Article(id=1322941589437428486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.YQC2025-0020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774886400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343453987, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343453987, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343453987, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343453987, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1212, endPage=1226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941589848470281, articleId=1322941589437428486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Developmental characteristics of natural fractures in shale oil and gas reservoirs and their controls on reservoir formation and accumulation, columnId=1322941494130258079, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Exploration, runingTitle=null, highlight=

As important unconventional resources in China, shale oil and gas play crucial roles in optimizing the energy structure and enhancing energy self-sufficiency. Shale reservoirs are typically characterized by low porosity and low permeability, and the degree of development and spatial architecture of natural fracture systems directly control the occurrence state and seepage capacity of oil and gas. Therefore, conducting detailed research on reservoir fracture systems is a core geological issue for predicting shale oil and gas “sweet spots” and achieving economically efficient development. Based on the latest research findings in China and abroad, an integrated macro- and microscale approach combined with multi-technology is adopted to systematically investigate the types of shale fractures, integrated characterization methods, main controlling factors, and the roles of fractures in reservoir formation and accumulation. The results indicate that natural fractures in shale form a complex network system characterized by multiple origins and orderly development across multiple scales. Geologically, they can be classified into three major categories: tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures, and abnormally high-pressure-related fractures. Their scales span from nanometers to kilometers, requiring integrated characterization through seismic prediction, image logging, core observations, thin-section analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT), and other techniques. Fracture development is jointly controlled by multiple geological factors. Tectonic fractures are jointly influenced by tectonic activity, rock brittleness, and mechanical layer thickness. Diagenetic fractures are mainly controlled by lamination assemblages, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and thermal maturity. The development of abnormally high-pressure-related fractures critically depends on the formation and preservation conditions of overpressure mechanisms such as hydrocarbon-generation pressurization and undercompaction. The study further reveals that fracture development exerts a significant “double-edged sword” effect on shale oil and gas accumulation. Constructively, a moderately developed fracture network can effectively increase storage space, significantly enhance seepage capacity, connect isolated pores, form dominant migration pathways, and control the distribution of high-productivity “sweet spots”. Destructively, excessively developed fractures (especially late-stage tectonic fractures) can compromise the self-sealing capacity of shale layers, leading to the dissipation of previously accumulated oil and gas, and may trigger strong hydrocarbon-expulsion fractionation, thereby degrading the composition and reducing the mobility of the residual crude oil. Therefore, the optimal configuration of fracture type, scale, density, and present-day stress state that forms a “moderately developed” fracture network is key to the efficient enrichment and high production of shale oil and gas. The above research findings provide an important theoretical basis for the detailed characterization and efficient exploration and development of shale oil and gas reservoirs in China.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=DENGFU YUAN1, BOYANG WANG2, BO LIU2, SHICHAO LI3, FEI XIAO3, QAMAR YASIN2, YIMING HUANG3, JIANGUO YANG3, authorsList=DENGFU YUAN, BOYANG WANG, BO LIU, SHICHAO LI, FEI XIAO, QAMAR YASIN, YIMING HUANG, JIANGUO YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=BOYANG WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941595208790820, articleId=1322941589437428486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=页岩油气储层天然裂缝发育特征及成储控藏作用, columnId=1322941494327390371, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气勘探, runingTitle=null, highlight=

页岩油气作为中国重要的非常规资源,在优化能源结构、提升能源自给能力方面发挥关键作用。页岩储层普遍具有低孔、低渗的典型特征,天然裂缝系统的发育程度与空间结构直接控制了油气的赋存状态与渗流能力。因此,开展储层裂缝系统精细研究是实现页岩油气“甜点”预测与效益开发的核心地质问题。基于国内外最新研究成果,采用宏观与微观相结合、多技术协同的研究方法,系统开展了页岩裂缝类型、融合表征、主控要素及其成储控藏作用的研究。结果表明:页岩天然裂缝是一个多成因、多尺度有序发育的复杂网络系统。按地质成因可划分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝三大类,其尺度跨越纳米至千米级,需依靠地震预测、成像测井、岩心观测、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、三维CT等多技术融合实现精细表征。裂缝发育受多重地质要素耦合控制:构造裂缝发育受构造作用、岩石脆性和力学层厚度协同控制;成岩裂缝主要受控于纹层组合、总有机碳含量与热演化程度;而异常高压裂缝的发育则关键取决于生烃增压、欠压实等超压机制的形成与保存条件。研究进一步揭示了裂缝发育对页岩油气成藏具有显著的“双刃剑”效应:建设性方面,适度发育的裂缝网络能有效增加储集空间,大幅提升渗流能力,沟通孤立孔隙,形成优势运移通道,并控制高产“甜点”区的分布;破坏性方面,过度发育的裂缝(尤其是晚期构造裂缝)会破坏页岩层的自封闭性,导致已聚集油气发生逸散,并可能引发强烈的排烃分馏效应,使残留原油组分变差、流动性降低。因此,裂缝类型、尺度、密度与现今应力状态的优化配置,形成“适度发育”的裂缝网络,是页岩油气高效富集与高产的关键。上述研究成果为中国页岩油气储层精细刻画与高效勘探开发提供了重要的理论依据。

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袁登富(2001—),男,在读硕士研究生,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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王博洋(1992—),男,博士,教授,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:
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袁登富(2001—),男,在读硕士研究生,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 1776-1791., articleTitle=Stress sensitivity characteristics of water-invaded fractured shale under stress loading, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941595443671846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595452060456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595443671846, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Earth Sciences, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595460449065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595443671846, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 东北石油大学地球科学学院,黑龙江   大庆   163318)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322941595527557931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595535946540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595527557931, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595544335149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595527557931, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 东北石油大学非常规油气研究院,黑龙江   大庆   163318)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322941595619832622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595628221231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595619832622, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey (Northeast Geological Science and Technology Innovation Center), Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941595636609840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, companyId=1322941595619832622, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心(东北地质科技创新中心),辽宁   沈阳   110034)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322941609108714359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Types and characteristics of shale fractures, figureFileSmall=PwePNYYqQ8xEMH0C1syceA==, figureFileBig=rfSYdQAJFaaan1dOyWaNZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941611080037242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图1, caption=页岩裂缝类型及特征

注:a为顺层剪切裂缝,准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组;b为穿层剪切裂缝,准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组;c为穿层剪切裂缝,四川盆地龙马溪组;d为层内张开裂缝,准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组;e为异常高压裂缝被方解石充填,四川盆地牛蹄塘组;f为异常高压裂缝被有机质充填,四川盆地牛蹄塘组;g为收缩裂缝,四川盆地牛蹄塘组;h为层理缝,四川盆地龙马溪组;i为层理缝,准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组。

, figureFileSmall=PwePNYYqQ8xEMH0C1syceA==, figureFileBig=rfSYdQAJFaaan1dOyWaNZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941611935675261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Characteristics of multi-scale fracture types in shale and measurement accuracy system of integrated fracture characterization technology, figureFileSmall=QNl2BXJR431ywXmGeaRL9w==, figureFileBig=/S7oafDTRsPbdgH8mCypJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941612355105662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图2, caption=页岩不同尺度裂缝类型特征与裂缝融合表征技术测量精度体系, figureFileSmall=QNl2BXJR431ywXmGeaRL9w==, figureFileBig=/S7oafDTRsPbdgH8mCypJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941612753564543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic diagrams of stress state, figureFileSmall=6Iral8dLPqJsMLGc0arI/w==, figureFileBig=D+qS26CurCPlDMJmhLe8AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941612854227841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图3, caption=应力状态示意图

注:σv为垂向应力,单位MPa;σH为最大水平主应力,单位MPa;σh为最小水平主应力,单位MPa;黑色箭头的大小表示力的大小。

, figureFileSmall=6Iral8dLPqJsMLGc0arI/w==, figureFileBig=D+qS26CurCPlDMJmhLe8AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941613294629763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Influence of distance from fault, formation curvature, and different structural positions of folds on fracture development, figureFileSmall=yxcLUaV74GssT3BswTkjFw==, figureFileBig=ZO4Jw8fqDFJHSJ0r3AEqLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941615299507076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图4, caption=距断层距离、地层曲率与褶皱不同构造部位对裂缝发育的影响

注:裂缝密度1为四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组、松辽盆地青山口组的裂缝密度;裂缝密度2为准噶尔盆地平地泉组的裂缝密度;距断层距离1为四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组、准噶尔盆地平地泉组的距断层距离;距断层距离2为松辽盆地青山口组的距断层距离;R2为决定系数。

, figureFileSmall=yxcLUaV74GssT3BswTkjFw==, figureFileBig=ZO4Jw8fqDFJHSJ0r3AEqLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941615425336199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Influence of brittleness index, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio on fracture development, figureFileSmall=p5jWmCGKe2oqooeInk0I6Q==, figureFileBig=HL4eZKNLDyMmbgLjBpDcVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941615697965960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图5, caption=脆性指数、杨氏模量与泊松比对裂缝发育的影响

注:裂缝密度3为四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组的裂缝密度;裂缝密度4为松辽盆地青山口组的裂缝密度。

, figureFileSmall=p5jWmCGKe2oqooeInk0I6Q==, figureFileBig=HL4eZKNLDyMmbgLjBpDcVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941615840572297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Relationship between rock mechanical layer thickness and fracture density, figureFileSmall=xwBdR4TjjfHmz/G7KR4+tA==, figureFileBig=7dRNQgRcISAx9Kf5YmVcpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941616218059658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图6, caption=岩石力学层厚度与裂缝密度关系, figureFileSmall=xwBdR4TjjfHmz/G7KR4+tA==, figureFileBig=7dRNQgRcISAx9Kf5YmVcpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941617006588811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effects of TOC content and Tmax on fracture development, figureFileSmall=9BfvRYDPNc/Bpw+x9WFhWA==, figureFileBig=7tnltSgV0QbWheFknOJddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941617782535052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TOC含量与Tmax对裂缝发育的影响

注:裂缝密度5为四川盆地龙马溪组、四川盆地东南部五峰组—龙马溪组的裂缝密度;裂缝密度6为松辽盆地南部青山口组—嫩江组的裂缝密度;ω(TOC)为总有机碳含量。

, figureFileSmall=9BfvRYDPNc/Bpw+x9WFhWA==, figureFileBig=7tnltSgV0QbWheFknOJddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941617895781261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Fracture development characteristics of different lamination types and assemblages in the first member of Longmaxi Formation in Luzhou block, southern Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=ebvzcg2QAn7MDFoak8Eejg==, figureFileBig=pHYFiqR49jGVg7/WMUNFpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941619615445903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图8, caption=四川盆地南部泸州区块龙马溪组一段不同纹层类型及组合的裂缝发育特征

注:黄色箭头均指水平微裂缝。

, figureFileSmall=ebvzcg2QAn7MDFoak8Eejg==, figureFileBig=pHYFiqR49jGVg7/WMUNFpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941619976156050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Influence of shale fractures on reservoir formation and accumulation, figureFileSmall=/rgEunz//cHbI0/FfnOtJA==, figureFileBig=xDRIzSI5uMk2enmEIe9o4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941620349449109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图9, caption=页岩裂缝对成储控藏的影响, figureFileSmall=/rgEunz//cHbI0/FfnOtJA==, figureFileBig=xDRIzSI5uMk2enmEIe9o4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941620445918102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Effect of effective stress on fracture development, figureFileSmall=i7HKwb+0cS2ksnurt2gUvQ==, figureFileBig=NqPCG1Rh6SBs22Dxh4W30g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941620726936471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=图10, caption=有效应力对裂缝发育的影响, figureFileSmall=i7HKwb+0cS2ksnurt2gUvQ==, figureFileBig=NqPCG1Rh6SBs22Dxh4W30g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941620827599768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Types and main characteristics of shale fractures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型亚类主要特征
构造裂缝顺层剪切裂缝裂缝与层理面平行,裂缝面可见清晰的擦痕,表现出显著的顺层滑动特征,开度小于1 mm,长度数十米
穿层剪切裂缝裂缝以高角度斜交或近垂直切穿页岩层,延伸范围广,开度小于1 mm,长度数十米
层内张开裂缝裂缝发育于高脆性页岩层内部,其延伸方向与层理面正交,开度小于0.5 mm,长度数米
异常高压裂缝裂缝的产状多变,开度较大,充填特征明显,常见有机质充填,开度小于1 mm,长度数米到十米
成岩裂缝收缩裂缝规模较小,空间分布无序,且普遍存在泥质充填,开度小于100 μm,长度厘米级及以下
层理缝裂缝主要沿页岩纹层方向分布,分布密度较高,连通性较差,开度小于50 μm,长度厘米级至米级
), ArticleFig(id=1322941620898902938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941589437428486, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

页岩裂缝类型与主要特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型亚类主要特征
构造裂缝顺层剪切裂缝裂缝与层理面平行,裂缝面可见清晰的擦痕,表现出显著的顺层滑动特征,开度小于1 mm,长度数十米
穿层剪切裂缝裂缝以高角度斜交或近垂直切穿页岩层,延伸范围广,开度小于1 mm,长度数十米
层内张开裂缝裂缝发育于高脆性页岩层内部,其延伸方向与层理面正交,开度小于0.5 mm,长度数米
异常高压裂缝裂缝的产状多变,开度较大,充填特征明显,常见有机质充填,开度小于1 mm,长度数米到十米
成岩裂缝收缩裂缝规模较小,空间分布无序,且普遍存在泥质充填,开度小于100 μm,长度厘米级及以下
层理缝裂缝主要沿页岩纹层方向分布,分布密度较高,连通性较差,开度小于50 μm,长度厘米级至米级
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页岩油气储层天然裂缝发育特征及成储控藏作用
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袁登富 1 , 王博洋 2 , 柳波 2 , 李士超 3 , 肖飞 3 , YasinQamar 2 , 黄一鸣 3 , 杨建国 3
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气勘探 2026,16(6): 1212-1226
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气勘探 2026 , 16 (6) : 1212 -1226
页岩油气储层天然裂缝发育特征及成储控藏作用
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袁登富(2001—),男,在读硕士研究生,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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袁登富(2001—),男,在读硕士研究生,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

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袁登富1 , 王博洋2, 柳波2, 李士超3, 肖飞3, YasinQamar2, 黄一鸣3, 杨建国3
作者信息
  • 1 东北石油大学地球科学学院,黑龙江   大庆   163318
  • 2 东北石油大学非常规油气研究院,黑龙江   大庆   163318
  • 3 中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心(东北地质科技创新中心),辽宁   沈阳   110034
通讯作者:
王博洋(1992—),男,博士,教授,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:
作者简介:

袁登富(2001—),男,在读硕士研究生,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:

Developmental characteristics of natural fractures in shale oil and gas reservoirs and their controls on reservoir formation and accumulation
DENGFU YUAN1 , BOYANG WANG2, BO LIU2, SHICHAO LI3, FEI XIAO3, QAMAR YASIN2, YIMING HUANG3, JIANGUO YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Earth Sciences, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China
  • 2 Institute of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China
  • 3 Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey (Northeast Geological Science and Technology Innovation Center), Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.YQC2025-0020
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页岩油  /  页岩气  /  天然裂缝  /  融合表征  /  主控要素  /  成储控藏
shale oil  /  shale gas  /  natural fractures  /  integrated characterization  /  main controlling factors  /  reservoir formation and accumulation
袁登富, 王博洋, 柳波, 李士超, 肖飞, YasinQamar, 黄一鸣, 杨建国. 页岩油气储层天然裂缝发育特征及成储控藏作用. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1212 -1226 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.YQC2025-0020
DENGFU YUAN, BOYANG WANG, BO LIU, SHICHAO LI, FEI XIAO, QAMAR YASIN, YIMING HUANG, JIANGUO YANG. Developmental characteristics of natural fractures in shale oil and gas reservoirs and their controls on reservoir formation and accumulation[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1212 -1226 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.YQC2025-0020
页岩油气作为全球非常规油气资源的重要组成部分,在能源结构中的地位日益凸显。美国通过“页岩油气革命”实现了从能源进口国向出口国的转变,显著改变了全球能源供给格局[1]。中国页岩油气资源丰富,广泛分布于西北、华北、青藏高原及南方四大区域的含油气盆地中,包括海相、陆相和海陆过渡相页岩,是中国未来非常规油气勘探开发的重要领域,也是保障国家能源安全的“压舱石”[2-3]。随着中国经济的快速发展,对油气资源的需求持续增长,页岩油气的战略地位不断提升,大力推进页岩油气资源的勘探开发,是推动能源结构优化和能源转型的关键举措[4-6]。
页岩储层具有低孔、低渗的固有特性,天然裂缝系统是控制其储集性能与渗流能力的关键地质要素。裂缝作为油气重要的储集空间和运移通道,能显著改善储层品质,并直接影响页岩油气的富集、保存条件、压裂效果及单井产能[7-9]。为此,国内外学者在页岩裂缝研究领域已取得一系列重要进展。在分类方案上,已建立涵盖构造裂缝、成岩裂缝及异常高压裂缝的综合性分类体系[10-11];在表征方法上,综合运用了露头、岩心、薄片等直接观察手段,以及成像测井、地震属性、纳米CT等间接测试技术[12];在主控要素研究上,逐步厘清了构造应力、岩石脆性、总有机碳含量及异常高压等关键参数对裂缝发育的控制作用[13-15];在预测技术方面,发展了构造曲率分析、地震各向异性检测与古构造应力场数值模拟等多种方法,推动研究从定性描述向半定量—定量预测跨越[16]。
尽管成果丰硕,但面对页岩油气勘探开发中日益精细化的实际需求,如何实现多尺度裂缝系统的精准表征,深化对多因素耦合控缝机理的认识,并系统评估裂缝在“成储”与“控藏”中的双重作用,仍是当前研究面临的关键挑战与前沿方向。基于此,该研究在系统梳理国内外最新研究成果的基础上,深入探讨了页岩裂缝的类型及其发育特征、融合表征技术、发育主控要素,以及裂缝的成储控藏作用,以期为中国页岩油气的科学勘探与高效开发提供坚实的理论支撑。
岩石中天然发育的宏观不连续面状构造,称为天然裂缝,其形成源于构造变形或物理成岩作用[17]。裂缝按地质成因可分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝(表1)[18-19]。
构造裂缝按其力学成因与层面的关系可进一步划分为顺层剪切裂缝、穿层剪切裂缝和层内张开裂缝(图1a—图1d)[18-19]。顺层剪切裂缝开度小于1 mm,长度为数十米,主要顺着页岩层面发育,与层面平行或呈低角度相交,多分布在页岩层的顶部和底部,裂缝面可见擦痕、阶步[11,20]。穿层剪切裂缝开度小于1 mm,长度为数十米,在产状上与岩层呈高角度相交,垂向延伸高度较大,裂缝面通常较光滑,部分可见擦痕,常以共轭形式或雁列式排列,部分被方解石、石英等矿物充填[11]。层内张开裂缝开度小于0.5 mm,长度为数米,主要发育于高脆性页岩层内部,其延伸方向通常垂直于层理面,垂向上裂缝高度多为厘米至分米级,规模较小,同一组系的裂缝往往呈等间距排列[11]。
异常高压裂缝开度普遍小于1 mm,长度为数米到十米,缝面形态不规则,常被方解石、黄铁矿、有机质充填(图1e、图1f)[16,21]。成岩裂缝可进一步划分为收缩裂缝和层理缝(图1g—图1i)[18-19]。收缩裂缝开度小于100 μm,长度为厘米级及以下,规模较小,呈多边形网状、“V”型,裂缝充填程度较高,多被黏土矿物、方解石、石英等充填[16,22-26]。层理缝开度小于50 μm,长度为厘米级至米级,多沿页岩纹层或页理方向发育,与层面平行或近平行,常出现弯曲、分叉、合并等现象,开度变化范围较大,充填物包括有机质、方解石、石英、黄铁矿等[11,16]。
页岩不同尺度裂缝具有差异化结构特征和表征需求,基于此构建了多尺度裂缝分类与融合表征体系(图2)。裂缝按开度可划分为宏观裂缝和微观裂缝[20]。宏观裂缝可进一步划分为大型裂缝、中型裂缝和小型裂缝;微观裂缝可进一步划分为微米级裂缝与纳米级裂缝(图2a)。大型裂缝的开度大于1 mm,长度为数十米至百米;中型裂缝的开度介于100~1 000 μm,长度为数米至数十米;小型裂缝的开度介于10~100 μm,长度为数米;微米级裂缝的开度介于1~10 μm,长度为厘米级及以下;纳米级裂缝的开度介于0.1~1 000.0 nm,长度为厘米级及以下[27-28]。
裂缝基本特征的定量化表征是裂缝分析的基础[12]。表征参数主要包括裂缝的产状、长度、开度、线密度、面密度、体密度、孔隙度、渗透率、充填特征、连通性及有效性等[27,29]。近年来,裂缝表征技术逐渐趋于多样化。不同开度的裂缝往往采用不同的表征技术,二维表征技术包括薄片鉴定(1~1 000 μm)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(0.1~100.0 μm)、核磁共振成像(0.01~100.00 μm)与场发射扫描电镜(0.001~100.000 μm)等,三维表征技术包括地震检测(0.001~1.000 km)、成像测井(0.01~100.00 m)、常规测井(0.01~100.00 m)、野外露头观测(0.001~1 000.000 m)、岩心观测(0.000 1~1.000 0 m)、微米CT扫描(1~1 000 μm)与纳米CT扫描(0.1~100.0 μm)等[27,30-33]。单一方法难以对裂缝进行精确表征,需利用多种技术进行融合表征(图2b)[34]。
地震检测、测井资料与动态资料分析的融合可有效表征开度介于0.1~1 000.0 m的裂缝。该技术遵循“宏观趋势预测—井周精细刻画—动态验证校准”的递进步骤。首先,依据地震资料识别宏观裂缝发育带,掌握区域分布规律[35-37];其次,利用测井资料定量刻画井周裂缝,如通过电成像测井获取裂缝产状、开度与线密度,结合斯通利波反演得到总渗透率与基质渗透率,进而计算裂缝渗透率[38-39];最后,借助动态资料验证裂缝有效性与渗流能力,如利用生产动态中的吸水尖峰识别裂缝发育段[27]。该融合技术的优势在于地震突破测井的井周局限实现区域覆盖,测井弥补地震纵向分辨率不足实现微观定量,动态资料则降低地震与测井表征的多解性。
常规测井技术与成像测井技术的融合可以有效表征开度介于0.01~10.00 m的裂缝。首先,借助常规测井技术初筛裂缝发育段[40-41];其次,利用成像测井技术的高分辨率优势,获取裂缝倾角、走向等参数,同时结合岩心资料建立两种测井技术的校正关系,如用常规测井标定成像测井的裂缝深度,用电成像测井校正常规测井解释的裂缝孔隙度、渗透率等,实现参数互补[38,42-43];最后,通过成像测井识别裂缝充填程度,并结合常规测井电阻率变化特征验证裂缝有效性[44-45]。该融合技术既弥补了常规测井分辨率低、多解性强的不足,又克服了成像测井成本高、仅覆盖关键井段的局限,实现了全井段连续且高精度的裂缝评价。
目标模拟、非结构网格、双模迭代与离散裂缝网络(DFN)模型的融合可以有效表征开度介于1~107 μm的裂缝。该技术以离散裂缝网络模型为基础,输入裂缝的空间展布、产状、长度与密度等参数;随后,采用非结构网格对裂缝进行低维嵌入,使网格节点与裂缝面共形;在此基础上,通过双模迭代方法,分别建立裂缝和基质的流动方程,交替求解并实时交换流量—压力耦合项,实现跨尺度流动的质量守恒[37,46-48]。该融合方法能够精确表征裂缝的产状、开度和连通性,有效提升了模型的模拟精度与计算稳定性。
将野外露头观测、岩心观测和薄片鉴定相结合可以有效表征开度介于102~1012 nm的裂缝。该技术通过“宏观约束—中观标定—微观验证”进行多尺度裂缝表征。首先,利用野外露头获取区域裂缝产状、长度等参数,为岩心观测提供宏观背景约束[12,36];其次,通过岩心观测直接获取裂缝开度、充填程度等特征,并校正露头因风化导致的参数偏差[12,38,49];最后,借助薄片识别微观裂缝的连通性与充填物成分,补充岩心未能覆盖的微裂缝信息[50-51]。该方法的优势在于实现了宏观规律与微观特征的有机结合,提升了裂缝参数准确性,克服了单一方法分辨率不足的局限。
薄片鉴定、扫描电镜与三维CT扫描的融合可以有效表征开度介于1~106 nm的裂缝。该技术通过融合薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和三维CT扫描实现多尺度微观裂缝表征。首先,利用薄片观察裂缝连通性与充填特征,为后续分析提供定性依据[12,49];其次,借助扫描电镜实现微米—纳米级裂缝的精准成像,补充并验证薄片信息[50-51];最后,利用三维CT扫描重构裂缝三维网络,计算体密度、孔隙度等参数,并结合扫描电镜与薄片的观测结果,校正CT图像中充填裂缝的识别结果[38,51]。该融合方法克服了薄片鉴定仅能提供二维信息、扫描电镜观测范围有限以及三维CT易受非裂缝孔隙干扰的局限,实现了从二维到三维、从局部到整体的裂缝精准表征。
多尺度裂缝表征的跨尺度力学等效方法的核心在于,借助等效连续介质理论对不同尺度裂缝系统进行描述。天然裂缝的规模越大,数量越少;规模越小,数量越多。其开度与密度总体服从幂律分布。通过将不同尺度裂缝的开度累计加和,并利用采样面积进行归一化处理,结合跨尺度力学等效方法(如等效介质模型),实现多尺度表征,并获得相应的幂律分布参数。该多尺度转换原理有效弥补了单一技术手段的尺度缺失,为多尺度裂缝预测提供了基础[52-53]。
页岩构造裂缝的发育是构造作用、岩石脆性和岩石力学层厚度三者协同作用的结果。其中,构造作用是产生裂缝的外部动力来源,决定了裂缝的“有无”与方位;岩石脆性是内在物质基础,决定了岩石在应力下“倾向于破裂还是变形”;而岩石力学层厚度则作为约束条件控制着裂缝的“形态与规模”。
构造裂缝的发育与分布受构造应力与活动的影响,应力状态由3个主应力(垂向应力σv、最大水平主应力σH、最小水平主应力σh)的相对大小决定,可分为正断层应力状态(σv>σH>σh)、走滑断层应力状态(σH>σv>σh)和逆冲断层应力状态(σH>σh>σv)(图3)[54]。不同应力状态决定了局部应力场的分布,进而控制裂缝的形成与发育,当实际剪应力或张应力达到岩石抗剪或抗张强度时(即破裂值大于1时),岩石发生破裂;而裂缝密度还与岩石积累的弹性应变能密切相关。将破裂值与应变能相结合,通过井点裂缝密度资料拟合标定,可建立裂缝密度与应力场参数间的定量关系,实现构造裂缝分布的有效预测[55]。
断层作为构造应力集中的关键部位,其附近存在强烈的应力扰动,构造裂缝大量发育。首先,断层不同部位的构造裂缝发育程度存在显著差异,受构造应力的影响,断层上盘与下盘的裂缝发育程度存在差异;其次,构造裂缝的发育密度与距断层距离呈负相关,距断层距离越近,构造应力越集中,裂缝越发育(图4a);最后,断层的规模控制着构造裂缝的类型与特征。以四川盆地泸州地区为例,一、二级断层主要发育穿层剪切裂缝,而三、四级断层则更多发育层内张开裂缝[25,56-59]。
褶皱构造对构造裂缝发育的影响主要表现在地层曲率的变化上,地层曲率与构造裂缝密度呈现正相关。地层曲率较大的褶皱轴部及转折端,构造裂缝的发育程度较高,地层曲率相对较小的翼部,构造裂缝的发育程度则较低,原因在于地层曲率大的部位,构造应力集中,压力变化梯度较大,地层变形强烈(图4b)[11,56-57]。此外,褶皱不同构造部位的裂缝发育程度也存在差异(图4c)。以四川盆地的泸州地区为例,其背斜区裂缝发育指数最高(均值1.46),裂缝以中等至高度发育为主;斜坡区次之(均值0.33),以中等发育为主;向斜区最低(均值0.18),普遍为低至中等发育[57-60]。
岩石脆性是岩石的一种内在特性,指其在破裂前发生瞬态变化的倾向性,通常采用脆性指数(BI)进行量化评估[61]。脆性指数主要受脆性矿物(石英、长石、方解石)与黏土矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石)相对含量的影响[61-64]。基于矿物组分计算的页岩脆性指数与裂缝密度呈显著正相关,原因在于脆性指数越高,岩石在破裂前所能承受的应变越小,越容易形成构造裂缝(图5a)。
脆性指数还受杨氏模量、切变模量、体积弹性模量、泊松比、内聚力及内摩擦角等多种参数影响[63]。杨氏模量反映岩石抗变形能力,其值越高,岩石脆性越强,裂缝发育程度通常也越高(图5b)。泊松比反映横向应变特性,研究表明,泊松比与裂缝密度呈负相关,其值越低越有利于裂缝发育,原因在于较低的泊松比能使岩石兼具脆性,利于形成稳定裂缝网络(图5c)[60]。内聚力与内摩擦角共同控制岩石抗剪强度。内聚力低、内摩擦角小时,岩石剪切强度较低,在构造应力作用下更易形成剪切裂缝。体积弹性模量与切变模量分别表征岩石抗压与抗剪特性,其值较高时,页岩脆性增强,有利于裂缝网络扩展[63]。
岩石力学层厚度作为控制裂缝发育的约束性因素,主要通过影响岩石的力学稳定性与应力分布,进而调控裂缝的密度与规模。岩石力学层厚度与裂缝密度呈现显著负相关,即随着岩石力学层厚度增大,裂缝密度呈递减趋势(图6)。这一规律在不同盆地中均得到验证:在四川盆地涪陵地区海相页岩中,层内张开裂缝严格受单一力学层控制,表现出典型的厚度-密度负相关特性,但穿层与顺层剪切裂缝受厚度影响较小[19];在鄂尔多斯盆地长7段湖相页岩中,裂缝密度与层厚之间同样符合幂函数递减趋势,薄层页岩因抗破裂能力低,更易在应力作用下形成密集裂缝,而厚层页岩应力分布较为均匀,裂缝密度较低[65]。
页岩成岩裂缝的发育主要受总有机碳含量、热演化程度及纹层协同控制,三者共同影响裂缝的发育程度及空间分布。
总有机碳含量是裂缝发育的重要控制要素之一[14]。TOC(总有机碳)含量适中时,TOC含量与裂缝发育程度呈现正相关,主要源于生烃增压效应,有机质在热演化过程中生成大量烃类气体,导致孔隙流体压力显著升高,当内部压力超过岩石抗张强度时,会诱发裂缝的形成;然而,当TOC含量过高时,裂缝发育程度反而受到抑制,其原因在于有机质本身的塑性特性会显著降低页岩的整体脆性,同时高TOC含量层段在埋藏过程中更易被压实,导致原生孔隙被压缩充填,从而抑制裂缝的扩展(图7a)[66-67]。
热演化程度对裂缝发育的影响主要体现在热演化程度较高的页岩储层裂缝越发育(图7b),这主要与有机质热演化过程中烃类的生成有关。随着热演化程度升高,有机质从固态干酪根转化为液态烃或气态烃,导致体积膨胀和流体体积增加,在封闭体系内产生异常高压。这种异常高压抵消了来自上覆岩层的部分应力,有效应力降低,当孔隙流体压力超过岩石的抗张强度时,裂缝萌生并扩展[19,65]。
综合总有机碳含量与热演化程度来说:高有机碳,热演化程度低时,生烃物质充足但转化不足,流体压力低,裂缝不发育;有机碳低、热演化程度高时,生烃潜力有限,裂缝不发育;总有机碳含量与热演化程度均达到适度水平时,生烃增压作用显著,裂缝最为发育。
纹层是构成沉积岩层理最小、可识别的基本单元,其厚度一般小于1 mm[68-69]。形成于纹层与纹层之间的裂缝称为纹层缝。不同纹层类型及其组合对裂缝的发育具有显著的控制作用。以四川盆地南部泸州区块龙马溪组一段海相页岩为例,其纹层主要包括长英质-碳酸盐混合纹层、陆源石英纹层、黏土矿物纹层、生物骨骸纹层、自生石英-有机质纹层、碳酸盐纹层、黄铁矿纹层和蚀变硅质纹层等8种类型[70]。其中,长英质-碳酸盐混合纹层因受火山物质影响,颗粒分选差,在成岩过程中易发生体积收缩,微裂缝最为发育;碳酸盐纹层和自生石英-有机质纹层次之,以水平裂缝为主,这与碳酸盐重结晶及有机质热演化有关;生物骨骸纹层因化石刚性较强,仅发育少量微裂缝;陆源石英纹层与黏土矿物纹层塑性较强,微裂缝最少且连续性差(图8a—图8d)[70]。
四川盆地南部泸州区块龙马溪组一段不同类型纹层在垂向上的组合进一步放大了其对裂缝发育的影响。“自生石英-有机质纹层+碳酸盐纹层+长英质-碳酸盐纹层”组合因包含裂缝最发育的长英质-碳酸盐纹层,微裂缝最为发育;“自生石英-有机质纹层+碳酸盐纹层+生物骨骸纹层”组合因生物骨骸纹层裂缝不发育,而整体裂缝密度显著降低;“碳酸盐纹层+黏土矿物纹层”和“陆源石英纹层+黏土矿物纹层”两类组合则因富含抑制裂缝发育的黏土矿物,裂缝密度最低(图8e)[70]。
以鄂尔多斯盆地长73亚段的陆相页岩为例,其纹层主要包括砂质、凝灰质、有机质和黏土质4种类型,并可进一步划分为4种主要组合。“凝灰质纹层+有机质纹层”组合因生烃增压作用强,微裂缝最发育,以生烃增压缝和纹层缝为主;“砂质纹层+有机质纹层”组合发育颗粒收缩缝和有机质收缩缝,裂缝相对较少;“砂质纹层+凝灰质纹层+有机质纹层”组合主要发育颗粒收缩缝、黏土收缩缝等微裂缝;“有机质纹层+黏土质纹层”组合因黏土矿物含量高、脆性低,主要发育黏土收缩缝和有机质收缩缝[68,71]。
异常高压裂缝的形成与发育主要受异常高压控制,形成机制包括欠压实增压、生烃增压、水热增压、黏土矿物转化及构造挤压增压等[22,72]。其中,生烃增压是主导机制,尤其在有机质丰度高的页岩中,生烃过程伴随流体体积膨胀,可大幅提高孔隙流体压力,形成超压环境;同时,生成的有机酸还能促进溶蚀缝发育,优化裂缝网络[73-74]。构造挤压增压在构造活动强烈的地区贡献显著,侧向挤压使岩石孔隙体积压缩,流体压力升高,从而促进裂缝发育。欠压实与水热增压作用相对有限:欠压实增压因流体排出不畅使孔隙流体承压,形成超压并诱发沿层或穿层裂缝;水热增压及黏土矿物转化虽能增加孔隙流体压力,但通常作为辅助机制存在[75-76]。
异常高压对裂缝密度与开度具有重要影响:一方面,它可促进新裂缝生成并激活早期闭合裂缝,从而增加裂缝密度,且在富有机质页岩中,干酪根生烃增压和流体超压会形成生排烃裂缝和顺层脉状裂缝,这些裂缝相互连接形成复杂裂缝网络,提升整体密度;另一方面,异常高压控制的裂缝通常开度较大,范围从微米级至厘米级,如生排烃裂缝开度可达几百微米,顺层脉状裂缝开度甚至可达几厘米[77]。
裂缝作为页岩储层成储与控藏的重要因素,其发育特征直接影响储集空间的形成、油气运移及富集过程(图9)。裂缝发育对页岩成储的影响主要体现在改善储集空间与渗流能力上(图9a、图9b)。构造裂缝、成岩裂缝与异常高压裂缝共同控制着页岩储层的储渗性能:构造裂缝由构造应力形成,是油气渗流与聚集的主要通道,能显著提高渗透率,但规模过大或穿层发育,可能破坏储层完整性[78];成岩裂缝形成于成岩过程,可有效增加孔隙体积,对纳米—微米级孔隙网络的构建至关重要,其贡献可达储集空间的25%以上[79];异常高压裂缝多与生烃增压或流体超压有关,常被方解石、有机质等充填,可通过调节局部孔隙压力影响储集空间[67]。总体而言,构造裂缝主导渗流,成岩裂缝优化储集,异常高压裂缝的作用相对有限,三者共同决定了页岩储层品质与油气富集效果。
不同尺度裂缝对储层的影响存在显著差异。大型裂缝作为主干渗流通道,控制流体宏观流动路径与速度,显著提升储层整体渗透率与孔隙连通性;中型裂缝起承上启下作用,形成次级渗流网络,对渗透率与流体波及效率具有重要影响;小型裂缝延伸至基质内部,沟通微孔隙结构,有效提升基质渗透能力;微观裂缝则以储集功能为主,通过连通纳米—微米级孔隙,增强储集能力[21,80]。不同尺度裂缝协同作用,共同控制储层的渗流、储集与开发效果。
不同应力状态下裂缝变化对成储的影响至关重要。垂向应力通过影响裂缝的启闭,调控储层渗流能力。中浅层(垂向应力较小,有效应力通常不高于35 MPa)裂缝多处于开启状态,其渗透率显著高于基质,有利于提高储层的渗流能力;深层(垂向应力大,有效应力大于35 MPa)裂缝受压实作用影响接近闭合,裂缝与基质渗透率差异缩小,储层渗流能力大幅度下降,需依赖人工压裂恢复缝网活力[21,81-83]。水平应力方向与裂缝产状的匹配关系影响储层中裂缝的发育,水平应力差异较小或裂缝走向与最大水平主应力夹角小于30°时,裂缝更容易扩展并沟通更多的储层,水平应力差异过大则易形成单一主缝,裂缝的控制范围有限;水平应力可通过调节低角度裂缝的发育程度,制约高角度裂缝的穿层性[67,84-85]。
页岩裂缝发育对控藏的影响具有双重性,即建设性与破坏性。其建设性作用主要体现在主导页岩油气运移与聚集过程。裂缝通过提高页岩储层的渗透性,突破低孔低渗基质的限制,连接孤立与分散的孔隙,形成连续的运移通道。页岩油气的运移方向受裂缝产状(如走向、倾角)影响后,更易于向构造高部位或各类圈闭区域汇聚(图9d、图9e)[57,80,86-87]。以古龙地区青一段页岩研究为例,裂缝的发育显著提升了储层的平均孔径与大孔隙占比,孔隙分形维数与裂缝发育强度呈现显著负相关(图9c、图9f、图9i),这证实了裂缝能有效简化孔隙结构、沟通不同尺度孔隙,从而强化孔隙连通性,极大提升了孔-缝系统的有效性,降低原油启动压差,为页岩油的运移与产出提供优势通道[88-89]。
其破坏性作用主要体现在,应力环境的变化对裂缝的几何参数具有重要控制作用,随着有效应力的增大,裂缝开度逐渐减小,进而导致裂缝渗透率降低,不利于油气的运移(图10a)[90]。裂缝过度发育会破坏页岩的自封闭性,导致油气逸散,使页岩的含油气性及可动性降低(图9g、图9h)[91]。如近断层区域的页岩中原位含油量和含油饱和度指数(OSI)显著低于远离断层的区域,直接降低了页岩油的富集程度;同时,排烃效率(HEE)的提高引发了强烈的“色谱分馏效应”,使得极性弱、分子量小的轻质组分优先排出,导致残留原油中重质组分比例相对升高,具体表现为饱和烃/芳香烃比值降低、轻烃与重烃的比值下降。这种组分变化显著降低了页岩油的流动性,从而对页岩油的勘探开发潜力产生不利影响[92]。
综上所述,提出3种裂缝发育模式:裂缝过度发育、裂缝适度发育和裂缝欠发育。第一种模式下,裂缝会破坏页岩储层的完整性,导致油气逸散,降低了页岩中的残留油气量;第二种模式下,裂缝既优化了储层又保持了良好的自封闭性,是油气富集的有利模式;第三种模式下,裂缝密度低,连通性差,需依靠压裂改造才能形成有效产能。以古龙地区为例,将直井单层试油产量1 t作为界线,通过可动油含量与产量关系,确定临界可动油含量约为1.55 mg/g,进一步对应的裂缝开度介于0.90~5.56 μm最为适宜(图10b—图10d)[93-95]。
1) 页岩储层天然裂缝是一个多成因、多尺度有序发育的复杂网络系统。该系统在成因上可明确划分为构造、成岩和异常高压裂缝三大类,在尺度上跨越纳米至千米级。不同类型的裂缝在空间上相互组合,共同构成页岩油气“输导-储集”的核心架构,其发育分布具有内在的地质规律性。
2) 通过地震预测、成像测井、岩心观测、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和三维CT等技术的有机结合与相互验证,能够实现对全尺度裂缝系统的精准识别与定量表征,有效克服单一技术的局限性,为储层精细评价提供关键数据支撑。
3) 系统阐明了构造、成岩与超压三大地质过程的耦合控制是页岩裂缝发育的核心机制。研究揭示了构造裂缝受“构造作用-岩石脆性-力学层厚度”三者的协同控制作用;明确了成岩裂缝主要受纹层组合、总有机碳含量及热演化程度的联合控制;厘清了异常高压裂缝的发育关键取决于超压的形成机制与保存条件。
4) 裂缝发育对页岩油气成藏具有双重性:既提供优势运移通道和有效储集空间,控制“甜点”区分布,也可能因过度发育破坏页岩自封闭性,导致油气逸散及烃类组分变差。裂缝类型、尺度与应力的优化配置,形成“适度发育”的协同缝网,是实现页岩油气高效富集与高产的关键因素。

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2026年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.YQC2025-0020
  • 接收时间:2026-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-31
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    1 东北石油大学地球科学学院,黑龙江   大庆   163318
    2 东北石油大学非常规油气研究院,黑龙江   大庆   163318
    3 中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心(东北地质科技创新中心),辽宁   沈阳   110034

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王博洋(1992—),男,博士,教授,主要从事非常规油气地质方面研究。地址:黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区高新技术产业开发区学府街99号东北石油大学,邮政编码:163318。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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