Article(id=1322941971429471177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757952000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343545061, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343545061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343545061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343545061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941718441623734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='489', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343484745, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344165564, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944574066402279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944574070596584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=702, endPage=712, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941971647574986, articleId=1322941971429471177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Risk level prediction model for casing deformation and frac-hit in deep shale gas horizontal wells, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

During hydraulic fracturing of deep shale gas in the Sichuan Basin, fracturing stages near fault and fracture zones are mostly treated with conservative control measures to reduce the risks of casing deformation and frac-hit, but this frequently leads to a significant decline in production. To effectively control these risks while maximizing the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of a single well, accurate risk identification and prediction are urgently required. Based on monitoring and fracturing construction data, the risks of casing deformation and frac-hit in 2 156 fracturing stages in the Y well area, southern Sichuan, were systematically classified and calibrated for risk levels. Key geological characteristics—fault fracture zones, microscopic natural weak planes, rock mechanical properties, and in-situ stress—were statistically analyzed. Statistical analysis was further employed to reveal the influence patterns of different geological parameters on risks, and, for the first time, a particle swarm optimization–backpropagation neural network was introduced to construct prediction models for casing deformation and frac-hit risks, with geological parameters as inputs and risk levels as outputs. The results indicated that casing deformation and frac-hit risks were primarily controlled by the distribution of fault fracture zones, whereas microscopic natural weak planes, rock mechanical properties, and in-situ stress significantly influenced risks by altering hydraulic fracture propagation directions and local stress distribution. Validated with 80% of the data as the training set and 20% as the test set, the prediction model achieved accuracies exceeding 83% for both casing deformation and frac-hit risks, demonstrating good fitting performance and generalization capability. Based on the prediction results, engineering control measures were developed, forming an integrated method of “pre-fracturing risk prediction—fracturing design optimization”. Field application results showed that this method effectively mitigated the risks of casing deformation and frac-hit, while significantly increasing the EUR per kilometer of a single well, achieving both risk control and production enhancement. The findings provide a new method for risk prediction in deep shale gas fracturing and offer a reference for optimizing fracturing design.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=JIANFA WU1, LAN REN2, CHENG SHEN1, QIANQIU REN2, BOWEN CHEN1, RAN LIN2, authorsList=JIANFA WU, LAN REN, CHENG SHEN, QIANQIU REN, BOWEN CHEN, RAN LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=QIANQIU REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941976248726497, articleId=1322941971429471177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=深层页岩气水平井压裂风险等级预测模型研究, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

在四川盆地深层页岩气压裂过程中,为降低套变与压窜风险,靠近断层裂缝带的压裂段大多采取保守防控措施,但这往往导致产量显著下降。为在有效防控风险的同时尽可能提升单井最终可采储量(EUR),亟须实现风险的精准识别与预测。基于监测与施工数据,对川南Y井区2 156个压裂段的套变与压窜风险进行系统分类与等级标定,并统计断层裂缝带、微观天然弱面、岩石力学及地应力关键地质特征。进一步采用统计分析方法揭示各类地质参数对风险的影响规律,并首次引入粒子群优化-反向传播神经网络,以地质参数为输入、风险等级为输出,构建套变与压窜风险预测模型。结果表明,套变与压窜风险主要受断层裂缝带分布控制;而微观天然弱面、岩石力学及地应力则通过改变水力裂缝扩展方向与局部应力分布,对风险产生重要影响。预测模型在80%训练集与20%测试集验证下,套变与压窜风险预测准确率均超过83%,显示出良好的拟合性能与泛化能力。基于预测结果,提出了工程防控对策,形成“压前风险预测—压裂方案优化”的一体化方法。矿场应用结果表明,该方法能够有效规避套变与压窜风险,并显著提升单井千米EUR,实现风险控制与产能提升的兼顾。研究成果为深层页岩气压裂提供了新的风险预测手段,并为压裂设计优化提供了参考。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=吴建发1, 任岚2, 沈骋1, 任千秋2, 陈博文1, 林然2, authorsList=吴建发, 任岚, 沈骋, 任千秋, 陈博文, 林然, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任千秋, authorNote=

吴建发(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,从事页岩气勘探与开发技术研发和管理工作。地址:四川省成都市建设北路一段83号,邮政编码:610051。E-mail:

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任千秋(1998—),在读博士研究生,从事非常规油气藏水力压裂技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
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吴建发(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,从事页岩气勘探与开发技术研发和管理工作。地址:四川省成都市建设北路一段83号,邮政编码:610051。E-mail:

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various geological parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质特征类型地质特征参数参数来源
断层裂缝带距断层距离断裂预测图识别
断层逼近角
距天然裂缝距离
天然裂缝逼近角
微观天然弱面层理发育指数测井参数计算
微观天然裂缝发育指数
岩石力学泊松比
杨氏模量
地应力水平应力差
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985161621545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各类地质特征参数来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质特征类型地质特征参数参数来源
断层裂缝带距断层距离断裂预测图识别
断层逼近角
距天然裂缝距离
天然裂缝逼近角
微观天然弱面层理发育指数测井参数计算
微观天然裂缝发育指数
岩石力学泊松比
杨氏模量
地应力水平应力差
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985237119018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Distribution of sample risk levels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级套变样本/段压窜样本/段
共计150150
高风险段2542
中风险段5050
低风险段7558
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985321005099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本风险等级分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级套变样本/段压窜样本/段
共计150150
高风险段2542
中风险段5050
低风险段7558
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985383919660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Classification criteria for comprehensive risk levels and engineering measures for fracturing stages of horizontal wells in Y well area,southern Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
综合风险等级风险预测结果压裂对策
低风险①套变低风险+压窜低风险4~6簇射孔、排量18~20 m3/min、用液强度30~35 m3/m
中风险①套变低风险+压窜中风险7~9簇射孔、排量14~16 m3/min、用液强度20~25 m3/m
②套变中风险+压窜中风险
③套变中风险+压窜低风险
高风险①套变高风险或者压窜高风险10~12簇射孔、排量10~12 m3/min、用液强度10~15 m3/m
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985446834221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

川南地区Y井区水平井压裂段综合风险等级分类标准及工艺对策

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
综合风险等级风险预测结果压裂对策
低风险①套变低风险+压窜低风险4~6簇射孔、排量18~20 m3/min、用液强度30~35 m3/m
中风险①套变低风险+压窜中风险7~9簇射孔、排量14~16 m3/min、用液强度20~25 m3/m
②套变中风险+压窜中风险
③套变中风险+压窜低风险
高风险①套变高风险或者压窜高风险10~12簇射孔、排量10~12 m3/min、用液强度10~15 m3/m
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985518137390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Key parameters of fracturing design of wells Y1 and Y2 in southern Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型参数范围
Y1井Y2井
最大水平主应力/MPa110.5~121.4110.3~116.7
最小水平主应力/MPa95.5~106.196.3~102.7
垂向应力/MPa102.6~104.5103.6~104.3
杨氏模量/GPa33.4~56.638.7~49.8
泊松比0.19~0.250.18~0.22
总有机碳/%3.0~8.43.8~8.1
孔隙度/%1.2~6.33.5~5.4
层理发育指数64.4~145.064.8~144.9
微观天然裂缝发育指数88.4~119.091.5~108.6
距断层距离/m––
断层逼近角/(°)––
距天然裂缝距离/m0~290.60~201.9
天然裂缝逼近角/(°)0~850~85
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985593634863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

川南地区Y1井与Y2井关键地质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型参数范围
Y1井Y2井
最大水平主应力/MPa110.5~121.4110.3~116.7
最小水平主应力/MPa95.5~106.196.3~102.7
垂向应力/MPa102.6~104.5103.6~104.3
杨氏模量/GPa33.4~56.638.7~49.8
泊松比0.19~0.250.18~0.22
总有机碳/%3.0~8.43.8~8.1
孔隙度/%1.2~6.33.5~5.4
层理发育指数64.4~145.064.8~144.9
微观天然裂缝发育指数88.4~119.091.5~108.6
距断层距离/m––
断层逼近角/(°)––
距天然裂缝距离/m0~290.60~201.9
天然裂缝逼近角/(°)0~850~85
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985685909552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Key geological parameters of wells Y1 and Y2 in southern Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号段号射孔簇数排量/(m3/min)用液强度/(m3/m)
Y1井第1段416~1835
第2~4、8~24、27~31段6≥1835
第5~7、25~26段81420
Y2井第1段(低风险段)41835
第2~9、11~26段(低风险段)618~2035
第10、27、28段(高风险段)101215
第29~31段(中风险段)81625
), ArticleFig(id=1322941985773989937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941971429471177, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

川南地区Y1井与Y2井压裂设计关键参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号段号射孔簇数排量/(m3/min)用液强度/(m3/m)
Y1井第1段416~1835
第2~4、8~24、27~31段6≥1835
第5~7、25~26段81420
Y2井第1段(低风险段)41835
第2~9、11~26段(低风险段)618~2035
第10、27、28段(高风险段)101215
第29~31段(中风险段)81625
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深层页岩气水平井压裂风险等级预测模型研究
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吴建发 1 , 任岚 2 , 沈骋 1 , 任千秋 2 , 陈博文 1 , 林然 2
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(3): 702-712
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (3) : 702 -712
深层页岩气水平井压裂风险等级预测模型研究
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吴建发1 , 任岚2, 沈骋1, 任千秋2, 陈博文1, 林然2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油西南油气田公司页岩气研究院,四川   成都 610051
  • 2 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
通讯作者:
任千秋(1998—),在读博士研究生,从事非常规油气藏水力压裂技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
作者简介:

吴建发(1976—),博士,正高级工程师,从事页岩气勘探与开发技术研发和管理工作。地址:四川省成都市建设北路一段83号,邮政编码:610051。E-mail:

Risk level prediction model for casing deformation and frac-hit in deep shale gas horizontal wells
JIANFA WU1 , LAN REN2, CHENG SHEN1, QIANQIU REN2, BOWEN CHEN1, RAN LIN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Institute of Shale Gas, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploration, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372
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深层页岩气  /  套变  /  压窜  /  风险等级预测模型  /  粒子群优化-反向传播神经网络  /  工程防控对策
deep shale gas  /  casing deformation  /  frac-hit  /  risk level prediction model  /  particle swarm optimization-backpropagation neural network  /  engineering control measures
吴建发, 任岚, 沈骋, 任千秋, 陈博文, 林然. 深层页岩气水平井压裂风险等级预测模型研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (3) : 702 -712 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372
JIANFA WU, LAN REN, CHENG SHEN, QIANQIU REN, BOWEN CHEN, RAN LIN. Risk level prediction model for casing deformation and frac-hit in deep shale gas horizontal wells[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (3) : 702 -712 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372
深层页岩气是四川盆地实现页岩气高效开发和“气大庆”建设的主阵地[1],其中奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组深层页岩气地质资源量高达9.6×1012 m3,主要分布于川南和渝西地区[2-4]。相比中浅层,深层页岩气埋深超过3 500 m[5],多分布于构造复杂区[6],褶皱与断裂发育,储层孔隙结构和含气性差异显著,同时伴随高应力、高温高压等条件[7-11]。这些不利因素显著抑制裂缝起裂、延伸与稳定支撑,增加了缝网建造的难度[1,9]。目前深层页岩气压裂工艺主要在中浅层技术基础上调整,例如通过缩短簇间距[12-13]、增加液量与加砂强度[14-15]、优化支撑剂铺置方式[16],但在构造复杂、应力差大的储层中,改造效果稳定性和可控性仍不足[17]。川南作为深层页岩气的核心富集区,资源量占比达68.75%[18],已进入规模建产阶段。然而,该区以低陡构造和低幅褶皱为主,断层发育、应力场复杂,导致压裂过程中套变与压窜频发[19-22]。为降低套变与压窜发生概率,靠近断层裂缝带的压裂段通常采取保守压裂措施,导致整体产量显著下降。为在有效控制风险的同时尽可能提升单井最终可采储量(EUR),亟须实现套变与压窜风险的精准识别与预测。
在套变机理方面,已有研究揭示了页岩膨胀[23]、井筒剪切应力[24]、地应力累积[25]、天然断裂剪切滑移[26-28]对套变的作用机制。在压窜机理方面,王文东等[29]阐明了压窜规律,亦有学者利用灰色关联法分析地质工程因素对压窜的影响[30-31]。在套变与压窜防控方面,已有学者提出施工优化[32]、风险评估与分类管理[33-35]等技术体系。上述研究为压裂风险的认识与防控提供了一定的理论和方法支撑,但尚未构建以地质参数为输入、风险等级为输出的预测模型,难以实现新井压前风险的智能评估,从而制约施工优化的针对性与精度。
研究基于四川盆地深层页岩气Y井区的套变与压窜监测结果,结合施工排量对已压裂井段进行风险类型识别与等级标定。进一步采用统计学方法系统分析断层裂缝带、微观天然弱面、岩石力学及地应力因素的影响规律,并利用粒子群优化-反向传播神经网络构建风险等级预测模型,以地质参数为输入、风险等级为输出,实现新井压前风险的智能评估。根据预测结果制定工程防控对策,构建“压前风险预测—压裂方案优化”的一体化风险防控方法,并通过矿场应用验证其有效性,从而为降低套变与压窜风险、提升储层改造效果与开发经济性提供技术支撑。
川南地区自印支期以来受多期构造运动影响,形成了多尺度、多期次断裂系统,构造格局复杂,不同区块特征差异显著[36-37]。可划分为3类构造区:帚状构造区(L井区、Y井区、H井区)、单斜构造区(Z井区)和弧形构造区(D区块)。其中,帚状构造区断裂规模大、走向多变,主要发育单向裂缝,套变与压窜风险最高;单斜构造区断裂发育且具多方向性,风险较高;弧形构造区断裂系统相对简单,风险较低。
在地应力特征方面,宽缓向斜区最大水平主应力方向近东西向,在构造转换带及断层末端偏转5°~40°;最小水平主应力主要介于80~110 MPa,应力差介于10~20 MPa。L、Y、H井区表现为走滑断层应力状态,断裂激活的临界注入压力偏低,工程实施风险高;Z井区为正断层应力状态,临界注入压力低,工程实施风险高;D区块为正断层应力状态,临界注入压力高,工程实施风险低。
川南地区复杂断裂系统与高差异性地应力格局直接导致压裂过程中套变与压窜频发,成为制约深层页岩气改造效果与产能提升的突出工程难题。为实现有效改造,川南地区深层页岩气开发经历了多阶段工艺探索:初期沿用中浅层经验的“压裂工艺1.0”进行单井压裂评价;随后形成“段内多簇+高强度加砂”的“压裂工艺2.0”,在多口评价井中实现高产且套变率低,并在规模建产中推广。然而,在集中建产过程中,平台井压裂仍频繁出现套变与压窜,显示该工艺在高应力区和断裂发育区适应性不足。为降低套变发生概率,提出了“控制实施节奏+控制压裂强度”的“双控”模式,但防控措施缺乏针对性,产量难以进一步提升。因此,逐步构建了深层页岩气地质工程一体化套变预防技术体系[21],在精细刻画天然断裂和地应力、定量预测应力场失稳风险的基础上,建立不同储层品质和实施风险的差异化改造模式,实现现场精细实施。然而,当前压裂施工中,若压裂段附近断裂发育,通常采取风险防控或仅射孔措施,可能导致本应作为主体段或渐进段的压裂段施工效果不佳。因此,亟须基于地质特征建立系统的套变与压窜风险等级预测方法,为压裂施工优化提供支撑,并形成“压前风险预测—压裂方案优化”的一体化风险防控体系。
在深层页岩气压裂过程中,套变与压窜需依赖现场监测识别。套变通常在泵送下一段射孔枪或桥塞受阻时判定。现场先尝试大排量洗井或更换工具串疏通井眼,若仍未贯通,将冲洗头与连续油管连接后下入井内,实施多臂测井以确认是否发生套变,并将与之时序最接近的本井或邻井压裂段认定为套变风险段。压窜通过邻井井口压力快速上升(>1 MPa)判定风险段。为降低压裂过程中套变与压窜的发生概率,有必要在施工前对各压裂段进行风险等级评估,并据此优化施工参数。考虑到套变与压窜风险通常影响排量等关键施工参数,研究反向利用实际排量对已施工段进行风险等级标定。
基于监测结果,对四川盆地泸州Y井区2 156个压裂段进行分类:套变风险段22段、压窜风险段42段,同时存在套变与压窜风险的4段,其余2 088段为无风险。结合现场排量数据,将套变与压窜风险划分为高、中、低3级(图1),以排量14 m3/min为临界值标定后,套变高、中风险段分别为26段和771段,压窜高、中风险段分别为46段和773段。
在同一深层页岩气井区内,水平井段普遍具备较一致的埋深条件,因此埋深差异对套变的影响较小。随着地质导向钻井技术的精细应用,井眼穿越小层界面的概率显著降低,小层错动不再是引发套变的主要因素。同时,川南地区近年来固井质量整体较高,在固井质量可靠的前提下仍存在套变现象,说明其并非主控因素。
天然裂缝滑移是引发套变的关键诱因。驱动裂缝发生滑移的直接因素,一方面可能是压裂排量过高,导致注入压力超过断裂激活的临界压力;另一方面,其他地质因素可能导致更多注入压力集中分布于断层裂缝带,从而促使其激活。这2类机制既可能由本井压裂参数不当引起,也可能由邻井压裂过程中产生的压窜诱发。因此,在识别套变风险段时,将套变发生时序上最接近的本井或邻井压裂段作为套变风险段。
考虑到风险预测旨在反向优化施工参数,压前套变与压窜风险等级预测仅纳入地质特征,排除施工参数影响。深层页岩气的地质特征参数主要包括断层裂缝带参数、岩石力学参数、地应力参数以及微观天然弱面参数,具体来源见表1。
将套变点与断裂系统叠合(图2),发现断裂系统与套变压裂风险的发生密切相关。绘制箱线图(图3),对断层裂缝带参数(距断层距离、断层逼近角、距天然裂缝距离、天然裂缝逼近角)在不同压裂风险类型下的分布特征进行统计分析。尽管套变风险段和压窜风险段在距断层距离及断层逼近角分析中的样本量有限,但经过审慎分析,仍可认为靠近断层裂缝带是套变的关键诱发因素。此外,套变风险段的天然裂缝逼近角集中在约45°,提示该类构造组合在剪切应力作用下可能发生协同滑移。通过对距天然裂缝距离统计发现,压窜风险段与天然裂缝的平均距离明显小于无风险段(图3c),同时,图3d中压窜风险段的天然裂缝逼近角集中在60°以上,符合“短路径沟通邻井”的地质特征,是压窜发生的高风险构造。
绘制箱线图(图4),对微观天然弱面参数(层理发育指数、微观天然裂缝发育指数)在不同压裂风险类型下的分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明:套变与压窜风险段的层理发育指数和微观天然裂缝发育指数整体较低,说明风险段中可被优先激活的层理面与微观裂缝较少,导致压裂液更多作用于断层裂缝带,从而增加其激活风险,诱发套变与压窜。
在压裂过程中,岩石力学参数通过影响水力裂缝扩展,间接作用于天然断裂的激活,从而影响套变或压窜的发生规律。为揭示其作用特征,对不同压裂风险类型下的岩石力学参数(泊松比、杨氏模量)分布进行了统计分析,并绘制箱线图(图5)。结果表明:压窜与套变风险段泊松比明显偏低,表明岩层更易发生横向变形,有利于水力裂缝发生偏转,增强断层裂缝沟通能力,进一步提高压裂风险。此外,虽然风险段的杨氏模量普遍偏低,与“高杨氏模量更易引导裂缝转向”的理论认知不符,但其与风险的关系可能受多因素耦合作用影响,难以单独建立因果关联。
绘制箱线图(图6),对地应力参数(水平应力差)在不同压裂风险类型下的分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明,套变与压窜风险段的水平应力差普遍较小。分析认为:在构造运动过程中,为形成大规模断裂,地应力会持续累积,直至断裂产生并发生滑移,从而释放部分应力。因此,断裂容易形成和发育的区域,其水平应力差反而较小;同时,较小的水平应力差更易导致水力裂缝转向,与天然断裂连通并将其激活,从而进一步增加套变风险。
研究首次将粒子群优化算法与反向传播神经网络相结合,用于套变与压窜风险等级预测模型的训练。粒子群优化算法用于优化神经网络的初始权值和阈值,从而提高模型的预测精度和收敛效率。
反向传播神经网络是一种采用了反向传播的单向传播多层前馈网络[38],该算法由RUMELHART等[39]于1986年完整地提出,系统地解决了权值调整的问题。反向传播神经网络由输入层、隐藏层和输出层组成(图7)。其中,输入层输入向量为X=(x1,x2,…, xi,…,xm)T,隐藏层输出向量为H=(h1,h2,…, hk,…,ho)T,输出层输出向量为Y=(y1,y2,…, yj,…,yn)T。输入层与隐藏层之间的连接权值构成权值矩阵V,其中元素vik表示第i个输入节点与第k个隐藏层节点之间的连接权值;隐藏层与输出层之间的连接权值构成权值矩阵W,其中元素wkj表示第k个隐藏层节点与第j个输出节点之间的连接权值。
神经元的激活函数反映神经元的特性,在分类预测中,隐藏层激活函数一般使用ReLU函数,输出层激活函数一般使用Softmax函数,分别如下:
f1(Hk)=max(0,Hk)
f2(Yj)=eYj∑l=1neYl
结合图7,通过式(3)—式(6),可完成xi到yj的映射。
Hk=∑i=1mvikxi
hk=f1(Hk)
Yj=∑k=1owkjhk
yj=f2(Yj)
式中:Hk、hk分别为隐藏层节点的输入、输出;vik为输入层节点与隐藏层节点之间的权值(称为隐藏层权值);xi为输入层第i节点的输入值;Yj、Yl为输出层第j、l个节点的输入值(加权和);yj为输出层第j个节点的输出值;wkj为隐藏层第k个节点与输出层第j个节点之间的连接权值(输出层权值);f1、f2分别为隐藏层和输出层的激活函数;m为输入层节点数;n为输出层节点数;o为隐藏层节点数;e为网络训练误差(或误差函数值)。
用实际输出与期望输出的方差作为相应的误差测度:
E=-∑j=1ny¯jln(yj)
式中:E为误差测度;y¯j为输出层节点的期望输出。
粒子群优化算法是EBERHART等[40]和KENNEDY等[41]于1995年提出的一种演化计算技术。通过粒子群优化算法替代梯度下降法来寻找权重的最优值,每个粒子的位置为神经网络的权重和偏置。
假设在一个D维的目标搜索空间中,将第j个粒子表示为Xj=[Xj1,Xj2,…,Xjd],速度向量表示为Vj=[Vj1,Vj2,…,Vjd],速度决定粒子在搜索空间单位迭代次数的位移。记第j个粒子迄今为止搜索到的最优位置为Pj=[Pj1,Pj2,…,Pjd],也称为pbest(个体极值)。整个粒子群迄今为止搜索到的最优位置为Gj=[Gj1,Gj2,…,Gjd],也称为gbest(全局极值)。
粒子群通过Xj、Vj、Pj与Gj这4个参数实现对粒子的更新优化,得到迭代之后的位置和速度向量,该算法的进化方程如下:
Vj(l+1)=ωVj(l)+c1r1[Pj(l)-Xj(l)]+c2r2[Gj(l)-Xj(l)]
Xj(l+1) =Xj(l)+Vj(l+1)
ω表示惯性权重,其关系到算法的性能,通常较大的ω有利于进行全局搜索,较小的ω则会增强局部搜索能力,为增强算法的稳定性和计算速度,选用可自适应调整的惯性权重,惯性权重值与迭代次数呈线性负相关,其表达式如下:
ω=ωmax-(ωmax-ωmin)llmax
式中:Xj为第j个粒子在D维搜索空间中的位置向量;Vj为第j个粒子的速度向量;Pj为第j个粒子在搜索过程中获得的历史最优位置向量;Gj为粒子群在搜索过程中获得的全局最优位置向量;c1和c2为学习因子;r1和r2为2个独立随机数,介于[0,1];l为当前迭代次数;lmax为最大迭代次数;ω为惯性权重,ωmax和ωmax分别为ω的最大值与最小值。
在迭代寻优过程中需设置粒子速度上限,以避免粒子盲目搜索,Vj应在[-Vmax,Vmax]。
在粒子群优化算法对反向传播神经网络进行优化时,粒子维度D的计算公式为[42]:
D=mo+o+no+n
适应度函数f为[43]:
f=1S∑s=1S∑j=1n(ysje-ysj)2
式中:D为粒子维度;f为适应度函数值;S为训练集样本数;ysje为第s个样本的第j个网络输出节点的理想输出值;ysj为对应实际输出值。
根据前文分析,距断层距离、断层逼近角、距天然裂缝距离、天然裂缝逼近角、层理发育指数、微观天然裂缝发育指数、泊松比、杨氏模量以及水平应力差在不同压裂风险类型下均表现出一定差异,说明其对套变与压窜的发生具有一定影响。然而,不同参数之间存在复杂的非线性耦合关系,故需将上述地质特征参数全部作为预测模型的输入特征,套变与压窜风险等级为输出标签。从Y井区已完成风险标定的压裂段中各选取150段样本,涵盖高、中、低3个等级,具体分布见表2。
确定神经网络隐藏层神经元数量依据试凑法,如下:
o=m+n+ao=log2mo=mn 
式中:a为介于1~10的常数。
通过调整网络结构优化模型性能,以预测准确率作为评价指标。其中,预测准确率定义为模型预测结果与实际风险等级完全一致的样本段数占总样本段数的百分比。
在套变风险等级预测模型中,当神经网络隐藏层数量设置为4时,模型在训练集和测试集上的预测准确率分别达到0.841 7和0.833 3,展现出最佳的性能(图8)。
在压窜风险等级预测模型中,当神经网络隐藏层数量设置为6时,模型在训练集和测试集上的预测准确率分别达到0.866 7和0.833 3,展现出最佳的性能(图9)。
在现阶段压裂设计过程中,压裂段施工模式(主体段、渐进段、风险防控段及仅射孔段)通常仅依据其附近断层裂缝带发育情况确定,虽能有效降低套变和压窜风险,但单井产量往往不理想。该文构建的风险等级预测模型在综合断裂发育的基础上,引入多源地质参数,实现对压裂段风险等级的精准预测,从而优化风险防控段与仅射孔段比例,在降低风险的同时兼顾产量提升。
基于预测结果,可将压裂段划分为不同综合风险等级,并制定相应的施工对策(表3),构建“压前风险预测—压裂方案优化”的一体化风险防控方法:低风险段采用少簇数、高排量和高用液强度;中风险段采用中簇数、中排量和中用液强度;高风险段则采用多簇数、低排量和低用液强度。
为验证套变与压窜风险等级预测模型在实际施工中的适用性与有效性,选取地质条件相近的2口同平台深层页岩气水平井Y1井与Y2井开展对比研究,其关键地质参数如表4所示。
利用该文建立的预测模型对Y2井各压裂段开展压前风险评估,结果表明不同压裂段存在差异化的风险等级(图10)。
Y1井按照原压裂方案实施,Y2井依据模型预测结果结合该文提出的工程防控对策对压裂关键参数进行优化设计(表5)。
在施工过程中,2口井均未发生压窜。Y1井第17段发生套变风险,导致该井4 755 m处套管发生变形;而Y2井未发生套变。2口井的生产动态曲线如图11所示,Y1井的千米EUR为0.58×108 m3,Y2井的千米EUR为0.67×108 m3,Y2井的压后产能明显优于Y1井。
综上,矿场应用结果验证了研究提出的套变与压窜风险等级预测模型的工程适用性,该模型不仅能够实现新井各压裂段压前风险的有效预测,还能为压裂方案的针对性优化提供可靠依据,从而取得更优的压裂效果,实现了风险防控与产能提升的兼顾。
1)套变与压窜风险的发生受断层裂缝带分布、微观天然弱面、岩石力学及地应力关键地质特征的综合影响。断层裂缝带是套变发生的关键诱因,而微观天然弱面、岩石力学及地应力通过影响水力裂缝扩展方向和局部应力分布,对套变与压窜产生直接或间接作用,表明其形成系多因素耦合作用的结果。
2)首次采用粒子群优化-反向传播神经网络方法,并以地质参数为输入特征构建风险等级预测模型。结果表明:套变风险模型在训练集与测试集上的预测准确率达到0.841 7和0.833 3,压窜风险模型则达到0.866 7和0.833 3,体现出较好的预测性能与泛化能力。
3)依据风险等级预测结果提出工程防控对策,构建了“压前风险预测—压裂方案优化”的一体化风险防控方法。矿场应用表明,该方法能够有效规避套变与压窜风险,并显著提升单井千米EUR,实现风险防控与产能提升的兼顾。
4)受限于当前断裂预测技术的不完善,天然裂缝相关参数尚难以精细刻画。未来结合天然裂缝等级、强度及几何尺寸等更高精度参数,将有助于进一步揭示天然裂缝对套变与压窜风险的影响机制。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372
  • 接收时间:2025-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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    1 中国石油西南油气田公司页岩气研究院,四川   成都 610051
    2 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500

通讯作者:

任千秋(1998—),在读博士研究生,从事非常规油气藏水力压裂技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yqcpjykf/CN/10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025372
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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