Article(id=1322941554578567712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1780588800000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343445677, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343445677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343445677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343445677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1240, endPage=1252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941555044135459, articleId=1322941554578567712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Development characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir space system in mixed shale: a case study of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, columnId=1322941494130258079, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Exploration, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Continental mixed shale reservoirs exhibit complex pore-fracture architectures and strong heterogeneity, which constitute one of the key geological factors restricting the optimal selection of shale oil “sweet spot” intervals and efficient development. To clarify reservoir-space types, the architecture of pore-fracture systems, and their main controlling factors in mixed shale, this study investigated the mixed shale from the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin. Experimental techniques, including core observation, thin-section analysis, microscopic characterization, low-temperature N2 adsorption, and high-pressure mercury intrusion, were integrated to systematically characterize the reservoir space and analyze its controlling factors. The results showed that the reservoir space in the Fengcheng Formation was mainly classified into three types: inorganic pores, organic matter pores, and microfracture systems. The inorganic pores included intergranular pores, intragranular dissolution pores, and intercrystalline pores, among which intergranular pores were dominant and mainly occurred between felsic mineral grains. The microfractures were primarily bedding fractures and tectonic microfractures, with apertures predominantly in the 10-30 μm range, and they contributed significantly to pore-fracture connectivity and fluid seepage capacity in reservoirs. Full-pore-size characterization indicated a typical bimodal pore-size distribution in shale of the study area, corresponding to a micropore domain below 100 nm and a macropore domain above 2 000 nm. The average total pore volume of the reservoir was about 0.008 5 cm³/g. Reservoir performance varied significantly among lithofacies, generally following the order: felsic shale > mixed shale > clay-rich shale. Mineral composition and lamination architecture collectively controlled the pore-fracture system by affecting reservoir space through pore enhancement by dissolution, pore reduction by cementation, and fracture development promoted by brittleness. Dissolution of quartz and plagioclase generated abundant secondary pores, while intercrystalline pores associated with clay minerals contributed to micropore volume. Carbonate cementation reduced pore-throat connectivity but could facilitate fracture development under tectonic stress. Interbedded felsic and mixed lithofacies promoted the development of bedding fractures, and organic-inorganic complexes within clay-rich laminae enhanced pore-network connectivity. Overall, pore-fracture coupled development is a key mechanism governing the effectiveness of mixed shale reservoirs and heterogeneity in their reservoir performance. These findings provide an important basis for constructing evaluation schemes for mixed shale oil reservoirs and optimizing the selection of “sweet spot” intervals.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=ZHENLIN WANG1, 2, GUOPING LIU3, CAIGUANG LIU1, JIANGLONG YU1, JIANKANG LU2, SONG CAO2, XING ZHANG3, YAHE LI3, XIANGQIN WANG4, authorsList=ZHENLIN WANG, GUOPING LIU, CAIGUANG LIU, JIANGLONG YU, JIANKANG LU, SONG CAO, XING ZHANG, YAHE LI, XIANGQIN WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=GUOPING LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941561239122496, articleId=1322941554578567712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=混积型页岩储集空间系统发育特征及影响因素, columnId=1322941494327390371, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气勘探, runingTitle=null, highlight=

陆相混积型页岩储层孔缝结构复杂、非均质性强,是制约页岩油“甜点”段优选与高效开发的关键地质因素之一。为明确混积型页岩储集空间类型、孔缝系统结构及其主控因素,本文以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组混积型页岩为研究对象,综合利用岩心观察、薄片分析、显微表征、氮气吸附、高压压汞等多种实验测试手段,系统开展储集空间精细表征与控制因素分析。研究表明,风城组混积型页岩储集空间主要划分为无机孔隙、有机质孔和微裂缝系统三大类型。其中,无机孔隙包括粒间孔、粒内溶蚀孔和晶间孔,粒间孔为优势孔隙类型,主要发育于长英质矿物颗粒间;微裂缝以层理缝和构造微裂缝为主,裂缝开度介于10~30 μm,对储层孔缝连通性及流体渗流能力具有显著改善作用。全孔径联合表征结果显示,研究区页岩孔径分布呈典型双峰特征,分别对应小于100 nm的微孔区间与大于2 000 nm的宏孔区间,储层总孔体积平均值约为0.008 5 cm³/g。不同岩相储集性能差异明显,整体表现为长英质页岩储集性最优,混合质页岩次之、黏土质页岩相对较差。矿物组分与纹层结构对孔-缝系统具有协同控制作用,主要通过溶蚀增孔、胶结减孔和脆性促裂机制影响储集空间演化:石英、斜长石发生溶蚀作用可形成大量次生孔隙,黏土矿物晶间孔贡献微孔体积,而碳酸盐矿物胶结作用会降低孔喉连通性但在构造应力作用下有利于裂缝形成。长英质—混合质互层组合利于层理缝发育,黏土质纹层中有机-无机复合体可促进孔隙网络连通。综合结果表明,孔-缝耦合发育机制是决定混积型页岩储层有效性及储集性能差异性的关键核心,可为混积型页岩油储层评价体系构建与“甜点”段优选提供重要依据。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=王振林1, 2, 刘国平3, 刘财广1, 于江龙1, 鲁健康2, 曹嵩2, 张星3, 李雅荷3, 王相琴4, authorsList=王振林, 刘国平, 刘财广, 于江龙, 鲁健康, 曹嵩, 张星, 李雅荷, 王相琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘国平, authorNote=

王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘国平(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规储层天然裂缝形成机理及表征预测、储层质量评价方面的研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
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王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

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王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

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Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2013, 34(2): 301-311., articleTitle=Characterization of microscopic pore structures in shale reservoirs, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941562463859268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941562497413702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, companyId=1322941562463859268, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941562539356743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, companyId=1322941562463859268, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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companyId=1322941563017507406, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941563256582736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, companyId=1322941563017507406, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322941572978979477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structural setting of Mahu Sag and Permian stratigraphic column, figureFileSmall=0TlaNZ6AgUItG7GMJqSqxg==, figureFileBig=JxMpIPkasVufr5a6pD4mCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941574681866903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, 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figureFileSmall=Iuc9wtZOOcZVmJ+zbBnisA==, figureFileBig=AFqP3Akw/AKKUMSA8tO9Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941575432647327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, language=CN, label=图3, caption=玛湖凹陷风城组储集空间类型

注:a为粒内孔,风云1井,云质页岩,6 017.12 m; b为粒内孔,玛湖54井,灰质页岩,5 302.54 m; c为粒间孔,玛页1井,长英质页岩,4 744.00 m; d为粒间孔,玛页1井,混合质页岩,4 713.30 m; e为黄铁矿晶间孔,玛页1井,混合质页岩4 713.30 m; f为黏土矿物晶间孔,玛湖54井,黏土质页岩,4 862.95 m;g为有机质孔,风云1井,长英质页岩,5 230.14 m; h为有机质孔,夏云1井,混合质页岩,5 372.89 m; i为有机质孔,夏云1井,混合质页岩,5 372.89 m。

, figureFileSmall=Iuc9wtZOOcZVmJ+zbBnisA==, figureFileBig=AFqP3Akw/AKKUMSA8tO9Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941575512339104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fracture types of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, figureFileSmall=//Yxggw7iwzSTmbOkwDdww==, figureFileBig=qY0dPUuvXCxxjnVfsYIOWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941575608808097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941554578567712, language=CN, label=图4, caption=玛湖凹陷风城组裂缝类型

注:a为构造缝,夏203井,云质页岩,4 804.47 m; b为层理缝,夏207井,灰质页岩,4 927.61 m; c为层理缝,玛页1井,混合质页岩,4 628.32 m; d为层理缝,玛湖54井,长英质页岩,5 134.04 m; e为构造微裂缝,玛页1井,长英质页岩,4 718.28 m; f为构造微裂缝,玛页1井,长英质页岩,4 824.60 m; g为碳钠钙石中粒缘缝,夏云1井,混合质页岩,5 384.09 m; h为硅硼钠石中解理缝和微裂缝,玛湖54井,长英质页岩,5 302.54 m; i为碳钠镁石中粒缘缝和穿粒缝,夏云1井,长英质页岩,5 097.27 m。

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注:a为玛湖54井,4 862.95 m,长英质纹层与混合质纹层互层; b为玛页1井,4 778.20 m,黏土质纹层; c为风云1井,6 017.12 m,云质纹层; d为玛页1井,4 852.59 m,长英质纹层与混合质纹层互层; e为玛页2井,4 430.01 m,长英质纹层; f为玛页1H井,4565.92 m,黏土质纹层; g为风云1井,5 230.14 m,有机质中发育粒缘缝和有机质孔; h为玛页1井,4 713.30 m,混合质页岩中粒缘缝、粒间孔十分发育,粒内溶蚀孔较发育; i为玛页1井,4 744.00 m,黏土矿物中晶间孔与粒间孔发育。

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混积型页岩储集空间系统发育特征及影响因素
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王振林 1, 2 , 刘国平 3 , 刘财广 1 , 于江龙 1 , 鲁健康 2 , 曹嵩 2 , 张星 3 , 李雅荷 3 , 王相琴 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气勘探 2026,16(6): 1240-1252
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气勘探 2026 , 16 (6) : 1240 -1252
混积型页岩储集空间系统发育特征及影响因素
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王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

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王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

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王振林1, 2 , 刘国平3, 刘财广1, 于江龙1, 鲁健康2, 曹嵩2, 张星3, 李雅荷3, 王相琴4
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   克拉玛依 834000
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京   102249
  • 3 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京 100083
  • 4 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
刘国平(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规储层天然裂缝形成机理及表征预测、储层质量评价方面的研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
作者简介:

王振林(1983—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事非常规储层评价方面的研究。地址:新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市克拉玛依区准噶尔路29号,邮政编码:834000。E-mail:

Development characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir space system in mixed shale: a case study of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin
ZHENLIN WANG1, 2 , GUOPING LIU3, CAIGUANG LIU1, JIANGLONG YU1, JIANKANG LU2, SONG CAO2, XING ZHANG3, YAHE LI3, XIANGQIN WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000, China
  • 2 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 3 School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 4 School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250096
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玛湖凹陷  /  风城组  /  储集空间  /  发育特征  /  主控因素  /  混积型页岩
Mahu Sag  /  Fengcheng Formation  /  reservoir space  /  development characteristics  /  main controlling factors  /  mixed shale
王振林, 刘国平, 刘财广, 于江龙, 鲁健康, 曹嵩, 张星, 李雅荷, 王相琴. 混积型页岩储集空间系统发育特征及影响因素. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1240 -1252 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250096
ZHENLIN WANG, GUOPING LIU, CAIGUANG LIU, JIANGLONG YU, JIANKANG LU, SONG CAO, XING ZHANG, YAHE LI, XIANGQIN WANG. Development characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir space system in mixed shale: a case study of Permian Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1240 -1252 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250096
随着非常规资源逐渐成为全球能源结构的重要组成部分,陆相页岩油已成为原油和天然气勘探开发的重要领域[1-3]。陆相页岩地层通常具有混积型沉积特点,主要表现为岩性和矿物组成复杂、沉积相变化快、储层非均质性强等,并且以细粒沉积为主,储层物性相对较差[4-6]。已有研究表明,在成岩演化及构造运动作用下,页岩储层储集空间发育多种孔隙和裂缝类型[7],天然裂缝及微观孔隙共同构成的孔-缝系统为油气提供了储集空间和运移通道[8-10]。因此,针对岩性与矿物组成复杂、纹层组合类型多变且非均质性强的陆相页岩,孔-缝系统的类型组合、结构连通性及其主控因素是控制优质储层发育和“甜点”段评价的关键因素[11]。
已有研究针对砂岩、碳酸盐岩等常规岩性储层以及陆相和海相页岩、火山岩、变质岩等非常规岩性储层的储集空间开展了系统的研究,基于岩心、薄片、扫描电镜等多种资料的观察分析以及氮气吸附、压汞、核磁共振和CT扫描等多种实验方法联测,形成了一系列理论成果与研究方法[12-16]。然而,针对混积型陆相页岩的研究相对不足,其储集空间的典型特征与分布规律尚不明确。现有研究多聚焦于储层中不同成因孔隙空间的识别与表征,而对孔-缝系统的整体认识仍有欠缺。因此,天然裂缝对储集空间结构与连通性的影响以及裂缝与孔隙的耦合方式和控制因素,是陆相混积型页岩储层评价中仍需解决的关键科学问题。
陆相页岩受陆源细粒碎屑快速沉积影响,沉积物压实紧密,整体具有原生孔隙度低、孔隙连通性差的特点;其纹层表现为横向不连续或组合变化快,导致矿物组分与结构非均质性显著[17-18]。陆相盆地普遍经历多期构造运动,岩石地层易发育受区域应力场控制的高角度构造裂缝,但受控于其较低的脆性矿物含量,陆相页岩整体脆性较弱,天然裂缝发育程度较差[19-22]。以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷为例,该区域发育一套以陆源碎屑沉积为主的滨浅湖相页岩,具备陆相页岩储层的典型特征,不仅微观非均质性强,孔隙类型丰富,孔隙与裂缝的连通关系也较海相页岩更为复杂,尤其是勘探开发潜力巨大,具有很高的研究价值[23-26]。在此地质背景下,陆相混积型页岩孔-缝系统类型划分与结构表征框架仍有待完善,孔隙与裂缝耦合连通特征尚不清晰,矿物组分与纹层结构等因素对孔-缝系统发育的控制作用也有待进一步厘清。上述问题制约了对陆相页岩储集空间系统的精确认识,进一步影响混积型页岩油气的勘探生产部署与开发决策。
基于上述认识,本文以玛湖凹陷风城组陆相混积型页岩为研究对象,重点围绕混积型页岩储集空间系统类型划分、复杂孔-缝系统表征、主控因素识别等核心问题开展研究。基于岩心、薄片和成像测井资料,系统剖析玛湖凹陷陆相混积型页岩的孔-缝系统发育特征,建立陆相页岩储集空间系统的研究方案;同时结合氮气吸附与压汞实验结果,探究各因素对混积型储集空间孔-缝系统发育的控制作用。本次研究成果可完善陆相混积型页岩储层储集空间系统类型的划分体系,为深化混积型页岩储集空间发育特征及其主控机制的认识提供理论参考与技术借鉴。
玛湖凹陷位于准噶尔盆地西北缘,构造上属中央坳陷次级单元,呈北东—南西向椭圆状展布,面积约5 000 km²。其西北缘受克百断裂带与乌夏断裂带控制,西南接中拐凸起,东南邻达巴松凸起,东北与夏盐凸起、英西凹陷相接。凹陷发育于前石炭纪褶皱基底之上,历经海西期、印支期、燕山期及喜马拉雅期多期构造运动,发育北东—南西向和近东西向断层,最终形成西陡东缓的不对称箕状结构,导致地层厚度自西北向东南减薄[27-28]。
受前陆盆地咸化湖盆沉积环境控制,玛湖凹陷风城组主要发育扇三角洲—湖泊相沉积体系,主体为滨浅湖至半深湖亚相,该套地层厚度变化显著(200~1 000 m),最大埋深超过5 000 m,呈现西北厚、东南薄的楔状展布特征。沉积期湖盆咸化作用显著,岩性以白云质粉砂岩、泥质云岩与火山碎屑岩的混积为特征,夹硅硼钠石、碳酸钠钙石等碱性矿物,为典型的混积型陆相页岩层系[29-30]。
本文基于X射线衍射测试结果,对风城组样品矿物组成开展统计:长英质矿物含量较高,以钾长石和钠长石为主,含量多在30%以上;碳酸盐矿物以白云石为主,含量约为20%~30%,部分样品含方解石,其含量均值为10%~20%,最高可达40%;黏土矿物整体含量较低,主要为伊利石,局部发育伊/蒙混层,含量低于10%(图2)。结合岩心观察和薄片镜下特征,将风城组样品划分为长英质页岩、混合质页岩、黏土质页岩、云质页岩和灰质页岩5类岩相。
风城组储集空间以基质溶孔、白云石晶间孔及微裂缝(构造缝、层理缝)为主,孔隙度普遍小于5%,渗透率多小于0.1×10-3 μm2,属特低孔—特低渗储层[31-32]。研究区发育北东—南西向构造裂缝及沿缝分布的孔隙特征,裂缝与孔隙系统在储集空间组成及流体运移中具有重要意义[33]。
在玛页1井、玛页1H井、玛页2井、玛49井、玛湖54井、夏云1井、风云1井、风南14井、夏203井、夏207井这10口井的风城组中采集了30块页岩岩心。对全部样品展开薄片、场发射扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析,并选取代表性样品完成氮气吸附和高压压汞测试。
利用Leica DM4 P显微镜进行显微岩相观察,使用蔡司Crossbeam 540场发射扫描电子显微镜对样品表面进行微观组构特征观察,工作电压为10~15 kV,工作距离为8~10 mm。全岩矿物组成采用Bruker D8 Advance型X射线衍射仪测试,测试流程严格参照中华人民共和国国家标准《岩心分析方法》(GB/T 29172—2012)执行。仪器工作电压为45 kV,扫描范围为5°~50°(2θ),扫描步长为0.02°。测试所得衍射数据通过MDI Jade 6.5软件进行物相识别,并基于Rietveld全谱拟合方法计算矿物相对含量,测试误差约为±1.5%。氮气吸附实验在TriStar Ⅱ 3020型比表面积及孔隙度分析仪上完成,实验前将所有样品粉碎筛分至60/80目(粒径0.18 ~ 0.25 mm),称取0.5 ~ 1.0 g样品,于150 ℃真空条件下脱气3 h,彻底去除样品孔隙内的水分与杂质气体。完成干燥脱气处理后,将样品置于液氮温度(77 K)环境中,在相对压力为0.010 ~ 0.998区间内开展氮气等温吸附-脱附测试。高压压汞实验采用AutoPore Ⅳ 9510型压汞仪进行,仪器最大工作压力为413 MPa。测试前将页岩样品切割为1 cm×1 cm×1 cm的立方体试样,随后将所有样品在60 ℃烘箱中干燥48 h,取出后放入干燥器内冷却至室温(约23 ℃),再开展高压压汞测试,以表征样品孔隙结构特征。
无机孔隙是风城组混积型页岩孔隙体系的重要组成部分,按孔隙赋存位置与成因特征可概括为粒内孔、粒间孔与晶间孔三类(图3)。粒内孔隙主要位于无机矿物颗粒内部,根据其形成时期可划分为原生孔隙与次生孔隙两大类,其中大多数属于后期碎屑矿物(如长石、岩屑等)内部不稳定组分在成岩流体作用下发生溶蚀,并伴随交代作用形成的次生孔隙[34]。通过扫描电镜观察发现,玛湖凹陷风城组储层中的粒内孔主要是由溶蚀作用形成的,在碳酸盐矿物、长石和碳钠镁石等矿物中均普遍发育。长石粒内溶蚀孔形态较为规则,呈蜂窝状、多边形或近圆形,且钠长石中溶蚀孔比钾长石更发育,多为纳米级孔隙(图3a—图3b)。在成岩过程中,矿物颗粒之间相互支撑形成的孔隙称为粒间孔。这类孔隙在风城组广泛分布,是页岩重要的储集空间之一。风城组陆相页岩粒间孔形态复杂多样,以三角形、不规则多边形为主,连通性较好,主要发育在钾长石、石英、硅硼钠石等脆性矿物之间,部分粒间孔被有机质、黏土矿物充填(图3c—图3d),从而降低有效孔隙度并削弱孔喉连通性。整体而言,玛湖凹陷风城组粒间孔较为发育,对页岩油储集与渗流具有重要作用。晶间孔是指在矿物集合体内部,由相邻晶体间相互支撑形成的孔隙空间[35]。玛湖凹陷风城组晶间孔主要发育在黄铁矿和黏土矿物中,整体以微米级孔径为主。黄铁矿多聚集分布,其晶体之间可见明显的晶间孔(图3e),黏土矿物晶间孔主要由黏土矿物脱水作用形成,孔隙形态不规则,常呈束状分布(图3f)。晶间孔多未充填,少部分被有机质充填,其发育可增加有效储集空间并改善局部连通性。
有机质内部发育的孔隙为有机质孔,属于与有机质热演化作用相关的次生孔隙,多形成于干酪根热解、生烃—排烃阶段,由有机质体积收缩与脱水作用协同产生。扫描电镜观测表明,玛湖凹陷风城组页岩中有机质多呈孤立块状、条带状、层状产出,局部亦可充填裂缝;有机质孔零散分布于有机质内部,孔隙形态以圆形/近圆形孔、狭缝状为主(图3g—图3i)。其中,圆形/近圆形孔隙多呈孤立状发育,孔隙连通性较差;狭缝状孔隙延伸尺度更大,局部可形成较好的孔隙连通性。研究区有机质孔孔径主要分布于纳米至微米级,孔隙整体充填程度低;但有机质对储层物性的贡献程度受有机质赋存形态与含量共同约束,相较于无机孔隙与微裂缝,其储集贡献相对有限。
裂缝的发育可显著提升页岩油储层的有效渗流能力,是沟通不同储集空间的桥梁和油气运移的重要通道。岩心观察、薄片鉴定及扫描电镜观测表明,玛湖凹陷风城组裂缝在宏观上可见构造裂缝、成岩裂缝等类型[14],在微观尺度下主要表现为层理缝、构造微裂缝及矿物边缘收缩缝(图4)[36-39]。其中,层理缝沿层理面发育,产状与地层近似平行(图4b—图4d),开度较小而延伸长度相对较大。构造微裂缝与局部构造应力作用密切相关,常以高角度切穿矿物并与层理呈斜交分布;其充填物以微晶石英和有机质为主,局部可见黏土矿物和黄铁矿充填,或保持未充填状态(图4e—图4f)。进一步分析,受拉张作用形成的构造微裂缝更易被石英、硅硼钠石等脆性矿物充填,而受剪切作用形成的构造微裂缝则主要充填有机质与黏土矿物等。矿物边缘收缩缝多发育于碳钠钙石等矿物颗粒边缘,常被石英、长石、碳酸盐矿物、有机质及黏土等细粒混合矿物充填(图4g);此外,在硅硼钠石内部可见微裂缝与解理缝,开度较小(图4h),碳钠镁石中可见穿粒缝,延伸较长并切穿矿物(图4i)。
综上,玛湖凹陷风城组混积型页岩的储集空间以无机孔隙为主。其中,粒间孔最为发育,是形成有效孔隙的基础,粒内溶蚀孔与晶间孔为有效孔体积提供重要补充。有机质孔局部可形成狭缝状连通孔隙,但受有机质赋存形态与含量制约,对储层整体物性的贡献程度有限。微裂缝起到连通各类孔隙间的桥梁作用:层理缝构成顺层延伸的优势渗流通道,构造微裂缝、粒缘缝可沟通粒间孔、溶蚀孔与晶间孔,改善储层局部孔隙连通性。
长英质页岩的储集空间以粒间孔、粒内溶蚀孔及层理缝、构造微裂缝为主。该岩相石英、长石含量高,一方面有利于残余粒间孔的保存,另一方面易受构造应力作用形成微裂缝,综合储集性能最优。混合质页岩的孔-缝组合类型最为丰富,粒间孔、粒内孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物晶间孔,以及层理缝、粒缘缝、构造微裂缝均普遍发育,反映出多组分矿物共同控制下的复杂储集空间特征。其孔隙结构和渗流连通模式最为复杂,是研究区较有利的储层岩相类型之一。黏土质页岩的储集空间以黏土矿物晶间孔为主,局部发育少量粒内孔和粒间孔,但粒间孔多被黏土矿物或有机质充填,孔隙有效性较差。该岩相以纳米级微孔为主,孔隙连通能力弱。云质页岩储集空间以白云石粒内溶蚀孔、晶间孔为主,局部发育解理缝与微裂缝。受白云石晶体结构和溶蚀作用影响,孔隙类型单一,整体储集性能中等偏弱。灰质页岩多见方解石粒内溶蚀孔、解理缝和粒缘缝,但受碳酸盐胶结作用影响,总孔隙体积和连通性整体较差,储集性能主要受裂缝控制,在各页岩岩相中储集物性最差。
1) 微观孔隙形态及尺寸
陆相页岩微观孔隙形态类型丰富,以圆形、狭缝形及其过渡形态为主,不同类型孔隙的形态与赋存位置差异显著。粒间孔由矿物颗粒相互支撑堆积形成,其形态受颗粒形态及堆积排列方式共同控制,多呈三角形、狭缝形或不规则多边形,依托颗粒的支撑作用具备良好的抗压实能力(图3c—图3d)。粒内溶蚀孔的发育与矿物类型、流体活动密切相关,孔隙形态以圆形、椭圆形和梭形为主,主要赋存于钠长石、白云石、部分方解石等可溶蚀矿物中(图3a—图3b)。晶间孔主要发育于黄铁矿和黏土矿物之中:黄铁矿晶间孔多为不规则圆形(图3e),黏土矿物晶间孔则以长条形、狭缝形为主(图3f)。有机质孔主要包括孤立圆形孔、条带状孔及狭缝状孔三类。其中,孤立圆形孔多发育于有机质内部,狭缝状孔多分布于有机质与无机矿物的接触边界(图3g—图3i)。孔隙孔径是表征储集空间规模的核心参数。研究区页岩微观孔隙总体分布于纳米—微米级,不同类型孔隙的孔径分布区间存在差异:脆性矿物颗粒(如钾长石等)之间残余粒间孔的孔径主要集中在800~2 000 nm(图3d);有机质孔孔径多分布于100~1 000 nm,局部孔径可达数微米(图3g—图3i);黏土矿物脱水形成的晶间孔以100~1 000 nm为主,多呈片状、簇状发育(图3f);钠长石经碱性流体溶蚀形成的粒内溶蚀孔孔径变化幅度较大,主要孔径区间为300~3 000 nm(图3a)。
2) 微观孔隙及裂缝有效性
微观孔隙与微裂缝的充填状态及充填程度是反映其有效性的重要依据。玛湖凹陷风城组储层孔隙整体以未充填为主,局部可见有机质、方解石及黏土矿物的全充填或半充填,不同孔隙类型的充填特征存在差异。长石粒内溶蚀孔多未充填;碳钠镁石粒内溶蚀孔部分未充填,部分被方解石半充填或全充填,该现象可能与碱湖咸化阶段的流体活动有关。黏土矿物晶间孔多未充填,局部被有机质充填。粒间孔充填性相对复杂,观察到的粒间孔多被黏土矿物、有机质及细粒混合矿物充填,从而降低有效孔隙度并削弱连通性。靠近有机质边缘的有机质孔易受矿物碎屑充填影响,而位于有机质内部的孤立圆形孔多保持未充填状态。
对风城组微裂缝进行观察统计后,可按充填程度划分为全充填、半充填与未充填3类。薄片统计表明,微裂缝以半充填为主,全充填裂缝占比较低(图5a)。裂缝开度对油气运移与渗流效率具有重要控制作用:风城组微裂缝开度主要集中于10~30 μm,约占73%,该类裂缝以层理缝为主,多为半充填,整体有效性相对较好(图5b);开度小于10 μm的微裂缝约占7.5%,主要包括矿物粒内微裂缝、矿物边缘收缩缝以及有机质、黏土矿物中的微裂缝,通常未充填,具备连通潜力,但其对渗流的实际贡献仍受开度限制;开度大于30 μm的微裂缝约占19.5%,以构造微裂缝为主,多被石英、方解石等矿物充填,整体有效性相对较差。
不同岩相控制孔径结构与孔-缝发育特征,岩相孔隙结构的差异会在储层物性参数上具有明显响应。长英质页岩孔隙度、渗透率最优,表明其在较高长英质矿物含量条件下,残余粒间孔保存较好,且微裂缝对孔喉连通具有积极贡献,整体储集与渗流性能最优;混合质页岩储层物性次之,孔隙度和渗透率均高于黏土质页岩。尽管混合质页岩矿物组成复杂,但多类型孔-缝复合发育拓宽了储集空间类型,整体孔喉连通性优于黏土质页岩。黏土质页岩孔隙度、渗透率较低,储集空间以黏土矿物晶间孔等微孔为主,孔径较小,且原生粒间孔多被黏土充填,流体渗流能力较弱。云质页岩、灰质页岩孔隙度和渗透率均处于较低水平,根源在于碳酸盐矿物胶结改造作用强烈,孔喉连通性整体较差。
风城组陆相页岩不同岩相压汞饱和度曲线形态区分存在差异:长英质、黏土质与云质页岩曲线整体呈平直型,进汞初期随压力提升,进汞饱和度增幅微弱;当压力突破进汞门槛压力后,饱和度才开始上升并形成稳定平台段,代表样品孔喉尺寸相对集中。混合质页岩与灰质页岩压汞曲线多为斜直型,压力越过门槛压力后,进汞饱和度随压力升高快速增长,随后趋于平缓,高压区间饱和度仍存在小幅增量,指示其孔喉尺度分布离散程度更高,孔径分布曲线多呈现多峰特征(图6)。
风城组混积型页岩最大进汞饱和度为39.20%~92.97%,平均为60.36%。不同岩相的排驱压力差异显著:黏土质页岩为103.54 MPa,混合质页岩为81.36 MPa,长英质页岩为23.20 MPa,碱性矿物层为0.64 MPa,云质页岩为0.19 MPa,灰质页岩为0.03 MPa,平均排驱压力为34.83 MPa。样品平均中值孔喉半径为0.004 μm,指示孔喉整体偏细;表明孔喉连通性较差、汞滞留效应显著。鉴于高压压汞法在纳米孔径段存在局限,纳米尺度孔隙占主导的判定将结合氮气吸附与全孔径联合表征结果综合约束。
根据IUPAC(国际纯粹与应用化学联合会)介孔滞后环分类方案,滞后环分为五类。玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油储层以Ⅳ型吸附等温线为主:随相对压力升高,吸附量缓慢递增;相对压力升至0.4时,吸附速率大幅提升,同时吸附支与脱附支发生分离,发育清晰滞后环;相对压力接近0.8阶段,吸附曲线呈指数式陡升;相对压力趋近1.0时,等温线未出现吸附平台,指示样品发育一定规模大孔与微裂缝,储层孔隙非均质性强,孔隙类型复杂多样。
不同岩性的吸附量与滞后环形态差异显著:长英质页岩最大吸附量可达8.5 cm³/g,滞后环以H3型叠加形态,孔隙以粒内溶蚀孔、粒间孔为主;黏土质页岩最大吸附量高达13.5 cm³/g,滞后环以H3型为典型,孔隙多为黏土矿物层间孔;混合质页岩最大吸附量为10.1 cm³/g,滞后环兼具H3型、H4型复合特征;云质页岩最大吸附量为5.9 cm³/g,滞后环以H3型为主,孔隙类型主要为晶间孔与粒内溶蚀孔,局部发育解理缝;灰质页岩最大吸附量为1.5 cm³/g,滞后环以H3型为主,孔隙类型以粒缘缝、粒内溶蚀孔为主,局部发育解理缝(图7)。
混积型页岩储层孔隙-裂缝系统孔径具有多尺度发育特征,孔径跨度覆盖纳米级至微米级。现有各类孔隙结构表征测试手段均存在有效测试区间局限,单一实验方法难以实现全尺度孔隙结构的完整表征。因此,本文联合高压压汞法和低温氮气吸附法,对玛湖凹陷风城组混积型页岩储层孔-缝系统进行全孔径表征。结果表明,风城组孔隙分布相对集中,孔径主要分布在小于100 nm和大于2 000 nm的2个范围内,指示储集空间主要以微孔、小孔和微裂缝为主。其中,小于100 nm 的峰值段主要对应黏土矿物晶间孔、有机质孔及部分粒间孔等纳米级孔隙单元;而大于2 000 nm 的孔径峰值主要代表层理缝、构造微裂缝等微裂缝体系及较大尺度溶蚀孔,从而体现孔-缝系统的全尺度特征。
不同岩相样品全孔径分布曲线峰形差异显著:混合质页岩因长英质矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物共同发育,孔隙来源和裂缝类型更为复杂,常表现出多峰叠加特征;长英质页岩小于100 nm和小-中孔段贡献较稳定,黏土质页岩小于100 nm孔隙峰占优势;云质页岩、灰质页岩整体峰型响应强度较弱,但裂缝对应的大孔径峰值更为突出。上述分异特征表明,岩相矿物组合制约储层孔-缝发育规模与组合形态,进而控制页岩储集空间规模与孔隙连通性能。对全孔径分布曲线积分求取孔体积参数,玛湖凹陷风城组页岩总孔体积介于0.002 8~0.012 5 cm3/g,平均值为0.008 5 cm3/g(图8)。
不同岩相储层中孔隙体积和不同尺度孔隙占比存在较大差异(图8b),反映出不同岩相在储集空间发育方式和孔-缝组合特征上的明显分异。长英质页岩孔体积最高,为0.012 5 cm3/g,储集空间体积以微孔、小孔贡献为主,其占比分别为39.6%和47.5%,孔喉偏细(以纳米级孔隙为主);混合质页岩总孔体积为0.011 8 cm3/g,微孔和微裂缝占比分别为27.53%和37.11%,且中孔和大孔的比例相对更高,体现出多尺度孔隙与裂缝共同发育的特征;黏土质页岩总孔体积为0.011 6 cm3/g,微孔占比为63.9%,以纳米级孔隙体系为主,连通性相对受限;云质页岩总孔体积为0.005 6 cm3/g,微孔和微裂缝分别占38.11%和28.76%,整体储集性中等偏弱;灰质页岩总孔体积为0.001 4 cm3/g,微裂缝占比为51.26%,基质孔隙不发育,储集能力最弱。综合总孔体积及孔隙类型占比,不同岩性储集性依次为长英质页岩>混合质页岩>黏土质页岩>云质页岩>灰质页岩。
矿物组分是混积型页岩储层储集空间发育的物质基础,岩相类型是矿物组分及其组合特征的综合反映。不同岩相中硅质、碳酸盐和黏土矿物含量差异,决定了岩石力学性质、成岩反应方式及孔-缝系统发育特征。长英质页岩以石英和长石为主,云质页岩以白云石为主,灰质页岩以方解石为主,黏土质页岩以伊利石等黏土矿物为主,混合质页岩则表现为多组分矿物共存。不同岩相中孔-缝系统发育差异,本质上是矿物组分差异对储集空间系统影响的宏观体现。本研究通过不同类型矿物含量与不同尺度孔隙孔体积占比之间的相关性热力图,分析矿物组分对孔-缝系统发育的控制作用(图9)。
1) 硅质矿物
玛湖凹陷风城组中硅质矿物主要以石英和长石为主。其中,石英平均含量为21%,长石矿物以斜长石和钾长石为主,斜长石平均含量为29.09%,钾长石平均含量为6.93%。图9表明,石英含量与孔隙度呈正相关且与中孔和大孔孔体积占比呈较强正相关,指示石英含量有利于较大孔喉的形成与保存。这可能与石英作为脆性矿物在压实过程中具有较强抗压能力有关,同时在玛湖凹陷碱性成岩流体条件下,长英质矿物的溶蚀作用可形成次生孔隙,从而在长英质页岩中表现为残余粒间孔与溶蚀孔相对发育。
长石矿物中斜长石与孔隙度整体呈弱正相关,而钾长石与孔隙度呈强负相关。进一步分析显示,斜长石含量与小孔孔体积占比呈强正相关,说明斜长石是小孔发育的重要贡献者,这主要是因为其在碱性成岩环境中易发生溶蚀并形成大量的粒内溶蚀孔隙。已有模拟实验验证了斜长石在pH=8的碱性流体中溶解速度是在pH=6的酸性流体下的3~5倍[40-41]。相比之下,钾长石在成岩过程中易发生蚀变并转化为黏土矿物,进而对原生孔隙进行充填,使得孔隙体积遭到破坏,因此表现出钾长石含量与中孔及大孔孔体积占比呈负相关。综合来看,石英和斜长石整体对混积型页岩储层储集空间起建设性作用,虽然钾长石对储层起破坏作用,但玛湖凹陷风城组钾长石矿物含量整体较低,限制了其对储层的破坏程度,因此硅质矿物总体上有利于混积型页岩储集空间的形成与保存。
2) 碳酸盐矿物
玛湖凹陷风城组碳酸盐矿物较为发育,主要包括白云石和方解石,其中白云石含量较高,平均含量为21.63%,方解石平均含量为11.51%。图9显示方解石含量和白云石含量均与孔隙度呈负相关,即在玛湖凹陷风城组混积型页岩储层中,碳酸盐矿物对储层空间类型整体起破坏作用。进一步分析表明,方解石含量与微孔、小孔、中孔、大孔孔体积均呈负相关,而与微裂缝体积占比呈强正相关;白云石含量与微孔和小孔体积占比呈负相关,与中孔和微裂缝体积占比呈弱正相关。
在玛湖凹陷风城组中不同岩相页岩均含碳酸盐矿物,其对储集空间的改造受溶蚀与胶结作用的共同控制。中成岩阶段有机质热演化产生的酸性流体可促使白云石与方解石发生溶蚀,从而形成粒内溶蚀孔并贡献一定的次生孔隙;而晚成岩阶段,碳酸盐矿物的再沉淀与胶结作用会对剩余原生粒间孔及溶蚀孔产生充填与封堵,导致孔体积降低并削弱孔喉连通性。与此同时,碳酸盐矿物脆性相对较高,在构造应力作用下更易发生破裂形成微裂缝,从而在一定程度上改善了局部渗流通道与孔缝连通性。总体而言,碳酸盐矿物对储集空间的影响表现为以胶结致密化为主、溶蚀增孔与脆性促裂为辅的作用。
3) 黏土矿物
玛湖凹陷风城组页岩中黏土矿物含量整体较低,以伊利石为主,伴生少量高岭石,其中伊利石平均含量为9.0%,高岭石平均含量为5.89%。图9显示黏土矿物含量与总孔隙度具有正相关关系,黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔、大孔和微裂缝占比均呈正相关,而与小孔体积呈负相关。扫描电镜观察显示,伊利石多呈片状或纤维状形态,其晶面堆叠可形成稳定的纳米级晶间孔网络[42],该类孔隙孔径较小,多集中于50 nm以下,因此在玛湖凹陷风城组混积型页岩中,黏土矿物是微孔体积的重要贡献者。在黏土质页岩中,微孔孔体积占比最高(大于60%),尽管黏土矿物孔径较小,但通常呈集群分布,大量的黏土矿物晶间孔发育能够显著增加有效孔隙体积。在黏土质页岩中通常能见到有机质和黏土矿物混合共生,形成有机质-黏土复合体。该复合体内孔隙非常发育,在有机-无机协同作用下,有机孔和黏土矿物晶间孔多发生连通,对孔隙大小进行扩展,从而提高孔隙网络连续性并改善局部连通性。
玛湖凹陷风城组整体纹层非常发育,通过薄片观察和扫描电镜分析,玛湖凹陷纹层类型按照其组分可以分为长英质纹层、黏土质纹层、碳酸盐纹层、细粒混合质纹层和碱矿纹层5类。在纹层状页岩段,层理缝广泛发育,主要发育在纹层界面附近。层理缝开度多小于0.01 mm,延伸长度相对较长,通常大于4 mm。层理缝以未充填或半充填为主,整体连通性较好;局部可见方解石或有机质—黄铁矿—黏土混合充填,但充填物内部常伴生微孔发育,使层理缝、孔隙共同构成孔-缝系统(图10)。
不同纹层类型及其组合方式控制孔-缝系统的发育特征,导致储层孔-缝结构在不同纹层中表现出显著差异。长英质纹层为风城组最常见纹层类型,长石与石英含量通常大于50%,多与细粒混合质纹层互层发育;其内部黄铁矿较常见,局部可见构造微裂缝发育,而纹层边界处层理缝相对更为集中。细粒混合质纹层中长石、石英、白云石和方解石等矿物含量均小于50%,矿物颗粒小且排列紧密,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔为主并伴生构造微裂缝。碳酸盐纹层中白云石和方解石含量大于50%,碳酸盐矿物相对较高的脆性使其在压实作用下更有利于残余粒间孔的保存,扫描电镜观察显示,碳酸盐纹层中微裂缝十分发育,以成岩压实的粒缘缝为主。黏土质纹层中黏土矿物含量大于50%,以伊利石为主,常与有机质和黄铁矿伴生;孔隙类型以粒间孔和晶间孔为主,同时有机质内部可见有机质孔,并在有机质-无机矿物边界处发育粒缘缝等微裂缝。碱矿纹层以碳钠钙石和碳钠镁石伴生纹层为主,该纹层主要发育在长英质基质中。
玛湖凹陷风城组地层有机质丰度偏低,但有机质赋存于长英质页岩、黏土质页岩和混合质页岩中。显微岩相观察结果表明,研究区有机质多以孤立块状、薄层状形态分布,局部以裂缝充填物形式出现。孤立块状有机质内部常发育条带状有机质孔隙及微裂缝,可增加储层的有效储集空间,改善局部孔缝连通性。在纹层发育段,有机质主要以有机质纹层、裂缝充填物2种形式产出;有机质纹层常与薄层长英质纹层、混合质纹层呈互层分布,形成明暗相间的纹层组合结构。由于相邻纹层间力学性质差异显著,该类纹层组合的界面易发生应力集中,进而促进层理缝的形成与持续发育。对于有机质充填裂缝,充填后的有机质在脱水收缩过程中,易在充填体和围岩界面形成收缩裂缝,对储层孔-缝系统的构建具有积极贡献。
风城组混积型页岩孔-缝系统受矿物组分和纹层结构共同耦合控制。其中,长英质矿物利于残余粒间孔的保存和次生溶蚀孔的发育;碳酸盐矿物具有双重控储作用,一方面可通过胶结作用缩小孔喉、降低孔缝连通性;另一方面因其脆性较强,可有效促进微裂缝发育;黏土质纹层中的有机-无机复合体,可改善局部孔隙连通性能。纹层组合进一步制约裂缝的发育位置和连通模式,长英质-混合质纹层互层界面是层理缝与粒间孔、溶蚀孔相互匹配,共同构成有效孔-缝系统。
基于上述储层地质特征,玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油“甜点”段优选应突出岩相组合、孔径结构和裂缝有效性三大核心要素,开展综合评价。平面上,优先筛选长英质页岩与混合质页岩连续发育、裂缝较发育的区带;纵向上,重点优选总孔体积大、全孔径双峰结构显著,且层理缝、构造微裂缝较发育、以未充填、半充填状态为主的层段;层内尺度上,重点刻画长英质纹层与混合质纹层互层、纹层界面密集发育的区段。此类优质层段更易形成“有效孔隙基础、微裂缝连通通道”的良好协同配置关系,是风城组混积型页岩油“甜点”段识别、分层开发部署的核心目标层段。
1)风城组混积型页岩储集空间系统具有典型孔-缝系统,其中,无机孔隙构成主要储集基础,粒间孔为优势孔隙类型,粒内溶蚀孔和晶间孔对有效孔体积具有补充作用;有机质孔发育相对有限,其贡献主要受有机质赋存状态和含量控制;层理缝和构造微裂缝是改善储层连通性的关键裂缝类型,开度主要集中在10~30 μm,对提升孔隙连通和渗流能力具有重要作用。
2)全孔径联合表征揭示了风城组混积型页岩孔径结构的非均质性。孔径分布整体具有小于100 nm与大于2 000 nm双峰特征,分别反映纳米级孔隙储集空间和微裂缝的贡献。不同岩相孔体积和孔径组合差异明显,储集性整体表现为长英质页岩>混合质页岩>黏土质页岩>云质页岩>灰质页岩。其中,混合质页岩由于长英质矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物共同发育,孔径分布更为复杂,常表现出多峰叠加特征,体现出多类型孔隙与微裂缝共同控制的储集空间结构。
3)矿物组分和纹层结构共同控制孔-缝系统的形成与演化。长英质矿物有利于残余粒间孔保存,并可通过溶蚀形成次生孔隙;黏土矿物晶间孔是微孔体积的重要来源,但孔径较小,连通性相对受限;碳酸盐矿物对储集空间具有双重影响,一方面胶结作用会降低孔喉连通性,另一方面其较高脆性有利于在构造应力作用下微裂缝的形成。
4)纹层组合是影响储集空间非均质性和有效连通性的重要因素。长英质-混合质互层及含有机质细纹层组合界面处易发生应力集中,有利于层理缝的形成,并促进溶蚀孔、粒间孔与微裂缝之间的连通。综合孔体积、孔径结构和裂缝有效性,长英质页岩与混合质页岩连续发育,层理缝和构造微裂缝较发育的层段,可作为风城组混积型页岩油“甜点”段优选的重点目标。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250096
  • 接收时间:2026-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-05
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    1 中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   克拉玛依 834000
    2 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京   102249
    3 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京 100083
    4 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000

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刘国平(1989—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规储层天然裂缝形成机理及表征预测、储层质量评价方面的研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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