。
根据低渗透岩心中油相启动压力梯度的实验结果,其相关性可以表示为:
Go=α01.0×103Kμo-n
式中:α0和n为实验拟合参数,此次研究中,α0=1.232 7,n=0.975 4。
由于考虑了CO2的溶解,传统的BL方程被修改为物质的量浓度平衡方程,且不考虑相的可压缩性和重力分异的影响,因此可得:
∂CCO2∂TD+∂FCO2∂xD=0CCO2=SgCCO2,g+SoCCO2,oFCO2=fgCCO2,g+1-fgCCO2,o
式中:TD和xD为无因次时间和无因次距离;CCO2为油相和气相中CO2的总物质的量浓度,单位mol/L;FCO2为CO2分相流,单位mol/L;CCO2,o和CCO2,g分别为油相和气相中CO2物质的量浓度,单位mol/L。
基于特征曲线法,无因次前缘速度(vD)可以表示为:
vD=fgCCO2,g+1-fgCCO2,o-0SgCCO2,g+SoCCO2,o-0≈fg-Do,gSg-Do,g=dfgdSgSgfDo,g=CCO2,oCCO2,o-CCO2,g
式中:vD为无因次前缘速度;Do,g为CO2驱过程中扩散滞留系数;Sgf为驱替前缘含气饱和度。
CO2在油相和气相中的物质的量浓度可以通过溶解气油比表征:
CCO2,o=Rso22.4RsoBg+1CCO2,g=122.4Bg
式中:Rso为溶解气油比;Bg为气体体积系数。
相对渗透率模型、CO2溶解后对应的黏度模型及注入/初始条件(压力为22 MPa)见表1[20]。
PINNs是一种将物理信息直接融入神经网络训练过程的深度学习方法。其核心思想是在神经网络的损失函数中加入偏微分方程(PDE)及相应的边界条件,以确保网络输出符合物理规律[21-23]。PINNs利用深度全连接神经网络(DNN)来近似偏微分方程的解。通过多层非线性变换,DNN能够有效捕捉复杂的函数关系。在PINNs中,网络的输出形式为:
ux, t;ω=fx, t;ω
式中:ux,t;ω为偏微分方程的未知解函数;fx,t;ω为神经网络映射函数;x为空间向量变量;t为无因次时间;ω为网络权重。
在DNN中,前向传播过程是将输入数据逐层传递,经过激活函数和线性变换,最终输出预测结果。具体计算形式为:
αl=σ[Wlαl-1+bl]
式中:W(l)、αl和b(l)分别是第l层的权重值、输入值和偏置值;α(l-1)是前一层的输出值;σ是激活函数。该研究中选择了Tanh激活函数,因其具有非线性特性和良好的梯度传播能力,适用于处理复杂的物理现象,有助于网络的训练和收敛。
前向传播后,损失函数用于评估模型输出与真实值之间的差异,训练目标是最小化该损失。基于PINNs改进后的损失函数的形式为:
L=Lphysics+Linitial+Lboundary
其中,各项损失函数的定义为:
Lphysics=1Mp∑j=1MpNuθxj,tj-fxj,tj2
Linitial=1Mi∑i=1MiIuθxi,0-fxi,02 
Lboundary=1Mb∑b=1MbBuθxb,tb-fxb,tb2
式中:Mp为物理方程的数据采样点数;Mi为初始条件下的数据采样点数;Mb为边界条件下的数据采样点数;N为PDE项的算子;I为初始条件项的算子;B为边界条件项的算子;f(xj,tj),fxi,0和fxb,tb为已知的源项;uθ(xj,tj),uθxi,0和uθxb,tb为PINNs的预测值;Lphysics反映了PDE项的损失,Linitial和Lboundary分别对应初始条件和边界条件的损失。
神经网络输出的目标解u(x,t)代入式(12)后,通过自动微分技术计算出损失项的梯度,保证神经网络在优化过程中不断逼近真实的物理解,如图1所示。
在此基础上,反向传播通过链式法则计算损失函数相对于每个权重的梯度,从输出层向输入层逐层更新其参数,其核心为:
∂L∂Wl=δlαl-1T
式中:δ(l)是当前层的误差项,依赖于下一层的误差和激活函数的导数。通过计算,网络能够识别权重并调整,以减少预测误差。
为了有效地更新这些权重,本次研究采用Adam优化器,结合了动量法和RMSProp的优点,通过计算梯度的一阶和二阶矩估计,自适应调整每个参数的学习率,其核心更新公式为:
ωt+1=ωt-ανt^+ϵmt^
式中:mt^和νt^为一阶和二阶矩的偏差修正;α为学习率;ωt+1为第t+1次迭代时神经网络的参数值;ωt为第t次迭代时神经网络的参数值。
该优化器能够处理稀疏梯度问题,学习率调整更灵活,收敛速度快,且对超参数不敏感,适合处理大规模和噪声数据的优化问题。
采用网格搜索方法确定神经网络的基本框架,并通过交叉验证进行系统评估。图2展示了不同深度(3层至8层)下网络层宽对相对误差L2的影响。随着网络层宽的增加,深度为4、5、6的网络在L2误差上的变化趋势各不相同,尤其当层宽为40时,大多数深度配置均能达到较低的误差水平。从图2可以观察到,当网络深度超过6层时,不同层宽配置下的误差趋于稳定,进一步增加深度至8时L2误差趋于稳定。因此,综合考虑计算效率与模型性能,选择[2,40,40,40,40,40,40,1]作为该模型训练网络架构,即输入层神经元数为2,中间包含6个隐藏层,每个隐藏层设置40个神经元,输出层神经元数为1,对应预测变量 u(x,t)。
图3为气体驱替过程中Sg随xD在不同无因次时间(t=0.05、0.15、0.25、0.35、0.60、0.90)的变化情况。由图3可以看出,随着时间的推移,气体驱替的前缘逐渐向右移动,即气相饱和度的跃变点逐步推进。初期t=0.05时,气相饱和度在前缘处出现一个明显的跃变,表明气体刚开始注入并推动油相向前移动。随着时间的增加,气相饱和度的分布逐渐变得平滑,气体注入的影响范围扩大,但驱替过程依然保持着相对清晰的驱替前缘。从拟合结果来看,各个时间点的红色虚线(PINNs预测结果)与蓝色实线(解析解)的吻合度较高,特别是在驱替前缘处,PINNs的预测结果能够较好地捕捉到饱和度的突变和过渡。但在某些时刻,如t=0.60时,PINNs的预测在前缘位置附近出现了轻微的偏差,但偏差并不大,表明物理信息神经网络在大多数情况下能够准确地预测驱替过程中气相饱和度的演化趋势。
图4分别展示了PINNs在模拟含气饱和度时间/空间分布与实际分流量曲线结果的差异。图4a展示了PINNs对含气饱和度在不同无因次时间和位置下的预测结果,从左上角到右下角的区域逐渐变为蓝色,表明在时间推进的过程中,含气饱和度从初始的高值(靠近左上角的红色区域)逐渐减小,这与典型的流体渗流过程一致,即随着时间的推移,饱和度沿着流动方向逐渐减小。图4b展示了基于分流量曲线获得的饱和度时空分布,与图4a相比,饱和度跃变线更明显。从图4c也可以看出,误差主要集中在饱和度变化较为剧烈的区域,即分界线附近(从左下到右上的斜线区域),这表明在含气饱和度快速变化的界面附近,PINNs的预测精度相对较低。而在驱替前缘的两侧,预测误差较小,说明PINNs在这些区域的预测较为准确。
图5为PINNs预测的含气饱和度三维分布,其曲面表现出较好的平滑性,特别是在x轴方向的变化上,含气饱和度值从注入端到生产端呈现了连续的分布,表明PINNs在预测含气饱和度分布时具有较好的数值稳定性。同时,由于颜色带的逐渐变化,表明PINNs能够较好地捕捉到不同时间点和空间位置上的含气饱和度分布。前缘位置处的跃变饱和度产生了略微的波动,主要是由于神经网络在逼近高梯度函数时仍面临求解困难,通过进一步优化网络结构和损失函数,能够提升模型在跃变区域的预测精度,或者引入局部加密网络技术,以提高模型在复杂流动界面附近的学习能力和预测准确性。此外,也可以引入改进的损失函数,以更加强调前缘区域的学习重点。虽然PINNs在求解过程中存在一定的缺陷,但整体上PINNs在复杂非线性物理问题求解中具有非常大的潜力。
图6展示了一维模拟PINNs训练过程中不同损失函数随迭代次数的变化趋势。可以看出,累积损失函数随着迭代次数增加而逐渐减小,呈现明显下降趋势,表明网络在逐步优化,逼近实际解。初始阶段(大约前2 000次迭代),总损失下降较快,随后下降速率减缓,损失值趋于稳定,但依然保持着一定的下降空间,最终在大约20 000个迭代后,累积损失趋近于10-3。这说明PINNs的整体训练效果在不断改进,网络逐渐学会了初始、边界条件和PDE的约束。边界条件损失函数在早期迭代中(迭代次数小于2 500次)迅速下降,随后进入较为平缓的下降阶段。这说明在初期阶段,PINNs迅速调整参数以满足边界条件约束,并且随着训练网络在初始条件的拟合逐渐达到理想状态。最终边界条件损失趋近于10-5的较小值,表明PINNs能够很好地捕捉边界状态。初始条件损失函数的变化相对稳定,表现为缓慢而持续下降。从整体趋势看,初始条件的损失曲线逐渐下降到10-3附近,并且在训练过程中没有出现明显波动,说明PINNs在训练过程中能够稳定地满足初始条件。PDE损失在整个训练过程中持续减小,下降速度较为缓慢,最终下降到10-3附近。相比初始条件损失,PDE损失的收敛速度较慢,且中间部分有一定波动,这可能是因为求解偏微分方程时涉及较为复杂的非线性关系,导致网络需要更多的迭代次数来拟合复杂方程。
图7描述了Adam优化器自适应学习率的调整策略,整体规律表现为随着训练迭代次数增加,学习率逐渐下降。学习率初始值设定为0.001,随着迭代次数增加,学习率呈现非线性衰减。尤其在训练初期(大约0~5 000次迭代),学习率下降较为迅速,这个阶段可以理解为模型快速更新参数的阶段。通过较高的学习率,Adam优化器能够探索更大的参数空间,帮助模型快速找到损失函数中的最优路径。在这个阶段,模型通常会经历大幅度的权重调整,并快速降低训练误差。随着迭代次数接近中期(5 000~15 000次),学习率的下降趋势逐渐趋于平缓,表明模型已经接近收敛。此时较小的学习率使得模型参数的更新幅度减小,避免了训练过程中可能出现的振荡或过度调整。对于PINNs而言,这个阶段是模型在物理约束下精细调整内部参数的关键时期。由于PINNs需要同时优化数据驱动损失与物理约束损失,逐渐减小的学习率能够有效避免在优化物理信息时出现大幅度偏离真实物理规律的情况。在后期阶段(超过15 000次迭代),学习率进一步接近0.000 2,几乎达到平稳状态。这种设置确保了模型可以在训练最后阶段进行细致的微调,使得模型能以最小的步长继续减少训练误差。在PINNs的场景下,这个阶段尤其重要,因为模型此时需要在符合物理规律的前提下尽可能提高精度,过大的学习率可能导致模型发散或无法有效满足物理约束。
通过对比PINNs预测结果与解析解之间的差异,结果显示:均方误差为0.3×10-4,均方根误差为0.17×10-2,平均绝对误差为0.19×10-2,决定系数(R2)为0.936,L2误差为0.42×10-3。通过这些误差指标可以看出,PINNs模型在预测含气饱和度时表现出较高的精度和稳定性。均方误差、均方根误差、平均绝对误差等误差指标都保持在较低范围内,R²值接近1,表明模型的拟合效果较好,能够准确预测非混相气驱过程中含气饱和度的分布,说明PINNs在处理复杂物理现象时具有较高的潜力,预测结果与真实数据之间的差异较小。
1)针对低渗透油藏CO2非混相驱数值模拟提出了PINNs的无网格物理约束求解方法,将BL分流量方程及初边值条件直接嵌入网络训练过程,实现了对复杂非线性渗流过程的稳定、高精度模拟。
2)通过与解析解对比,PINNs模型在预测驱替前缘位置与饱和度分布方面R2超过93%,平均绝对误差仅为0.19×10-2,证明了该方法的可行性与准确性。
3)该方法摆脱了传统数值方法对网格大小和时间步长条件的依赖,可拓展至混相驱、聚合物驱、化学驱以及多物理场耦合等更复杂问题,可以应用到更广泛的油藏类型与地下流动过程模拟中。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025057
  • 接收时间:2026-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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    1 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院,北京 102249
    2 中国石油冀东油田分公司陆上作业区,河北   唐山 063200

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吕晓聪(1989—),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,从事地下空间储能研究。地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(北京),邮政编码:102249。E-mail:
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