Article(id=1322942004505751679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025481, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343552947, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343552947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343552947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343552947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=778, endPage=789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942004967125120, articleId=1322942004505751679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Progress, challenges, and suggestions for Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan Basin and its periphery, columnId=1322941494130258079, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Exploration, runingTitle=null, highlight=

By systematically reviewing the progress in Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, the exploration history of Lower Cambrian shale gas in China is divided into three stages: preliminary investigation and site selection evaluation, technological research and exploration breakthroughs, and benefit improvement and deep expansion. At present, the exploration and commercial breakthroughs of Lower Cambrian shale gas in China mainly rely on three innovative understandings and three iterations of engineering technology. The three innovative understandings mainly include: (1) Tensional troughs control the development of organic-rich shale and high-quality reservoirs in the Qiongzhusi Formation; (2) breaking away from the traditional concept of exploring shale gas only in organic-rich shale, two models of shale gas development in the Qiongzhusi Formation are proposed, namely, “in-place enrichment” and “in-place + carrier-bed enrichment”; and (3) the thermal evolution degree of ancient uplifts is relatively low, and trough-uplift coupling jointly controls shale gas enrichment. The three technology iterations include: (1) horizontal well drilling and staged fracturing technologies; (2) three-dimensional horizontal wells and closely spaced fracturing technology; and (3) intelligent drilling and extreme fracturing technology. Additionally, four key challenges facing Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development are identified: (1) The hydrocarbon generation, accumulation, and main controlling factors for high-yield enrichment of different types of shale gas remain unclear; (2) geophysical characteristics differ from those of the Silurian system, and methods for predicting geological-engineering “sweet spots” face bottlenecks; (3) reservoirs are deeply buried and subject to high in-situ stress, and efficient drilling and completion technologies urgently require breakthroughs; and (4) cost-effectiveness and environmental protection face dual challenges. In response to these challenges, related development suggestions are proposed, including strengthening research on hydrocarbon generation mechanisms and the main controlling factors of enrichment, establishing a multi-genetic pore evolution model, developing multi-attribute fusion prediction technology, developing high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant equipment, and promoting integrated technologies for intelligent cost reduction and green development.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=ZHENHENG YANG1, 2, 3, 4, LONGFEI LU1, 2, 3, 4, WANGWEI LIU1, 2, 3, 4, WEIXIN LIU1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=ZHENHENG YANG, LONGFEI LU, WANGWEI LIU, WEIXIN LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942007328518283, articleId=1322942004505751679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战及建议, columnId=1322941494327390371, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气勘探, runingTitle=null, highlight=

通过系统梳理四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发进展,将中国下寒武统页岩气勘探历程划分为前期调研与选区评价、技术攻关与勘探突破、效益提升与深层拓展3个阶段。当前,中国下寒武统页岩气的勘探和商业突破主要依托3大创新认识和3次工程技术迭代。3大创新认识主要包括:①拉张槽控制筇竹寺组富有机质页岩和优质储层的发育;②突破“仅在富有机质页岩勘探页岩气”的传统思路,提出筇竹寺组页岩气发育“原地富集”与“原地+输导层富集”2种模式;③古隆起热演化程度相对较低,“槽-隆”联合控制页岩气富集。3次技术迭代包括:①水平井钻井与分段压裂技术;②三维水平井与密切割压裂技术;③智能钻井与极限压裂技术。同时指出,下寒武统页岩气勘探开发面临的4点核心挑战:①成烃-成藏及不同类型页岩气高产富集主控因素尚未明确;②地球物理特征与志留系存在差异,地质-工程“甜点”预测方法面临瓶颈;③储层埋深大、地应力高,高效钻完井技术亟待突破;④成本效益与环境保护面临双重挑战。针对上述挑战,提出了加强成烃机理和富集主控因素研究、建立多成因孔隙演化模型、发展多属性融合预测技术、研发耐高温高压装备、推行智能化降本与绿色开发一体化技术等相关发展建议。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=杨振恒1, 2, 3, 4, 卢龙飞1, 2, 3, 4, 刘旺威1, 2, 3, 4, 刘伟新1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=杨振恒, 卢龙飞, 刘旺威, 刘伟新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

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杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

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杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

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figureFileBig=Ji7k8IM6zdFc72PA9Q1IIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942010801402055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川盆地及周缘下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气典型井产能及阶段划分, figureFileSmall=tmEa2UGS7aefTIGcLTCH9Q==, figureFileBig=Ji7k8IM6zdFc72PA9Q1IIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942011002728648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Total organic carbon contour characteristics and thickness distribution of Lower Cambrian strata in Sichuan Basin and its periphery (modified from reference [29]), figureFileSmall=ALQeNNVyS3Jfct0ou5SYtw==, figureFileBig=Vp11LOyrGRauXStOsznGAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942011254386889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=CN, label=图2, caption=四川盆地及周缘下寒武统总有机碳等值线特征及地层厚度分布(据文献[29]修改), figureFileSmall=ALQeNNVyS3Jfct0ou5SYtw==, figureFileBig=Vp11LOyrGRauXStOsznGAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942011350855882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of reservoir space development characteristics between Qiongzhusi Formation and Longmaxi Formation in typical wells, figureFileSmall=z0S56Wn/fErmRR1Tw7Gh1g==, figureFileBig=1LI+kjt7iyIT0RBxuLOCuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942011417964747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=CN, label=图3, caption=典型钻井筇竹寺组和龙马溪组储集空间发育特征对比

注:a和b为东页深3井龙马溪组(Ro=2.8%,4 331.15 m);c和d为金页1井筇竹寺组(Ro=2.7%,3 565.8 m)。Ro为页岩热演化程度。

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序号井名目的层年份产能/(104 m3/d)单位区域位置
1威5井筇竹寺组19662.46中国石油威远地区
2方深1井牛蹄塘组2010—中国石化贵州省大方地区
3威201井筇竹寺组20101.08中国石油威远地区
4岑页 1 井牛蹄塘组20110.10自然资源部贵州省岑巩地区
5黄页1井九门冲组20110.04中国石化贵州黄平地区
6金石1井筇竹寺组20112.55中国石化井研地区
7威201-H3井筇竹寺组20112.93中国石油威远地区
8常页1井牛蹄塘组2012—自然资源部湖南省常德市
9渝科1井牛蹄塘组2012—自然资源部重庆市酉阳县
10慈页1井牛蹄塘组2013—自然资源部湖南省慈利县
11天星1井牛蹄塘组2013—铜仁中能天然气有限公司贵州省岑巩县
12金页1HF井筇竹寺组20135.95中国石化井研地区
13秭地 1 井牛蹄塘组2015—自然资源部宜昌市点军区
14鄂阳页1井牛蹄塘组20167.83自然资源部湖北宜昌长阳县
15鄂宜页1井水井沱组20166.02自然资源部宜昌市点军区
16金页2井筇竹寺组20165.00中国石化井研地区
17秭地2井牛蹄塘组2017—自然资源部宜昌市点军区
18鄂秭地5井主探灯影组,兼探牛蹄塘组2019—自然资源部宜昌市秭归县
19威207井筇竹寺组20190.20中国石油威远地区
20金石103井筇竹寺组202225.86中国石化井研地区
21威页1H井筇竹寺组2022—中国石油威远地区
22资201井筇竹寺组202373.88中国石油资阳地区
23金页3HF井筇竹寺组202482.60中国石化井研地区
24资阳2井筇竹寺组2024125.70中国石化资阳地区
), ArticleFig(id=1322942011921281233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气典型钻井统计

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序号井名目的层年份产能/(104 m3/d)单位区域位置
1威5井筇竹寺组19662.46中国石油威远地区
2方深1井牛蹄塘组2010—中国石化贵州省大方地区
3威201井筇竹寺组20101.08中国石油威远地区
4岑页 1 井牛蹄塘组20110.10自然资源部贵州省岑巩地区
5黄页1井九门冲组20110.04中国石化贵州黄平地区
6金石1井筇竹寺组20112.55中国石化井研地区
7威201-H3井筇竹寺组20112.93中国石油威远地区
8常页1井牛蹄塘组2012—自然资源部湖南省常德市
9渝科1井牛蹄塘组2012—自然资源部重庆市酉阳县
10慈页1井牛蹄塘组2013—自然资源部湖南省慈利县
11天星1井牛蹄塘组2013—铜仁中能天然气有限公司贵州省岑巩县
12金页1HF井筇竹寺组20135.95中国石化井研地区
13秭地 1 井牛蹄塘组2015—自然资源部宜昌市点军区
14鄂阳页1井牛蹄塘组20167.83自然资源部湖北宜昌长阳县
15鄂宜页1井水井沱组20166.02自然资源部宜昌市点军区
16金页2井筇竹寺组20165.00中国石化井研地区
17秭地2井牛蹄塘组2017—自然资源部宜昌市点军区
18鄂秭地5井主探灯影组,兼探牛蹄塘组2019—自然资源部宜昌市秭归县
19威207井筇竹寺组20190.20中国石油威远地区
20金石103井筇竹寺组202225.86中国石化井研地区
21威页1H井筇竹寺组2022—中国石油威远地区
22资201井筇竹寺组202373.88中国石油资阳地区
23金页3HF井筇竹寺组202482.60中国石化井研地区
24资阳2井筇竹寺组2024125.70中国石化资阳地区
), ArticleFig(id=1322942012005167314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942004505751679, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of shale gas accumulation characteristics between tensional trough and slope of tensional trough, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气藏分布沉积环境岩相厚度/m平均ω(TOC)/%埋深/m孔径分布/nm有机孔占比/%干酪根碳同位素/‰页岩气甲烷碳同位素/‰成藏特征
拉张槽内深水缓坡亚相富有机质粉砂质页岩450~600大于1.04 500~5 0001~50约15-32.6-34.0原地生气
拉张槽斜坡浅水缓坡亚相低有机质粉砂质页岩320~4000.43 200~4 00010~100约5-30.9-36.7原地生气+输导层富集
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拉张槽内和拉张槽斜坡页岩气成藏特征对比

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气藏分布沉积环境岩相厚度/m平均ω(TOC)/%埋深/m孔径分布/nm有机孔占比/%干酪根碳同位素/‰页岩气甲烷碳同位素/‰成藏特征
拉张槽内深水缓坡亚相富有机质粉砂质页岩450~600大于1.04 500~5 0001~50约15-32.6-34.0原地生气
拉张槽斜坡浅水缓坡亚相低有机质粉砂质页岩320~4000.43 200~4 00010~100约5-30.9-36.7原地生气+输导层富集
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四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战及建议
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杨振恒 1, 2, 3, 4 , 卢龙飞 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘旺威 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘伟新 1, 2, 3, 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气勘探 2026,16(4): 778-789
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气勘探 2026 , 16 (4) : 778 -789
四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战及建议
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杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

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杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

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杨振恒1, 2, 3, 4 , 卢龙飞1, 2, 3, 4, 刘旺威1, 2, 3, 4, 刘伟新1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所,江苏   无锡 214126
  • 2 中国石化油气成藏重点实验室,江苏   无锡 214126
  • 3 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发国家重点实验室,江苏   无锡 214126
  • 4 国家能源页岩油研发中心,江苏   无锡 214126
作者简介:

杨振恒(1979—),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气研究等工作。地址:江苏省无锡市滨湖区蠡湖大道2060号中国石化无锡石油地质研究所,邮政编码:214126。E-mail:.

Progress, challenges, and suggestions for Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan Basin and its periphery
ZHENHENG YANG1, 2, 3, 4 , LONGFEI LU1, 2, 3, 4, WANGWEI LIU1, 2, 3, 4, WEIXIN LIU1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
  • 2 Sinopec Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
  • 4 National Energy Shale Oil Research and Development Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025481
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四川盆地  /  下寒武统  /  页岩气  /  拉张槽  /  古隆起  /  发育模式  /  工程技术
Sichuan Basin  /  Lower Cambrian  /  shale gas  /  tensional trough  /  paleo-uplift  /  development model  /  engineering technology
杨振恒, 卢龙飞, 刘旺威, 刘伟新. 四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发进展、挑战及建议. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 778 -789 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025481
ZHENHENG YANG, LONGFEI LU, WANGWEI LIU, WEIXIN LIU. Progress, challenges, and suggestions for Lower Cambrian shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan Basin and its periphery[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 778 -789 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025481
四川盆地及周缘地区页岩气资源丰富,是中国页岩气勘探开发的核心区域之一。自20世纪90年代以来,中国在四川盆地及周缘地区开展了大量的页岩气勘探开发工作,取得了一系列成果[1-2],特别是针对志留系龙马溪组页岩气勘探取得了一系列重大突破,例如涪陵页岩气田、长宁—威远页岩气田等的相继发现和成功开发[3-4],标志着中国页岩气勘探开发技术取得了重大突破,行业进入了快速发展阶段。
志留系龙马溪组页岩气勘探取得一系列突破的地质理论基础是“二元富集”“三控富集”等理论[5-8]。但是,在上述理论指导下,四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气进展相对缓慢[9-10]。究其原因,二者在构造沉积背景、岩相组合、有机地化特征、生烃潜力、储集空间和富集模式等方面存在较大差异[9,11-12]。国内学者对中国南方海相五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气勘探进展、挑战和发展方向做了大量的研究[3,5-6],但是针对四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统页岩气勘探开发研究进展总结仍相对较少[7]。系统回顾四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探开发历程,总结勘探开发成果和理论认识,分析勘探开发过程中面临的问题和挑战,对于进一步深化该地区页岩气地质认识,完善勘探技术体系,提高勘探开发效率,实现页岩气资源的可持续开发具有重要的理论和实践意义。
基于四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气地质理论新认识及勘探开发实践,系统梳理该区域页岩气的勘探特点、地质认识和工程技术迭代转变,明确四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气所面临的挑战,提出下寒武统页岩气勘探的关键问题及建议,以期为南方地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探提供理论与技术支撑,同时也可为中国其他地区的页岩气勘探开发提供参考与借鉴。
四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探主要经历了3个阶段:前期调研与选区评价阶段、技术攻关与勘探突破阶段和效益提升与深层拓展阶段,最终依靠地质创新认识与工程技术进步,在深层、超深层领域取得一系列突破(表1、图1)。
中国天然气工业起源于四川盆地。1964年,中国发现了当时最大的气田——威远气田;1966年,威远气田威5井在下寒武统九老洞组页岩段发生气侵与井喷[13],裸眼测试获日产气量2.46×104 m3[14]。受早期页岩气基础研究薄弱、常规油气成藏理论主导评价等因素制约,国内多个含油气盆地的页岩气发现与气流显示,在当时未能得到足够重视。这一认知差距,使得中国在页岩气领域的开拓性探索错失了早期发展机遇。
2000—2009年,国内多家石油企业、高校及研究机构先后开展了北美页岩气地质理论和技术调研[15]。2006年,中国石化设立科技前瞻性项目“我国页岩气早期资源潜力分析”[15]。2007年,中国石油与美国新田石油公司合作,开展了威远地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气资源潜力评价与开发可行性研究[16]。2008年,中国石油在川南长宁构造志留系龙马溪组露头区钻探了中国第一口页岩气地质评价浅井——长芯1井[17]。2009年,自然资源部启动了“全国页岩气资源潜力调查评价与有利区优选”工作[18]。通过对比中国与美国页岩气形成条件,借鉴北美页岩气选区评价思路,认识到中国页岩气资源潜力巨大。通过构建适用于中国地质条件的页岩气有利区评价模型,项目筛选出南方海相的下寒武统作为最具潜力的层位之一。
2009年,中国石油在威远地区构造高部位拉张槽外围,陆续部署了威201、威201-H3等4口井。其中,威201井作为压裂直井,测试产量达到1.08×10⁴ m³/d,率先实现了页岩气出气的突破[12]。威201-H3水平井施工中出现套管变形,仍完成试气,获测试产量2.93×10⁴ m³/d,单井估算最终采收量(EUR)为0.09×10⁸ m³。然而,受限于当时的工艺水平,储层改造程度较低,气井产量普遍不高,技术攻关加速推进[11]。
2012年,中国石化西南油气分公司在四川盆地川西南坳陷金石构造带部署金石1井,筇竹寺组页岩试气折算产量2.55×10⁴ m³/d。2013年,部署第一口筇竹寺组页岩预探水平井金页1HF井,获产能5.95×10⁴ m³/d[19]。
2017年,中国地质调查局发挥基础地质调查的优势,创新性地提出了“古隆起控藏”模式[20]。基于“古隆起控藏”模式,在湖北宜昌黄陵隆起周缘实施的钻井(如鄂宜页1HF、鄂阳页1HF井)在震旦系、下寒武统、奥陶系—志留系均获气流。特别是在下寒武统页岩层钻获超过5×104 m³/d的气流,标志着该区页岩气调查取得重大进展[20]。
2019年,中国石油部署威207井,该井位于拉张槽上斜坡区筇竹寺组,压裂直井测试产量仅0.2×10⁴ m³/d[11]。这充分说明拉张槽上斜坡区筇竹寺组页岩气地质条件的复杂性。
四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩气勘探商业突破主要是近几年,特别是2021年起,以一批高产井(产能大于20×10⁴ m³/d)的发现为标志。2022年,中国石化西南油气分公司在四川盆地部署的金石103HF探井获得了高产、稳产工业气流,这是中国首次在下寒武统筇竹寺组地层取得页岩气勘探的重大商业突破。该井日产天然气达到25.86×10⁴ m³,评价落实地质资源量达3.878×1011 m3,整个页岩层段资源量更是超过1×10¹² m3[10]。
2023年,中国石油西南油气分公司在四川省内江市部署资201井,该井完钻层位为下寒武统筇竹寺组,测试日产气量73.88×10⁴ m³,计算无阻流量164.89×10⁴ m³/d,初步估算单井可采储量超过1.8×10⁸ m3。落实页岩气资源量近2×10¹² m3,标志着四川盆地下寒武统页岩气即将进入规模效益开发新阶段[12]。
2023年,中国石油西南油气分公司在德阳—安岳拉张槽斜坡相带部署威页1H井,截至2024年底,累计产气量已突破1×108 m³,进一步验证“槽—隆”富集模式的科学性,证实“槽—隆”叠合区的储层品质及产能,落实了筇竹寺组德阳—安岳拉张槽斜坡带页岩气勘探潜力[12]。
2024年,中国石化西南油气分公司部署在资阳市的资阳2井完钻,测试获125.7×10⁴ m³/d工业气流,日无阻流量306×10⁴ m³[9]。与此同时,该公司金页3井测试产量达82.6×10⁴ m³/d,彰显了四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩气勘探开发的巨大潜力[19,21]。
总体而言,理论创新是中国四川盆地及其周缘下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探取得突破的关键因素。与此同时,在水平井钻井技术与分段压裂技术迭代的基础上,三维水平井钻进、密切割压裂技术、智能钻井和极限压裂技术持续升级,地质理论创新认识与工程技术迭代共同推动了筇竹寺组页岩气勘探的不断突破。
筇竹寺组为扬子克拉通台地重要海相烃源岩,厚度、有机质丰度空间分异显著,总有机碳(TOC)含量介于0.2%~8.0%。烃源岩厚度介于150~500 m,TOC含量大于2.0%的富有机质页岩主要沿克拉通内部拉张槽及边缘裂陷带呈带状展布(图2、表2)。这种分布格局受控于早寒武世Rodinia(罗迪尼亚)超大陆裂解,扬子地块差异拉张—沉降动力学响应[22-23]。克拉通内拉张槽(绵阳—长宁、川中—鄂西)受同沉积断裂控制,形成半地堑式沉积格局[24]。①拉张槽内部具有相对高沉积速率特征,拉张槽物源供给增强,硅质碎屑通量较高,为有机质富集提供载体[25];②拉张槽一般水深大于200 m,受限水体循环形成缺氧环境,有机质保存效率提升40%~60%[22-25]。③叠加热液活动带来P、Ba等营养元素,刺激初级生产力[23-25]。脂类生物标志化合物解析结果表明,拉张槽内筇竹寺组黑色页岩中有机质母源可能由藻类等低等浮游生物和甲烷氧化菌等细菌共同提供,主要为Ⅰ型有机质,生烃条件优越[26]。
筇竹寺组富有机质页岩的差异富集本质上是Rodinia裂解期构造-沉积-生物地球化学过程多尺度耦合的结果。克拉通内拉张槽与边缘裂陷带分别通过“缺氧-热液协同”与“上升流-事件埋藏”机制,控制烃源岩厚度与品质的时空分异[27-28]。
拉张槽作为克拉通内差异拉张作用的产物,其构造-沉积耦合过程对页岩储层的空间分异性具有决定性影响。以扬子地块早寒武世筇竹寺组为例,拉张槽内及斜坡带页岩储层厚度(300~500 m)、有机质丰度及孔隙结构分布显著优于相邻台地相区。斜坡带作为拉张槽与台地的过渡单元,发育多期同沉积断裂,形成独特的“断-坡”耦合体系;斜坡带受底流冲刷作用,细粒碎屑(粒径小于10 μm)占比大于80%,促进有机质与黏土矿物富集;断裂活动导致局部应力集中,诱导微裂缝网络发育,孔隙连通性较好。槽内页岩储层孔隙系统呈现“纳米孔—微裂缝”多级结构,生烃收缩形成孔径20~200 nm的蜂窝状孔隙(图3)。同时,断裂诱导的层间缝(开度5~20 μm)与构造缝(开度10~50 μm)构成输导网络,渗透率提升至(0.000 1~0.000 5)×10-3 μm2,拉张槽内部存在超压封存与动态成藏作用,槽内持续沉降(速率0.2~0.5 mm/a)与生烃增压(压力系数大于1.7)形成超压封存体系,含气饱和度可达70%~85%[30-32]。
拉张槽斜坡带与槽内通过构造-沉积-成岩多过程协同作用,形成高有机质丰度、优良孔隙结构分布及强保存条件的页岩气富集单元。该认识为复杂构造区页岩气“甜点”预测提供了新的地质模型,推动勘探目标从“高TOC核心区”向“构造-有机耦合带”转移。
传统页岩气勘探以“富有机质页岩控藏”为核心,将总有机碳(TOC)含量大于2%作为“甜点”评价的核心指标[33-35]。该理论体系在北美Barnett、Haynesville及中国四川盆地龙马溪页岩气勘探取得显著成效,但在筇竹寺组适用性受限。勘探证实,在四川盆地井研地区金石103HF和金页3HF井低TOC粉砂质页岩段仍可以获得高产商业气流,中低TOC粉砂质页岩也具有良好的勘探开发潜力[9-10]。实际上,原始有机碳和单位生烃量及热演化程度是造成有机质降低的关键因素,在高热演化条件下,有机质类型较好的“强生烃、强排烃”粉砂质页岩选区有机碳下限值可能低于0.5%。其次,孔隙结构差异性增强,筇竹寺组页岩有机孔占比较龙马溪组变低,储集空间向无机孔隙(溶蚀孔、微裂缝)主导转变,孔隙连通性成为控制游离气富集的关键[36];此外,构造改造效应凸显,川中地区多期构造运动(加里东期、印支期)导致页岩气可能存在短距离层间运移,常规评价模型适应性变差[9-10]。
郭彤楼等[9]基于四川盆地资阳、井研等区块勘探实践,提出“原地富集”与“原地+输导层富集”双富集模式理论框架(图4),槽内页岩气δ13C1平均值与原地干酪根碳同位素组成具有明显继承性,表明槽内页岩气为原地自生自储;槽缘页岩气δ13C1平均值相对原地干酪根碳同位素组成发生明显的负偏[9],指示槽缘地区页岩气来源除了原地自生自储以外,还有外源运移的特征,槽内富有机质页岩生成天然气的短距离侧向运移是最可能的补给途径。
筇竹寺组页岩气双富集模式理论的提出,标志着页岩气勘探从“有机质控藏”向“多因素动态耦合”的模式转变。该理论不仅为四川盆地3 500 m以深页岩气经济开发提供支撑,更为全球古老高演化页岩气勘探开辟了新路径。
扬子克拉通早寒武世受Rodinia超大陆裂解影响,形成“槽-隆”相间的古构造格局。古隆起作为长期继承性构造高部位(平均抬升量大于800 m),其周缘拉张槽构成页岩气生储的二元耦合体系。基于四川盆地威远、资阳等地勘探数据,页岩气高丰度区集中分布于古隆起与拉张槽叠合带,揭示“槽-隆”联合控藏效应[12]。热模拟实验发现,当Ro(页岩热演化程度)大于3.49%时,有机质发生强烈碳化,原有椭圆形海绵状有机质孔隙被破坏、合并为微裂缝,这些微裂缝在深埋压实过程中易被压缩消失[37]。古隆起区因长期处于构造高部位,Ro介于2.5%~3.3%,显著低于相邻坳陷区(Ro介于3.0%~4.0%),为页岩气富集提供储集空间(图5)。此外,古隆起及其周缘发育多期泥岩盖层,与生烃增压(压力系数1.6~1.8)协同形成超压封存单元。威远区块含气饱和度(75%~85%)与古隆起边界吻合度达90%,证实其保存优势[12,19]。
叠合区(如威远—长宁过渡带)兼具古隆起保存优势与拉张槽物质基础,形成“高TOC-优孔渗-强封盖”协同控藏模式。首先,拉张槽提供高有机质丰度(TOC含量大于2.0%),古隆起抑制热演化利于储集空间的保持;其次,孔隙-裂缝协同作用,拉张槽内溶蚀孔隙与古隆起周缘构造微裂缝形成复合输导网络[38];最后,压力-封闭匹配机制,生烃超压(压力系数1.7~1.9)与盖层完整性联合阻止气体散失。古隆起与拉张槽的时空耦合通过“抑制热演化-优化储集空间-增强封存能力”三重机制,控制页岩气差异富集[12,33,36]。叠合区作为“槽-隆”协同作用产物,是深层页岩气勘探的最有利靶区。
四川盆地及周缘下寒武统页岩地层老、埋深大,不少地区埋深超过4 500 m,页岩气勘探开发的突破得益于工程技术的一系列迭代。研究表明,深层页岩气(埋深大于3 500 m)作为全球非常规天然气增储上产的核心领域,其工程技术体系历经3次关键技术迭代,推动单井EUR从0.3×10⁸ m³提升至2.5×10⁸ m³,开发成本下降60%以上[39-40]。技术迭代与地质理论创新形成双向反馈机制,共同驱动产业升级。
早期,深层页岩气勘探开发处于摸索起步阶段,主要借鉴常规油气开发模式。钻井多采用垂直井技术,虽然能获取地下信息,但井筒与页岩储层接触面积有限,难以有效开采页岩气。压裂技术也较为初级,以直井水力压裂为主,仅能形成简单裂缝,对储层改造程度低,导致单井产量不高,商业开发效益不佳。不过,这一时期积累了宝贵的地质数据和实践经验,为后续技术发展奠定了基础[41]。
伴随勘探开发程度持续加深,研究区完成首次关键技术迭代,以水平井钻井、分段压裂技术为核心支撑。水平井钻井技术能够使井筒在页岩储层中横向延伸,大幅增加井筒与储层的接触面积,提高对储层的控制范围。分段压裂技术则进一步将水平井段划分为多个小段进行压裂,形成多条裂缝,有效扩大了储层改造体积,提高了页岩气的渗流能力和产量。这两项技术的结合应用,使深层页岩气开发取得重大突破,单井产量显著提升,推动了深层页岩气的商业开发进程,许多大型页岩气田得以成功开发[41-42]。
基于地质导向与随钻测井,研发三维水平井设计技术,实现复杂构造区“绕障穿层”钻进(水平段长2 000~2 500 m),靶体钻遇率大于90%;密切割压裂工艺将段间距缩至20~30 m,单井压裂段数增至30~50段,采用暂堵转向材料(粒径100~800 μm)提升裂缝复杂度(储层改造体积达1.2~2.0 km³)[43-44]。例如,威远区块威202H8平台采用三维水平井+密切割压裂,EUR提升至1.5×10⁸ m³,较一期提高80%[44];北美二叠盆地应用超高密度压裂(段间距小于15 m),单井产量提升3倍[45]。
智能钻井技术基于强化学习(RL)算法,实时融合地震属性、随钻测井与岩屑录井数据,实现水平段轨迹动态优化(轨迹误差小于0.5 m)。构建井筒—地层多物理场耦合模型,预测钻头振动、井壁稳定性等风险,钻井效率提升40%[46-47]。极限压裂技术采用超临界CO₂作为压裂液基液,降低储层伤害(渗透率恢复率大于90%),同时实现CO₂封存。注入粒径50~200 nm的智能暂堵剂,精准封堵主裂缝(封堵强度大于15 MPa),激活次生裂缝网络(分支裂缝密度大于5条/m)。另外,智能化闭环控制体系也得到快速发展,该技术基于实时监测-模拟-决策链,通过分布式光纤传感监测裂缝扩展,结合压裂模拟器动态优化泵注参数(排量、砂比、液量)。训练卷积神经网络预测压裂效果,推荐最优施工方案(北美二叠盆地应用后EUR波动率降低30%)[46-49]。
深层页岩气工程技术历经“水平井钻井、三维密切割和智能极限压裂”3次迭代,核心问题从“能否开采”转向“高效经济开发”。智能钻井与极限压裂技术通过多学科交叉(人工智能、材料科学、流体力学等)显著提升储层改造效率与单井产能。未来需突破耐超高温工具、非均质改造及成本控制3大瓶颈,构建“地质-工程-经济”一体化评价体系,以实现埋深4 500 m以深资源的规模效益开发。
筇竹寺组页岩地层时代老,热演化程度高,厚度大、分布广,生烃-成藏机理未明确;与龙马溪组有较大差异,低TOC页岩具有勘探潜力需建立下寒武统中低TOC页岩生烃模式。储集空间以无机孔、微裂缝为主,孔隙保存机制缺乏定量模型[31];成藏模式多样(超压封存型、构造调整型),主控因素与分布规律不清,“甜点”优选成功率不确定,需针对双富集模式制定差异化勘探与压裂对策。
筇竹寺组储层“连续型、弱反射、频相变”,常规地震资料难以精细评价;与龙马溪组相比,筇竹寺组页岩速度(4 500~5 500 m/s)与围岩差异缩小20%~30%,振幅属性对TOC敏感度降低,ΔlogR法基本失效;声波时差受黏土矿物(伊利石含量大于40%)干扰严重。工程“甜点”参数缺失,现有模型未整合脆性指数、地应力各向异性等关键参数,压裂成功率偏低[50-51]。
高温高压钻井风险显著上升,埋深大于4 500 m时,井底温度基本上大于180℃,常规LWD(随钻测井)仪器失效率大于40%;地层压力系数大于1.8,井控风险高。高闭合压力(大于80 MPa)限制裂缝扩展(半长大于100 m),压裂液滤失严重(滤失系数大于5×10⁻⁴ m/min),单井EUR仅(0.8~1.5)×10⁸ m3。完井完整性差,深层页岩地应力变化大,套管变形率大(如长宁区块),支撑剂嵌入导致导流能力衰减大于50%[52-54]。
页岩气勘探开发的成本效益是影响其可持续发展的重要经济因素。但深层页岩气开发成本高昂,超深井单井投资(1.2~1.5)×10⁸ 元,EUR大于2×10⁸ m3方可盈利,但实际达标率小于50%;压裂费用占比高,单井耗水大于2×10⁴ m3。压裂返排液处理难度大,生态敏感区开发受限,经济效益与绿色发展矛盾突出[55-61]。
阐明筇竹寺组页岩气成烃富集机理,建立“甜点”识别与预测评价体系:①剖析筇竹寺组页岩有机质富集条件,厘清各小层典型岩相干酪根类型及成烃物质组合特征,判识生烃母质类型并评价烃源岩品质;开展针对性生烃热模拟实验,类比恢复筇竹寺组不同类型页岩生烃潜力,明确生烃机制、生烃规模及烃源有机质含量下限等关键问题;②构建多成因孔隙演化模型,采用纳米CT-FIB-SEM联合表征技术,定量刻画50~200 nm溶蚀孔与5~20 μm微裂缝的时空耦合关系,建立孔隙压缩率-保存系数关联模型;③完善差异成藏评价标准,依托TOC、孔隙连通指数及压力系数(大于1.2),建立分级“甜点”预测指标体系。针对原地富集成藏模式,优选拉张槽中段深水缓坡亚相,该区具备“三高一超”特征:高TOC含量(大于2.0%)、高脆性矿物含量(大于68%)、高孔隙度(大于4.0%)、地层超压系数(大于1.8);同时强化三维地质建模与地震反演技术应用,精细刻画筇竹寺组优质页岩空间展布规律。
融合多技术手段构建地质工程一体化模型,开展“甜点”精准评价研究:①发展多属性融合预测技术,耦合叠前弹性参数、频变AVO属性与曲率分析成果,建立TOC概率体模型,预测精度可达80%以上;②优化测井解释方法,引入元素俘获谱(ECS)与核磁共振(NMR)联测技术,利用T1-T2图谱判识有机质类型,建立孔隙结构-含气性定量解释模型;③构建地质-工程一体化模型,整合地应力场、天然裂缝网络及岩石力学参数,构建“甜点”综合评价指数,为压裂分段方案优化提供依据。
开展耐高温高压装备及极限压裂、完井工艺技术攻关,明确核心研究方向:①研制耐高温高压井下装备,开发220 ℃级旋转导向系统(如贝克休斯AutoTrakG3)、抗硫钻杆(屈服强度大于965 MPa),配套纳米改性钻井液,保障高温流变稳定时长大于48 h;②优化极限压裂工艺体系,推广超临界CO₂压裂、纳米暂堵转向技术(粒径介于50~200 nm)工程应用;③完善完井结构设计,采用膨胀套管+柔性水泥组合(抗挤强度大于100 MPa),应用覆膜砂(渗透率保留率大于90%)与自悬浮支撑剂(沉降速率小于0.1 m/min),延长裂缝有效期。
立足四川盆地页岩气开发提质增效与绿色低碳发展需求,聚焦一体化技术攻关,构建“技术赋能、绿色协同、效益导向、政策支撑”综合攻关体系,明确重点研究方向如下:①以智能化技术为抓手,依托人工智能地质导向、数字优化等核心技术,提升钻井作业效率并精准管控开发成本,破解深层页岩气开发经济瓶颈;②推行工厂化集群作业模式,依托规模效应压降边际开发成本,同步推广绿色低碳工艺,集成CO₂干法压裂、采废水循环利用及智能动态监测技术,实现开发过程低碳环保与高效受控;③建立全生命周期一体化评价模型,将绿色低碳指标与经济效益指标开展系统化、定量化协同评估,涵盖勘探、钻井、压裂、生产至封井废弃全流程,实现开发效益与绿色发展协调统一;④健全配套政策支撑体系,依托税收优惠、碳排放权交易、绿色金融等保障举措,为技术攻关与产业落地夯实基础,助推四川盆地页岩气开发向高质量、绿色化、高效化转型。
1)中国下寒武统页岩气勘探历程划分为3个阶段,分别为前期调研与选区评价阶段、技术攻关与勘探突破阶段以及效益提升与深层拓展阶段。形成3项创新认识:①拉张槽控制筇竹寺组富有机质页岩与优质储层发育;②摒弃“仅在富有机质页岩中勘探页岩气”的传统思路,提出筇竹寺组页岩气发育“原地富集”与“原地+输导层富集”两类成藏模式;③古隆起热演化程度相对较低,“槽-隆”耦合控藏作用与3轮工程技术迭代(水平井钻井技术与分段压裂技术、三维水平井与密切割压裂技术、智能钻井与极限压裂技术),对推动中国下寒武统页岩气勘探实现重大突破起到关键性作用。
2)当前面临的挑战主要包括:成烃-成藏机理及不同类型页岩气高产富集主控因素尚不明确、地质-工程“甜点”预测方法面临挑战、以及成本效益与环境保护等问题。针对性提出主要发展建议:开展生烃热模拟研究、建立多成因孔隙演化模型;针对四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气“原地富集”与“原地+输导层富集”双模式,制定差异化勘探及压裂对策;发展多属性融合预测技术、研发耐高温高压装备,以及推行智能化降本增效技术等。

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2026年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025481
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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    1 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所,江苏   无锡 214126
    2 中国石化油气成藏重点实验室,江苏   无锡 214126
    3 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发国家重点实验室,江苏   无锡 214126
    4 国家能源页岩油研发中心,江苏   无锡 214126
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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