Article(id=1322941808182960757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025359, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757952000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343506140, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343506140, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343506140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343506140, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1272, endPage=1285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941809810350710, articleId=1322941808182960757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Geological genesis of complex gas-water distribution in deep tight sandstone and new method for fluid identification: a case study of second member of Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, columnId=1322941494130258079, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Exploration, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Deep tight sandstones in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, contain abundant natural gas resources. However, the low reserve discovery rate, low reserve utilization rate, and difficulty in reserve upgrading have long been major challenges for exploration and development in the region. The unclear distribution patterns and genetic mechanisms of gas and water in both horizontal and vertical directions have hindered further understanding of gas reservoirs and research on drilling deployment. This study aims to solve the dilemma of gas reservoir evaluation caused by the complex distribution of gas and water, and effectively promote exploration and development deployment. Based on actual drilling, logging, test data, and analytical data for natural gas and cores, this study analyzed the characteristics of natural gas enrichment and production under different combinations of geological elements at macroscopic and microscopic scales, in horizontal and vertical dimensions, and from the perspectives of original gas reservoir states and actual drilling conditions. The differences in gas and water occurrence and electrical response in intervals with different degrees of fracture development were clarified, and the principles and methods for identifying gas and water in tight fractured reservoirs under wellbore conditions were summarized. The results showed that: (1) macroscopically, the spatiotemporal coupling of the hydrocarbon source-reservoir-carrier bed controlled the vertical and horizontal distribution of gas and water, with the scale and formation stages of faults being key factors affecting gas and water distribution. (2) At the microscopic level, small-scale fractures and microfractures controlled the charging behavior of natural gas. High-maturity gas was difficult to migrate over long vertical and horizontal distances in matrix reservoirs. Fracture-developed intervals had significantly higher gas saturation and natural gas maturity than adjacent matrix intervals. (3) Under actual drilling conditions, the deep invasion of mud filtrate significantly reduced the resistivity distinguishability between gas-bearing and water-bearing layers in the fracture-developed intervals, which were ideal target areas for gas-bearing identification. The methane-to-ethane ratio φ(C1)/φ(C2), a key gas logging parameter, was used to characterize the rhythmic variation characteristics of natural gas maturity in intervals with different degrees of fracture development, effectively improving the gas-water identification ability of tight reservoirs. (4) The results of single-well gas-water identification showed that in early fault-controlled reservoir areas, the height of gas columns was usually less than 100 m, and the planar distribution radius of fault-fracture carrier beds was small. In contrast, in late fault-controlled reservoir areas, the height of gas columns and the planar distribution radius of fault-fracture carrier beds were usually larger and related to the size of the fault. Under the guidance of the fluid identification methods and gas-water distribution patterns mentioned above, drilling deployment was carried out, and general principles for designing drilling trajectories and selecting test layers for target layers were established. Multiple new drilling wells achieved favorable oil and gas results, which strongly supported the high-quality exploration and development of deep tight sandstone in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=DI WANG, YINGTAO YANG, LING ZHANG, YONGJIAN YANG, SEN MA, HONGLI NAN, authorsList=DI WANG, YINGTAO YANG, LING ZHANG, YONGJIAN YANG, SEN MA, HONGLI NAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941815330054798, articleId=1322941808182960757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=深层致密砂岩复杂气水分布地质成因及流体识别新方法, columnId=1322941494327390371, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气勘探, runingTitle=null, highlight=

四川盆地川西坳陷须家河组二段(以下简称须二段)深层致密砂岩天然气资源丰富,但储量探明率低、动用率低、升级难度大一直是困扰该区域勘探与开发的难题,气水在平面及纵向上分布规律和成因不明确,制约了气藏认识、钻井部署研究的进一步深入。为了破解复杂气水分布导致的气藏评价困局,有效推进勘探开发部署,以实际钻井、测井、测试资料以及天然气、岩心分析化验资料为基础,从宏观和微观两种尺度、平面和纵向两种维度、气藏原始状态和实际钻井条件两种视角,分析了不同地质要素组合下的天然气富集与产出特征,梳理了不同裂缝发育程度深度段的气水赋存差异及电性响应,总结得到了井眼条件下致密含裂缝储层的气水识别原则与方法。研究表明:①宏观上,烃源-储层-输导体系的时空耦合控制了纵向和平面上的气水分布,其中断层的规模及形成期次是影响气水分布的关键因素;②微观上,小尺度裂缝及微裂缝控制了天然气的充注行为,高熟气在基质储层中难以实现纵向上及平面上的长距离运移,裂缝发育深度段比邻近的基质段具有明显更高的含气饱和度和天然气成熟度;③实际钻井条件下,泥浆滤液的深度侵入显著降低了作为含气性识别理想靶区的裂缝发育深度段的气、水层电阻率辨识度,采用气测录井关键参数甲烷与乙烷体积分数比值φ(C1)/φ(C2)来表征不同裂缝发育程度段的天然气成熟度韵律变化特征,有效提升了致密储层的气水识别能力;④单井气水识别结果显示,早期断层控藏区气柱高度通常小于100 m,且断缝输导体平面展布半径较小,而晚期断层控藏区气柱高度及断缝输导体平面展布半径通常较大,且与断层规模相关。在上述流体识别方法及气水分布规律指导下进行钻井部署,建立了目的层钻井轨迹设计及测试选层的原则,多口新钻井取得了良好的油气成果,有力支撑了川西坳陷须二段深层致密砂岩的高质量勘探与开发。

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王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

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王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

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王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

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Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2016, 43(5): 675-677., articleTitle=Relationships between wetness and maturity of coal-derived gas in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941838491001625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=26, issue=3, pageStart=70, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=48, authorNames=李战奎, 罗鹏, 苑仁国, journalName=录井工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李战奎, 罗鹏, 苑仁国, 等. 渤中F油田气测录井中气油界面的识别方法[J]. 录井工程, 2015, 26(3): 70-74., articleTitle=渤中F油田气测录井中气油界面的识别方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941838562304794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=26, issue=3, pageStart=70, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=49, authorNames=Li Zhankui, Luo Peng, Yuan Renguo, journalName=Mud Logging Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Zhankui, Luo Peng, Yuan Renguo, et al. Gas logging method for identifying gas-oil interface in BZ F oilfield[J]. Mud Logging Engineering, 2015, 26(3): 70-74., articleTitle=Gas logging method for identifying gas-oil interface in BZ F oilfield, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941838637802267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=534, pageEnd=539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=50, authorNames=郑炀, 徐锦绣, 陆云龙, journalName=测井技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑炀, 徐锦绣, 陆云龙, 等. 基于气测比率因子的油气层识别新方法[J]. 测井技术, 2021, 45(5): 534-539., articleTitle=基于气测比率因子的油气层识别新方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941838704911132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=534, pageEnd=539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=51, authorNames=Zheng Yang, Xu Jinxiu, Lu Yunlong, journalName=Well Logging Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Yang, Xu Jinxiu, Lu Yunlong, et al. A new method of oil and gas layers recognition based on gas measurement ratio factors[J]. Well Logging Technology, 2021, 45(5): 534-539., articleTitle=A new method of oil and gas layers recognition based on gas measurement ratio factors, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941816152138385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941816160526994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, companyId=1322941816152138385, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Southwest Oil and Gas Company, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941816173109907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, companyId=1322941816152138385, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院,四川   成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322941823051768516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of structural units in Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin (modified from reference [5]), figureFileSmall=Sr9KiOtGFlo25pdnVfTOZA==, figureFileBig=S3EUdSC73TeU6DI1ErvKQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823148237509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷构造单元分布(据文献[5]修改), figureFileSmall=Sr9KiOtGFlo25pdnVfTOZA==, figureFileBig=S3EUdSC73TeU6DI1ErvKQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823366341318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Gas-water distribution patterns under different geological conditions, figureFileSmall=5ij3010mGJxH8C4iOq2ikw==, figureFileBig=KKf6tS8opaHMOMwgiojzfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823592833735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地质要素条件下的气水分布模式, figureFileSmall=5ij3010mGJxH8C4iOq2ikw==, figureFileBig=KKf6tS8opaHMOMwgiojzfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823668331208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between distance from faults,gas well productivity,and φ(C1)/φ(C2) ratio in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=TBpz24mkN3uMDzCgsrDwPw==, figureFileBig=LgEh1LtDCTbeOROelKH3aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823739634377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图3, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段距离断层远近、气井产能与φ(C1)/φ(C2)关系, figureFileSmall=TBpz24mkN3uMDzCgsrDwPw==, figureFileBig=LgEh1LtDCTbeOROelKH3aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823831909066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Development characteristics of microfractures in reservoirs of the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=QuHqWxiYD1zWMced6ErgyA==, figureFileBig=v1Aad3MbT8wUi5W0uIWtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824075178699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图4, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段储层微裂缝发育特征

注:a为W05井,深度5 070.7 m,极细、延伸较短的成岩作用微裂缝;b为S04HF井,深度4 608.2 m,构造成因微裂缝;c为W05井,深度5 070.9 m,构造成因微裂缝;d为Y2井,深度5 400.3 m,构造成因微裂缝。

, figureFileSmall=QuHqWxiYD1zWMced6ErgyA==, figureFileBig=v1Aad3MbT8wUi5W0uIWtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824171647692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationship between core permeability,number of microfractures,and gas saturation of sealed cores in three wells of the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=SZwk+iBqgvMFldRpBnko6A==, figureFileBig=mviJwP9Zfh/qJ4mH/8ZJHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824301671117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段3口井岩心渗透率、微裂缝条数、密闭取心含气饱和度之间关系, figureFileSmall=SZwk+iBqgvMFldRpBnko6A==, figureFileBig=mviJwP9Zfh/qJ4mH/8ZJHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824435888846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Characteristics of gas-water occurrence in fracture-developed and fracture-underdeveloped intervals and resistivity logging response patterns in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=L2o4GQQVMOShdZWmCQOs6w==, figureFileBig=fi79N0rOrhxp58ojRtWy1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824565912271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图6, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段裂缝发育、欠发育深度段气水赋存特征及电阻率测井响应模式

注:a为储层原始状态下,气藏相对高部位,裂缝中以高熟气充注为主,理论电阻率呈极大值;b为储层原始状态下,气藏相对低部位,裂缝中以地层水充注为主,理论电阻率呈极小值;c为过平衡水基泥浆钻井条件下,气藏相对高部位,裂缝中以高熟气充注为主,但近井带泥浆滤液沿裂缝深侵入,实测电阻率呈极小值;d为过平衡水基泥浆钻井条件下,气藏相对较低部位,裂缝中以地层水充注为主,且近井带泥浆滤液沿裂缝深侵入,实测电阻率呈极小值。

, figureFileSmall=L2o4GQQVMOShdZWmCQOs6w==, figureFileBig=fi79N0rOrhxp58ojRtWy1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824662381264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between resistivity of fracture-developed intervals,amplitude of reduction of resistivity,and effective fracture linear density under different gas-bearing conditions in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=hviEuzlR/r+3jCFJm/SNKA==, figureFileBig=qcdzMrOstucTdFMKuAr3qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824825959121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图7, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段不同含气性条件下裂缝发育段电阻率、电阻率降低幅度与有效缝线密度关系, figureFileSmall=hviEuzlR/r+3jCFJm/SNKA==, figureFileBig=qcdzMrOstucTdFMKuAr3qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824922428114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relationship between porosity,resistivity,and distribution of water saturation in the second member of, figureFileSmall=dHmX0ASYjgsvdMnyTU/Uiw==, figureFileBig=qIlD2W3NhE15F3HL/TG3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825060840147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图8, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段孔隙度、电阻率与含水饱和度分布的关系

Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin

, figureFileSmall=dHmX0ASYjgsvdMnyTU/Uiw==, figureFileBig=qIlD2W3NhE15F3HL/TG3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825165697748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Characteristics of gas-water occurrence and φ(C1)/φ(C2) variation patterns in fracture-developed and fracture-underdeveloped intervals in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=a2lGQXNikY0A9NupdsjUEQ==, figureFileBig=8qwfastkGJoemPlcylXoGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825337664213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图9, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段裂缝发育、欠发育深度段气水赋存特征及φ(C1)/φ(C2)变化模式

注:a为气藏相对高部位,裂缝中以高熟气充注为主,气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)显著极大值;b为气藏相对低部位,裂缝中高熟气充注较少,气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)极大值不明显。

, figureFileSmall=a2lGQXNikY0A9NupdsjUEQ==, figureFileBig=8qwfastkGJoemPlcylXoGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825438327510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comprehensive map of logging curves,fracture-developed intervals,and φ(C1)/φ(C2) distribution in two wells of the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=OGnbYf6BzymDTzJUwnSBdw==, figureFileBig=4Wzw32CmOWcIZ40YctfYVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825526407895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图10, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段2口井测井曲线、裂缝发育段及φ(C1)/φ(C2)分布综合图

注:1 ft=0.304 8 m; 1 in=0.025 4 m。

, figureFileSmall=OGnbYf6BzymDTzJUwnSBdw==, figureFileBig=4Wzw32CmOWcIZ40YctfYVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825685791448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of φ(C1)/φ(C2) increase multiples between gas layers and gas-water layers in fracture-developed interval in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=ExBr+Rr5Bz5c0OVKvZPAmg==, figureFileBig=3sBLLHOJeSWkRfVvkDND5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941827392873177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=图11, caption=四川盆地川西坳陷须二段裂缝发育段气层与气水同层φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数对比, figureFileSmall=ExBr+Rr5Bz5c0OVKvZPAmg==, figureFileBig=3sBLLHOJeSWkRfVvkDND5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941827493536474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Calculated Ro values for natural gas in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Xinchang-Gaomiaozi area in Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻井编号样品深度/mδ13C1/‰δ13C2/‰天然气组分/%天然气成因指数(GTI)类型指数(KTI)Ro/%
φ(C1)φ(C2)φ(C3)
G614 959~4 996-32.9-24.397.410.970.10-0.025 548.731.97
X55 137~5 180-31.6-26.497.540.940.10-0.152 042.392.27
C65 240~5 313-31.9-25.497.391.060.12-0.136 043.192.18
G084 702~4 776-32.1-21.997.621.010.09-0.122 043.922.09
X025 282~5 639-32.0-24.997.280.940.08-0.098 045.102.16
X094 605~4 808-32.2-24.497.421.000.10-0.097 045.152.07
G134 640~4 837-32.2-21.997.141.040.10-0.080 045.982.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827862635227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四川盆地川西坳陷新场—高庙子地区须二段天然气Ro计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻井编号样品深度/mδ13C1/‰δ13C2/‰天然气组分/%天然气成因指数(GTI)类型指数(KTI)Ro/%
φ(C1)φ(C2)φ(C3)
G614 959~4 996-32.9-24.397.410.970.10-0.025 548.731.97
X55 137~5 180-31.6-26.497.540.940.10-0.152 042.392.27
C65 240~5 313-31.9-25.497.391.060.12-0.136 043.192.18
G084 702~4 776-32.1-21.997.621.010.09-0.122 043.922.09
X025 282~5 639-32.0-24.997.280.940.08-0.098 045.102.16
X094 605~4 808-32.2-24.497.421.000.10-0.097 045.152.07
G134 640~4 837-32.2-21.997.141.040.10-0.080 045.982.02
), ArticleFig(id=1322941828202373852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Characteristics of hydrocarbon source-reservoir-carrier bed and natural gas charging during different periods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质时期生排烃断裂发育储层致密化天然气充注
印支晚期未生烃近东西向断裂为主未致密
燕山早期少量生烃,低熟油气近东西向断裂为主近致密早期少量低熟油气沿断缝、孔隙喉道进入储层
燕山中期少量生烃,低熟油气近东北—西南向、近南北向断裂为主致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
燕山晚期主生排烃期,高熟气近东北—西南向、近南北向断裂为主致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
喜马拉雅期主生排烃期,高熟气近南北向断裂及大量伴生断层、裂缝系统致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
), ArticleFig(id=1322941828751827677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时期烃源-储层-输导体系特征及天然气充注情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地质时期生排烃断裂发育储层致密化天然气充注
印支晚期未生烃近东西向断裂为主未致密
燕山早期少量生烃,低熟油气近东西向断裂为主近致密早期少量低熟油气沿断缝、孔隙喉道进入储层
燕山中期少量生烃,低熟油气近东北—西南向、近南北向断裂为主致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
燕山晚期主生排烃期,高熟气近东北—西南向、近南北向断裂为主致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
喜马拉雅期主生排烃期,高熟气近南北向断裂及大量伴生断层、裂缝系统致密天然气(晚期生成的高熟气为主)沿断层、裂缝大量进入储层,早期低熟油裂解
), ArticleFig(id=1322941829129315038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of test results and reservoir types for each well and sand group in the second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号

测试

砂组

工艺日产气量/104 m3日产水量/m3φ(C1)/φ(C2)成藏类型
S01A+B射孔31.20104.4晚期断层断缝输导区高部位
S05A+B加砂压裂10.3011.8102.4晚期断层平面过渡带高部位
G13B加砂压裂0.07133.0早期断层断缝输导区低部位
A下部加砂压裂2.3124.089.7早期断层断缝输导区高部位
G10C射孔0.16199.0早期断层断缝输导区低部位
B加砂压裂5.2746.067.6早期断层平面过渡带中部位
A加砂压裂2.9420.046.8基质区高部位
X10C酸压0.314.818.5基质区高部位
B射孔10.301.2105.9晚期断层断缝输导区高部位
A加砂压裂2.1431.243.2基质区高部位
), ArticleFig(id=1322941829460665055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

四川盆地川西坳陷须二段各井各砂组测试结果与成藏类型对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号

测试

砂组

工艺日产气量/104 m3日产水量/m3φ(C1)/φ(C2)成藏类型
S01A+B射孔31.20104.4晚期断层断缝输导区高部位
S05A+B加砂压裂10.3011.8102.4晚期断层平面过渡带高部位
G13B加砂压裂0.07133.0早期断层断缝输导区低部位
A下部加砂压裂2.3124.089.7早期断层断缝输导区高部位
G10C射孔0.16199.0早期断层断缝输导区低部位
B加砂压裂5.2746.067.6早期断层平面过渡带中部位
A加砂压裂2.9420.046.8基质区高部位
X10C酸压0.314.818.5基质区高部位
B射孔10.301.2105.9晚期断层断缝输导区高部位
A加砂压裂2.1431.243.2基质区高部位
), ArticleFig(id=1322941829578105569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Main gas-water distribution and production characteristics under different reservoir formation conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平面分区纵向分区主要气水分布特征气水产出特征
基质区高部位早期生成的天然气充注为主特低产气,水气比1~10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)低
低部位低φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气的含气饱和度进一步降低,层内水为主微产气,水气比大于10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)低
平面过渡带低φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气向高φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气或深部地层水过渡低产—中产气,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)高于基质区,水气比与所处构造高低部位有关
断缝输导区高部位晚期天然气充注充分中产—高产气,水气比小于1,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)2高
低部位沿断层输导的深部地层水微产—中产气,水气比大于10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)高
), ArticleFig(id=1322941829888484067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同成藏条件下的主要气水分布及产出特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平面分区纵向分区主要气水分布特征气水产出特征
基质区高部位早期生成的天然气充注为主特低产气,水气比1~10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)低
低部位低φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气的含气饱和度进一步降低,层内水为主微产气,水气比大于10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)低
平面过渡带低φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气向高φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气或深部地层水过渡低产—中产气,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)高于基质区,水气比与所处构造高低部位有关
断缝输导区高部位晚期天然气充注充分中产—高产气,水气比小于1,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)2高
低部位沿断层输导的深部地层水微产—中产气,水气比大于10,天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)高
), ArticleFig(id=1322941829976564452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Statistics of estimated gas column heights in different types of fault-controlled reservoir areas in second member of Xujiahe Formation of Western Sichuan Depression,Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晚期高序级断层区早期高序级断层区晚期低序级断层区
井号推测气柱高度/m井号推测气柱高度/m井号推测气柱高度/m
S01>205F10<110X10约130
S02>180F13约85S04HF>125
S101>190F19<105X09约140
S05>210L62<125
S05-4>170
F08>195
), ArticleFig(id=1322941830307914469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941808182960757, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

四川盆地川西坳陷须二段不同类型断层控藏区域推测气柱高度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晚期高序级断层区早期高序级断层区晚期低序级断层区
井号推测气柱高度/m井号推测气柱高度/m井号推测气柱高度/m
S01>205F10<110X10约130
S02>180F13约85S04HF>125
S101>190F19<105X09约140
S05>210L62<125
S05-4>170
F08>195
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深层致密砂岩复杂气水分布地质成因及流体识别新方法
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王迪 , 杨映涛 , 张玲 , 杨永剑 , 马森 , 南红丽
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气勘探 2026,16(6): 1272-1285
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气勘探 2026 , 16 (6) : 1272 -1285
深层致密砂岩复杂气水分布地质成因及流体识别新方法
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王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

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王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

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王迪 , 杨映涛, 张玲, 杨永剑, 马森, 南红丽
作者信息
  • 中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院,四川   成都 610041
作者简介:

王迪(1989—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事岩石物理与测井评价工作。地址:四川省成都市高新区吉泰路688号,邮政编码:610041。E-mail:

Geological genesis of complex gas-water distribution in deep tight sandstone and new method for fluid identification: a case study of second member of Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin
DI WANG , YINGTAO YANG, LING ZHANG, YONGJIAN YANG, SEN MA, HONGLI NAN
Affiliations
  • Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Southwest Oil and Gas Company, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025359
文章导航
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气水分布  /  输导体气藏  /  裂缝  /  天然气成熟度  /  气测录井  /  四川盆地  /  川西坳陷  /  须家河组二段
gas-water distribution  /  carrier-bed gas reservoir  /  fracture  /  natural gas maturity  /  gas logging  /  Sichuan Basin  /  Western Sichuan Depression  /  second member of Xujiahe Formation
王迪, 杨映涛, 张玲, 杨永剑, 马森, 南红丽. 深层致密砂岩复杂气水分布地质成因及流体识别新方法. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1272 -1285 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025359
DI WANG, YINGTAO YANG, LING ZHANG, YONGJIAN YANG, SEN MA, HONGLI NAN. Geological genesis of complex gas-water distribution in deep tight sandstone and new method for fluid identification: a case study of second member of Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1272 -1285 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025359
四川盆地川西坳陷须家河组二段(以下简称须二段)深层致密砂岩天然气资源丰富,经历40余年勘探开发,油气成果丰硕[1-3]。截至2024年,已提交探明储量超过2 700×108 m3,勘探开发前景广阔,但须二段气藏不同于传统的构造或岩性气藏,储量探明率低、动用率低、升级难度大一直是困扰其深入勘探与开发的难题[4-9]。近年来,众多学者围绕须二段天然气成藏与富集规律开展了大量研究[4-13],其中郭彤楼等[4]将须二段定义为一种新气藏类型——输导体气藏,并认为致密砂岩气输导体具有“双源供烃、断缝砂输导、复合成藏”的成藏特征,输导体既是油气运移的通道,也是油气储集的主要场所;张世华等[10]认为须二段油气高产富集区主要表现为断层输导型成藏模式,该模式下构造-断层-储层时空配置是控制气水分布的关键;熊亮等[11]认为须二段具有“多期油气持续充注、大规模致密砂岩储层整体含气、多类型输导体高效富集”等成藏特征。根据前人的研究,以断缝体、褶缝体等为主要目标开展滚动勘探与评价,取得了一批良好的油气成果:实施的S01、S02等井日稳定产量可超过30×104 m3,发现了位于新场构造带东部的合兴场须二段千亿立方米大型气田。
上述理论从宏观视角指出了须二段气藏气水分布的一般性规律,可以看出天然气富集、气井高产往往是多种地质要素在较为“苛刻”条件下耦合的结果。但实际情况下,各项指标均达到天然气富集理想条件的区域十分有限,大部分区域在某个或多个要素上与理想状态尚有一定差距。针对各项地质要素,天然气的富集是否存在门槛条件,某个要素的优势是否可以弥补其他要素的短板等问题,现有文献少有详细的论述。除此之外,须二段储层存在“高电阻率产水、低电阻率产气”等反常的电性特征。综上所述,针对须二段复杂的气水分布,应当有与其形成机理相配套的测录井流体性质识别方法,裂缝、天然气成熟度等表征天然气富集程度的关键参数应作为测录井流体识别的首要指标,但现有文献对造成上述反常特征的机理分析尚不透彻[14-15],流体识别仍然遵循气、水层测井响应机制,一旦发生误判,会显著影响气、水分布规律的进一步完善。因此,对现有须二段天然气富集宏观规律进行了归纳,在其指导下结合典型井的地质要素和产出特征,对各要素的气水分布控制作用进行逐一精细分析,并以此为基础,探索了多尺度条件下天然气充注行为与测井响应机理的关系,总结得到与当前气水分布地质成因适配的测录井流体性质识别新方法,进一步完善了须二段气水分布评价体系。
川西坳陷位于四川盆地西部,呈东北走向,包括新场构造带、梓潼凹陷、成都凹陷、龙门山前构造带、知新场构造带、中江斜坡6个二级构造单元,具有“三隆两凹一斜坡”的构造格局(图1),其中新场构造带是须二段主要的天然气富集区。川西坳陷须二段厚度介于500~740 m,储层以三角洲前缘沉积体系为主,岩性以中—细粒岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主[4-5,10,16]。纵向上多套水下分流河道砂体叠置,单砂组厚度介于20~150 m。相关研究表明,须二段现今气水分布受“多源供烃、多期生烃、多期构造运动、储层致密化进程”共同控制,复杂气水关系是多种因素时空耦合作用的结果[4-6,10-12,17]。
气源对比研究表明[4,10-12,18]:川西坳陷须二段天然气主要来源于下伏小塘子组烃源岩及须二段内部烃源岩,其中小塘子组以海陆过渡相为主,烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型,厚度介于90~210 m,Ro(镜质体反射率)均值为2.2%,TOC(总有机碳)含量均值为1.34%。须二段逐渐过渡为陆相含煤沉积,内部发育多套烃源岩,大多分散在TX21、TX23、TX27、TX28等砂组下部,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,单层厚度介于5~30 m,累计厚度介于70~160 m,Ro均值为1.9%,TOC含量均值为2.08%。上述烃源岩均处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。
川西坳陷须二段烃源岩经历了多个生排烃阶段[4,10-11]:①印支晚期,烃源岩Ro<0.5%,处于未成熟阶段,基本无油气生成;②燕山早、中期,Ro介于0.5%~1.0%,处于低成熟—成熟阶段,该有机质演化阶段生成烃类为低熟油、低熟气;③燕山晚期,Ro介于>1.0%~2.0%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段,开始进入生气高峰,干酪根大量降解,此阶段生成的烃类为高成熟天然气;④喜马拉雅期,烃源岩Ro>2.0%,处于过成熟阶段,除干酪根大量降解生气外,前期进入储层的低熟油气大量裂解形成裂解气。此后由于喜马拉雅构造运动导致地层抬升,烃源岩的生气速率逐渐降低。
低成熟阶段烃源岩尚未进入生烃高峰,且排烃效率较低,因此现今储层中早期低熟气占比低。同时,采用混合母质来源天然气成熟度计算公式[19],对须二段气藏多口高产气井的天然气的Ro值进行了计算:
δ13C1=Kalog Ro-Kb
式中:Ka为与天然气成因指数(GTI)[20]相关的指标,Kb为与干酪根类型指数[21]相关的指标,二者均通过δ13C1、天然气组分计算得到[19-21];δ13C1为甲烷碳13同位素含量,‰;Ro为镜质体反射率,%。
计算结果显示:天然气Ro值介于1.97%~2.27%(表1),说明天然气成熟度与烃源岩成熟度基本一致,进一步证实了高产气井所产天然气多为烃源岩进入高演化阶段的产物。由于C1、C2资料可通过气测录井连续获取,且戴金星等[22-24]研究认为天然气成熟度与天然气干燥系数(C1与C2—C3体积分数的比值)、天然气湿度(C2—C5与C1—C5体积分数的比值)等参数相关性好,而川西坳陷须二段天然气以甲烷、乙烷为主,丙烷、丁烷等含量极低(≤0.12%)。鉴于此,研究使用甲烷与乙烷体积分数比值φ(C1)/φ(C2)作为表征储层中天然气成熟度相对高低的指标。本文C1为甲烷(CH4),C2为乙烷(C2H6),C3为丙烷(C3H8),C4为丁烷(C4H10),C5为戊烷(C5H12)。
川西坳陷自印支晚期以来经历了多期构造运动[10-11,16]:①印支晚期,川西坳陷西部龙门山北段开始快速隆升,受南北向构造挤压应力影响,川西坳陷整体抬升,强烈的构造运动形成了大量近东西向断层,为早期生成的低熟油气运移提供了重要输导通道;②燕山期,盆地周缘山系相继褶断抬升,川西山前逆冲褶断作用再次增强,燕山中期及晚期,在新场、合兴场等地区形成多条近东北—西南向、近南北向断层;③喜马拉雅期,随着青藏高原东部向东挤压,龙门山再次发生快速逆冲推覆作用,强烈的挤压使前陆盆地内地层发生广泛的褶皱变形及隆升形成大量的近南北向断层及裂缝系统,为晚期高熟天然气的运移提供了重要的输导通道。
其中,印支晚期形成的近东西向断层在燕山晚期、喜马拉雅期活动较弱,伴生的裂缝多被充填或胶结,对晚期高熟气输导能力较差;而近东北—西南向、近南北向断层形成较晚,伴生裂缝张开度较好,对晚期高熟气的输导能力较强。
根据岩心薄片鉴定、岩心孔隙度测定、渗透率测定、压汞实验结果可知:须二段致密砂岩储层岩性以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主,孔隙度介于1.5%~5.0%,渗透率大多低于0.1×10-3 μm2,具有特低孔、致密特征。根据孔隙演化史研究,认为由于须二段快速进入深埋藏,在较强的压实作用及后期碳酸盐胶结作用影响下,致密化时间整体较早,尤其对于富石英、贫长石砂岩而言,由于缺乏有效的增孔机制,物性下降更快[5,17]。
根据上述有关烃源岩特征、油气充注期次、构造演化、储层致密化特征,对控制川西坳陷须二段天然气成藏的地质要素时空耦合机制总结如下:
1)时间上,燕山早期进入储层的低成熟度,天然气呈低含气饱和度状态分布。由于主要生排烃期为燕山晚期—喜马拉雅期,近东北—西南向、近南北向断层(以下简称晚期断层)主要形成于燕山晚期—喜马拉雅早期,结合气源对比、包裹体等研究成果[10],认为须二段主成藏期为燕山晚期—喜马拉雅期。由于此时储层已致密,晚期生成的高成熟度天然气在基质储层中输导能力受限,导致与侏罗系特低渗砂岩相比,须二段天然气分布受断裂影响明显,表现为“低熟气普遍充注,高熟气局部富集”:高熟气富集区,天然气整体体现为高φ(C1)/φ(C2)特征,高熟气充注不充分区域,天然气整体体现为低φ(C1)/φ(C2)特征。
2)空间上,气水分布显著受到烃源岩与断层配置关系的控制,断层在空间上不均匀的分布特征导致平面上不同小区域、纵向上不同砂层组形成相对独立的成藏单元,平面上稳定砂体的不同区域亦可能属于不同的气水系统。晚期生成的高成熟度天然气倾向于在各个断缝输导体系的相对高部位富集,受烃源岩品质、厚度差异及断层输导能力差异的影响,不同输导体系的气柱高度也可能存在显著差异(表2)。
1)晚期高序级断裂控藏
晚期断层自下而上断穿各砂组并尖灭于上部泥岩,晚期生成的高熟气沿断层向上运移。纵向上,断缝输导区(靠近断层、断缝,对油气输导作用明显的区域)良好的裂缝发育程度及连通性使气水分异充分,天然气在断缝输导区高部位富集成藏,且气柱高度较大。平面上,距离断层相对较远的过渡区和基质区,由于裂缝发育程度逐渐降低,高熟气运移阻力增大,储层中天然气φ(C1)/φ(C2)偏低、气水分异不充分(图2a)。
2)早期高序级断裂控藏
早期断层形成期烃源岩尚未大量生烃,而生烃高峰期由于构造应力方向变化,断层有效性变差,断缝输导区内高φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气有限,气柱高度较小,平面上高熟气的充注半径较小(图2b)。
3)晚期低序级层间断层控藏
断层尖灭于A、B砂组间的塑性地层,A砂组整体处于基质区,断层断穿的烃源岩总厚度较小,断层规模较小,伴生裂缝发育程度相对较低但有效性较好。以上特征使得高熟气在平面上充注半径较小,气柱高度小于同期高序级断层(图2c)。
实际测试结果及统计结果表明(表3、图3):产能、水气比、天然气成熟度等受断层控制明显。平面上,产能及φ(C1)/φ(C2)从断缝输导区到过渡带再到基质区逐渐降低;纵向上,单一成藏单元产能从高部位到低部位逐渐降低,水气比上升。断缝输导区半径及气柱高度受控于断层形成时期及规模等因素。因此,对于各项地质要素而言,天然气的富集并不存在门槛条件,气井产能、水气比随地质要素配置关系的变化呈趋势性变化,地质要素在平面及纵向上配置关系的复杂性决定了气水分布的复杂性(表4)。
气水分布宏观研究结果表明:对于研究区,断裂对气水分布起决定作用,与较稳定的烃源岩分布及须二段整体相近的储层致密化程度相比,气水分布主要受控于断裂期次和规模差异所导致的断缝输导区半径及纵向气柱高度的差异性。图2展示的仅为3种典型的断裂控藏模式,受地震资料对低序级断层分辨能力的影响,实际地质要素匹配模式及气水分布更为复杂,仅依赖宏观分析不能对气水分布进行精细评价,还需借助更小尺度的测录井、薄片等资料,通过探索含裂缝储层的流体识别方法,实现对复杂气水分布进行精细刻画。
不同序级的断层为晚期生成的高熟气的输导提供了高速通道,而裂缝(包括岩心、测井可识别的小尺度裂缝和仅可通过铸体薄片镜下识别的微裂缝)是快速输导道路的分支和末梢,由于运移过程中阻力较小,高熟气在上述通道中可实现较长距离输导。当高熟气脱离各级裂缝进入基质储层后,极细喉道所产生的毛细管力使得充注动力快速消耗,沿充注动力降低方向高熟气比例逐渐降低,储层含气饱和度随之降低。
综上所述,各序级断层控制了气藏整体气水分布,而小尺度裂缝、微裂缝控制了单一砂组乃至单一分流河道砂体内部含气饱和度。裂缝发育程度具有较强的非均质性,因而饱和度场会在平面及纵向上发生不同程度的波动。由于小尺度裂缝可通过测井进行连续拾取,而微裂缝识别依赖于是否取心以及薄片采样密度,具有较强的随机性。因此,探索微裂缝发育规律及高熟气在基质储层中的充注特征,是标定不同尺度裂缝以及不同含气性储层测井响应机制,更是在差异化的裂缝发育程度背景下开展流体性质识别的基础。
对于川西坳陷须二段储层,微裂缝通常分为多种类型,如成岩作用微裂缝(压溶缝等)、构造成因微裂缝等。其中,压溶缝是在本身存在喉道的基础上进一步溶蚀扩大形成,由于颗粒多呈凹凸接触,使得压溶缝迂曲度大,延伸短,同时川西坳陷须二段埋藏深,压溶缝受强压实作用影响而被重复压实,这就导致其缝面窄,对喉道的扩充作用较弱,对储层渗透性改善有限(图4a)。而构造成因微裂缝缝面宽而平直,延伸较长,面密度高,对储层渗透性具有显著改善作用(图4b—图4d)。
针对成像测井小尺度裂缝发育位置、铸体薄片微裂缝面密度、岩心渗透率开展标定(图5),不同宽度的折线代表不同张开程度的小尺度裂缝,其通过成像测井拾取得到。S04HF井还进行了密闭取心含气饱和度检测(图5a),该井位于气藏相对较高部位,测试为气层。可以得出以下结论:
1)微裂缝发育程度与小尺度裂缝发育位置强相关,在小尺度裂缝位置约0.2~1.0 m的纵向范围内,微裂缝密度显著升高。
2)微裂缝提升了渗透率,当微裂缝条数≥10条/张薄片时,岩心渗透率可升至(0.1~1.0)×10-3 μm2,微裂缝欠发育时,渗透率迅速降低。
3)密闭取心含气饱和度与小尺度裂缝及微裂缝的发育程度呈正相关关系,微裂缝密度极大值处含气饱和度接近70%,微裂缝欠发育时,含气饱和度在不到0.5 m的纵向间隔内迅速降低至40%~45%。由于裂缝主要发育于该储层下部,因此,形成了下部含气饱和度明显高于上部的现象。
与各序级断层对气水宏观分布的控制作用类似,各级裂缝控制了高熟气在储层中的微观充注行为:气藏相对较高部位,高熟气在裂缝发育深度段具有较高的充注程度,电阻率呈极大值,随着与裂缝的纵向距离逐渐增大,高熟气占比迅速降低,裂缝欠发育深度段(以下简称基质深度段,浅黄色区域)体现为低φ(C1)/φ(C2)天然气以低含气饱和度形式存在的特征(图6a)。由于高熟气已通过断层向高部位运移,气藏低部位充注的高熟气含量少,且可能存在深部高矿化度地层水充注,此时与邻近的基质段相比,裂缝发育深度段具有更低的含气饱和度,电阻率呈极小值(图6b)。综上所述,当裂缝发育段分别处于断缝输导区气水界面以上或以下时,其电阻率分别表现为相对于基质深度段的极大值或极小值,特征明显,因而裂缝发育深度段是使用测井电阻率方法识别含气性的理想“靶区”。
川西坳陷须二段地层压力较高,钻井时通常使用过平衡水基泥浆,泥浆滤液易在裂缝位置发生深侵入,电阻率仪器径向探测半径内受到高矿化度泥浆滤液污染,导致无论该裂缝发育段含气性如何,其电阻率均会呈现显著的极小值(图6c、图6d),进而掩盖图6a、图6b中储层原始状态下气层、水层的电阻率差异,使得运用上述方法无法判断目标深度段与断缝输导区气水界面的相对位置高低。图7展示了不同含气性条件下裂缝发育段电阻率、电阻率降低幅度与有效缝线密度关系,其中裂缝发育位置降低幅度由相邻基质深度段与裂缝发育位置电阻率的差值,与相邻基质深度段电阻率求比值计算得到。可见受泥浆滤液深侵入影响,电阻率与含气性基本无关联,仅与裂缝发育程度呈良好的相关性。同理声波、核磁共振、电成像等测井方法的径向探测半径远小于电阻率测井,其在裂缝位置的响应也主要受裂缝发育程度的控制,与含气性无关。
对于基质深度段(图6中裂缝间的浅黄色区域),由于储层致密受裂缝输导的高熟气或深部地层水影响小,现今状态下仍然保持着相对低含气饱和度、低φ(C1)/φ(C2)等受早期成藏影响明显的特征。同时,加砂压裂改造对于基质深度段产能的增量释放程度也不如裂缝发育段,前者仅限于井旁较为局限的区域,而后者可以通过缝网的延伸沟通,动用更远区域的天然气而形成持续产出。因此,基质深度段的含气饱和度虽可以被测井曲线表征,但不能代表气井实际产出特征。由图8可知,即便是累积产气量、水气比存在显著差异的含裂缝储层,其基质深度段由测井电阻率计算得到的含水饱和度并无明显区别。
对于裂缝发育深度段,除饱和度与邻近基质储层有明显差异外,天然气成熟度也可能存在显著差别,而气测录井各组分的相对大小可以反映这一差别[25-26]。同时由于气测录井测量的是地层刚钻开时由于压力差进入井筒并随钻井液返至地面的天然气真实成分,和测井相比不会受到泥浆长期浸泡和泥浆滤液侵入的影响。对于产气层,由于裂缝输导大量高熟气,因此在裂缝位置会呈现出气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)的明显极大值(图9a),而对于产水层,由于高熟气有限,φ(C1)/φ(C2)极大值不明显(图9b)。鉴于此,在使用常规测井、成像测井对裂缝发育深度段这一“靶区”进行准确标记的基础上,对其气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)变化特征进行标定,便可建立使用此方法进行流体识别的标准。由于不同井泥浆循环速度、气测录井仪器参数、脱气效率等存在差异,因此φ(C1)/φ(C2)的数值仅限于在同一口井内部进行比较,不进行井间的φ(C1)/φ(C2)数值对比。
图10a、图10b分别展示了川西坳陷新场构造带中部合兴场构造S05-4井、新场构造带东部丰谷构造F19井须二段上亚段测井曲线图。可以看出,裂缝发育深度段电阻率(降低到10 Ω·m左右)受泥浆滤液深侵入影响明显,而基质深度段受岩性、物性等因素影响,电阻率变化幅度较大(80~1 000 Ω·m),以电阻率为基础的方法难以对流体进行准确识别。
图10a所示S05-4井须二段上亚段存在多个基质深度段(4 640~4 680、4 732、4 795、4 825、4 840~4 880 m等),φ(C1)/φ(C2)基线值介于100~200,而裂缝发育段(4 680~4 690、4 721~4 760、4 770~4 790、4 800~4 810 m等)φ(C1)/φ(C2)呈现为极大值,介于400~550。以邻近基质深度段φ(C1)/φ(C2)为基线,φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数为1.8~5.0,体现为裂缝发育段晚期高熟气充分充注的特征,判断其位于断缝输导区气水界面以上,产出流体性质以气为主。S05-4井加砂压裂测试,产气量为16.11×104 m3/d,不产水,实测流体性质与预测结果相符。
图10b所示F19井须二段上亚段存在多个基质深度段(4 825~4 832、4 890、4 920、4 948~4 956 m等),φ(C1)/φ(C2)基线值介于30~40,而裂缝发育段(4 820、4 846~4 866、4 892~4 908、4 916、4 926~4 946 m等)φ(C1)/φ(C2)极大值特征并不明显,主要介于30~60,φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数仅为1.0~1.7,体现为裂缝发育段晚期高熟气充注不充分的特征,判断其位于断缝输导区气水界面以下,产出流体性质以水为主。该井对4 880~4 920 m井段以验证流体性质为目的进行加砂压裂测试,产气量为14.09×104 m3/d,产水量为543 m3/d,实测流体性质与预测结果相符。
根据川西坳陷须二段典型井实际产出情况,绘制了裂缝发育段气层、气水同层的φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数分布(图11),结果显示气层、气水同层φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数界限约1.8,将此值作为裂缝发育段流体性质的识别标准。
使用上述方法,对不同类型断层控制区域气柱高度进行了估算(表5),其中晚期高序级断层控藏区气柱高度通常超过200 m(以断层向上断穿的最浅砂层组的顶面起算),早期高序级断层控藏区气柱高度通常在100 m左右或以下,而晚期低序级断层控藏区气柱高度通常介于二者之间,与断层具体性质有关。
1)对于川西坳陷须二段而言,烃源—储层—输导体系的时空耦合控制了气藏在纵向及平面上的气水分布,其中断裂是控制气水分布的决定因素,晚期断层控藏区具有更大的气柱高度和平面裂缝发育半径。
2)小尺度裂缝及微裂缝控制了天然气微观充注行为,储层原始状态下,裂缝发育深度段比相邻的基质深度段具有明显更高的含气饱和度和天然气成熟度,而高熟气在基质储层中难以实现纵向上及平面上的长距离运移。
3)与电阻率相比,气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)避免了泥浆滤液深侵入的影响,可以反映接近于气藏原始状态下的含气性,裂缝发育位置的测井识别结合气测录井φ(C1)/φ(C2)方法可以有效提升气水分布识别的准确度,气层、气水同层φ(C1)/φ(C2)增大倍数界限约1.8。
4)早期断层控藏区气柱高度通常小于100 m,且断缝输导区平面展布半径较小,尽可能从断层高位开始贴近断层钻进,并在气藏高部位进行测试是该类型气层获得高产的必要条件;而晚期断层控藏区气柱高度明显更高,钻井轨迹及测试层位的设计具有更高的灵活性。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025359
  • 接收时间:2025-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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