Article(id=1322941869008748787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025320, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343520642, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343520642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343520642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343520642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=913, endPage=925, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941869298155765, articleId=1322941869008748787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research progress and development trends of digital core modeling methods, columnId=1322941869210075380, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Digital and Intelligent Energy, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Digital core technology is capable of constructing high-precision porous-media models for reservoir characterization under complex geological conditions, providing digital carriers for multiscale seepage simulation. It is currently widely used in petroleum engineering, rock mechanics, petrophysics, and other fields. Based on existing studies, digital core construction methods can be classified into physical modeling methods, numerical modeling methods, and hybrid modeling methods. Physical modeling methods mainly rely on imaging techniques such as CT scanning or focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) for direct three-dimensional reconstruction. Numerical modeling methods generate equivalent models based on different algorithms, thereby overcoming the limitations of imaging resolution and sample size. According to their modeling characteristics, these methods can be further divided into global optimization algorithms, sampling information statistical algorithms, spatial statistical information algorithms, diagenetic process simulation algorithms, and deep learning algorithms. Hybrid modeling methods combine the advantages of physical experiments and numerical simulations and overcome the limitations of a single method through multisource data fusion and algorithm coupling, thereby considering more reservoir information and geological constraints. This study also elaborates on the construction principles, research progress, and development directions of various modeling methods, summarizes the characteristics of each method, and proposes corresponding solutions to their limitations. In practical applications, appropriate modeling methods should be selected according to reservoir type, target scale, and research focus to construct porous-media models that match reservoir characteristics. With the development of computer technology, digital core modeling methods will tend toward multisource data fusion, multiscale model construction, and multilevel mechanistic representation.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=KUN XIE1, 2, SHILIANG YUAN1, 2, MINGXUAN GAO1, 2, BAO CAO3, JIE MEI1, 2, DA YAN1, 2, QIANG XIE4, authorsList=KUN XIE, SHILIANG YUAN, MINGXUAN GAO, BAO CAO, JIE MEI, DA YAN, QIANG XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941873635066120, articleId=1322941869008748787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=数字岩心建模方法研究进展及发展趋势, columnId=1322941869369458934, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=数智能源, runingTitle=null, highlight=

数字岩心技术可针对复杂地质条件下的储层表征需求,构建高精度的多孔介质模型,为多尺度渗流模拟提供数字载体,目前广泛应用于石油工程、岩石力学、岩石物理等领域。通过借鉴现有研究将数字岩心构建方法分为物理建模方法、数值建模方法、混合建模方法,物理建模方法主要依赖CT扫描或聚焦离子束扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)等成像技术直接进行三维重构;数值建模方法则基于不同的算法生成等效模型,可突破成像分辨率和样品尺寸的限制,并且根据不同数值方法的建模特点可进一步将其分为全局优化算法、抽样信息统计算法、空间统计信息算法、成岩过程模拟算法、深度学习算法;混合建模方法结合了物理实验与数值模拟的优势,通过数据的多源融合与算法耦合,突破了单一方法的局限性,能够考虑更多的储层信息与地质约束条件。并且详细阐述各种建模方法的构建原理、研究现状、发展方向,将各方法的特点进行了归纳总结,又针对各方法的局限性提出了相应的解决思路。在实际应用中,需根据储层类型、目标尺度、研究重点等建模需求,选择合适的建模方法,构建出符合储层特征的多孔介质模型。随着计算机技术的发展,数字岩心的建模方法将趋于数据的多源化融合、模型的多尺度构建和机理的多层次表征。

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谢坤(1991—),男,博士,教授,从事提高采收率理论和技术研究工作。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区学府街99号,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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谢坤(1991—),男,博士,教授,从事提高采收率理论和技术研究工作。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区学府街99号,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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谢坤(1991—),男,博士,教授,从事提高采收率理论和技术研究工作。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区学府街99号,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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Nature Machine Intelligence, 2021, 3(4): 299-305., articleTitle=Generating three-dimensional structures from a two-dimensional slice with generative adversarial network-based dimensionality expansion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941896955396549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=31, issue=6, pageStart=33, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=106, authorNames=王敏, journalName=油气地质与采收率, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王敏. 基于砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心的电阻率数值模拟与影响规律分析[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2024, 31(6): 33-44., articleTitle=基于砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心的电阻率数值模拟与影响规律分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941897030894022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=31, issue=6, pageStart=33, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=107, authorNames=WANG Min, journalName=Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Min. Resistivity numerical simulation and its influence law analysis based on multi-component 3D digital core of glutenite[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2024, 31(6): 33-44., articleTitle=Resistivity numerical simulation and its influence law analysis based on multi-component 3D digital core of glutenite, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941897114780103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=49, issue=9, pageStart=e2022GL098342, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=108, authorNames=LIU M L, MUKERJI T, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU M L, MUKERJI T. Multiscale fusion of digital rock images based on deep generative adversarial networks[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2022, 49(9): e2022GL098342., articleTitle=Multiscale fusion of digital rock images based on deep generative adversarial networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941897173500360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=61, issue=8, pageStart=e2025WR040865, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=109, authorNames=TANG K N, WANG Y D, REGAIEG M, journalName=Water Resources Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG K N, WANG Y D, REGAIEG M, et al. Unlocking sub-micrometer features in carbonate rocks: A cascading super-resolution approach for multiscale multi-instrument carbonate characterization[J]. 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Transport in Porous Media, 2017, 120(1): 227-238., articleTitle=Construction of dual pore 3-D digital cores with a hybrid method combined with physical experiment method and numerical reconstruction method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941897311912394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=110, issue=1, pageStart=92, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=111, authorNames=POLITIS M G, KIKKINIDES E S, KAINOURGIAKIS M E, journalName=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=POLITIS M G, KIKKINIDES E S, KAINOURGIAKIS M E, et al. A hybrid process-based and stochastic reconstruction method of porous media[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 110(1): 92-99., articleTitle=A hybrid process-based and stochastic reconstruction method of porous media, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941898989633995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=194, issue=null, pageStart=123080, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=112, authorNames=WU Y Q, TAHMASEBI P, LIU K Y, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Y Q, TAHMASEBI P, LIU K Y, et al. Two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media: A multiscale digital model approach[J]. 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建模方法分类相关建模方法优势局限性解决思路
SSTM与FIB技术结合可用于纳米级孔隙特征的研究切割和抛光时需要花费大量时间,并会破坏孔喉结构使用等离子聚焦离子束显微镜(PFIB)进行切割
物理建模方法LSCM获得样本数据的分辨率可达亚微米级激光穿透深度有限;荧光剂会破坏内部结构;环氧树脂无法深入微小孔隙替换具有更长波长的激光,并且使用低黏度的注入剂
X-CTX-CT具有非侵入性,能够进行无损检测;并且构建的模型精度较高难以区分密度接近的成分;对样品的尺寸拥有一定的限制将多源数据融合,并使用多尺度扫描扩大模型尺寸
SA能够反映出较多的孔隙空间信息建模效率低下,孔隙连通性较差,存在许多孤立的点增加约束条件,引入更高级的目标函数;对模型进行后处理
MCMCM建模速度快,易于实现;而且建立的模型具有长距离连通性所建立的模型各向异性较弱,不适用于非均质性强的岩心需要加入新的目标函数进行约束改善
TGRFM能够快速生成模型,易于实现限于平稳高斯场,无法处理非高斯特征可以在不同尺度上进行建模并融合
数值建模方法SISM计算高效,适合简单分类变量建模建立的模型平均孔径小,连通性较差,无法表征复杂的空间模式可以通过调整输入参数以及对结果进行后处理来优化模型
MPS能够有效的保留地质结构的长程连通性;并且能够准确地捕捉地质特征比较依赖训练图像的选择使用多重训练图像,并结合多源数据进行训练
过程法考虑了岩石的形成过程,模型具有较好的连通性和均质性;该方法较为灵活没有考虑岩石内部其他的成岩作用,如溶蚀作用和颗粒破裂等情况增加算法来模拟更多的成岩作用,提高模型的复杂度
深度学习法建模速度快,能够考虑更多的数据信息,解决多尺度难题物理约束的缺失、模型训练成本高昂开发小样本学习算法,减少对数据依赖
混合建模方法结合多种算法的优点,考虑多种物理特性和条件;并且可以缩短建模周期技术性复杂,数据融合难度高加入机器学习算法对多尺度的数据进行融合
), ArticleFig(id=1322941883055472984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941869008748787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数字岩心建模方法特点及局限性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法分类相关建模方法优势局限性解决思路
SSTM与FIB技术结合可用于纳米级孔隙特征的研究切割和抛光时需要花费大量时间,并会破坏孔喉结构使用等离子聚焦离子束显微镜(PFIB)进行切割
物理建模方法LSCM获得样本数据的分辨率可达亚微米级激光穿透深度有限;荧光剂会破坏内部结构;环氧树脂无法深入微小孔隙替换具有更长波长的激光,并且使用低黏度的注入剂
X-CTX-CT具有非侵入性,能够进行无损检测;并且构建的模型精度较高难以区分密度接近的成分;对样品的尺寸拥有一定的限制将多源数据融合,并使用多尺度扫描扩大模型尺寸
SA能够反映出较多的孔隙空间信息建模效率低下,孔隙连通性较差,存在许多孤立的点增加约束条件,引入更高级的目标函数;对模型进行后处理
MCMCM建模速度快,易于实现;而且建立的模型具有长距离连通性所建立的模型各向异性较弱,不适用于非均质性强的岩心需要加入新的目标函数进行约束改善
TGRFM能够快速生成模型,易于实现限于平稳高斯场,无法处理非高斯特征可以在不同尺度上进行建模并融合
数值建模方法SISM计算高效,适合简单分类变量建模建立的模型平均孔径小,连通性较差,无法表征复杂的空间模式可以通过调整输入参数以及对结果进行后处理来优化模型
MPS能够有效的保留地质结构的长程连通性;并且能够准确地捕捉地质特征比较依赖训练图像的选择使用多重训练图像,并结合多源数据进行训练
过程法考虑了岩石的形成过程,模型具有较好的连通性和均质性;该方法较为灵活没有考虑岩石内部其他的成岩作用,如溶蚀作用和颗粒破裂等情况增加算法来模拟更多的成岩作用,提高模型的复杂度
深度学习法建模速度快,能够考虑更多的数据信息,解决多尺度难题物理约束的缺失、模型训练成本高昂开发小样本学习算法,减少对数据依赖
混合建模方法结合多种算法的优点,考虑多种物理特性和条件;并且可以缩短建模周期技术性复杂,数据融合难度高加入机器学习算法对多尺度的数据进行融合
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数字岩心建模方法研究进展及发展趋势
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谢坤 1, 2 , 袁世亮 1, 2 , 高铭宣 1, 2 , 曹豹 3 , 梅杰 1, 2 , 闫达 1, 2 , 谢强 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 数智能源 2026,16(4): 913-925
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油气藏评价与开发 |数智能源 2026 , 16 (4) : 913 -925
数字岩心建模方法研究进展及发展趋势
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谢坤1, 2 , 袁世亮1, 2, 高铭宣1, 2, 曹豹3, 梅杰1, 2, 闫达1, 2, 谢强4
作者信息
  • 1 多资源协同陆相页岩油绿色开采全国重点实验室,黑龙江   大庆 163712
  • 2 东北石油大学提高油气采收率教育部重点实验室,黑龙江   大庆 163318
  • 3 中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司,海南   海口 570311
  • 4 中国石油大庆油田第十采油厂地质研究所,黑龙江   大庆 166400
作者简介:

谢坤(1991—),男,博士,教授,从事提高采收率理论和技术研究工作。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区学府街99号,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

Research progress and development trends of digital core modeling methods
KUN XIE1, 2 , SHILIANG YUAN1, 2, MINGXUAN GAO1, 2, BAO CAO3, JIE MEI1, 2, DA YAN1, 2, QIANG XIE4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163712, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China
  • 3 CNOOC China Limited Hainan Company, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
  • 4 Geological Research Institute of No. 10 Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Daqing Oilfield, Daqing, Heilongjiang 166400, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025320
文章导航
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数字岩心  /  岩石物理  /  建模方法  /  研究现状  /  发展趋势
digital core  /  petrophysics  /  modeling methods  /  research progress  /  development trends
谢坤, 袁世亮, 高铭宣, 曹豹, 梅杰, 闫达, 谢强. 数字岩心建模方法研究进展及发展趋势. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 913 -925 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025320
KUN XIE, SHILIANG YUAN, MINGXUAN GAO, BAO CAO, JIE MEI, DA YAN, QIANG XIE. Research progress and development trends of digital core modeling methods[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 913 -925 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025320
储层岩石结构的研究有助于深入了解储层的地质特征、孔隙结构、岩石类型、渗透率等物理特性,进而进行储层精细描述与评估,这对开发方案的制定和优化具有重要作用[1-2]。随着石油资源的不断勘探开发,开发重点逐渐从常规储层转向非常规储层。然而受限于非常规储层内部结构的复杂性和非均质性,室内实验难以对岩石的微观孔喉结构进行表征,在非常规油气开发、水力压裂优化等方面的研究能力不足。因此,建立精准的孔隙网络模型对深入了解储层特征尤为重要[3-5]。
数字岩心是近年来新兴的一门技术,并且逐渐成为研究储层微观孔喉结构、渗流机理和特征参数的重要手段[6]。利用数字岩心技术,可以弥补传统岩石物理实验对储层微观结构表征不足的问题,实现对岩石孔隙空间结构特征的深入研究[7]。该技术能够同时进行成岩作用、多相渗流等多物理场耦合的实验模拟,并且已经在油气渗流、岩石物理、岩石力学等领域得到了广泛应用。数字岩心技术可以进行不同聚合物驱油的渗流模拟仿真,为选取合适的驱油剂提供依据[8];在对储层样本进行孔隙模型的重构时,通过计算其渗透率和孔隙度,并分析孔喉结构来了解储层的物性特征,从而更准确地评估储层的开发潜力[9];通过研究多孔介质模型在受力过程中的变形和破坏特性,探究储层岩石的微观损伤机制,进而揭示孔隙结构对岩石的损伤以及宏观力学性质的影响[10];还可以对岩石的声学特性、核磁共振特性、渗流特性等进行模拟[11]。数字岩心作为一种数字化模型,具有良好的重复性,这一特性使其在石油工程及地质学领域拥有独特的优势[12-13]。不同于传统的物理岩石实验,数字岩心不再受样品数量、处理过程以及实验条件变化的限制,这极大地提高了实验效率,确保了数据的连续性和准确性。
目前数字岩心的建模方法主要分为物理建模方法、数值建模方法、混合建模方法[14]。文中详细阐明了几种方法的建模原理、优缺点、研究现状和发展情况,并对数字岩心建模方法存在的问题与未来发展趋势进行了总结和展望。
物理建模方法其本质是依靠物理实验仪器来直接对样品进行成像,然后重构为三维数字岩心,常用物理建模方法包括序列切片成像法(Serial Sections Tomography Method,SSTM)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜法(Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy,LSCM)和X射线计算机断层成像法(X-ray Computer Tomography,X-CT)。
SSTM是最早用于构建数字岩心的方法之一,首先选定样本中一个具有代表性的视域,并进行研磨与抛光处理,制备出符合显微观察要求的平整截面;其次,采用高倍显微镜对样本进行序列化断层扫描,获取二维切片图像数据集;再次,利用图像分割算法将孔隙分割出来,获得清晰的岩石骨架二值化图像;最后,使用三维重构软件,按照切割的顺序依次叠加,构建出三维模型(图1)。
LYMBEROPOULOS等[16]使用SSTM构建了三维数字岩心,并对孔隙结构进行了分析。但该方法在切割过程中探针与岩心表面会发生刮擦,产生划痕,会将凸起的颗粒或者脆弱的桥接结构破坏,且相邻切片之间有一定的间隔无法预测,导致准确度较低[17],未来应考虑采用更高精度的切割系统。页岩、致密气砂岩、白垩等岩心需要亚微米级的分辨率来解析3D孔隙结构,普通的SSTM无法满足这种要求。基于上述情况,TOMUTSA等[18]使用了一种聚焦离子束(FIB)与扫描电镜(SEM)结合的方法——FIB-SEM,也称为双光束系统。该方法使用加速的镓(Ga+)离子,通过电磁透镜聚焦形成高能离子束轰击样品表面,再切换至SEM模式对截面进行成像。沈瑞等[19]使用FIB-SEM重构了鄂尔多斯盆地长73亚段页岩模型,并通过研究模型的孔喉结构,获取了储层代表性矿物的微观分布特征,提出了页岩储层固液相互作用黏附力测试方法。杨雨萱等[20]也通过该技术分别构建出了济阳坳陷纹层状页岩的有机质和无机质三维数字岩心模型,并研究了不同类型孔隙结构的分布特征。尽管FIB-SEM技术可以使得切片的分辨率达到纳米级,但是在切割过程中离子轰击样本表面时会发生注入现象,形成非晶层,改变了孔喉结构。并且被离子束溅射出来的材料会有一部分重新沉积到样品表面,对孔喉进行堵塞[21]。这些现象使得该技术无法完全获得原始的孔喉结构。因此当前多使用低能量的FIB减少样本损伤深度,并使用氩离子束去除表面的非晶层,从而最大程度保留样品的原始结构。另外,该方法的建模速度较慢,研磨与切割过程会花费大量的时间。
LSCM是一种先进的三维显微成像系统,其基本原理是由激光器发出一定波长的光源通过针孔,经滤波器衰减,从二色镜反射进入扫描单元。扫描光束进入物镜透镜的后焦平面,将光聚焦在样品中的一点。在样本内部的这一点处从荧光染料的激发返回的任何光,都通过物镜透镜和扫描单元返回。由于该光具有比激发光更长的波长,因此其穿过双色镜,由屏障过滤器进一步净化,且其最终聚焦在第二针孔处,任何穿过针孔的光都撞击低噪声光电倍增管检测器,信号随后传递到共焦显微镜的计算机成像系统[22],LSCM工作原理见图2[23]。
1990年LSCM技术首次被PETFORD等[24]应用于地质学来研究裂变径迹。随后,FREDRICH等[25]使用LSCM来研究砂岩中的孔隙几何特征。2001年MENÉNDEZ等[26]通过LSCM对花岗岩中的破裂情况以及孔隙结构的变化做出了探究。当样品较厚时,激光在穿透过程中会被散射或吸收,针对这个问题,PETFORD等[27]使用图像阈值技术将最大穿透深度扩大到了大于500 μm的深度,但所获得的数据轴向分辨率较差。
由于LSCM的最大穿透深度具有限制,在进行操作之前,对样品的妥善制备尤为重要,且在此过程中必须严格调控样品的厚度参数。此外,向样品中注入含有荧光剂的环氧树脂时,会对岩心的内部结构造成不可逆的破坏。再者,环氧树脂的渗透能力有限,无法有效注入孤立或过小的孔隙空间,导致无法被有效检测,从而影响了分析结果的全面性和准确性。
X-CT是基于电子计算机断层扫描技术对样品进行扫描,通过接收X射线并转化为可见光之后,经光电传感器转换为模拟电信号,再经模拟转换器生成数字信号,利用重建算法将检测到的射线信号转化为灰度值,通过层层叠加,即可重构成三维数字岩心,如图3所示[28]。
最初的CT设备主要应用在医学领域。1991年DUNSMUIR等[29]将CT技术应用到了石油领域,并将分辨率提高到了微米级。2013年MADONNA等[30]使用了一种能够无损检测岩石显微结构的方法——同步辐射X射线层析显微技术(Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy,SRXTM),构建出了伯里亚砂岩,枫丹白露砂岩和白云岩等三维模型。一方面,SRXTM拥有更高的分辨率与亮度,能够识别小于1 μm的孔隙;另一方面,岩石的有效弹性模量等力学性质强烈依赖于岩石的微观结构细节,这是微米CT技术无法解决的,且SRXTM使用的单色X射线能够避免图像出现阴暗不明的伪影[31]。SRXTM构建出的图像拥有极高的分辨率,但是该技术成本高昂,不适合广泛使用。近年来微米CT技术在碳酸盐岩、页岩裂缝等研究中发挥着重要作用。GOU等[32]通过微米CT构建了三轴压缩后的碳酸盐岩样本,并分析了不同类型的压裂液对碳酸盐岩裂缝扩展的影响;李英杰等[33]对龙马溪组层状页岩样本开展了单轴压缩实验,并使用微米CT获取了不同加载阶段的图像,最后对页岩内部微裂隙等结构在加载过程中演化引起的变形特性进行了研究。
X-CT的非侵入性,能够建立高精度的三维模型,不会对样本进行任何损坏。但X射线可能无法穿透某些高密度或者含有大量金属成分的样本,并且为了保证数据的精度,需要限制样品的尺寸。此外,当矿物密度相近且原子序数差异较小时,矿物的线性衰减系数差异可能小于CT系统的密度分辨率,导致灰度重叠,难以区分岩石的不同组分[34]。
基于物理实验仪器所构建的数字岩心虽然具有较高的精度,但在模型的尺度拓展和储层宏观非均质性表征方面存在局限性,且昂贵耗时,不利于进行大量的室内实验。数值重建方法则通过SEM切片分析,结合统计特征信息提取与随机重构,能够有效突破物理模型的尺度限制并提升建模效率。
模拟退火法(Simulated Annealing,SA)作为一种在多维空间中寻找函数全局最小值或最大值的全局优化算法,其核心原理是:生成一系列的参数向量模拟粒子的热运动,通过升温将处于常温下的粒子变得无序,随后缓慢减小温度,使得模拟的热系统达到冷凝结晶状态,此时内部的粒子将趋于有序的状态,如图4所示[35]。
根据热力统计学原理,在一定的温度下,能量分布概率所表示的关系如下:
PaE=Ea=1ZTexp -EaKBT
式中:Pa为状态接受概率;E为系统能量;Ea为状态a的能量;Z(T)为标准化因子;KB为Boltzmann(玻尔兹曼)常数;T为控制参数温度,单位K。
当系统的温度经过退火而逐渐降低时,能量将达到平衡状态。定义在第r+1次迭代时的METROPOLIS(梅特罗波利斯)准则为:
P=1ΔE≤0ΔE=Er+1-Erexp-ΔETΔE>0
式中:P为迭代接受概率;ΔE为目标函数的差值;Er表示第r次迭代时的能量;Er+1表示第r+1次迭代时的能量。
相应状态的接受准则为[36]:
P≥QRAN(0,1)
式中:QRAN(0,1)指在(0,1)内的随机数。
满足公式3的状态是第r+1次的状态,这样的搜索不仅能够向性能指标“优化”的方向迭代,而且有一定的概率“劣化”,温度在开始时比较高,接受劣态的概率较大,但是随着迭代次数的增加,系统的性能指标得到改善,最终达到全局最优解[37]。
1997年,HAZLETT[38]首次提出了使用SA来构建数字岩心,通过在迭代期间,随机选择并交换骨架与孔隙的体素点,计算目标函数,并对系统进行不断的更新,最终重构了数字岩心。随后YEONG等[39]对使用SA构建数字岩心的能力和可行性进行了研究与证明。针对砂岩等天然岩石中存在大量不连续、多尺度以及几何形状不规则的孔隙,JU等[40]将SA与分形系统控制函数相结合,优化了多孔结构的重构过程,结果表明:重建的模型与真实的多孔砂岩具有较好的一致性。莫修文等[41]也基于SA建立了补充优化方案,先采用传统的SA对初始模型进行优化,再利用择多算子来选取特定的对象点与孔隙骨架的边界点进行交换,进一步优化连通性与分布均匀性。宋帅兵等[42]在原有的SA基础上,引入了一种新的统计函数对孔隙结构不同方向上的特征进行提取,提出了一种能够适用于各向异性数字心模型构建的SA。
SA构建的模型能包含储层特征的较多信息,但目前应用中主要存在计算效率低下、孔隙连通性差、孤立孔隙占比较多等问题。
在数字岩心建模中,抽样信息统计算法是一种将统计信息作为约束条件,通过一种动态抽样机制,以逼近目标概率的分布方式,构建出孔隙结构的方法。
马尔科夫链-蒙特卡洛法(Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method,MCMCM)是通过深度整合目标分布的统计信息,构造出一条马尔科夫链,生成具有统计代表性的样本,再逐步优化三维体素的分布,使其统计特性逼近真实岩石的微观特征。三维马尔科夫链的模型为:
pxijk|xlmn:0<l<i,0<m<j,0<n<k=pxijk|xi-1,j,k,xi,j-1,k,xi,j,k-1
式中:i、j、k对应x、y、z 3个方向上的坐标位置;l、m、n对应x、y、z 3个方向上所有小于i、j、k的索引;xijk表示当前的体素;xlmn表示其他的体素;xi-1,j,k表示在x方向上的前一个体素;xi,j-1,k表示在y方向上的前一个体素;xi,j,k-1表示在z方向上的前一个体素。其中p(xijk)的计算方式为:
p(xijk)=e[pxi+p(xj)+pxk]
式中:p(xijk)为点i,j,k处的概率;pxi、p(xj)、pxk分别为点i、j、k在x、y、z方向上相邻前点的概率;e为概率平均化参数[43]。
2004年WU等[44]基于MCMCM,通过图像数据对土壤结构进行参数化,生成了二维的岩心切片。WU等[45]又将该方法拓展至三维领域,使用马尔科夫链,以遍历图像中两点和五点邻域,计算邻域模板的条件概率,重建图像中每个像素的状态,并且该方法先将首个体素是孔隙的概率视作已知的值,y方向沿着模拟第一层第一行上的体素。使用2邻域模型模拟第一行的第二个体素,在第三个体素使用3邻域进行模拟。再使用3、4邻域对第一层其他行边界处的体素进行模拟,随后用5、6邻域将第一层之中其他行内部的体素进行模拟。第二层上第一行的构造方法与第一层上第二行的构造方法类似。从第二层开始往后,构建的每一层在模拟边缘体素时使用9、10邻域,在模拟内部体素时使用14、15邻域,最终构建出了数字岩心,如图5所示[46]。
针对页岩气储层的骨架组分多样性和结构复杂性的问题,聂昕等[43]将MCMCM加以改进,通过嵌套组合各微观组分的模型,最终获得了含有相关导电性的矿物组分和结构的页岩气储层微米级三维数字岩心,为开展页岩气储层电性微观尺度的数值模拟工作提供了理论基础。
MCMCM能够快速生成模型,且计算效率较高,易于实现。但是所构建的岩心各向异性较弱,非均质性较强。针对这一问题,郭江峰[47]将数字岩心分为多个子岩心,然后根据各个岩心的二维切面,使用MCMCM进行重构叠加,获得了具有强非均质性的致密砂岩模型。
空间统计信息算法旨在通过量化和分析岩石微观结构的空间相关性以及几何形态分布规律,来表征储层空间的特性。其核心在于利用统计工具(如变差函数、协方差函数、多点模式)描述孔隙与基质的空间分布特征,并构建三维数字岩心。
截断高斯随机域法(Truncated Gaussian Random Field Method,TGRFM)属于离散型随机模型,它模拟的是连续高斯场的空间相关性,并结合阈值截断规则网络中的三维连续变量,生成离散的孔隙结构,然后建立离散物体的三维分布[48],其基本原理可以表示为:
先假设M种不同的变量,第h种变量的指示函数可以用随机函数Z(t)表示为:
I(Zh-1<Zt<Zh)=1Zt∈(Zh-1,Zh]0Zt∉(Zh-1,Zh]
式中:I为指示函数;Zh-1、Zh为截断值。
当且仅当Zt∈(Zh-1,Zh]时,t属于第h种变量。不相交的区间覆盖了整个实数空间,定义函数F(t)见式(7):
Ft=∑h=1MNcodhIZh-1<Zt<Zh
式中:Ncodh为第h种变量的编码值。
当点t属于第h种变量时,IZh-1<Zt<Zh=1,Ft在点t取Ncodh。由于变量值服从高斯分布,从而截断值Zh可由其分布函数的反变换求得:
ZN-1=G-1(P1+P2+⋯+PN-1)
式中:ZN-1为第N - 1类变量对应的最终采样值;G-1为高斯分位数函数;Ph为类型h的占有频率[49]。
1974年,JOSHI[50]首次使用TGRFM构建出了数字岩心模型,该技术可分为3个步骤。首先,随机生成独立高斯分布的空间场;然后,对变量进行线性变换使得变量相关,在转换过程中严格受到岩心孔隙度值和两点相关函数约束;最终,通过使用非线性变换获得数字岩心模型[51]。然而,JOSHI当时只建造了二维数字岩心模型。1984年,QUIBLIER[52]使用TGRFM在之前的基础上进行了三维模型的构建,并且与实际的多孔介质样本进行对比,验证了该模型的准确性和有效性。随后ADLER等[53]基于QUIBLIER的研究,引入了周期性的边界条件,同时优化了数字岩心的构建方法,最终构建出了Fontainebleau(枫丹白露)砂岩的数字岩心。IOANNIDIS等[54]也在建模过程中引入了傅里叶变换和线性滤波混合技术,构建出了与真实多孔介质具有相同统计特性的三维模型,这种方法提高了模型的生成效率和准确性。
TGRFM能够快速地生成模型,但是模型的连接性差,需要增加约束条件,这会降低建模效率。虽然TGRFM能够综合考虑地质因素,但对于一些非均质性较强的岩心,其模拟能力可能受到限制。因此可对构建完成的模型进行后处理,在保留其特征的情况下,引入机器学习算法,增加微观结构。
顺序指示模拟法(Sequential Indicator Simulation Method,SISM)是KEEHM[55]在2003年提出的一种基于空间信息统计的随机模拟方法,它是根据已知的岩石空间统计特征(如变差函数和协方差结构),生成初始的指示变量,并利用时间推进的方式逐步地计算邻域的指示变量。同时,通过指示克里金方法对每个网格点处的局部条件概率分布进行估计,并将每次估计值作为新增条件数据,然后沿逐节点更新指示函数,直到所有节点都被模拟。
2007年,朱益华等[56]通过从铸体薄片中提取的地层信息,使用SISM重构了三维数字岩心。重建数字岩心的变差函数被认为与从重建的铸体切片计算的变差函数良好地对应。这种数字岩心能最大程度地与实际的岩石相接近,反映了底层的一些真实的信息。但是他们并没有将构建的数字岩心与真实的数字岩心进行系统、定量的比较。随后刘学锋等[57]以Fontainebleau砂岩的二维切片信息为基础,使用SISM重构了数字岩心。通过对比真实岩心与数字岩心的孔隙尺寸分布函数、局部孔隙度分布函数、平均渗流概率函数以及2种岩心的体积模量等结果,发现重建的数字岩心与真实岩心具有相似的均质性与孔隙度。
基于SISM构建的数字岩心在孔隙尺寸与孔隙连通性方面具有很大的局限性,无法充分捕捉到孔隙连通性特征,可能导致构建的数字岩心中孔隙空间分布较为离散,不符合真实岩石的物性特征。
多点地质统计法(Multiple-point Statistics,MPS)通过解译训练图像中隐含的高阶空间关联特征,构建出能够表征复杂地质结构的统计模型。相较于传统两点统计仅刻画局部变异性,MPS利用数据模板提取训练图像中数据事件的多点空间构型,从而实现对地质体几何形态的全局性重构。
数据模板是由n个向量组成的几何形态,设为:
τn={hg;g=1,  2,  ⋯,  n}
模板的中心位置为u,其他位置:
ug=u+hg(g=1,  2,  ⋯,  n)
式中:τn为包含n个向量数据集几何结构;hg为构成模板向量;ug为第g个邻居占的坐标。
如图6a表示一个由9×9的节点组成的二维数据模板;图6b表示一个由3×3×3节点组成的三维数据模板,其中模板的中心点由其他颜色表示[58]。
若属性S拥有m种状态值sk(k=1,  2,  ⋯,  m),可定义数据事件d(u)为:
du={S(ug)=skg; g=1, 2, ⋯, n}
式中:S(ug)表示ug位置的状态值;skg为属性s特定位置ug处的实际状态值。
图7a、图7b则表示图6a的二维模板捕获的2个数据事件,其中已知数据的节点使用颜色标记,且相同颜色的节点表示状态值相同。同理,图7c、图7d表示图6b的三维模板捕获的数据事件。没有颜色的节点表示未知数据。
2004年OKABE等[59]提出了使用MPS来构建三维数字岩心,通过对贝雷砂岩的测试进行分析,发现MPS构建的数字岩心在长距离连通性方面具有很大优势。针对难以直接获取大尺度和范围的孔隙结构的问题,庞伟[60]通过纳米CT技术获取页岩的体数据作为训练图形,利用数据模板提取训练图像中的结构特征,重构了数字岩心模型。又因二维切片难以包含复杂的三维孔隙空间几何形状,吴玉其等[61]将三维图像作为训练图像,二维切片为条件数据,重构了数字岩心。该方法通过将变差函数曲线、孔隙结构参数和单向流渗流特性作为评价参数对模型的几何结构和拓扑结构与真实岩心进行对比验证。结果表明两者具有相似的孔隙特征。
MPS能够有效地保留地质结构的长程连通性,并且能够更准确地捕捉地质特征的复杂性。但是该方法比较依赖于训练图像的选择,如果训练图像选择不当,可能会导致重建的模型无法准确地反映真实的孔隙结构。
相较于其他建模方法,成岩过程模拟算法更具灵活性。1997年BAKKE等[62]提出了一种通过模拟岩石的形成过程来构建数字岩心与孔隙网络模型的方法。该方法分为3个部分:沉积过程是将颗粒沉积到沉积物的表面,定位局部或者全局势能最低点作为最终位置(图8a)。压实作用指的是沉积颗粒在上覆地层压力驱使下发生滑动、变形,导致的孔隙度降低和结构重组过程(图8b)。成岩过程是指将沉积的颗粒通过一些物质(胶结剂)黏结在一起,形成一种强度和稳定性较好的岩石结构。为了模拟天然岩心形成过程中更加真实的形态,JIN等[63]在过程法的基础上引入了力学特性,模拟了颗粒沉积和压实的动态过程,获得了孔渗值较小的模型。之后,ZHU等[64]又考虑了颗粒的不规则性,将扩缩技术与随机搜索算法结合,实现了不规则颗粒的沉积,更好地探究模型的孔隙结构与宏观物理性质之间的关系。
近年来过程法也被应用于构建多组分和多尺度的数字模型,WU等[65]提出了一种动态三维建模技术,该技术考虑了多矿物组分(如球状矿物、黄铁矿和黏土矿物等),使用过程法、四元组结构生成集算法(QSGS)和形态学运算构建动态页岩模型。随后WU等[66]又使用了一种新的技术用来构建页岩模型,该方法先基于过程法生成石英、长石、方解石等刚性矿物的堆积模型,再使用四重结构生成集算法(QSGSA)增加黏土和有机质等软性材料,构建出了多组分和多尺度页岩模型。2022年WU等[67]又利用该方法构建了多组分、不规则颗粒的砂岩原始模型,使用膨胀操作和QSGSA来模拟胶结作用和溶解作用(两次胶结,两次溶解),结果表明经历胶结然后溶解的岩石比先经历溶解然后胶结的岩石具有更大的孔隙率、分形维数和孔径。这些方法不仅增加了模型结构的复杂性,还对过程法无法构建强非均质性的岩心的问题提出了解决思路。
基于过程法构建的数字岩心具有良好的连通性,并且可以通过改变颗粒的粒径、配比等参数来控制数字岩心的孔隙结构以及宏观物理性质,因此由该方法构建的数字岩心更具灵活性。
深度学习算法近年来也被广泛应用于数字岩心的构建研究中,如人工神经网络(ANN)、迁移学习(TL)、卷积神经网络(CNN)和生成对抗神经网络(GAN)等。其中GAN作为主流算法在2017年被MOSSER等[68]用于构建多孔介质模型。尽管GAN模拟的图像较为清晰,但是容易受模型崩溃和梯度消失的影响。ZHANG等[69]提出了一种将GAN和变分自动编码器(VAE)相结合的方法,提高了模型的质量与稳定性,同时在计算效率上优于传统的方法。KENCH等[70]提出了一种新的GAN结构—SLICEGAN,它能仅使用单张二维图像来合成高保真三维数据集,其体系结构实现了均匀信息密度的概念,这确保了生成的体积在空间的所有点上都是同样高质量的,并且可以生成任意大的体积。
多尺度岩心的构建是近年来研究数字岩心物理的前沿方向之一,它旨在通过融合不同的数据来源(如CT扫描、SEM图像和实验数据等)来提高模型的精确度与准确性[71]。LIU等[72]提出了一种基于GAN的方法来同化多尺度成像数据,该方法利用基于样式的生成对抗网络(StyleGAN2-ADA)来克服因SEM图像数量有限而导致的过度拟合问题,然后使用循环一致的生成对抗网络(CycleGAN)来整合来自多个源的未配对的数字岩石数据。该方法为高分辨率大视场数字岩石的重建提供了一种有效的手段。TANG等[73]开发了一种级联超分辨率(SR)算法,它使用了深度学习技术,从分辨率较低的CT图像开始,并将其放大到与纳米级SEM图像的细节相匹配,将分辨率提高了30倍。该方法能够超分辨碳酸盐岩微孔隙等亚分辨率结构,为准确的数字岩石分析和流动模拟提供了关键信息。
深度学习算法在完成训练后能够快速地构建出三维模型,并且通过多源数据融合的模型能够更精确地表征复杂的孔喉结构,但是其过程的“黑箱”特性,使该方法存在物理约束缺失等的问题。
鉴于单一的数值建模或物理建模方法各自存在局限性,部分学者提出了将多种建模方法混合构建数字岩心的方法。LIN等[74]针对现有数字岩心建模方法的不足,提出了一种新的混合方法来构建高精度双孔隙数字岩心。该方法将微米CT技术构建的大孔隙模型与SA构建的微孔隙模型进行叠加,构建出了能够描述不同孔隙特征的数字岩心。POLITIS等[75]提出了一种结合过程法与SA的混合方法,通过过程法随机生成模型,然后利用SA进行优化,提高重构精度。通过此方法计算所得的渗透率值与针对测试材料所得的实验值以及基于KOZENY-CARMAN(科泽尼—卡尔曼)公式所得的理论预测值相吻合。YANG等[46]将基于MPS建立的无机孔隙数字岩心与利用MCMCM构建的有机孔隙数字岩心,通过一种叠加算法结合在一起,建立了一个同时考虑无机与有机孔隙信息的叠加数字岩心,并深入分析了样品的几何形态特征和拓扑结构。WU等[76]为了提高模型微米和纳米孔隙的复杂度,提出了一种用于构建多尺度孔隙系统的建模方法,该方法使用CT技术捕获大孔,利用QSGSA在数字模型中生成小孔,并且将数字模型的物理特性与室内实验数据进行比较,以验证所构建的数字模型的准确性。结果表明:该混合方法建立的模型比常规CT成像建立的模型含有更多的微孔,并表现出更好的连通性和渗透性。
混合法结合了多种建模方法的优点,兼具物理实验法的精确性和数值模拟法的灵活性及高效性,在构建更为复杂的数字岩心模型时能够考虑多种物理特性和条件,显著提高了建模效率。
近年来,数字岩心技术在油气勘探开发与岩石力学等领域应用广泛,选择适合的方法对于模型的构建具有重要意义。研究综述了数字岩心建模方法的研究现状,归纳了各种建模方法的特点及局限性,见表1。
数字岩心建模方法应用中所面临的问题与未来的发展方向如下:
1) 物理建模方法在精度方面较数值建模方法具有显著优势。然而该方法受限于成像设备视域-分辨率反比关系,难以构建出大尺寸高精度模型。随着计算机成像技术的发展,高分辨率的X-CT或SEM等设备能够更好地区分储层岩石中不同组分的物质,并且能够更精准地捕捉到岩石内部的微观孔隙结构,从而构建出高精度的数字岩心。
2) 数值建模方法主要依赖于二维切片信息,但切片所包含的储层信息较为有限,导致构建出的模型与真实的储层有所偏差,并且计算效率低下。未来的研究重点应该侧重于整合多源数据,提供更全面的储层信息,建立严格的数据验证标准,确保构建出更接近储层结构的模型。在提升计算效率方面,可以通过分层次对模型进行优化,先粗略获得一个结构正确的模型,再进行精细修正,减少迭代次数,并引入多核CPU并行计算提高效率。
3) 目前数字岩心技术还面临着储层微观孔隙的精度与复杂度不足的问题。未来将通过训练深度学习模型,学习复杂的地质储层结构,从而形成更加全面与准确的多孔介质模型。并且还需要考虑多矿物组分,以提升模型的真实性。此外,建模技术应趋于智能化,可以实现模型参数在线优化与动态迭代,提高建模效率与精准性。
4) 数字岩心未来的发展趋势将聚焦于建模技术的多源化融合,实现模型的多尺度与多层次构建。具体而言,分别采用物理建模方法和数值建模方法构建宏观孔隙和微观孔隙,再将2种孔隙结合,构建出更加复杂且准确的多孔介质模型,从而更好地对天然岩石的物理特性进行研究。
数字岩心技术能够有效表征岩石储层内部特征,对于研究储层微观孔隙结构、渗流机理以及渗流特征具有重要作用,已被广泛应用于油气田开发领域。当前数字岩心技术在表征复杂微观结构方面的能力有限,难以准确构建出具有长程有序结构(如层理、裂缝网络)以及复杂的孔隙形态,且单一的建模方法受其内在的假设条件约束较强,导致构建的模型与实际储层特征之间的统计等效性不足。
未来的主要研究方向应融合多元化的建模技术,发挥物理建模方法的精确性和数值建模方法的高效性优势,并引入深度学习等算法进行跨尺度优化。从而构建出更加符合储层特性的多孔介质模型,为油气勘探开发提供更可靠的数字孪生支撑。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025320
  • 接收时间:2025-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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    1 多资源协同陆相页岩油绿色开采全国重点实验室,黑龙江   大庆 163712
    2 东北石油大学提高油气采收率教育部重点实验室,黑龙江   大庆 163318
    3 中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司,海南   海口 570311
    4 中国石油大庆油田第十采油厂地质研究所,黑龙江   大庆 166400
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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