Article(id=1322941807176319824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343505901, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343505901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343505901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343505901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941718441623734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='489', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343484745, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344165564, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944574066402279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944574070596584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=489, endPage=508, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941807490892625, articleId=1322941807176319824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Innovative practices of integrated geological engineering exploration for shallow shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing, columnId=1322941556788953582, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Specialist Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To promote the large-scale and efficient exploitation of shallow shale gas, this study focuses on the complex structural area in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The geological characteristics, challenges in efficient exploration and development, countermeasures, and exploration achievements of shallow shale gas were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Theoretical research and exploration practices showed that: (1) Shallow shale gas experienced stronger structural modification and exhibited three key geological characteristics: low formation pressure coefficient (between 0.80 and 1.05), high ratio of adsorbed gas (between 55% and 80%), and high stress difference coefficient (between 0.32 and 0.56). Three types of accumulation models were: shallow monocline type, reverse fault type, and out-of-basin anticline type. Efficient exploration and development faced four major challenges: sweet spot optimization, fast and efficient well completion, full-scale reservoir stimulation, and pressure reduction and drainage. (2) When the burial depth was between 500 and 2 000 m, near-saturated adsorption of shallow shale gas formed a “golden zone” for adsorbed gas enrichment. Reducing the flowing pressure to the sensitive desorption window (pressure between 1.5 and 2.5 MPa) could efficiently activate adsorbed gas desorption. (3) The main controlling factors for the enrichment of the shallow monocline type were formation attitude and burial depth. In response to the characteristics of gentle strata and good self-sealing property of shale, a super-long horizontal well production enhancement technology was developed, thereby increasing the well-controlled reserves and single-well production. In the Nanchuan slope area, the daily gas production of single-well tests ranged from 4.1×104 m3 to 22.1×104 m3, achieving overall proven reserves and efficient development. (4) The main controlling factors for the enrichment of the fault footwall type were fault activity stages and sealing capacity. Considering the characteristics of multi-stage fracture development and moderate in-situ stress, a fracturing technology of “multiple clusters in the middle section, restricted flow perforation, and increased flow rate” was developed to enhance the complexity of the artificial fracture network. In the Daozhen fault footwall area, the daily gas production of single-well tests ranged from 4.5×104 m3 to 13.0×104 m3, achieving a breakthrough in the commercial gas flow threshold for out-of-basin normal-pressure shale gas. (5) The main controlling factors for the enrichment of the out-of-basin anticline type were formation pressure and temperature. Considering the characteristics of high adsorbed gas ratio and weak post-fracturing self-flowing capacity, a “near-zero flowing pressure” production technology was developed to promote adsorbed gas desorption. In the Laochangping anticline type, the daily gas production of single-well tests increased from 0.7×104 m3 to 4.5×104 m3, achieving adsorbed gas desorption and self-flowing production. (6) Adhering to the concept of low-cost and high-quality development, breakthroughs were achieved in fast and efficient drilling and completion technologies centered on the “two-level structure, logging while drilling (LWD), and water-based drilling fluid.” These were integrated with efficient fracturing technologies primarily based on “increased flow rate and net pressure, high intensity and high sand ratio, and multi-stage composite temporary plugging,” resulting in significant production enhancement, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement. Through integrated geological engineering theoretical research and innovative practices, exploration breakthrough and efficient production of shallow out-of-basin shale gas in southeastern Chongqing were achieved, providing theoretical support and practical experience for the efficient development of shallow shale gas in complex structural areas.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=XIPENG HE1, 2, JUN MA3, GUISONG HE2, 3, YUQIAO GAO2, 3, BI LU3, YIYAN CHENG4, ZHICHAO ZHU4, JIAWEI YAN4, authorsList=XIPENG HE, JUN MA, GUISONG HE, YUQIAO GAO, BI LU, YIYAN CHENG, ZHICHAO ZHU, JIAWEI YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=JUN MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941814696706943, articleId=1322941807176319824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气地质工程一体化勘探创新实践, columnId=1322941557069971952, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为了推动浅层页岩气规模效益动用,以四川盆地东南缘复杂构造区为研究对象,系统梳理和剖析了浅层页岩气地质特点、高效勘探开发面临的挑战、攻关对策及取得的勘探成效。理论研究和勘探实践表明:①浅层页岩气遭受的构造改造作用更强,具有地层压力系数低(0.80~1.05)、吸附气占比高(55%~80%)和应力差异系数大(0.32~0.56)三大地质特征,发育浅层单斜型、反向逆断层遮挡型、盆外背斜型3种成藏模式,高效勘探开发面临“甜点”优选、优快成井、充分改造、降压排采4个方面挑战;②埋深在500~<2 000 m时浅层页岩近饱和吸附形成吸附气富集黄金带,将流压降至敏感解吸窗(1.5~2.5 MPa)时,可激活吸附气高效解吸;③浅层单斜型富集主控因素为地层产状和埋深,针对地层平缓、页岩自封闭性较好的特点,形成超长水平井提产技术,从而提升井控储量及单井产量,南川斜坡区单井测试日产气量介于(4.1~22.1)×104 m3,实现整体探明和效益动用;④断层下盘(以下简称断下盘)型富集主控因素为断层活动期次及封闭性,针对多期裂缝发育、地应力适中的特点,形成“中段多簇+限流射孔+提高排量”的压裂工艺,从而提升人工缝网复杂度,道真断下盘单井测试日产气量介于(4.5~13.0)×104 m3,突破盆外常压页岩气商业气流关;⑤盆外背斜型富集主控因素为地层压力和温度,针对吸附气占比高、压后自喷能力弱的特点,形成“近零流压”排采工艺,促进吸附气解吸,老厂坪背斜型单井测试日产气量由0.7×104 m3提升至4.5×104 m3,实现吸附气解吸自喷生产;⑥坚持低成本高质量发展理念,攻关形成以“二级结构+随钻测井导向(LWD)+水基钻井液”为核心的优快钻完井技术,集成了“提排量升净压+高强度高砂比+多级复合暂堵”为主体的高效压裂技术,提产降本增效明显。通过地质工程一体化理论研究和创新实践,实现了渝东南盆外浅层页岩气的勘探突破和效益动用,为复杂构造区浅层页岩气效益开发提供了理论支撑和实践经验。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=何希鹏1, 2, 马军3, 何贵松2, 3, 高玉巧2, 3, 卢比3, 程轶妍4, 朱智超4, 闫嘉威4, authorsList=何希鹏, 马军, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 卢比, 程轶妍, 朱智超, 闫嘉威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马军, authorNote=

何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马军(1984—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事页岩气地质研究及勘探部署工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。 E-mail:
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何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

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何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=jGdai2omN3CAUCJiSC1l9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823131452358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川盆地及其周缘五峰组底界埋深, figureFileSmall=t4yVmd1Kji0cV2OB+uiX/Q==, figureFileBig=jGdai2omN3CAUCJiSC1l9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823328584647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of structural units and formation pressure coefficients in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=wbdZXdR6OWGGcz2L8rfftw==, figureFileBig=0o295PxXqLQ0ZgRAk/BHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823395693512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图2, caption=渝东南复杂构造区构造单元及地层压力系数分布, figureFileSmall=wbdZXdR6OWGGcz2L8rfftw==, figureFileBig=0o295PxXqLQ0ZgRAk/BHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823466996681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variation of shale gas content and adsorbed gas proportion with burial depth in first member of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=a4ets94Dvs9XAKv/gxDhUg==, figureFileBig=uX2wDMZs+ejpj3s0kRcO5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823534105546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图3, caption=渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组一段页岩含气量、吸附气占比随埋深变化, figureFileSmall=a4ets94Dvs9XAKv/gxDhUg==, figureFileBig=uX2wDMZs+ejpj3s0kRcO5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823613797323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of horizontal principal stress and stress difference coefficient with burial depth in first member of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale, southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=O/lE0zAMJfknQ4yfBOlgWQ==, figureFileBig=fuhuJeURYKuuM4Y/wMHWsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823680906188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图4, caption=渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组一段页岩水平主应力、应力差异系数随埋深变化, figureFileSmall=O/lE0zAMJfknQ4yfBOlgWQ==, figureFileBig=fuhuJeURYKuuM4Y/wMHWsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823752209357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Evolution of simulated free gas volume and adsorbed gas volume over time for well PD1 in southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=FRnvQsFUUmoeT5QdqqBZ/g==, figureFileBig=3E2M56wD2h/cubXOmJBX1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823827706830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渝东南地区PD1井模拟游离气量与吸附气量随时间的演化过程, figureFileSmall=FRnvQsFUUmoeT5QdqqBZ/g==, figureFileBig=3E2M56wD2h/cubXOmJBX1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823911592911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between shale adsorbed gas volume and burial depth, figureFileSmall=byJDjfHJ+QMVWCa9+LrKKA==, figureFileBig=/po2Cbtn6Vfq46KSr8nh0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941823995478992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图6, caption=页岩吸附气量与埋深关系, figureFileSmall=byJDjfHJ+QMVWCa9+LrKKA==, figureFileBig=/po2Cbtn6Vfq46KSr8nh0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824104530897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Isothermal adsorption curves of shale under different geological conditions, figureFileSmall=JhI0jdQZLttFbUR4HDEfXQ==, figureFileBig=ZKYG9DckD1ThUhkC01iTjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824192611282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同地质条件下页岩等温吸附曲线, figureFileSmall=JhI0jdQZLttFbUR4HDEfXQ==, figureFileBig=ZKYG9DckD1ThUhkC01iTjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824297468883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Division of shale desorption stages and relations between desorption rate and pressure, figureFileSmall=HMFJsgK+CjDmzVqMdFuLOg==, figureFileBig=mLrvJQ8yuVpBUQaPQROFIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824364577748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图8, caption=页岩解吸阶段划分及解吸速率与压力关系, figureFileSmall=HMFJsgK+CjDmzVqMdFuLOg==, figureFileBig=mLrvJQ8yuVpBUQaPQROFIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824440075221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Favorable targets for shallow shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=soOYSPr58V56lcu5wFO49A==, figureFileBig=7rO92dCuoD907JiNkuIaMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824498795478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图9, caption=渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气有利目标, figureFileSmall=soOYSPr58V56lcu5wFO49A==, figureFileBig=7rO92dCuoD907JiNkuIaMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824591070167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship of shale permeability and pressure with formation dip angle and critical escape burial depth, figureFileSmall=5WiQCxGkiKnyghtkJ7XX7w==, figureFileBig=uFqENbawC2Dfir+KrYLlNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824670761944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图10, caption=页岩渗透率与压力及地层倾角与临界逸散埋深关系, figureFileSmall=5WiQCxGkiKnyghtkJ7XX7w==, figureFileBig=uFqENbawC2Dfir+KrYLlNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824767230937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Accumulation model of shallow shale gas in Nanchuan slope zone (profile location shown in Fig.7), figureFileSmall=GGpPg8BkyBJNC2i0kqvqdg==, figureFileBig=bH+Heop4SEsb8VFRTYiBLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941824842728410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图11, caption=南川斜坡带浅层页岩气成藏模式(剖面位置见图7), figureFileSmall=GGpPg8BkyBJNC2i0kqvqdg==, figureFileBig=bH+Heop4SEsb8VFRTYiBLA==, tableContent=null), 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825178272734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图13, caption=道真地区常压页岩气成藏模式(剖面位置见图7), figureFileSmall=yBaKY7gGmuXtXa8ka8+UMQ==, figureFileBig=hvDkZvXUChm/sSacSc69wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825266353119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Accumulation model of shallow shale gas in Laochangping area (profile location shown in Fig.7), figureFileSmall=GG5A7MlvDGbjhP8IiPv/Bw==, figureFileBig=ZUAmCbORHvlJJfBnTm1E+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825404765152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图14, caption=老厂坪地区浅层页岩气成藏模式(剖面位置见图7), figureFileSmall=GG5A7MlvDGbjhP8IiPv/Bw==, figureFileBig=ZUAmCbORHvlJJfBnTm1E+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825492845537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Curves of drilling progress for well group PD1 in Laochangping anticline, figureFileSmall=izSznHoBNfVCUmnSy241mQ==, figureFileBig=6B3ozw0yKk4o3im2Xvnnww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825593508834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图15, caption=老厂坪背斜PD1井组钻井进度曲线, figureFileSmall=izSznHoBNfVCUmnSy241mQ==, figureFileBig=6B3ozw0yKk4o3im2Xvnnww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941825669006307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of field application effects between manufactured sand and quartz sand, figureFileSmall=exrP4KBDutuzFnE2RwageA==, figureFileBig=lgk1Z7jqsq688C6hEcceZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941827350922212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=图16, caption=机制砂、石英砂现场应用效果对比, figureFileSmall=exrP4KBDutuzFnE2RwageA==, figureFileBig=lgk1Z7jqsq688C6hEcceZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941827418031077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Comparison of geological characteristics between shallow and medium-deep shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别沉积特征储层物性
优质页岩厚度/mω(TOC)/%Ro/%矿物组分储集空间类型孔隙度/%微裂隙发育程度
浅层页岩气处于深水陆棚相,优质页岩厚度介于24~35 m2.0~3.32.6~2.8石英含量介于40%~50%,黏土矿物含量介于30%~40%有机孔为主,孔径小4.5~5.5微裂隙发育
中深层页岩气有机孔为主,孔径大4.0~4.8微裂隙较发育
类别保存特征赋存特征应力特征构造特征
埋深/m压力系数总含气量/(m3/t)吸附气量/(m3/t)吸附气占比/%最大水平主应力/MPa最小水平主应力/MPa应力差异系数
浅层页岩气500~<2 0000.9~1.12.6~4.11.8~2.855~8028~3918~290.32~0.56盆缘斜坡带及盆外残留向斜翼部或背斜区,靠近剥蚀区,抬升幅度较大
中深层页岩气2 000~<3 5001.0~1.33.5~5.51.9~2.535~6050~10038~760.10~0.32盆缘过渡带及盆外残留向斜,靠近向斜核部,抬升幅度较小
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827527082982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气与中深层页岩气地质特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别沉积特征储层物性
优质页岩厚度/mω(TOC)/%Ro/%矿物组分储集空间类型孔隙度/%微裂隙发育程度
浅层页岩气处于深水陆棚相,优质页岩厚度介于24~35 m2.0~3.32.6~2.8石英含量介于40%~50%,黏土矿物含量介于30%~40%有机孔为主,孔径小4.5~5.5微裂隙发育
中深层页岩气有机孔为主,孔径大4.0~4.8微裂隙较发育
类别保存特征赋存特征应力特征构造特征
埋深/m压力系数总含气量/(m3/t)吸附气量/(m3/t)吸附气占比/%最大水平主应力/MPa最小水平主应力/MPa应力差异系数
浅层页岩气500~<2 0000.9~1.12.6~4.11.8~2.855~8028~3918~290.32~0.56盆缘斜坡带及盆外残留向斜翼部或背斜区,靠近剥蚀区,抬升幅度较大
中深层页岩气2 000~<3 5001.0~1.33.5~5.51.9~2.535~6050~10038~760.10~0.32盆缘过渡带及盆外残留向斜,靠近向斜核部,抬升幅度较小
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827640329191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Evaluation criteria for “sweet spot” targets of shallow shale gas in southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价参数Ⅰ类区Ⅱ类区Ⅲ类区
物质基础优质页岩厚度/m≥3020~<30<20
含气量/(m3/t)≥32~<3<2
吸附能力ω(TOC)/%≥32~<3<2
地层温度/℃≤60>60~80>80
地层压力/MPa≥85~<8<5
自封闭性构造样式断下盘、平缓单斜、背斜较平缓单斜窄陡单斜
地层倾角/(°)≤20>20~40>40
构造缝发育程度一般发育较发育发育
顶板封闭性岩性致密,厚度≥100 m岩性较致密,厚度50~<100 m岩性较致密,厚度<50 m
底部封闭性岩性致密,厚度≥20 m岩性较致密,厚度10~<20 m岩性较致密,厚度<10 m
可压性埋深/m1 000~<2 000500~<1 000<500
两向水平应力差值/MPa≤10>10~15>15
应力差异系数≤0.4>0.4~0.6>0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827732603880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

渝东南地区浅层页岩气“甜点”目标评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价参数Ⅰ类区Ⅱ类区Ⅲ类区
物质基础优质页岩厚度/m≥3020~<30<20
含气量/(m3/t)≥32~<3<2
吸附能力ω(TOC)/%≥32~<3<2
地层温度/℃≤60>60~80>80
地层压力/MPa≥85~<8<5
自封闭性构造样式断下盘、平缓单斜、背斜较平缓单斜窄陡单斜
地层倾角/(°)≤20>20~40>40
构造缝发育程度一般发育较发育发育
顶板封闭性岩性致密,厚度≥100 m岩性较致密,厚度50~<100 m岩性较致密,厚度<50 m
底部封闭性岩性致密,厚度≥20 m岩性较致密,厚度10~<20 m岩性较致密,厚度<10 m
可压性埋深/m1 000~<2 000500~<1 000<500
两向水平应力差值/MPa≤10>10~15>15
应力差异系数≤0.4>0.4~0.6>0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827816489961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Enrichment patterns and accumulation models of shallow shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型成藏模式裂缝形成应力机制富集主控因素典型构造总散失率/%含气量/(m3/t)吸附气占比/%
单斜型
地层产状及埋深阳春沟南斜坡、东胜南斜坡及石桥断凹77~802.8~4.050~61
反向逆断层遮挡型
断层活动期次及封闭性道真断下盘、洛龙断下盘75~773.7~4.255~60
背斜型
构造抬升幅度、地层温度和压力老厂坪背斜、洛龙背斜80~853.0~3.573~80
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827896181738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气富集规律及成藏模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型成藏模式裂缝形成应力机制富集主控因素典型构造总散失率/%含气量/(m3/t)吸附气占比/%
单斜型
地层产状及埋深阳春沟南斜坡、东胜南斜坡及石桥断凹77~802.8~4.050~61
反向逆断层遮挡型
断层活动期次及封闭性道真断下盘、洛龙断下盘75~773.7~4.255~60
背斜型
构造抬升幅度、地层温度和压力老厂坪背斜、洛龙背斜80~853.0~3.573~80
), ArticleFig(id=1322941827996845035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of fracturing parameters and production characteristics for different types of proppants, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号页岩埋深/m试气段长度/m平均单段长度/m

支撑剂

类型

施工排量/(m3/min)加砂强度/(m3/m)注液强度/(m3/m)综合砂比/%测试日产气量/104 m3累计产气量/104 m3EUR/108 m3按照2 500 m水平段长归一化EUR/108 m3
SY4-11 860~2 2422 95092机制砂与石英砂混合(比例为7∶3)20~214.53314.8103 4710.890.75
SY4-31 690~2 3472 505114全石英砂20~214.03512.393 8010.760.76
), ArticleFig(id=1322941828093314028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941807176319824, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同类型支撑剂压裂参数及生产特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号页岩埋深/m试气段长度/m平均单段长度/m

支撑剂

类型

施工排量/(m3/min)加砂强度/(m3/m)注液强度/(m3/m)综合砂比/%测试日产气量/104 m3累计产气量/104 m3EUR/108 m3按照2 500 m水平段长归一化EUR/108 m3
SY4-11 860~2 2422 95092机制砂与石英砂混合(比例为7∶3)20~214.53314.8103 4710.890.75
SY4-31 690~2 3472 505114全石英砂20~214.03512.393 8010.760.76
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渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气地质工程一体化勘探创新实践
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何希鹏 1, 2 , 马军 3 , 何贵松 2, 3 , 高玉巧 2, 3 , 卢比 3 , 程轶妍 4 , 朱智超 4 , 闫嘉威 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 专家论坛 2026,16(3): 489-508
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油气藏评价与开发 |专家论坛 2026 , 16 (3) : 489 -508
渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气地质工程一体化勘探创新实践
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何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

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何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

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何希鹏1, 2 , 马军3, 何贵松2, 3, 高玉巧2, 3, 卢比3, 程轶妍4, 朱智超4, 闫嘉威4
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化华东油气分公司,江苏   南京 210019
  • 2 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 3 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019
  • 4 中国石化华东油气分公司石油工程技术研究院,江苏   南京 210019
通讯作者:
马军(1984—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事页岩气地质研究及勘探部署工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。 E-mail:
作者简介:

何希鹏(1970—),男,硕士,研究员,本刊第三届编委会主编,从事油气地质及勘探开发等方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E-mail:

Innovative practices of integrated geological engineering exploration for shallow shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing
XIPENG HE1, 2 , JUN MA3, GUISONG HE2, 3, YUQIAO GAO2, 3, BI LU3, YIYAN CHENG4, ZHICHAO ZHU4, JIAWEI YAN4
Affiliations
  • 1 Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
  • 4 Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250041
文章导航
收藏切换
浅层页岩气  /  地质工程一体化  /  勘探实践  /  五峰组—龙马溪组  /  复杂构造区  /  渝东南地区  /  四川盆地
shallow shale gas  /  geology-engineering integration  /  exploration practices  /  Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation  /  complex structural area  /  southeastern Chongqing  /  Sichuan Basin
何希鹏, 马军, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 卢比, 程轶妍, 朱智超, 闫嘉威. 渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气地质工程一体化勘探创新实践. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (3) : 489 -508 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250041
XIPENG HE, JUN MA, GUISONG HE, YUQIAO GAO, BI LU, YIYAN CHENG, ZHICHAO ZHU, JIAWEI YAN. Innovative practices of integrated geological engineering exploration for shallow shale gas in complex structural area of southeastern Chongqing[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (3) : 489 -508 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250041
四川盆地及其周缘页岩气资源丰富,是中国页岩气商业化开发的先行区,历经十几年勘探开发,在威远、涪陵等区块实现了规模化建产(图1),推动了中国页岩气从地质认识到工艺技术的全方位跨越式发展[1-2]。“十三五”以来,中国石化等油气企业针对盆缘复杂构造带常压页岩气资源变差的问题,聚焦富集高产机理、“甜点”预测、开发技术政策优化、低成本优快钻完井及全电驱高效压裂等关键核心技术,持续攻关并取得突破[3-7],不仅成功实现了南川、丁山、白马等多个常压页岩气区的开发建产,更引领了页岩气勘探开发领域的纵深拓展[8-9]。主力层系由志留系向寒武系、二叠系、侏罗系等新层系延伸,埋藏深度由中深层2 000~<3 500 m向浅层500~<2 000 m与深层—超深层3 500~<5 000 m拓展[10-18]。​
浅层页岩气分布广泛、资源潜力巨大,正逐步成为页岩气持续上产的关键领域。中国石油浙江油田在川南太阳背斜实施的探评井测试日产气量达(0.31~20.00)×104 m3,证实了该领域具有良好的资源潜力和广阔的勘探前景[10]。中国石化华东油气分公司在四川盆地东南部复杂构造区持续开展常压页岩气勘探评价工作,认为浅层资源总量达万亿立方米,资源占比高达40%,并且部署实施了PD1、LY2、SY11-1等浅层探评井,测试日产气量介于(1.5~6.9)×104 m3,从而明确浅层页岩气勘探开发潜力[3-6]。
然而,与四川盆地及周边已实现商业化开发的地区相比,渝东南复杂构造区内的浅层页岩气具有地层能量弱、资源丰度低等地质特征,要实现高效开发,仍面临压裂改造不充分、产能差异大、经济效益不确定等难题[17-26]。北美Marcellus、Haynesville等页岩区采用“井工厂”模式,通过标准化井场设计、批量钻井作业、“拉链式”压裂等工艺技术,大幅降低施工成本,但该模式对地表条件要求较高,在渝东南复杂山区适应性有限。中国在涪陵、威远等区块探索形成了一系列中深层页岩气开发技术体系。浅层页岩气资源丰度低、游离气含量少,导致单井产量低、投资成本高、经济效益差、工程工艺技术适应性差。如何精准应对复杂地质条件的约束,突破现有工程技术模式的局限,构建有针对性的地质工程一体化勘探开发技术体系,已成为渝东南复杂构造区数万亿立方米浅层页岩气资源经济有效动用的决定性因素与迫切需求。
从渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气地质特征入手,深入剖析高质量勘探面临的挑战并提出应对措施。通过深入开展中浅层页岩气赋存机理研究,总结勘探实践经验,集成经济适配的技术体系,旨在为浅层页岩气勘探开发提供借鉴和参考。
五峰组—龙马溪组一段常压页岩气主要分布在四川盆地及其周缘的盆内沉积间断区和剥蚀区、盆缘过渡带以及盆外褶皱区。渝东南盆缘过渡带和盆外褶皱区是常压页岩气分布的重要区域,其内浅层与中深层页岩气藏具有相似的深水陆棚相沉积背景[27],在原始沉积物及烃源潜力方面存在同源性,优质页岩厚度介于24~35 m,总有机碳(TOC)含量介于2.0%~3.3%,镜质体反射率(Ro)介于2.6%~2.8%,石英含量介于40%~50%,黏土矿物含量介于30%~40%。但二者经历的后期构造改造作用强度存在差异,浅层页岩气较中深层页岩气遭受的构造改造作用更强、地层抬升更高、剥蚀量更大、保存条件更差[3,6,15,20]。正是这种后期构造活动的差异导致了在关键成藏要素和工程响应上表现出系统性差别(表1)。浅层页岩气藏表现出地层压力系数更低、吸附气占比更高、水平应力差异系数(以下简称应力差异系数)更大的地质特征。
渝东南复杂构造区处于四川盆地东南部盆缘向盆外褶皱带过渡的关键区域,页岩气保存条件受多期差异构造抬升影响显著。该区域偏低的地层压力系数分布特征直接反映了构造抬升过程中页岩气保存条件的系统性破坏(图2),且与区域构造演化历史密切相关[20,25-26]。
从构造演化特征方面分析,燕山期构造活动对渝东南地区影响最为显著[28]。其中,燕山早期北西向挤压隆升和晚期南北向压扭性走滑叠加作用,奠定了现今向斜与背斜相间分布的“槽-档”构造格局。这种构造格局的形成使得页岩气勘探对象从东部的紧闭向斜过渡到西部的宽缓向斜,乃至盆缘斜坡和背斜,保存条件在空间上呈现出明显的递进性变化。由东向西构造变形强度、地层倾角、抬升幅度及剥蚀厚度均表现出递减的趋势。保存条件也逐步改善,气藏调整东早西晚,页岩气散失时间变短。
东区为盆外第二排构造,抬升起始时间早,剥蚀幅度较大,约在135 Ma开始抬升,桑柘坪向斜抬升剥蚀幅度介于3 500~5 000 m,导致五峰组—龙马溪组页岩在四周广泛出露地表,页岩气经历长期大规模逸散,保存条件变差,地层压力系数和页岩气富集程度降低,压力系数介于0.9~1.1,总含气量介于2~4 m3/t。
中区为盆外第一排构造,抬升时间稍晚,剥蚀幅度中等,开始抬升时间约为90 Ma,道真、武隆向斜抬升剥蚀幅度介于1 500~4 000 m,老厂坪背斜和洛龙向斜抬升剥蚀幅度介于5 000~6 000 m,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩主要在南北侧出露地表,东西侧与白马、湾地等向斜相连,页岩气逸散时间及规模处于中等水平,保存条件逐渐变好,压力系数提高至1.05~1.10,总含气量增加至4~5 m3/t。
西区为盆缘过渡带,紧邻四川盆地,抬升时间最晚,剥蚀幅度相对较小,开始抬升时间约为89 Ma,平桥、东胜和阳春沟等背斜区抬升剥蚀幅度介于2 500~3 700 m,袁家沟、神童坝等向斜区抬升剥蚀幅度介于500~2 500 m。
页岩连片分布,仅局部出露于南部斜坡区,页岩气逸散时间短、规模小,保存条件较好,地层压力系数和总含气量进一步提升。其中,北部背斜和向斜区压力系数介于1.30~1.35,含气量介于5~7 m3/t,富集程度较高;南部斜坡区压力系数介于1.05~1.20,含气量介于4~6 m3/t,富集程度高于盆外构造。研究区北部的焦石坝地区,作为高压页岩气藏的典型代表,抬升剥蚀始于约85 Ma,剥蚀幅度介于3 500~4 000 m,五峰组—龙马溪组未出露地表,构造封闭性良好,有效阻止了页岩气逸散,使其保存条件优越,页岩气富集程度高,压力系数高达1.55,含气量介于5~7 m3/t。
演化特征揭示,盆缘斜坡区、盆外背斜核部以及向斜两翼分布的页岩构造抬升起始时间较早(距今130~90 Ma),剥蚀幅度大(3 500~6 000 m),埋藏深度较浅,保存条件变差,压力系数降至0.90~1.05。
渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气藏与中深层页岩气藏相比具有总含气量低、吸附气占比高的特征(图3)[4-7],是构造改造作用下温压条件变化引起的吸附气与游离气动态平衡的结果。
复杂构造区浅层页岩气藏通常处于常压环境,地层温度相对较低(38~45 ℃),这种较低的温压条件有利于甲烷分子与有机质表面及黏土矿物颗粒形成较强的范德华力吸附,使得吸附气成为主要赋存形式。现场岩心实测数据显示,浅层页岩总含气量多分布于2.6~4.1 m3/t,其中吸附气量维持在1.8~2.8 m3/t的较高水平,吸附气占比高达55%~80%,成为页岩气富集与赋存的核心标志。相比之下,随着埋藏深度增加,中深层—深层页岩气藏地层温度逐步升高(大于65 ℃),高温环境削弱了分子间吸附作用,促使吸附气向游离气转化。实测总含气量普遍介于3.5~5.5 m3/t,吸附气量相对稳定在1.9~2.5 m3/t,但吸附气占比显著下降至35%~60%,较浅层页岩气降低了20%~45%。
温压梯度导致的赋存状态转变,直接影响页岩气的开采方式与产能特征。浅层页岩气开采需更加关注两方面:一是储层压裂改造,构建复杂的裂缝网络,形成有效的渗流通道;二是解吸效率提升,最大限度降低井底流压,尽可能提高井底与地层之间的压差,促进吸附气快速规模释放,实现产气量大幅提升。
渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组一段页岩现今的地应力分布受控于复杂的构造演化史。燕山—喜山期强烈的区域挤压及后续大规模抬升剥蚀作用,导致浅部页岩经历了应力释放过程,使其现今地应力状态与中深层页岩形成鲜明对比(图4)。首先,浅层页岩的绝对水平主应力值低于中深层。浅层页岩的最大水平主应力介于28~39 MPa,而中深层增加至50~100 MPa;浅层页岩的最小水平主应力介于18~29 MPa,低于中深层的38~76 MPa(图4a、图4b)。地应力绝对值较小的地质条件降低了钻遇复杂地层的风险(如高压、缩径),并减小了压裂施工中克服岩石力学强度、开启裂缝所需的泵注压力,从而有效降低了钻井与压裂的总体技术难度和工程成本。其次,浅层页岩的应力差异系数介于0.32~0.56,高于中深层页岩的应力差异系数(0.10~0.32)。这种较大的应力差异系数直接反映了浅层水平应力场的非均质性。岩石力学原理表明,在应力差异系数较大的地层中,压裂裂缝倾向于沿单一优势方向延伸形成主裂缝,波及范围受限[29-30]。
浅层页岩气具有地层能量弱、含气量低、吸附气占比高、资源丰度低、应力差异系数大等特点。高效勘探开发面临“甜点”优选、优快成井、充分改造、降压排采4个方面挑战。
浅层页岩气在经历燕山期构造抬升剥蚀后,原始保存系统遭受破坏,地层压力系数降低至0.9~1.1,导致游离气大量散失,总含气量降低至2.6~4.1 m3/t,其中吸附气占比达到55%~80%,资源丰度为(2~5)×108 m3/km2。一系列地质效应使得页岩气聚集呈现非均质性和复杂性,气藏分布受残余构造控制而高度分散,有效储层空间被压缩至断裂扰动较小的构造稳定带,游离气-吸附气动态平衡关系发生不可逆偏移。因此,需进一步明确赋存机理、富集高产主控因素及差异富集规律,进而构建成藏模式,落实“甜点”优选。
浅层页岩埋深小导致水平井水垂比普遍大于2.0,引发高摩阻、大扭矩等问题,进而影响钻完井效率。在滑动钻进时有效钻压传递效率降低、托压频发;在旋转钻进时摩擦扭矩频繁达到峰值,制约机械钻速并增加钻具失效风险。同时,页岩浅埋特性使钻井液环空返速和岩屑运移效率降低,形成连续岩屑床的概率增加,使浅层水平井钻井周期延长。需进一步优化井眼轨迹,发展高效降摩减阻与井眼润滑清洁技术,以及低成本高可靠导向工具和配套固完井工艺。
浅层页岩应力差异系数高达0.32~0.56,为中深层页岩的1.0~5.6倍,导致水力压裂缝网扩展模式发生变化。在高应力差异系数背景下,页岩起裂后人工裂缝迅速锁定最大水平主应力方向延伸,分支裂缝扩展难度增加,单位长度分支裂缝密度被压缩,缝网交叉点数量衰减,缝网复杂度下降。这种单主导缝扩展模式致使储层改造体积小于预期目标。高应力差异还诱导支撑剂运移轨迹偏转,使支撑剂滞留在近井地带,而远端支撑不足,形成无效改造带,大幅削弱压裂改造的经济有效性。因此,需进一步优化段簇设计、压裂液体系、支撑剂类型,以及粒径、压裂施工参数等,促进形成复杂缝网。
浅层页岩气藏与中深层相比,地层能量更弱,敏感解吸压力更低,这使得浅层吸附气存在解吸-渗流的双重壁垒。在降压开采过程中气相有效渗透率因含水饱和度升高而骤降,液锁效应影响范围半径扩大,吸附气解吸滞后效应显著增强。这些效应导致生产早期井筒积液明显,气井过早进入携液困难期;稳产周期缩短至中深层储层的45%,单井最终经济可采储量(EUR)降低。尤其在吸附气占比高的情况下,近井地带形成的低气压、高液态将持续抑制解吸,影响产能释放。因此,需要进一步优化排水制度,根据地层压力和产能动态调整排水量,采用先进的排水技术(如泡沫排水、气举排水和电潜泵排水等),同时加强井筒管理和维护,确保排水系统的高效运行。
立足浅层页岩地质特点,坚持问题导向,以“地质提产、工艺提效、工程降本”为主线,强化地质工程一体化,突出富集高产机理研究和“甜点”优选,坚持创新实践,加大工程工艺技术攻关力度,坚持系统集成,攻关经济适配性工程工艺技术体系,推动浅层页岩气高质量勘探开发。
通过页岩生排烃热模拟实验、理想气体相态测试及流体包裹体古压力恢复三位一体研究方法,系统揭示了渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组一段页岩在关键构造变革期的动态成藏演化规律(图5)。
研究结果表明:五峰组—龙马溪组一段页岩沉积后,在深埋超压富气阶段(早二叠世—早白垩世),页岩埋深逐渐增大到6 300 m,地层温度达到160~220 ℃,促使干酪根和先期生成的液态烃裂解生气,累计生气量达到16~17 m3/t,地层压力系数达到1.4~1.6,形成高压系统。页岩排烃后,含气量介于6.5~7.0 m3/t,游离气占比大于87%,高压封存系统对页岩气富集起到关键控制作用(图5)。随后,在持续抬升降压相态转换阶段(晚白垩世至今),遭受燕山中晚期—喜山期构造抬升,引发温压系统重构,地层压力系数降至0.9~1.3,气体散失率介于35.7%~50.8%,总含气量衰减至2.6~4.1 m3/t。页岩吸附气量随埋深增加呈现先增大后微弱减小的趋势(图6):吸附气量在埋深1 000 m左右达到最大值(2.4~3.2 m3/t);1 000 m以浅压力正效应占主导,吸附气量随埋深增大而增大;1 000 m以深温度负效应占主导,吸附气量随埋深增大而减小;埋深在500~<2 000 m时吸附气量整体较大,处于近饱和吸附状态。在燕山中晚期以来地层缓慢抬升过程中,页岩吸附能力逐渐增大,游离气逐步向吸附气转变,减弱了游离气的逸散,同时也使得吸附气含量和游离气含量出现此消彼长,吸附气占比从20%~30%增至60%~80%,形成浅层页岩气以吸附气为主的赋存特征。
渝东南浅层页岩气藏本质上是构造抬升驱动的相态再平衡产物。原始超压系统破坏后,游离气大量散失,而吸附气因页岩具有良好的自封性吸附滞留。通过高压压汞、低温氮吸附及扫描电镜联合表征,证实浅层龙马溪组页岩发育自支撑型孔喉结构系统,形成自封闭体系。其微观赋存特征表现为强非均质封闭结构,微裂缝与有机孔呈分散状分布(裂缝密度小于2 条/mm2),喉道半径中值介于0.8~2.6 nm,孔隙连通系数小于0.15,导致气体跨单元运移受阻;高毛细管力束缚,孔径小于2 nm的微孔体积占比大于62%,使得毛细管压力高达18.5 MPa,有效阻滞气体扩散;页岩总比表面积达28.6 m2/g,其中微孔贡献率为73%,具有较强的吸附能力,利于气体吸附滞留[4,31-32]。该微观封闭系统与宏观封盖层形成双重保障,上覆龙二段致密泥岩(突破压力大于15 MPa),下伏临湘组—宝塔组灰岩(渗透率小于0.01×10-3 μm2),二者构成垂向压力封存箱,使得浅层吸附气能有效滞存[33-35]。
通过页岩不同地质条件等温吸附实验,揭示了降低流压至敏感解吸压力以下,吸附气大量解吸,可实现单井提产。页岩等温吸附实验揭示(图6、图7):当温度从40 ℃升至70 ℃时,12 MPa压力下的最大吸附气量由1.6 m3/t下降至0.6 m3/t,凸显温度负效应对吸附气量的削弱作用,高温环境促进吸附态向游离态转化。同时,TOC含量从2.07%增至5.11%可使极限吸附气量由1.0 m3/t增加至3.0 m3/t,揭示有机孔隙的基质支撑效应。进一步界定埋深500~<2 000 m为吸附气富集黄金带,该深度域内地温梯度(2.5 ℃/hm)的吸附损耗与压力梯度(1.0 MPa/hm)的吸附增益形成动态平衡,使吸附饱和度维持在较高水平。解吸动力学特征显示(图8),在毛细管力束缚下,压力大于2.5 MPa时解吸速率小于10%(平稳期);当压力降至敏感解吸窗(1.5~2.5 MPa)时微孔束缚能垒突破,解吸速率跃升超过300%(斜率突变);当压力小于1.5 MPa后介/宏孔气体释放,解吸量占总量的50%。因此,提出了流压靶向调控技术,将井底流压精准控制在单井的敏感解吸压力值以下(每口井的敏感解吸压力值介于1.5~2.5 MPa),可激活80%吸附气高效解吸。
通常页岩气“甜点”评价需综合考虑资源规模、保存条件和可压性等因素[36-40]。针对渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气藏吸附气占比高的典型特征,围绕吸附能力和自封闭性两大核心指标,构建了“甜点”评价体系(表2)[4-7]。根据该体系,将评价区域分为Ⅰ类区(富集高产区)、Ⅱ类区(攻关评价区)和Ⅲ类区(资源远景区)。
1)吸附能力量化分级机制​
浅层页岩气储集能力的强弱主要受吸附能力的控制,而吸附能力又与页岩的物质基础及地热-压力场的耦合作用密切相关。因此,吸附能力量化分级机制的构建需从页岩物质基础、温压系统、含气性等层面展开。
页岩物质基础:优质页岩厚度与含气量是评价页岩气资源规模的核心指标。优质页岩厚度反映了页岩气储层的连续性和规模(Ⅰ类大于30 m,Ⅱ类介于20~30 m,Ⅲ类小于20 m),而含气量则直接表征储层中气体的赋存量(Ⅰ类大于3 m3/t,Ⅱ类介于2~3 m3/t,Ⅲ类小于2 m3/t)。在渝东南地区,页岩厚度通常与沉积环境密切相关。厚度较大的页岩层系往往形成于还原性强的深水陆棚环境,利于有机质富集,具有更高的生烃和储气潜力。含气量的高低取决于有机质含量、成熟度及地层压力等因素。因此,将优质页岩厚度和含气量作为吸附能力分级的核心参数,能够有效反映储层的吸附-解吸潜力,进而表征页岩气资源规模。
​含气性控制要素:耦合TOC含量(Ⅰ类大于3%,Ⅱ类介于2%~3%)与含气量(Ⅰ类大于3 m3/t,Ⅱ类介于2~3 m3/t)构建有机质控储模型。热模拟结果显示,当TOC含量大于3%时,微孔占比提升至65%,比表面积达到28.6 m²/g,显著增强甲烷分子滞留能力。
​温压敏感阈值:根据地温-压力场耦合方式,明确地层温度60 ℃和地层压力8 MPa为Ⅰ类区临界值,低于此值时页岩吸附饱和度大于90%,而温度高于80 ℃,压力小于5 MPa的Ⅲ类区环境会导致30%以上的吸附气解吸。
2)自封闭性动态评价模型​
页岩自封闭性受构造样式、地层产状、裂缝发育程度及顶底板封闭性等多因素的动态影响。
构造样式决定了页岩气的保存潜力。断层下盘(以下简称断下盘)和平缓单斜区通常具有较好的封闭性,能够有效阻挡气体逸散(Ⅰ类区);而窄陡单斜区因地层倾角较大,气体易沿裂缝运移至地表,封闭性较差(Ⅲ类区)。埋深和地层倾角是影响气体运移的关键参数,埋深介于1 000~<2 000 m、倾角小于20°的区域封闭性较强,埋深介于500~<1 000 m、倾角介于20°~40°的区域封闭性中等,埋深小于500 m、倾角大于40°的区域封闭性较弱(表2)。
构造裂缝的发育程度直接影响页岩气的解吸与运移。裂缝一般发育的区域(Ⅰ类区)封闭性相对较好;裂缝较发育的区域(Ⅱ类区)封闭性较弱;裂缝发育的区域(Ⅲ类区)气体易沿裂缝逸散,封闭性最差。
顶底板岩性及厚度是影响自封闭性的关键因素。岩性致密且厚度大于100 m的顶板(Ⅰ类区)具有较强的封闭能力;岩性较致密且厚度介于50~100 m的顶板(Ⅱ类区)封闭性中等;岩性较致密且厚度小于50 m的顶板(Ⅲ类区)封闭性较弱。底板封闭性则需关注岩性致密程度及厚度,厚度大于20 m的底板(Ⅰ类区)封闭性最佳,厚度介于10~20 m的底板(Ⅱ类区)封闭性中等,厚度小于10 m的底板(Ⅲ类区)封闭性较差。
3)应力场与可压性评价
充分的体积改造是实现浅层页岩气规模解吸和开采的关键。浅层页岩地应力较低,但应力差异系数较大,形成复杂缝网难度较大,两向水平主应力差值、应力差异系数是影响浅层页岩可压性的重要因素。当两向水平应力差值小于10 MPa、应力差异系数小于0.4时,有利于压裂形成复杂缝网;当两向水平应力差值介于10~15 MPa、应力差异系数介于0.4~0.6时,压裂缝以简单的分支裂缝为主;当两向水平应力差值大于15 MPa、应力差异系数大于0.6时,压裂缝以单一主缝为主。
4)“甜点”目标区评价
在吸附能力、自封闭性、可压性评价的基础上,对渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气“甜点”目标区进行分类评价,综合评定结果:东胜南斜坡、道真向斜东翼、老厂坪背斜、洛龙向斜等属于Ⅰ类“甜点”区,资源量为5 318×108 m3;湾地向斜南部、武隆向斜和桑柘坪向斜东部属于Ⅱ类“甜点”区,资源量约为3 705×108 m3;桑柘坪向斜翼部、大塘向斜、枫香向斜等边缘构造带及断裂发育区属于Ⅲ类区,资源量约为1 857×108 m3。渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气有利目标区总面积为3 270 km²,资源量为10 880×108 m3(图9),主要为Ⅰ类至Ⅱ类“甜点”区。
基于大量实验研究与现场实践,分析沉积建造与储层品质、构造作用与保存机制、压裂改造与复杂缝网成因关系,研究不同构造样式气体聚散机理,建立融合“沉积建造-构造作用-压裂改造”属性的浅层页岩气成藏模式。揭示了浅层单斜型、反向逆断层遮挡型、背斜型3种构造样式页岩气富集解吸机理,明确了不同模式的富集高产规律及主控因素(表3)。
单斜型页岩气藏主要分布于四川盆地盆缘转换带和盆外褶皱区,呈现2种样式,一种是与盆地相连,如东胜南斜坡通过鞍部与盆内东胜背斜区相连;另一种是与构造深部位相连,如武隆南斜坡通过微幅构造与武隆向斜核部相连。这类气藏单侧向上翘起,目的层出露地表,在地层抬升过程中地应力释放,压力系数中低,裂缝以顺层“E”型层间缝为主,属逸散滞留型成藏[3,13,20]。页岩覆压渗透率实验揭示,页岩水平渗透率远大于垂直渗透率,页岩气通常沿水平渗透率较大的水平层理发生顺层逸散。当页理面有效正应力大于10 MPa时,页岩渗透率减小到0.1×10-3 μm2以下,封闭性和保存条件变好(图10a)。通过实验数据研究,建立了页理面有效正应力与埋深、地层产状关系式(式1),揭示了在不同地层倾角下页理面有效正应力为10 MPa时对应的临界逸散埋深,当地层倾角介于5°~35°时,对应的临界逸散埋深介于600~800 m(图10b)。因此,地层产状与埋深是这类页岩气富集的主要控制因素。地层越平缓、埋深越大,页岩自封闭性越好,富集程度越高。
hc=pe/[(ρb-ρw)×0.01cos α]
式中:hc为临界逸散埋深,单位m;pe为页理面有效正应力,单位MPa;ρb为上覆地层密度,单位t/m3;ρw为地层水密度,单位t/m3;α为地层倾角,单位(°)。
逆断层断下盘型页岩气藏在四川盆地盆缘和盆外残留向斜中均有发育,下盘目的层与上盘致密隔层对接,页岩气滞留于断下盘,道真向斜断下盘为典型代表[18,31]。渝东南复杂构造带逆断层断下盘经历燕山早期北西—东南向挤压和燕山晚期南北向走滑作用,发育两期构造裂缝,交叉叠加形成网状缝,多被方解石充填,裂缝封闭性好。断层活动期次及封闭性是页岩气富集的主要控制因素,构造应力场是页岩气富集高产的关键因素。断层活动期次晚于主生气期,如龙马溪组页岩在三叠世—早白垩世大量生气,晚白垩世以后,遭受燕山中晚期—喜山期持续构造抬升作用,天然气不断地排出和散失,而此时形成的逆断层起到侧向封堵作用,能够阻挡页岩气的横向逸散。同时,断层带应力释放,利于压裂形成复杂缝网。具有断控分异富集特征,断下盘富集程度显著高于上盘。
背斜型页岩气藏可分为盆内和盆外两类,二者在页岩埋深、保存条件和气体赋存状态等方面存在较大差异[6,8,10,31]。盆内背斜型改造作用较弱,抬升幅度较小,页岩埋深介于 2 500~5 000 m,内部大规模断裂相对不发育,保存条件较好,压力系数高。在局部张应力环境下,发育向上开口“V”型天然微裂缝,微裂缝改善了页岩储集空间,提供了良好的渗流通道,页岩气从页岩储层纳米孔中逸出,在天然裂隙空间内具有短距离运移聚集的特征,游离气含量占比高。如平桥背斜地层压力系数介于1.25~1.35,JY194-3井实测含气量介于2.3~7.7 m3/t,游离气占比介于60%~75%。盆外背斜型改造作用强,地层抬升后剥蚀量较大,页岩埋深小于2 000 m,气体易沿“V”型劈理缝发生纵向逸散,呈现低温低压、以吸附气为主的特征。如盆外老厂坪背斜页岩埋深介于800~2 000 m,地层压力系数介于0.9~1.1,吸附气占比介于65%~80%,地层温度和压力是影响页岩气聚集和赋存状态的主控因素。
南川斜坡带断裂不发育,地层倾角小(普遍小于18°),页岩自封闭性和含气性较好,攻关超长水平井(水平段长度介于3 583~4 035 m),采用长段多簇密切割压裂改造工艺,单井井控储量提升40%,测试日产气量介于(4.1~22.1)×104 m3,试采稳定日产气量介于(3.6~5.0)×104 m3,单井EUR介于(1.18~1.51)×108 m3,实现资源整体探明和效益动用。
1)突出页岩自封闭性研究,明确地层平缓的页岩具有较好的自封闭性
南川斜坡带处于深水陆棚相沉积区,静态指标优越,优质页岩厚度介于28~30 m,平均TOC含量为3.7%,孔隙度为4.2%。北侧与盆地相连,南端抬升剥蚀,地层倾角介于8°~15°,内部断裂不发育,页岩埋深介于500~2 000 m。根据页岩自封闭性研究,预测该区临界逸散埋深介于600~700 m,对应距页岩剥蚀边界距离约1.8 km。埋深大于700 m、距页岩剥蚀边界距离大于1.8 km的区域,页岩水平渗透率低,自封闭性和保存条件较好,具有良好勘探潜力。依据以上研究认识,在斜坡带整体部署实施YY81-4井、YY70-3井等12口井(图11),其中YY81-4井距离页岩剥蚀边界仅2 km。
2) 针对斜坡带地层平缓的地质特点,攻关长水平井提高单井产量
南川斜坡带地层倾角较小,断裂不发育,有利于实施长水平井。从轨道设计、井身结构、钻井液、水平段导向技术等方面开展攻关实践,形成超长水平井钻井技术[41-43]。轨道设计采用“空间圆弧模型+自适应多段制、小曲率”的轨道设计,较前期双二维轨道摩阻降低5%,施工效率较空间五段制轨道提高7%;井身结构方面,优化技术套管(直径为244.5 mm)封固段井斜至30°~40°,减少了后续裸眼段长,配套“聚晶金刚石复合片钻头(PDC钻头)+有扶螺杆+欠尺寸扶正器+加重钻杆+低压耗水力振荡器+钻杆”的倒装钻具组合,进一步保证水平段有效延伸;钻井液方面,以“强化封堵+低密度”为思路,优选了超细碳酸钙、弹性石墨、纳米封堵剂等材料以提高钻井液封堵性,强化井眼承压能力,从而实现低密度钻进,控制井筒压力平衡;水平段导向方面,通过地质工程一体化导向精准判层,利用地层自然定向规律,提高复合钻进占比;采用大排量(不低于35 L/s)、高转速(不小于90 r/min)强化井眼清砂,防止岩屑床堆积和降低井下摩阻,实现在随钻测井导向(LWD)条件下4 000 m水平段的有效延伸。通过以上各方面的攻关,经过现场实践不断优化,形成了页岩气超长水平井关键技术。在斜坡区DP9平台成功实施了3口超长水平井,水平段长分别为3 583、3 601、4 035 m,优质页岩钻遇率均为100%,钻井液密度介于1.51~1.55 g/cm3,水平段维持压力平衡,未发生漏失、掉块等复杂情况。
针对南川斜坡带地应力低、水平层理发育、缝宽较窄等特点,采用“长段多簇密切割+多级暂堵促复杂+立体支撑保充填”压裂改造工艺。其中,压裂单段长度介于90~100 m,射孔介于8~10簇,排量介于22~24 m3/min,加砂强度介于2.5~3.9 m3/m,注液强度介于26~32 m3/m,采用30~200目石英砂多级支撑,实现缝口缝内复合暂堵。
3) 单井产量明显提升,实现效益动用
长水平井可以进一步提升单井缝控储量,具有单井产量高、递减慢、稳产能力强、单井EUR高等特点,在南川斜坡带浅层实施探评井12口,压力系数介于0.92~1.05,单井测试日产气量介于(4.1~17.3)×104 m3,试采稳定在(3.6~5.0)×104 m3。其中,SY11-1井测试日产气量为6.5×104 m3,目前日产气量为5.3×104 m3,累计产气量为365×104 m3(图12a)。DP9井组测试日产气量介于(11.5~22.1)×104 m3,累计产气量介于(0.55~0.69)×108 m3,产气量按5×104 m3/d稳产超过2 a,用Arps递减模型中的双曲递减模型估算单井EUR介于(1.18~1.51)×108 m3。南川区块新增浅层页岩气探明储量为868×108 m3。
盆外道真地区经历多期构造运动形成多期多级裂缝,天然缝网复杂,但东翼位于茶园断下盘,受逆断层遮挡保存条件较好,采用适配性压裂技术,单井测试日产气量介于(4.5~13.0)×104 m3,突破盆外常压页岩气商业气流关,单井EUR介于(0.61~0.75)×108 m3。
1) 突出断层封闭性研究,明确逆断层遮挡封闭作用
道真地区在晚奥陶世—早志留世处于深水陆棚沉积相带,优质页岩厚度介于26~30 m,TOC含量介于3.5%~4.0%,孔隙度介于4.0%~4.6%。道真构造带为盆外第一排构造,整体呈北北东走向,地层倾角介于5°~35°,页岩埋深介于500~4 000 m,受燕山中晚期压扭性走滑作用影响,形成南北向的茶园断层,将该构造带切割为道真、洛龙2个次向斜。其中,道真次向斜位于茶园断下盘,构造简单,地层稳定,被四级断层——沙坝子断层分为东、西两翼(图13)。茶园断层走向北北西,倾向东,断面倾角50°,区内延伸长度为17.1 km,断距从北向南由1 350 m逐渐减小至50 m;沙坝子断层走向北东,倾向北西,断面产状平缓,倾角22°,区内延伸长度为21.3 km,断距从北向南由50 m逐渐增大至1 250 m。2条反向逆断层两侧对接地层为致密泥页岩或者灰岩,具有良好的封闭性,有利于页岩气保存,总含气量介于3.3~4.2 m3/t,吸附气占比介于49%~59%。同时,在2期构造作用下,断下盘页岩微裂缝相互切割,叠加形成复杂的天然裂缝网络,储集空间和地应力场条件得到改善。优选道真、洛龙断下盘有利目标部署实施ZY1、ZY2、ZY5-1、LY2等探评井,滚动评价部署ZY1、ZY2井组。
2) 针对现今地应力偏小特征,采用“多簇限流射孔+提排量升净压+细粒径强支撑”的适配性压裂技术
道真地区受断层影响,局部天然缝网发育,现今地应力介于50~80 MPa;优质页岩段杨氏模量介于22~39 GPa,泊松比介于0.20~0.23,利于压裂成缝。针对以上岩石力学和天然缝网特征,以“提升净压力促裂缝延伸”和“提高裂缝导流能力”为核心,开展针对性的压裂工艺优化[19,44-47]。以ZY1井组为例,平均段长介于77~94 m,单段射孔4~8簇,孔数30~32孔,采用由趾端向跟端逐渐减少孔数的非等密度布孔方式,与早期探井ZY1相比,主体排量由16 m3/min提升至20 m3/min,模拟缝内净压力由8 MPa增加至12 MPa,从而充分破碎储层、促使裂缝均衡扩展,同时匹配裂缝几何形态,选择以70~200目为主的3种细粒径石英砂,充填微细裂缝,加砂强度为3.0 m3/m,注液强度为35 m3/m,其中70/140目和100/200目支撑剂占比从48%提升至76%,与ZY1井相比,复杂缝网占比从64%提升至81%,单井有效储层改造体积提升了46%。
3) 评价井组获高产稳产,实现商业突破
道真向斜断下盘实施的ZY1井组、ZY5-1井等,地层压力系数为0.96,测试自喷日产气量介于(7.8~13.0)×104 m3,测试套压介于5.7~8.7 MPa,试采稳定日产气量介于(4~6)×104 m3,单井累计产气量介于(611~3 338)×104 m3,单井EUR介于(0.70~0.75)×108 m3,提交预测储量1 257×108 m3。洛龙向斜断下盘实施的LY2井地层压力系数为0.92,自喷日产气量为4.6×104 m3,按(3.5~4.0)×104 m3/d稳定试采3个月,累计产气量为324×104 m3,评价EUR为0.61×108 m3(图12b)。
盆外老厂坪背斜经历多期构造运动改造,形成“马鞍形”构造格局,页岩埋深较浅,压力系数低,页岩气藏以吸附气为主,敏感解吸压力较低,攻关吸附-解吸机理,探索“近零流压”排采技术,采用液驱无杆泵等无杆举升工艺,日产气量从0.7×104 m3提升至4.5×104 m3,实现自喷生产,释放吸附气产能,单井EUR达0.45×108 m3,取得良好成效。
1) 聚焦页岩吸附解吸机理研究,揭示老厂坪背斜浅层页岩气以吸附气为主
老厂坪背斜晚奥陶世—早志留世处于深水陆棚沉积相带,优质页岩厚度介于30~35 m,TOC含量介于3.5%~4.0%,孔隙度介于4.0%~4.6%。老厂坪背斜西邻四川盆地,东与武隆向斜相连,为低幅浅埋断背斜(图14),页岩埋深介于900~1 600 m。强化浅层页岩气吸附解吸机理研究揭示,页岩埋深为1 500 m以浅,虽然游离气大量逸散,吸附气仍可滞留成藏。老厂坪背斜预测地层压力系数介于0.9~1.0,总含气量为3.2 m3/t[48],吸附气占比介于65%~81%,构造抬升形成以吸附气为主的气藏。部署实施PD1、PY2等探评井以及PY1井组。
2) 针对两向应力差异大的特征,采用适应的高效促缝压裂技术
针对老厂坪浅埋背斜应力差异系数大(0.39~0.56)、天然裂缝较宽的地质特点,通过加密切割实现充分改造,主动利用簇间应力阴影、提升缝内净压以及多级复合暂堵,提高缝网复杂程度,增加中粗粒径支撑剂的占比,保障宽缝有效支撑。压裂单段段长介于100~120 m,射孔介于8~10簇,提升裂缝密度,主体排量介于20~24 m3/min,加砂强度为4.0 m3/m。采用暂堵球与暂堵剂复合工艺,分批次投送,迫使压裂液转向未改造区域,扩大缝网体积;增加小粒径支撑剂占比,保障窄缝有效支撑,其中30~50目、40~70目粒径占比为78%。
3)探索“近零流压”排采技术,取得成效
针对压力系数低(0.99)、敏感解吸压力低(1.7~2.5 MPa)、压后自喷能力弱等特点,采用“强化排液、近零流压、规模解吸”排采理念,优选液驱无杆泵、同心双管射流泵等无杆举升工艺,实现水平段全程抽汲,形成井下负压环境,当井底流压降到敏感解吸压力以下,实现吸附气快速规模解吸,提升单井产能[4,38]。PD1井采用液驱无杆泵降低井底流压后压力低于1.8 MPa,日产气量由0.7×104 m3增加至4.5×104 m3,实现自喷生产,目前累计产气量为2 330×104 m3,日产气量为2.0×104 m3,具有低压中产、递减慢的生产特征[49-51],单井EUR为0.45×108 m3(图12c)。
浅层页岩气资源丰度低,坚持低成本高质量发展理念,结合地质特征,攻关形成“适配性装备+国产化工具+经济型材料”工程工艺技术系列。
浅层页岩气具有压力低、纵向地层承压能力弱的特点,其井身结构具备进一步优化的空间。在前期“导管+三开”为主的井身结构基础上,通过攻关试验逐步向二开井身结构优化:一开表层采用直径为311.2 mm井眼钻穿浅表漏层后下入表套封固;二开采用直径为215.9 mm井眼至完钻。通过缩减钻井开次、优化套管下深,减少直径为311.2 mm井眼施工段长与各开次中完作业环节,提高机械钻速与钻井效率。
针对页岩气井浅表漏垮复杂等问题,采用工程机与空气钻井相结合,取代常规钻井进行浅表复杂地层施工。与传统钻机相比,工程机设备模块撬装化,且自动化程度高,转场与起放井架效率高。空气钻井具有机械钻速快、成本低的特点,配套偏心钻头能在套管内扩孔,实现跟管钻进,能有效应对井口塌陷、掉块等复杂风险。通过“工程机+空气钻”的技术融合,解决了常规钻井过程中清水消耗量大、施工周期长等诸多问题,提速效果明显。
针对后期钻井提速方面,采用国产化高效PDC钻头、螺杆一体化技术,并通过强化设备配套实现强化参数钻井,提高机械钻速:直径为215.9 mm井眼钻压介于160~200 kN,排量介于38~40 L/s,转速介于60~100 r/min。水平段采用常规LWD仪器,综合伽马、气测、岩屑、钻时等参数开展一体化导向施工,实现水平段低成本优质高效穿行。
在钻井液方面,针对地层承压能力弱、易漏失等问题,秉持“抑制+封堵+润滑”的理念,构建KCL聚胺高性能水基钻井液体系以保障井壁稳定,同时降低成本。在固完井方面,优选弹韧性防气窜水泥浆体系,提高水泥石抗冲击载荷能力,配套气密封检测、水泥浆低返、预应力固井等工艺措施,提高井筒完整性,实现了水平井优快固完井。
通过井身结构优化、钻井方式优选、提速工具配套、水基钻井液攻关与固完井工艺优化等方面集成配套,形成了浅层水平井低成本优快钻完井技术。以老厂坪背斜PD1井组为例,通过提速集成配套应用,水平井水垂比从1.60增加至2.74,平均单井机械钻速由11.02 m/h提升至18.40 m/h,钻井周期从30.10 d缩短至12.96 d(图15)。
对于低品位油气资源的储层改造,增效与降本双线并行,工程成本控制至关重要。为此遵循“适配专用”的原则,系统集成了一系列浅层页岩气压裂配套技术,降低施工成本、提高施工效率、提升作业本质安全。
1)优化提速降本智能压裂装备工具
针对常规柴油压裂车组费用高、效率低、污染大和噪声大等问题,通过地下地面一体化整体规划、分步部署,预先架设35+10 kV多电源环状电网,自建110 kV预制舱式变电站,引入电动压裂泵替代柴油车组,采用电动混砂撬、电动供液撬、电动混配撬和柔性水罐等代替常规配套,满足大排量(22~24 m3/min)、高砂比(20%)下连续稳定施工的技术要求。2020年以来,围绕压裂工程数字智能转型,持续攻关迭代全电动自动化压裂配套技术序列:①基于装备全电动化进展,研发自动控制程序,远程操控压裂作业;②研制自动输砂、储砂装置,实现压裂加砂自动化;③全面提升运砂流程自动化水平,完成运砂车自动启停、路径跟踪行驶、自动避障、精准靠边停车、标牌标线自主响应、自动泊车等功能调试;④实践应用“一键式”自动化压裂技术,提前导入泵注程序,采用泵组程序识别监控,完善压裂流程控制及监测工序链,形成覆盖高低压流程控制、远物料精准供给、高压流程刺漏智能识别及施工过程智能监控的全流程远程自动化控制操作模块,特殊情况可快速切换至本地操作模式。通过集成应用全电智能压裂技术序列,实现施工区域无人值守,作业人员减少84%,施工成本降低50%,压裂时效提升46%。
考虑连续油管射孔和进口复合桥塞等成本较高、施工准备时间长等问题,集成应用趾端滑套和可溶桥塞,推进工具国产化升级,完善配套技术序列。实现趾端滑套国产化替代,相较国外进口滑套费用降低67%,开启率由80%提升至97%,页岩气井下入率100%(不含微注测试等特殊要求井),单井完井周期压减3~5 d。持续改良可溶桥塞,根据现场应用情况与地层温度特征优化卡瓦、胶筒等组件,针对浅层优选中温本体加低温胶筒,溶解率达95%,成本下降60%,缩短压裂后投产为2~3 d。
2)优选经济适用压裂材料体系
经济导流支撑剂:基于复杂地质构造样式研究,明确盆外浅层地应力分布规律,总体具有地应力相对较小(18~29 MPa)的特点。依据地应力特征,开展室内低成本支撑剂适用性评价,数值模拟表明,页岩气井生产所需主裂缝导流能力为1.00 μm2·cm、分支缝导流能力为0.10 μm2·cm,物模揭示低闭合应力下(不高于50 MPa)机制砂导流能力可达到2.18 μm2·cm,能够满足浅层页岩气渗流需求。选择DP4平台2口井开展现场试验,页岩埋深介于1 600~2 300 m,SY4-1井采用机制砂与石英砂混合(比例为7∶3),SY4-3井采用全石英砂支撑(表4),压裂施工规模相近。2口井均生产了约800 d,SY4-1井测试日产气量为10.0×104 m3,套压为9 MPa,前300 d平均日产气量为4.8×104 m3,后500 d平均日产气量为3.8×104 m3(图16),按照2 500 m水平段长归一化估算EUR为0.75×108m3;SY4-3井的测试日产气量为9.0×104 m3,套压为11 MPa,前300 d平均日产气量为6.1×104 m3,后500 d平均日产气量为3.8×104 m3,按照2 500 m水平段长归一化估算EUR为0.76×108 m3。2口井页岩气生产特征相近,表明使用机制砂支撑剂,导流能力能够满足生产需要,产气效果不受影响,同时支撑剂成本下降24%,达到降本目的。
超低含量减阻水:针对低地应力特征,开展不同排量、含量减阻水的悬砂与降阻性能研究,室内评价减阻剂质量分数由0.08%~0.10%降至0.03%~0.05%,降阻率可达70%,黏度介于3~6 mPa·s,能够满足浅层页岩气减阻、造缝与携砂需求。考虑采出水配液情况,逐步确立了“超低含量减阻剂+杀菌剂”的简易滑溜水配方。优选PY1-2井、LY2井开展超低含量减阻水(0.03%~0.05%)先导试验,施工排量在20~24 m³/min时实现18%~20%砂比的连续稳定携砂,最高破裂压力不高于75 MPa,主体延伸压力介于40~60 MPa,液体适用性好。PY1-2井页岩埋深1 000 m,油管放喷测试,测试日产气量为4.7×104 m3,油压为0.6 MPa,试采636 d累计产气量为820×104 m3,评价EUR为0.52×108 m3;LY2井页岩埋深为1 600 m,测试日产气量为4.6×104 m3,套压为0.4 MPa,试采3个月累计产气量为324×104 m3,评价EUR为 0.61×108 m3。现场试验表明超低含量减阻水能够满足浅层页岩气压裂工艺要求,成本降低了56%。
1)渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气与中深层页岩气相比,具有地层压力系数更低、总含气量低、吸附气占比高、应力差异系数大等特征,资源禀赋较差,勘探开发难度更大。基于大量实验研究与现场实践,阐释了浅层页岩气吸附解吸规律,揭示了浅层单斜型、反向逆断层遮挡型、背斜型3种典型浅层页岩气藏富集机理及主控因素,针对性形成了适用于3种气藏模式的“超长水平井提产、高效促缝立体支撑、近零流压排采”差异化钻采技术方案,实现了浅层页岩气商业突破。
2)渝东南复杂构造区浅层页岩气的创新实践与勘探突破,揭示了浅层页岩气同样具备规模增储上产的潜力,同时也证实了紧密围绕提产和降本两条主线,加大地质工程一体化研究和现场工程工艺试验力度是实现低品位资源高效勘探开发的重要途径,增强了复杂构造区页岩气勘探开发信心,有望带动中国南方盆外褶皱区几十万亿立方米浅层页岩气资源规模效益开发。

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2026年第16卷第3期
24
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250041
  • 接收时间:2025-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-12
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    1 中国石化华东油气分公司,江苏   南京 210019
    2 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
    3 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019
    4 中国石化华东油气分公司石油工程技术研究院,江苏   南京 210019

通讯作者:

马军(1984—),男,硕士,副研究员,从事页岩气地质研究及勘探部署工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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