Article(id=1322941555748766189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773158400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343445956, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343445956, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343445956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343445956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1151, endPage=1170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941556960920047, articleId=1322941555748766189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Lithofacies and organic matter enrichment mechanisms of Eocene mixed shales in saline lacustrine basins, eastern China, columnId=1322941556788953582, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Specialist Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The Cenozoic rift lacustrine basins in eastern China are important hydrocarbon accumulation regions, with Eocene shales serving as major source rocks and shale oil and gas reservoirs. Despite similar depositional ages, the lake basins show significant differences in lithofacies characteristics, lake-water salinity, and organic matter abundance; a systematic understanding of the mechanisms of organic matter enrichment in shale is still lacking. This study selected the Jiyang Depression and Liaohe Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, the Jianghan Basin, and the Nanxiang Basin as the research objects. Through integrated analyses of lithofacies classification, mineral composition, and elemental and isotopic characteristics, the differences in continental shale sedimentary environments and organic matter enrichment mechanisms under climate-driven conditions in eastern China were investigated. The results showed that the intensified East Asian summer monsoon during the Eocene caused strong climatic fluctuations, with all basins generally reaching their maximum lake depth around 40 Ma. Cyclic climatic changes caused regular variations in lake-water salinity and led to the development of multiple fine-grained lithofacies, including laminated limestone/dolostone, calcareous/dolomitic mudstone, felsic shale, and calcareous/dolomitic shale. The Liaohe Depression was characterized by muddy analcime microcrystalline dolostone, the Dongying Sag by calcareous shale, the Nanxiang Basin mainly by siltstone, and the Jianghan Basin by dolostone/argillaceous glauberite rocks. Lake-water salinity exhibited regular regional differentiation, generally showing a north-to-south transition from saline-brackish to saline and ultimately to salt-lake environments. Lake-water salinity and water-column redox conditions controlled the generation and preservation of organic matter: warm-humid climates favored biological reproduction and organic matter input, generally resulting in higher total organic carbon (TOC) contents; in contrast, high water salinity caused by arid climate enhanced water-column stratification and bottom-water anoxia, favoring organic matter preservation. Although TOC contents were not necessarily high, the hydrocarbon generation conversion rate was high. Shales in the Jiyang Depression had relatively high TOC contents (1.5%-4.5%) and an oil saturation index (OSI) of 131 mg/g. Shales in the Jianghan Basin and Liaohe Depression had lower TOC contents (0-3%); the Liaohe Depression had an average OSI of 16 mg/g, whereas the Jianghan Basin had an average OSI of 159 mg/g, indicating that saline–alkaline depositional environments formed under high salinity, strong stratification, and favorable preservation conditions may be a key factor controlling shale oil enrichment. The findings reveal a coupling relationship among paleoclimate, lake-water salinity, depositional environments, and organic matter enrichment in Eocene rift lacustrine basins of eastern China, providing a regional geological basis for understanding the formation and enrichment mechanisms of continental shale oil under climate-driven conditions.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=XUAN TANG1, 2, LU YUN3, 4, XIPENG HE4, 5, YUQIAO GAO4, 6, YANG LIU7, ZIHENG GUAN1, 2, FUTONG ZHOU1, 2, YIRAN CHEN1, 2, GUANGZHAN YU1, 2, PENG ZUO1, 2, authorsList=XUAN TANG, LU YUN, XIPENG HE, YUQIAO GAO, YANG LIU, ZIHENG GUAN, FUTONG ZHOU, YIRAN CHEN, GUANGZHAN YU, PENG ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941563600503310, articleId=1322941555748766189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=中国东部咸化湖盆始新统混积页岩岩相及有机质富集机制, columnId=1322941557069971952, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

中国东部新生代断陷湖盆是重要的油气富集区,始新统页岩为主要烃源岩与页岩油气储层。尽管各湖盆沉积时代相近,但在岩相特征、湖水盐度及有机质丰度方面差异显著,页岩的有机质富集机制尚缺乏系统认识。本文选取渤海湾盆地的济阳坳陷、辽河坳陷、江汉盆地和南襄盆地为研究对象,综合分析岩相分类、矿物组成、元素与同位素特征,探讨在中国东部气候驱动下的陆相页岩沉积环境差异与有机质富集机制。结果表明,始新世东亚夏季风增强导致气候强烈波动,约40 Ma各湖盆普遍达到最大水深。气候的周期变化引起水体盐度规律性变化,形成层状灰岩/白云岩、钙质/白云质泥岩、长英质页岩、钙质/白云质页岩等多种细粒岩相类型。辽河坳陷以含泥方沸石微晶白云岩为特征,东营凹陷以灰质页岩为特点,南襄盆地则主要分布粉砂岩,江汉盆地以白云岩/泥质钙芒硝岩为主。湖水的盐度具有规律性区域分异特征,总体由北向南逐渐从咸水—半咸水转变为咸水至盐湖环境。湖水盐度及水体氧化还原状态控制有机质的形成与保存:湿热气候有利于生物繁殖和有机质输入,一般总有机碳(TOC)含量较高;而干旱气候导致的水体高盐度增强水体分层和底水缺氧程度,有利于有机质保存,TOC含量不一定高,但生烃转化率高。济阳坳陷页岩TOC含量较高(1.5%~4.5%),含油饱和度指数(OSI)为131 mg/g。江汉盆地与辽河坳陷页岩TOC含量较低(0~3%),辽河坳陷平均OSI为16 mg/g,而江汉盆地平均OSI达到159 mg/g,表明高盐度、强分层和良好保存条件形成的盐碱沉积环境可能是控制页岩油富集的关键因素。研究结果揭示了中国东部始新世断陷湖盆古气候、湖水盐度、沉积环境与有机质富集之间的耦合关系,为认识气候驱动下的陆相页岩油形成与富集机制提供了区域性的地质依据。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=唐玄1, 2, 云露3, 4, 何希鹏4, 5, 高玉巧4, 6, 刘飏7, 关子珩1, 2, 周富彤1, 2, 陈怡冉1, 2, 余光展1, 2, 左鹏1, 2, authorsList=唐玄, 云露, 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 刘飏, 关子珩, 周富彤, 陈怡冉, 余光展, 左鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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2 Key Laboratory of Strategy Evaluation for Shale Gas Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322941567425708585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941555748766189, authorId=1322941567094358565, language=CN, stringName=唐玄, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京 100083
2 自然资源部页岩气资源战略评价重点实验室,北京 100083, bio={"content":"

唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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articleId=1322941555748766189, companyId=1322941566695899678, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322941567010472481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941555748766189, xref=7, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941567014666786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941555748766189, companyId=1322941567010472481, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=7 Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941567027249699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941555748766189, companyId=1322941567010472481, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=7 大连海事大学,辽宁   大连 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70, 78-80, 85-90, 92-93]修改)

注:图9d潜江凹陷的ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值见右侧纵坐标。

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注:横坐标为δ18O, ‰;纵坐标为δ13C, ‰。

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注:OSI为含油饱和度指数。

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参数类型参数指标参数划分
淡水湖相微咸湖相咸湖相
古盐度ω(Sr)/ω(Ba)<0.20.2~0.5>0.5
ω(CaO)/[ω(CaO)+ω(Fe)]<0.20.2~0.5>0.5
1 000 ω(Rb)/ω(K)<4.04.0~6.0>6.0
ω(B)/ω(Ga)<3.03.0~6.0>6.0
参数类型参数指标参数划分
气候温暖湿润气候半湿润气候干燥炎热
古气候ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)<5.05.0~10.0>10.0
气候指数(C)>0.80.2~0.8<0.2
参数类型参数指标参数划分
氧化环境贫氧环境还原环境
古氧化还原ω(Ni)/ω(Co)<5.005.00~7.00>7.00
ω(U)/ω(Th)<0.750.75~1.25>1.25
ω(V)/ω(Cr)<2.002.00~4.25>4.25
), ArticleFig(id=1322941580323193488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941555748766189, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积古环境判识参数指标(据文献[62-65]修改)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型参数指标参数划分
淡水湖相微咸湖相咸湖相
古盐度ω(Sr)/ω(Ba)<0.20.2~0.5>0.5
ω(CaO)/[ω(CaO)+ω(Fe)]<0.20.2~0.5>0.5
1 000 ω(Rb)/ω(K)<4.04.0~6.0>6.0
ω(B)/ω(Ga)<3.03.0~6.0>6.0
参数类型参数指标参数划分
气候温暖湿润气候半湿润气候干燥炎热
古气候ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)<5.05.0~10.0>10.0
气候指数(C)>0.80.2~0.8<0.2
参数类型参数指标参数划分
氧化环境贫氧环境还原环境
古氧化还原ω(Ni)/ω(Co)<5.005.00~7.00>7.00
ω(U)/ω(Th)<0.750.75~1.25>1.25
ω(V)/ω(Cr)<2.002.00~4.25>4.25
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中国东部咸化湖盆始新统混积页岩岩相及有机质富集机制
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唐玄 1, 2 , 云露 3, 4 , 何希鹏 4, 5 , 高玉巧 4, 6 , 刘飏 7 , 关子珩 1, 2 , 周富彤 1, 2 , 陈怡冉 1, 2 , 余光展 1, 2 , 左鹏 1, 2
油气藏评价与开发 | 专家论坛 2026,16(6): 1151-1170
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油气藏评价与开发 |专家论坛 2026 , 16 (6) : 1151 -1170
中国东部咸化湖盆始新统混积页岩岩相及有机质富集机制
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唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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唐玄1, 2 , 云露3, 4, 何希鹏4, 5, 高玉巧4, 6, 刘飏7, 关子珩1, 2, 周富彤1, 2, 陈怡冉1, 2, 余光展1, 2, 左鹏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京 100083
  • 2 自然资源部页岩气资源战略评价重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 3 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院,北京 102206
  • 4 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 5 中国石化华东油气分公司,江苏   南京 210019
  • 6 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019
  • 7 大连海事大学,辽宁   大连 116026
作者简介:

唐玄(1979—),男,博士,教授,从事页岩油气地质评价研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

Lithofacies and organic matter enrichment mechanisms of Eocene mixed shales in saline lacustrine basins, eastern China
XUAN TANG1, 2 , LU YUN3, 4, XIPENG HE4, 5, YUQIAO GAO4, 6, YANG LIU7, ZIHENG GUAN1, 2, FUTONG ZHOU1, 2, YIRAN CHEN1, 2, GUANGZHAN YU1, 2, PENG ZUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Strategy Evaluation for Shale Gas Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
  • 4 State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Efficient Development, Beijing 102206, China
  • 5 Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
  • 6 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
  • 7 Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250105
文章导航
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咸化湖盆  /  混积页岩  /  页岩岩相  /  有机质富集  /  氧化还原  /  古盐度  /  古气候  /  始新统
saline lacustrine basin  /  mixed shale  /  shale lithofacies  /  organic matter enrichment  /  redox  /  paleosalinity  /  paleoclimate  /  Eocene
唐玄, 云露, 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 刘飏, 关子珩, 周富彤, 陈怡冉, 余光展, 左鹏. 中国东部咸化湖盆始新统混积页岩岩相及有机质富集机制. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1151 -1170 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250105
XUAN TANG, LU YUN, XIPENG HE, YUQIAO GAO, YANG LIU, ZIHENG GUAN, FUTONG ZHOU, YIRAN CHEN, GUANGZHAN YU, PENG ZUO. Lithofacies and organic matter enrichment mechanisms of Eocene mixed shales in saline lacustrine basins, eastern China[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1151 -1170 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250105
目前,中国东部盆地是陆相页岩油勘探开发主战场[1-2]。相较于海洋沉积环境,湖泊环境对气候更为敏感,湖相页岩在干湿气候频繁交替和湖平面剧烈波动的背景下表现出非均质性强和黏土矿物含量高的特征,也给页岩油气资源的富集带来巨大影响[3-5]。在世界范围内,深湖环境生成的页岩油也占很大比例,典型的湖相页岩包括美国尤因塔盆地的绿河组,澳大利亚库珀盆地的罗斯尼思组、伊普西隆组和默特里组,巴基斯坦科哈特盆地的巴哈杜尔—凯尔组,印度阿萨姆—阿拉干盆地的科皮里组,以及中国茂名盆地油柑窝组、珠江口盆地文昌组、北部湾盆地流沙港组、依兰盆地达连河组、柴达木盆地的下干柴沟组、渤海湾盆地的沙河街组、江汉盆地的潜江组、南襄盆地的核桃园组。中国东部古近纪始新世发育了多套富有机质页岩,包括渤海湾盆地的沙河街组、江汉盆地的潜江组和南襄盆地的核桃园组。不同湖盆显示出不同的湖水盐度特征,进而在页岩有机物富集、油气生成和保存特征方面表现出较大差异,前人认识可能受到纬度、气候、海侵和火山的影响[6-7]。
目前研究表明:①对于始新统混合页岩岩相的研究已从单一矿物分类,发展到综合矿物组分、沉积构造和有机质丰度的多因素分类。例如,济阳坳陷始新统页岩被划分为4个大类、9个小类岩相[6]。②有机质富集受环境影响较大,影响要素包括生产力、保存条件、湖水盐度、水深等因素,有机质富集是高初级生产力和强还原保存条件共同作用的结果。咸化水体易形成盐度分层,底层缺氧利于有机质保存。但不同盆地有机质富集的主控因素存在差异[7-8],例如柴达木盆地下干柴沟组上段因营养供给不足和沉积速率快,导致总有机碳(TOC)含量偏低[9]。③泥质纹层和灰质纹层通过控制黏土矿物转化和碱性矿物溶蚀-再沉淀对页岩生烃产生影响。目前,针对单个盆地或凹陷的案例分析较多,而针对古气候等具有广泛区域性影响的认识不足。亟待从更宏观的角度,系统性对比分析影响页岩沉积的核心参数,厘清参数的适用性条件,从而形成更科学的认识和结论。
以中国东部始新统咸化湖盆为研究对象(图1),以古新世—始新世极热期至始新世—渐新世过渡期等全球重大气候事件和东亚季风为背景,从古气候、古环境、古氧化还原条件和风化强度的角度,分析对比渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷、济阳坳陷的沙河街组三段(以下简称沙三段)至沙河街组四段(以下简称沙四段)、南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核桃园组三段(以下简称核三段)至核桃园组四段(以下简称核四段)、江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组二段(以下简称潜二段)至潜江组三段(以下简称潜三段)TOC含量和生烃潜力的差异,总结4个盆地始新统页岩有机质富集和生烃机制。所得结论具有广泛的推广价值,对东部盆地页岩新区块勘探和开发具有重要帮助。
中国东部盆地古近系始新统湖相页岩分布广,从北向南依次为渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙河街组、渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙河街组、南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核桃园组、江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组[10-13]。
辽河坳陷位于渤海湾盆地东北部,坳陷区处于断层控制下的新生代长期沉降带,以大幅度深陷为特征,古近系地层发育,具有良好的油气生成和储集条件[14],发育多套湖相暗色泥岩。根据岩性、电性和生物组成特征,沙河街组自下而上可分为4个段,分别为沙四段、沙三段、沙河街组二段(以下简称沙二段)和沙河街组一段(以下简称沙一段)。以浅湖、半深湖相泥页岩及扇三角洲相砂砾岩、砂岩沉积为主,局部发育湖相碳酸盐岩。始新世中期沙三段沉积时期,辽河坳陷整体处于裂谷拉张深陷期,沉积了巨厚的半深湖—深湖相砂泥岩地层,页岩地层在西部凹陷、东部凹陷和大民屯凹陷广泛分布。
济阳坳陷在构造上属于渤海湾盆地中部次级负向构造单元,经历了多期构造运动,其构造演化过程可大致分为古生代挤压变形阶段、中生代的断陷阶段以及新生代的断裂拉张构造运动3个演化阶段,新生代是渤海湾盆地伸展裂陷的主要阶段。东营凹陷古近纪地层为煤和油页岩油等非常规能源矿产的重要赋存层位,主要页岩层段为沙三下亚段、沙四上亚段[15]。
南襄盆地形成于中生代,是位于新生代扬子地台与秦岭—大别造山带交汇发育的陆相断陷盆地。盆地可进一步划分为3个凹陷和4个凸起。凹陷即襄枣凹陷、南阳凹陷和泌阳凹陷;凸起包括新野凸起、师岗凸起、社旗凸起和唐河低凸起[16]。南襄盆地核桃园组经历了强烈断陷期,厚度介于2 000~3 000 m,可划分为三段:核三段为主力含油层系,该段厚度介于1 100~2 000 m,其下部和中部为深灰色泥岩夹白云岩和砂岩,上部为碱性白云岩;核桃园组二段(以下简称核二段)厚度介于700~800 m,岩性主要为泥质白云岩、白云质泥岩、泥岩和油页岩;核桃园组一段(以下简称核一段)厚度介于400~500 m,局部与下伏的大仓房地层呈不整合接触,岩性主要为灰绿色泥岩、白云岩和油页岩[17]。
江汉盆地是位于中扬子地块内的中新生代中型裂谷盆地[18]。盆地当前特征主要形成于晚侏罗世至早白垩世。由于中国东部的陆内造山运动,周围山脉带和地块经历了强烈的隆起[19-20]。从晚白垩世到古近纪,江汉盆地经历了太平洋板块回撤和南亚碰撞引起的上地幔活跃上涌。这种背景导致了多期裂谷作用,并在盆地中形成了广泛的硅质碎屑沉积物、蒸发岩和大量玄武岩流沉积物。江汉盆地包括十几个次级凹陷,其中潜江凹陷是位于盆地中部的富烃凹陷(图1)[10-13]。从晚白垩世到古近纪,潜江凹陷经历了2个不同的伸展裂谷阶段,以玄武岩熔岩流的多次幕式喷出为特征[18]。江陵凹陷古近系沉积序列中存在多种类型岩石,包括碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、蒸发岩和油页岩[21],在古新世至始新世早期,潜江凹陷受环境影响,岩性以蒸发岩为主[22]。
始新世时期,亚洲东部是显著的季风影响区[23]。东亚季风主要受太阳辐射、大气环流及陆海热力差异等多重因素的综合控制,具有显著的大陆性、季节性和复杂性特征。结合前人花粉记录与古气候重建结果可知,在晚白垩世至古新世期间,中国存在一条自西向东延伸的广泛干旱带[24],表明当时气候格局呈现出明显的干湿分带特征,东亚季风体系尚未形成或仍处于早期阶段。随后,中国东部地区在渐新世与中新世的分界期,气候由干旱转变为湿润。气候分带的基线变化通常被解释为全球大气环流格局由行星环流向季风环流转变的标志[25]。多项研究表明,东亚夏季风的盛行与加强,使来自海洋的水汽得以大规模输送至中国东部地区,从而显著增强了区域降水,推动了气候的湿润性[26]。这一过程不仅重塑了中国东部的古气候格局,也对沉积环境演化和有机质富集过程产生了深远影响。前人研究了氧同位素与东亚夏季风强度之间的关系,并利用济阳坳陷沙三段至沙四段氧同位素的纵向分布,明确了始新世期间中国东部广大地区东亚夏季风的变化趋势。
始新世是地质历史的关键时期,发生了一系列全球气候事件,包括古新世—始新世极热事件(Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum,PETM)、早始新世气候适宜期(Early Eocene Climatic Optimum,EECO)、中始新世气候适宜期(Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum,MECO)以及晚始新世—早渐新世全球气候变冷事件。研究表明,古近纪主要发生2次全球性的气候变化,分别为PETM和始新世—渐新世变冷事件。
PETM是巨量碳注入地球表层系统所导致的一次快速增温事件[27-30],发生在距今55 Ma的始新世初,在一个地质年代时期内全球平均气温上升5~8 ℃,陆地生态系统的初级生产力在PETM事件后得到大幅提升。虽然历时短暂,只有约200 ka [31-32],地球温暖时间持续了80~200 ka,但对整个始新世的气温都产生了巨大影响,整个始新世期间直到渐新世都是偏温暖的气候。
发生PETM后,始新世期间又发生了2次极热事件,即EECO和MECO。PETM和第二次始新世极热事件(Eocene Thermal Maximum 2,ETM-2)为短周期的极热事件,持续时间介于10~200 ka;EECO和MECO为长周期极热事件,但每个独立的热事件持续时间较短[23-24,27]。始新世—渐新世过渡期(Eocene-Oligocene transition,EOT)发生在34 Ma前后,是新生代最显著的气候变冷事件之一,标志着地球气候由“温室”进入“冰室”[33]。中始新世气候最适宜期,即MECO是在40 Ma前发生持续时间约500 ka的广泛海洋-大气变暖事件,主要表现为大气CO2含量上升、生物变化和深海碳酸盐溶解时间延长[34-36]。
渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙三段和江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜三段、潜江组四段(以下简称潜四段)发现了火山活动的痕迹。火山喷发会释放大量的SO2与火山灰。SO2在大气中转化形成酸雨,加速了陆源物质的风化,从而增强了陆源碎屑及营养物质向湖泊体系的输入。与此同时,火山灰的分解也可释放出丰富的营养元素,为湖泊沉积体系提供了额外的物质来源。这2种途径所提供的丰富营养物质显著提升了湖盆的初级生产力,促进了有机质的沉积与富集。在研究区江汉盆地潜江凹陷地区,火山灰沉降释放的营养元素进一步促进了湖盆的生物繁盛,但随之而来的高温与盐度升高的环境条件,也可能对水生生物的生长造成一定限制。
始新世时期,中国东部多个盆地受到不同程度的海侵影响,例如研究区中渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷以东地区[37-43],已有研究认为海侵过程有利于湖盆中优质烃源岩的形成与保存[44-46],其主要机制包括:①海水的侵入携带丰富的营养物质,提升了湖泊初级生产力;②海侵增强了湖水分层,使深水区氧气补给受限,从而导致底层水体的氧化还原条件发生变化,有助于有机质的富集与保存[47-48]。
济阳坳陷沙四段上部发生海侵的证据是发现大量各种海相和海陆过渡相化石,沙三段下部主要包括大量各种孔虫和甲藻的海相化石,表明在渤海湾盆地中最富油气的烃源岩层段,即沙三段、沙四段受到海洋影响。这些层段的烃源岩被认为比纯湖相层段烃源岩具有更高的TOC含量(≥2%)和更优质的有机质类型(Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型干酪根)[44-45]。济阳坳陷在海水侵入时期形成的烃源岩含有丰富的藿烷,TOC含量大于2%,S1+S2(S1为游离烃的含烃量,S2为裂解烃的含烃量,S1+S2用来表示生烃潜量)含量为20 mg/g[44-45]。泌阳凹陷核三段通过古生物学、微量元素和生物标志物被证实有海侵现象发生[43]。
总体来看,始新世期间大气CO2含量呈先升后降的变化趋势,其转折点出现在EECO。从EECO至晚EOT,CO2含量总体处于持续下降阶段,仅在MECO出现短暂回升。东亚夏季风强度的变化趋势与CO2含量具有良好对应关系,同样表现为先增强后减弱的特征,其转折期也与MECO时期对应。全球大气CO2含量的波动及东亚夏季风强度的演化与始新世关键气候事件密切相关,大气中CO2含量升高也可能和EECO高温加速了硅酸盐风化有关[49],形成了足够厚的碳酸钠蒸发岩所需碱性较高的水体条件,这种条件下的化学风化作用增强解释了美国和中国在始新世时期碳酸钠蒸发岩群的形成过程[50]。
本文以中国东部盆地典型断陷咸化湖盆为研究对象,结合始新世时期中国东部的沉积构造背景和气候变化背景,对渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷和济阳坳陷沙三段—沙四段、南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核二段—核三段和江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜三段—潜四段的陆相页岩开展岩相、矿物、有机质和古气候比较研究。开展典型井分析,包括X射线衍射分析矿物组成、X射线荧光光谱法元素分析、碳氧同位素分析、TOC含量和岩石热解分析,并结合大量前人研究结果,系统分析中国东部盆地页岩岩相和元素组成的纵向变化,依据元素变化探究始新世时期古气候变化,以及古气候对古环境、有机质富集和生烃的影响,最后形成始新世时期中国东部地区咸化湖盆形成模式。
渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙三段至沙四段的矿物主要由碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物组成,黏土矿物含量介于50%~100%,碳酸盐矿物含量介于50%~100%,长英质矿物含量介于25%~75%(图2)[51-54],碳酸盐矿物包括方解石、白云石和方沸石。渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙三段至沙四段矿物主要由碳酸盐矿物和长英质矿物组成,碳酸盐矿物含量介于50%~100%,长英质矿物含量介于50%~100%,黏土矿物含量介于20%~80%。南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核桃园组中,矿物成分包括碳酸盐矿物、长英质矿物和黏土矿物。碳酸盐矿物包括方解石、白云石和方沸石。江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组的矿物成分主要集中在高碳酸盐岩含量(50%~100%)、高硅酸盐岩含量(75%~100%)和相对较低的黏土矿物含量,碳酸盐矿物包括方解石和白云石。
4个研究区始新统页岩都包含混合岩相。碳酸盐矿物含量高的区域与盐湖有关。除混合岩相区分布外,渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙三段至沙四段和江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组也分布在碳酸盐矿物含量高的地区,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷的沙三段至沙四段则分布在黏土矿物含量高的地区。
从北到南,黏土矿物含量逐渐降低,硅质矿物含量逐渐增加。从岩相组成来看,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙三段至沙四段的页岩岩相包括泥质页岩、混合岩性页岩、粉砂质混合页岩和钙质混合页岩[55-57]。渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙三段至沙四段的岩相组成包括层状灰岩、互层灰岩、层状黏土岩、层状细粉砂岩、层状泥质细粒混积岩和层状粉质黏土细粒混积岩。南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核三段的岩相包括块状硅质泥岩、块状泥质页岩、层状砂质页岩、层状黏土质页岩、层状钙质页岩、层状泥质页岩和砂岩[17]。江汉盆地潜江凹陷的潜三段至潜四段岩相包括灰色泥质石膏、灰色泥岩、浊/钙质石膏、浊混积岩、灰色混积岩、泥质混积岩、硫酸盐混积岩和盐岩[58-61]。
4个研究区在始新统页岩层段均有泥页岩、灰质页岩、云质页岩,济阳坳陷还包括粉砂岩、灰岩,泌阳凹陷还包括粉砂岩,潜江凹陷还包括云岩、钙芒硝岩和石盐岩。从北往南,咸化程度逐渐增强,从咸水—半咸水逐渐转化为咸水至盐湖环境(图3)。
在湖泊沉积物中,通常使用主、微量元素分布来指示古沉积环境,包括古盐度、古氧化还原条件、古气候等(表1)[62-65]。通过运用对沉积环境反应敏感的Sr、Ba、Cu、Mn、Ca、Ni、V、Th、U、Ti、Mg等元素,结合相应的主、微量元素参数比值对中国东部盆地典型页岩层系(渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙河街组、渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙河街组、南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核桃园组和江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组)形成的古环境进行综合研究。
在古盐度方面,常用的参数有ω(CaO)/[ω(CaO)+ω(Fe)]、ω(Sr)/ω(Ba)、1 000 ω(Rb)/ω(K)和ω(B)/ω(Ga)[48]。在天然水中,Sr元素在相同条件下比Ba元素运移更远。在淡水与盐水混合时,淡水中的Ba2+会与盐水中的SO42-结合形成BaSO4,然后发生沉淀。SrSO4具有很高的溶解度,在生物作用下发生进一步运移和沉淀[60-62,66-67]。Ba和Sr在岩石埋藏成岩过程中会发生显著改变,一些含Sr矿物会在成岩作用过程中释放出Sr2+,如长石的钠长石化和蒙脱石的脱水过程[68]。此外,Ba在埋藏成岩过程中也很容易迁移[69-70]。在成岩作用的早期阶段,富含有机质的沉积物中通常含有大量的重晶石,这些重晶石在缺氧的底层水或孔隙水中发生还原性溶解[71],导致了Ba2+的释放[17]。
在古氧化还原方面,ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]、ω(Ni)/ω(Co)和ω(V)/ω(Ni)常被作为恢复古水体氧化还原条件的地球化学指标。在氧化环境中,Ni以Ni+的形式存在,而Co以Co2+的形式溶解在水中。古氧化还原条件反映了沉积期湖水的含氧量。V、Ni和Cr对沉积环境中的氧化还原变化很敏感,能够反映古环境的氧化还原条件[72-73]。ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]值大于0.84,表明水体分层,底层水中存在H2S厌氧环境;ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]值介于0.54~0.72,表示水体分层不明显的厌氧环境;ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]值介于0.46~0.60,表示水体弱分层的贫氧环境[74]。
古气候影响水位变化和水环境条件。古温度、湿度和日照量控制着碳酸盐种类的多样性、生成量和沉积过程。此外,温暖的气候条件往往能提供充足的降雨,使河流能够将营养物质和有机质输送到湖泊,从而进一步提高初级生产力[75];然而也会导致水分层和流动循环弱。在古气候方面,气候指数(C)和古盐度恢复采用ω(Sr)/ω(Cu),其中C=∑[ω(Fe)、ω(Mn)、ω(Cr)、ω(Ni)、ω(V)、ω(Co)]/∑[ω(Ca)、ω(Mg)、ω(K)、ω(Na)、ω(Sr)、ω(Ba)],Sr是喜干元素,Cu是喜湿元素。在干旱条件下,由于供水减少和水质碱度增加,Ca、Mg、K、Na、Sr、Ba等元素大量沉淀和沉积;在潮湿的气候条件下,岩石中存在更多的元素,如Fe、Mn、Cr、Ni、V、Co。
通常在温暖潮湿的条件下,降雨量充足;而在干旱条件下,淡水输入减少和蒸发强度提高会导致湖水盐含量增加,可能会增加ω(Mg)/ω(Ca)值,并随后导致碳酸盐(白云石)的沉淀。因此,较高的ω(Mg)/ω(Ca)值表示在干燥气候条件下水分蒸发强度更高[17]。
Nesbitt等[63]首次提出了化学蚀变指数(CIA)来定量评估沉积岩(泥岩)的风化历史,用于评估泥质岩的化学风化强度与物源区风化历史[64-65,76-79]。该指标的理论基础在于化学风化过程中长石类矿物的分解及其向黏土矿物的转化过程。
ICIA={χ(Al2O3)/[χ(Al2O3)+χ(CaO)+χ(Na2O)+χ(K2O)]}×100
式中:ICIA为化学蚀变指数;χ()表示摩尔分数。
CIA常用于表征源区化学风化强度:CIA介于50~<65表示初级风化作用,65~85表示中等程度风化,而>85~100则反映了强烈化学风化过程。另外,CIA并非单纯反映化学风化程度,还可能受到多种因素的影响,包括沉积物物源差异、水动力条件下的粒度分选效应以及沉积后期K+的加入(如成岩伊利石化或交代作用)。在富含碳酸盐的泥质岩中直接采用CIA评估风化强度可能导致偏差,因为碳酸盐矿物中的CaO会干扰硅酸盐系统中CaO摩尔分数计算,从而降低指数的准确性[80-82]。
从始新世早期开始,4个盆地的湖水都具有较高的盐度,这与盆地的干热气候有关。在干旱气候的影响下,古湖水不断蒸发浓缩,在凹陷内形成了咸水沉积体系。江汉盆地盐度较高,渤海湾盆地次之。江汉盆地潜江组具有碳酸钙和盐岩等特征性盐湖矿物,而渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷具有石膏等特征性盐湖矿物。渤海湾盆地在始新世早期至47 Ma的盐度相对较高,47 Ma之后到始新世末期表现出微咸水的特征。在古气候方面,这4个地区在始新世期间均表现为干热气候,而渤海湾盆地的气候在47~45 Ma期间经历了从干旱到湿润、半湿润的转变。东营凹陷和泌阳凹陷的ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值相对较小,反映了相较于辽河坳陷和潜江凹陷更湿润的气候,而潜江凹陷则处于干热气候中(图4)[12,83]。在页岩发育区间内,Sr、B、V元素在泌阳凹陷核三段下部相对富集较多,ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值普遍大于10,ω(V)/ω(Cr)值普遍大于2,反映了这个时期主要为干热气候,沉积环境为微还原的咸水环境;核三段的上部与下部相反,Sr、B和V元素含量显著降低(图5、图6)[12,83-89]。ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值一般小于10,ω(V)/ω(Cr)值大多小于2,表明气候主要为温暖湿润。潜四段沉积期,古气候指标中的化学蚀变指数小于0.2,ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值极高,表明干热气候;潜三段沉积期ω(Sr)/ω(Cu)值下降,表明气候向温暖湿润开始转变(图7)[58-60,90]。
在古氧化还原条件方面,40 Ma前后,4个盆地均表现出由还原环境向氧化环境过渡的趋势(图8)[85-87,91]。从氧化-还原的角度来看,潜江凹陷的ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]值最高,均处于还原环境,而泌阳凹陷的ω(V)/[ω(V)+ω(Ni)]值最小,大多是在强氧化条件下。核三段下部的V元素相对富集,ω(V)/ω(Cr)值普遍大于2,表明该时期的沉积环境是一个相对还原的咸化环境;核三段上部与下部相反,V元素含量显著降低,ω(V)/ω(Cr)值大多小于2,表明沉积环境是弱氧化的淡水环境。52~47 Ma时期,风化程度逐渐增强,这与始新世早期全球气温的短暂上升有关。经过一段时间后风化程度开始减弱,在42 Ma左右再次增强。在这4个研究区中,辽河坳陷始新世的风化程度最弱,大部分时期属于弱风化。东营凹陷和潜江凹陷的风化程度较强,东营凹陷最强,这与古盐度参数Sr/Ba的趋势相似(图9)[58-60,70,78-80,85-90,92-93]。在岩性方面,4个地区的岩性在垂向上自下而上表现出砂泥比逐渐增大的趋势,由深湖的纯泥岩转变为半深湖的含砂质夹层泥岩。在40 Ma左右的MECO事件中,存在较厚的砂岩夹层,砂泥比显著增加。气候变热后,沉积速率呈增加趋势,季节差异变大,夏季降雨量增加,导致河流等来源的陆源碎屑输入增加,同时也提高了湖泊的生产力。
碳氧同位素是湖泊开放程度的良好指标。因为湖泊中的藻类会消耗12C,从而增加水中的δ13C,而有机质的氧化会产生12CO2,导致水中δ13C减少。此外,淡水的δ13C远低于湖水,淡水流入会降低湖水的δ13C,而蒸发会增加湖水的δ13C[94]。在氧同位素中,较轻的16O更有可能从水面逃逸到空气中,增加湖水的δ18O,而潮湿的气候和降雨将使湖水的δ18O接近淡水中通常记录的值[95]。根据研究结果整合了已发表的碳氧同位素数据(图9)[58-60,70,78-80,85-90,92-93],在现代开放/封闭湖泊中通过同位素研究建立开放/封闭湖泊图解[96-97]。
非碱性微咸水湖是指在大多数时期水体盐度已达到碳酸盐饱和,但未达到硫酸盐和氯化物饱和的湖泊。非碱性咸水湖的典型例子包括始新世—渐新世渤海湾盆地(沙河街组沉积时期)东营凹陷[98-100]和松辽盆地(嫩江组和青山口组沉积时期)[101-103]的湖泊。碱性微咸水湖是指水体碱度高(pH值大于9)、矿化度相对较低、碳酸钠矿物欠饱和的湖泊。
根据含白云岩层序中是否存在丰富的同时代火山岩和凝灰质岩,中国碱性微咸水湖分为富凝灰岩型和贫凝灰岩型两种类型。两种碱性微咸水湖的白云岩由相似的碳氧同位素组成,表明其白云岩在成因上是有联系的。碱性微咸水湖白云岩的δ13C值为正,介于>0~10‰[104],而其δ18O值大多为负,介于-20‰~<0[105-113](图10)[114-118]。渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷在古近系沙河街组沉积期间为贫凝灰岩型碱性微咸水湖[108]。碱性微咸水湖泊中的白云岩主要赋存于湖中心沉积物中,包括纹层状方沸石白云岩、钠长石白云岩、白云质方沸石、泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩等岩相。除了方沸石外,钠长石、重晶石和地开石在这些碱性微咸水湖沉积物中也很常见[106]。
碱性盐湖被称为“苏打湖”,其特征是在湖中心广泛沉积层状碳酸钠。中国碱性盐湖包括核桃园组沉积期的南襄盆地泌阳凹陷[104]。准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷碱性盐湖与泌阳凹陷不同,还含有丰富的火山岩和凝灰岩物质[119]。碱性盐湖中的白云石矿物主要以孤立分散的晶体或聚集体赋存于白云质泥岩和白云质凝灰岩中[120-121]。碱性盐湖白云岩的δ13C值介于0~7‰,δ18O值介于5‰~15‰[119,121-124](图10)。
根据4个凹陷碳氧同位素的平面分布来看,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙三段至沙四段水体为碱性微咸水湖,渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙三段至沙四段水体为非碱性盐湖和碱性咸化湖泊,南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核一段至核二段水体为碱性盐湖,江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜三段至潜四段水体为非碱性咸湖。
渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷烃源岩TOC含量相对较低,主要集中在0~3%,表现出明显的两段式分布特征。第一阶段为42.4~39.2 Ma,有机质富集程度最高时间在42.0 Ma左右(TOC含量为2.5%);第二阶段为39.1~38.0 Ma,有机质富集峰值在38.5 Ma左右(TOC含量为2.8%)。渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙三段页岩的TOC含量主要分布在1.5%~4.5%,有机质含量普遍较高。从下到上,表现为2个长期变化阶段。第一阶段为42.4~39.2 Ma,有机质富集度最高时间在41 Ma左右(TOC含量为4.5%);第二阶段为39.1~38.0 Ma,有机质富集度出现峰值时间在38.5 Ma左右(TOC含量为3.0%)。南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核三段TOC含量相对较高,主要分布在0~6%,在42.1~37.5 Ma呈现出波动增加的趋势,在39.2~38 Ma处于大规模有机质富集阶段,TOC含量主要分布在2%~6%。江汉盆地潜江凹陷烃源岩TOC含量也相对较低,主要分布在0~4%,整体表现出较大的波动,在40.2 Ma时达到最大值3.8%(图11)[60,92-93,125]。4个研究区页岩的有机质类型都以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主,为生油型有机质[126-129]。
在4个地区的始新统页岩中,从下到上总有机碳含量逐渐降低,对应大约55 Ma前PETM导致的全球变暖向大约34 Ma前EOT导致全球变冷的转变。全球气温升高会增强风化,温暖的气候有利于生物繁殖,使有机质来源更丰富。中始新世气候适宜期(MECO)发生在大约40 Ma前,全球气温短暂上升,41~39 Ma前,4个地区均有TOC明显短暂上升的现象。
横向对比4个盆地的TOC含量,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷沙三段、沙四段的TOC含量最低,江汉盆地潜三段—潜四段的TOC含量也很低,南襄盆地核桃园三段的TOC含量相对较高。古盐度高的地区TOC含量较低,这可能与盐作为催化剂促进有机质热演化过程有关。同时,盐可以隔离有机质与氧气的接触,有利于有机质的保存。
综合比较4个研究区的TOC和S1+S2含量,东营凹陷是济阳坳陷的次一级凹陷,其TOC含量最高,但S1+S2的平均值和中值最低,反映了渤海湾盆地东营凹陷的生烃转化率较低。南襄盆地泌阳凹陷TOC含量排第二,但S1+S2含量较低,也具有生烃转化率低的特点。辽河坳陷和潜江凹陷具有相反的特征,TOC含量较低,但S1+S2含量较高,反映了这2个地区的高油气转化率(图12)[130-134],这一现象可能与海侵作用将更多有机质输入到济阳坳陷和泌阳凹陷中有关。其中,济阳坳陷距离海洋较近,有机质输送更多。济阳坳陷和泌阳凹陷都具有相对潮湿的环境,有利于微生物生长,有机质分解作用更强,不利于有机质转化为油气,导致生烃转化率较低。
在有机质聚集后的早期成岩阶段,有机物发生强烈降解作用的同时,火山活动的影响使湖水中形成了缺氧-富硫化氢的水化学环境,从而改善了有机质的运移与保存条件,有利于优质烃源岩的形成[135]。前人研究认为,火山活动增强了陆源物质的风化作用,加速了风化产物的搬运与输入,从而导致进入湖泊的碎屑物质显著增加。与此同时,火山活动可能诱发湖盆内生物生产力的短期爆发,使黑色页岩在高生产力条件下沉积。火山喷发过程还会消耗环境中的氧气,使湖盆水体处于缺氧-富硫化氢环境,有利于有机质的保存。
在海侵的影响下,泌阳凹陷核桃园组有机质富集的3个主要因素(初级生产力、保存条件和沉积速率)发生了变化。随着海侵程度的增加,有机质的初级生产力增加,沉积速率降低,这一过程导致有机质丰度增加和有机质质量提高,含油性增强,意味着海侵对湖相烃源岩的形成有积极影响[43]。
从页岩油可动性分布来看,潜江凹陷的页岩油可动性最好,其次是济阳坳陷、泌阳凹陷和辽河坳陷。潜江凹陷和济阳坳陷的OSI大部分数据点大于100 mg/g,而辽河坳陷的OSI数据点大多小于75 mg/g。从生烃潜力的分布可以看出,4个地区TOC与生烃潜力之间的相关性都很好,R2(决定系数,取值0~1,值越大表示模型拟合越好)大于0.77,相邻拟合曲线之间的斜率差小于2,表明4个地区的生烃转化率相似。从含油性来看,潜江凹陷含油量最高,TOC和S1+S2含量较高,油气转化率最高,其次是泌阳凹陷、济阳坳陷,辽河坳陷含油性最差。
典型咸化湖相页岩中有机质的富集受多种因素共同控制(图13),主要包括古氧化还原条件、陆源输入、古生产力、古盐度、古气候以及风化强度等。而对于油气富集而言,有机质的热演化转化效率和后期油气保存条件同样是决定性因素。
渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷位于较高纬度地区,在始新世时期受东亚夏季风影响较弱,风化程度较低,且未受到海侵作用。该地区火山活动频繁,对湖盆沉积环境产生显著影响。火山物质输入导致水体盐度偏低,有机质含量较低,但沉积过程中形成的还原环境有利于有机质热解转化,从而使生烃效率较高,页岩含油量相对较高(图14)。
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷地处近海区域,在始新世时期受海侵作用显著。海水入侵使湖水矿化度升高,同时东亚夏季风作用增强,形成了中等风化强度的干热气候条件。沉积环境从弱氧化逐渐过渡到还原环境,为有机质的保存提供了良好条件。该区烃源岩有机质丰度高,页岩油含量大,且富含碳酸盐矿物,有利于形成优质储层并促进油气的生成与保存[136](图14)。
南襄盆地泌阳凹陷在始新世时期也受到一定程度的海侵影响,但受东亚夏季风的影响相对较小。由于该区靠近内陆,风化程度低,湖水矿化度较低,气候以半湿润—干旱为主。沉积环境以弱氧化至氧化环境为主,不利于有机质的保存与转化,因而烃源岩TOC含量和含油量均较低(图14)。
江汉盆地潜江凹陷虽然位于内陆地区,但地处较低纬度,始新世时期受到强烈的东亚夏季风影响。该区气候干燥炎热,蒸发作用强烈,湖泊环境整体表现为高盐度特征。此外,潜江凹陷在始新世还受到频繁的火山活动与热液活动的双重影响。研究表明,火山灰降落与热液流体释放均能显著提升湖泊初级生产力[137-138]。火山及热液物质输入通过携带大量营养元素促进水体中浮游生物的繁殖,同时增加湖水盐度,强化水体分层,从而有利于有机质的沉积与保存[138]。此外,火山灰沉积所形成的水体分层阻隔了氧气的供给,减少了有机质的氧化作用,并在一定程度上防止了底层沉积物的扰动[139]。因此,潜江凹陷的页岩虽然整体TOC含量较低,但其生烃转化效率较高,表现出较强的生烃潜力(图14)。
以中国东部辽河、济阳、泌阳及潜江等典型湖盆为例,对盐湖盆地始新统混合页岩的岩相特征及有机质富集机制进行系统研究,结合地球化学、沉积学与气候事件分析,对构造-气候-沉积耦合条件下的页岩岩相差异与有机质富集规律进行了综合探讨。主要结论如下:
1) 全球气候变化、大气CO2含量波动及东亚夏季风强度与各湖盆地球化学参数具有显著对应关系。在中始新世暖期(约41~39 Ma),古气候、盐度及氧化还原条件均出现突变,反映湖泊体系对全球气候事件的敏感响应。
2) 各研究区块有机物富集对气候响应一致,但区域间差异明显。辽河坳陷与潜江凹陷受火山活动影响显著,干热气候与火山灰沉积共同作用下有机质含量偏低,但火山灰覆盖有利于抑制有机质氧化与促进生烃转化。济阳坳陷与泌阳凹陷受海侵作用影响,海水输入提高湖盆水体盐度并携带营养物质,使页岩TOC含量较高。整体上,始新世湖盆表现出还原性由北向南增强的规律。
3) 盐度变化对有机质的保存、生烃及油气运移具有关键控制作用。盐度与古气候-氧化还原条件的协同变化共同促进了富有机质页岩的形成。未来应加强古盐度重建及其与有机质分布的定量耦合研究,以深化对盐湖盆地页岩油成藏模式及控制机制的认识。

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2026年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250105
  • 接收时间:2026-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-11
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    1 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京 100083
    2 自然资源部页岩气资源战略评价重点实验室,北京 100083
    3 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院,北京 102206
    4 页岩油气富集机理与高效开发全国重点实验室,北京 102206
    5 中国石化华东油气分公司,江苏   南京 210019
    6 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019
    7 大连海事大学,辽宁   大连 116026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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