Article(id=1322941775962321614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025523, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768147200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343498459, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343498459, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343498459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343498459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1347, endPage=1357, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941776482415312, articleId=1322941775962321614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Study on proppant-fiber cluster structure and settling characteristics for full-domain propped fracturing, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The concept of “full-domain propped fracturing” aims to improve fracture placement morphology by efficient placement in main fractures and hierarchical propping of multi-scale fractures, thereby effectively addressing the limitation of propped fracture volume in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Using proppant-fiber clusters instead of pure proppant as the basic transport units in fractures can effectively increase the lateral migration distance and vertical placement height of proppant in main fractures, serving as a key technical approach for achieving efficient fracture placement. This study constructed a physical model of proppant-fiber clusters through microstructural observations, static settling experiments, and dynamic transport experiments, and revealed the settling and placement patterns of cluster units within fractures. The results indicated that proppant-fiber clusters were a composite system jointly composed of a fiber framework that traps proppant particles, a filamentous network of friction reducer polymers, and sheet-like stabilizer structures. Characterization of cluster units and their size distributions revealed that increasing fiber mass fraction and length facilitated the formation of larger cluster units. Specifically, the average proppant placement height increased by 116.6% for a proppant mixture with a fiber mass fraction of 0.5% compared with that of pure proppant. After 30 s of settling, the average equivalent diameters of the cluster units formed by 6 mm and 12 mm fibers were 2.15 mm and 4.26 mm, respectively. However, the relationship between slickwater viscosity and cluster unit size was nonlinear. Transport experiments in multi-stage fractures showed that increasing fiber mass fraction and fiber length increased proppant placement height in the main fracture, but fiber-induced proppant blockage occurred at fracture intersections. Therefore, optimizing intrinsic material properties and injection process parameters is of practical significance for realizing full-domain propped fracturing centered on proppant-fiber cluster transport. The research findings also provide theoretical support for the optimal design and field application of fiber-assisted fracturing technology.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=HANGYU ZHOU1, 2, XIAO QIN1, JIANCHUN GUO1, HENGBO ZUO1, TAO ZHANG1, SHAN REN3, HAO YANG3, YANGYANG LI3, authorsList=HANGYU ZHOU, XIAO QIN, JIANCHUN GUO, HENGBO ZUO, TAO ZHANG, SHAN REN, HAO YANG, YANGYANG LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941783272993514, articleId=1322941775962321614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=全域支撑压裂支撑剂-纤维簇结构及沉降特性研究, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

“裂缝全域支撑”理念旨在通过主裂缝高效铺置和多尺度裂缝分级支撑,改善裂缝铺置形态,有效解决非常规油气储层裂缝支撑体积受限的问题。采用支撑剂-纤维簇替代纯支撑剂作为缝内基本输送单元,能有效提高主裂缝内支撑剂横向运移距离和纵向铺置高度,是实现裂缝高效铺置的关键技术途径。本研究通过支撑剂-纤维簇微观结构观测、静态沉降实验与动态输送实验,构建了支撑剂-纤维簇物理模型,揭示了缝内簇单元的沉降与铺置规律。研究结果表明:支撑剂-纤维簇是由捕获支撑剂颗粒的纤维骨架、降阻剂聚合物丝状网络及稳定剂片状结构共同构成的复合体系。通过簇单元识别及尺寸分布表征,明确了纤维质量分数和长度的增加有利于形成更大尺寸的簇单元,添加纤维质量分数为0.5%的支撑剂混合体系较纯支撑剂平均铺置高度增加了116.6%;沉降30 s时,6 mm与12 mm长度纤维所形成簇单元的平均等效直径分别为2.15 mm和4.26 mm,但滑溜水黏度与簇单元尺寸呈非线性关系。多级裂缝输送实验表明,增加纤维质量分数和纤维长度能够提高主缝内的支撑剂铺置高度,但在裂缝交汇处会出现纤维阻砂效应。因此,优化材料本征属性参数和注入工艺参数对实现以支撑剂-纤维簇输送为核心的裂缝全域支撑具有现实意义。研究成果也为纤维辅助压裂工艺优化设计和现场应用提供了理论参考。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=周航宇1, 2, 秦潇1, 郭建春1, 左恒愽1, 张涛1, 任山3, 杨浩3, 李阳洋3, authorsList=周航宇, 秦潇, 郭建春, 左恒愽, 张涛, 任山, 杨浩, 李阳洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

周航宇(1994—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事储层增产改造多相流动研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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周航宇(1994—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事储层增产改造多相流动研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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Drilling Engineering, 2021, 48(10): 13-20., articleTitle=Effect of fiber on fracturing of high conductivity fractures, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941783612732139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941783625315052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, companyId=1322941783612732139, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941783637897965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, companyId=1322941783612732139, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川 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articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Physical model of network structure of proppant-fiber clusters, figureFileSmall=b4+AP+UPDftCfVGiBJljLg==, figureFileBig=B3rC+zjVGvd+ZAa6XocmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941791632241456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图3, caption=支撑剂-纤维簇网状结构物理模型, figureFileSmall=b4+AP+UPDftCfVGiBJljLg==, figureFileBig=B3rC+zjVGvd+ZAa6XocmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941791690961713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of settling time and placement height of proppant-fiber clusters under different influencing factors, figureFileSmall=NOPWv6oF+Q1jj2m0xS3tqQ==, figureFileBig=XfswtcWSSkFoESZ/wg5nyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941791854539570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同影响因素下支撑剂-纤维簇的沉降时间与铺置高度对比, figureFileSmall=NOPWv6oF+Q1jj2m0xS3tqQ==, figureFileBig=XfswtcWSSkFoESZ/wg5nyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941791951008563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Transport and settling process of proppant-fiber clusters under different fiber mass fractions, figureFileSmall=dr+hbt+PVsXr2A1mIOOl0w==, figureFileBig=3FBezjc+P4ND2TNODJBf6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792022311732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同纤维质量分数下支撑剂-纤维簇运移沉降过程, figureFileSmall=dr+hbt+PVsXr2A1mIOOl0w==, figureFileBig=3FBezjc+P4ND2TNODJBf6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792102003509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Placement effect after 10-min settling under different fiber mass fractions, figureFileSmall=Yk2A31wwy+wnF2Pi0LbiVA==, figureFileBig=rGipyzQ5y/wusfuX9jb7vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792282358582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同纤维质量分数下沉降10 min铺置效果, figureFileSmall=Yk2A31wwy+wnF2Pi0LbiVA==, figureFileBig=rGipyzQ5y/wusfuX9jb7vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792336884535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Frequency histograms of cluster unit size distribution under different fiber mass fractions (settling for 30 s), figureFileSmall=bbDNuz8mCokF6ymzjRIO+g==, figureFileBig=7liRgr+s7J/0n/nZEUi/3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792412382008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图7, 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distribution at different liquid viscosities (settling for 30 s), figureFileSmall=3lzTZ72mzoHYw672g/crcA==, figureFileBig=soyjwvVO756fLFHNR6xFdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792680817468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同液体黏度下的簇单元尺寸分布频率直方图(沉降30 s), figureFileSmall=3lzTZ72mzoHYw672g/crcA==, figureFileBig=soyjwvVO756fLFHNR6xFdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792747926335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of proppant placement characteristics in multi-stage fractures under different fiber mass fractions, figureFileSmall=BLBoE72vevDU6q5dKIsM1A==, figureFileBig=mT3BaWz5yGtJupcq/uTCjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792827618112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同纤维质量分数下多级裂缝支撑剂铺置特征对比, figureFileSmall=BLBoE72vevDU6q5dKIsM1A==, figureFileBig=mT3BaWz5yGtJupcq/uTCjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941792919892801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Fiber-induced proppant blockage at fracture intersection, figureFileSmall=vKo3GMjyKCYBY5OID0lMdA==, figureFileBig=NdFwjwgRzO2ukypTfgwJ6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941793003778882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图11, caption=裂缝交汇处纤维阻砂, figureFileSmall=vKo3GMjyKCYBY5OID0lMdA==, figureFileBig=NdFwjwgRzO2ukypTfgwJ6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941793083470660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Percentage of proppant bed area within fractures at different fiber lengths, figureFileSmall=3c0zsbLWzVFMGNQI42VSpQ==, figureFileBig=lyQ7eGxlcT4/Wt1CqgFM5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941793154773829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同纤维长度下缝内砂堤铺置面积百分比, figureFileSmall=3c0zsbLWzVFMGNQI42VSpQ==, figureFileBig=lyQ7eGxlcT4/Wt1CqgFM5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941793230271302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Experimental scheme for static settling of proppant-fiber clusters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数支撑剂类型滑溜水黏度/(mPa·s)纤维长度/mm纤维质量分数/%结构稳定剂体积分数/%砂比/%变量
170/140目石英砂66——10纤维质量分数
2660.1—10
3660.3—10
4660.5—10
5660.7—10
670/140目石英砂660.30.110结构稳定剂体积分数
7660.30.310
8660.30.510
9660.30.710
1070/140目石英砂860.30.310滑溜水黏度(10%砂比)
111060.30.310
1270/140目石英砂660.30.320滑溜水黏度(20%砂比)
13860.30.320
141060.30.320
), ArticleFig(id=1322941793322545991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

支撑剂-纤维簇静态沉降实验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数支撑剂类型滑溜水黏度/(mPa·s)纤维长度/mm纤维质量分数/%结构稳定剂体积分数/%砂比/%变量
170/140目石英砂66——10纤维质量分数
2660.1—10
3660.3—10
4660.5—10
5660.7—10
670/140目石英砂660.30.110结构稳定剂体积分数
7660.30.310
8660.30.510
9660.30.710
1070/140目石英砂860.30.310滑溜水黏度(10%砂比)
111060.30.310
1270/140目石英砂660.30.320滑溜水黏度(20%砂比)
13860.30.320
141060.30.320
), ArticleFig(id=1322941793414820680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Experimental scheme for dynamic transport of proppant-fiber clusters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数支撑剂类型排量/(L/min)滑溜水黏度/(mPa·s)纤维长度/mm纤维质量分数/%结构稳定剂体积分数/%砂比/%变量
170/140目覆膜石英砂2311———15纤维质量分数
270/140目覆膜石英砂231130.50.515
370/140目覆膜石英砂231130.80.515
470/140目石英砂331260.50.320纤维长度
570/140目石英砂331290.50.320
670/140目石英砂3312120.50.320
770/140目石英砂33560.50.320滑溜水黏度
870/140目石英砂332060.50.320
970/140目石英砂333560.50.320
1070/140目石英砂83———7多级裂缝
1170/140目石英砂8360.47
1270/140目石英砂8360.87
1370/140目石英砂8361.27
1470/140目石英砂8330.87
1570/140目石英砂83120.87
), ArticleFig(id=1322941793490318153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941775962321614, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

支撑剂-纤维簇动态输送实验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组数支撑剂类型排量/(L/min)滑溜水黏度/(mPa·s)纤维长度/mm纤维质量分数/%结构稳定剂体积分数/%砂比/%变量
170/140目覆膜石英砂2311———15纤维质量分数
270/140目覆膜石英砂231130.50.515
370/140目覆膜石英砂231130.80.515
470/140目石英砂331260.50.320纤维长度
570/140目石英砂331290.50.320
670/140目石英砂3312120.50.320
770/140目石英砂33560.50.320滑溜水黏度
870/140目石英砂332060.50.320
970/140目石英砂333560.50.320
1070/140目石英砂83———7多级裂缝
1170/140目石英砂8360.47
1270/140目石英砂8360.87
1370/140目石英砂8361.27
1470/140目石英砂8330.87
1570/140目石英砂83120.87
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全域支撑压裂支撑剂-纤维簇结构及沉降特性研究
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周航宇 1, 2 , 秦潇 1 , 郭建春 1 , 左恒愽 1 , 张涛 1 , 任山 3 , 杨浩 3 , 李阳洋 3
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(6): 1347-1357
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (6) : 1347 -1357
全域支撑压裂支撑剂-纤维簇结构及沉降特性研究
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周航宇(1994—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事储层增产改造多相流动研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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周航宇1, 2 , 秦潇1, 郭建春1, 左恒愽1, 张涛1, 任山3, 杨浩3, 李阳洋3
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 2 上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 3 成都劳恩普斯科技有限公司,四川   成都 610000
作者简介:

周航宇(1994—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事储层增产改造多相流动研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Study on proppant-fiber cluster structure and settling characteristics for full-domain propped fracturing
HANGYU ZHOU1, 2 , XIAO QIN1, JIANCHUN GUO1, HENGBO ZUO1, TAO ZHANG1, SHAN REN3, HAO YANG3, YANGYANG LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3 Chengdu LEPS Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025523
文章导航
收藏切换
非常规油气  /  裂缝全域支撑  /  支撑剂  /  纤维  /  支撑剂-纤维簇  /  输送规律
unconventional oil and gas  /  full-domain propped fracturing  /  proppant  /  fiber  /  proppant-fiber cluster  /  transport patterns
周航宇, 秦潇, 郭建春, 左恒愽, 张涛, 任山, 杨浩, 李阳洋. 全域支撑压裂支撑剂-纤维簇结构及沉降特性研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1347 -1357 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025523
HANGYU ZHOU, XIAO QIN, JIANCHUN GUO, HENGBO ZUO, TAO ZHANG, SHAN REN, HAO YANG, YANGYANG LI. Study on proppant-fiber cluster structure and settling characteristics for full-domain propped fracturing[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1347 -1357 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025523
近年来,以页岩油气、致密油气等为代表的非常规油气产量实现了显著增长,展示出巨大的开发潜力,已成为全球范围内未来增储上产的战略接替领域[1-2]。水平井分段多簇压裂技术是实现非常规储层经济开采的核心技术[3],其特点是大规模大排量流体注入、多粒径支撑剂混合及高强度加砂作业[4],旨在扩大裂缝支撑范围并提高支撑裂缝的流动能力[5]。然而,压裂实践暴露出一个关键技术问题:有效支撑体积受限且压后产量递减速度快。例如,四川盆地寒武系筇竹寺组海相页岩层间应力小,且槽内-斜坡沉积环境复杂、非均质性强[6],裂缝易于沿高度方向扩展,且缝高方向上裂缝宽度变化频繁,增大了支撑剂纵向铺展难度。此外,天然裂缝发育层段裂缝严重限制了支撑剂横向运移距离[7],导致近井裂缝易迅速累积大量支撑剂,远端裂缝支撑不足。
学术界和工业界的研究和试验已明确证实,纤维能够辅助携带支撑剂进入裂缝远端、有效改善裂缝铺置形态,并降低支撑剂砂堵风险[8]。学术界对纤维携砂机理的研究主要聚焦于支撑剂-纤维沉降速度与铺置形态。其中,颗粒在纤维悬浮液中的静态沉降研究,主要关注在不同纤维质量分数和类型[9]、颗粒粒径[10]和流体流变性[11]等条件下,多颗粒或颗粒团簇的沉降形态和速度变化,计算其在悬浮液中的阻力系数,并以此确定最佳材料参数。颗粒在纤维悬浮液中的动态输送研究,着重关注和描述裂缝非均匀铺置形态,考虑的影响因素除材料本征属性外,还包括泵注排量和泵注方式[12],部分研究[13]讨论了纤维和聚合物压裂液的协同作用对裂缝内支撑剂铺置范围的影响。根据不同施工目标,工业界将支撑剂-纤维混合注入压裂技术大致分为4类:全程伴注纤维压裂技术、通道压裂技术、尾追纤维压裂技术、纤维暂堵压裂技术[14-18]。本质上,上述4种压裂技术均是在压裂作业的不同阶段,通过支撑剂与纤维的结合组装,形成具有特定功能的复合结构。但在传统工艺中,纤维在高强度聚合物分子链网络作用下分散性差、与支撑剂结合能力弱,不利于形成稳定的支撑剂-纤维簇单元;破胶后纤维与支撑剂分散,支撑剂-纤维复合结构被破坏。
随着材料科学的进步[19],通过官能团定向调控的策略可以增强纤维与颗粒界面相互作用、提升其结合强度,在大规模滑溜水压裂技术背景下,支撑剂-纤维簇能够以稳定、独立的单元结构在缝内运移与铺置。然而,目前尚无研究从支撑剂-纤维簇的沉降机制角度出发,用簇结构替代纯支撑剂颗粒作为基本输送单元,进而揭示簇单元的形成机制和运动规律,并建立以调整支撑剂-纤维簇输送过程来改善裂缝铺置形态的调控方法。
本文首次提出以支撑剂-纤维簇替代支撑剂颗粒作为缝内基本输送单元,分析了支撑剂-纤维簇结构及沉降特性:利用超景深显微镜与扫描电镜观测了簇单元的细观结构,建立了支撑剂-纤维簇网状结构物理模型,系统解释了簇单元的形成机制;通过支撑剂-纤维簇静态沉降实验,验证了结构稳定剂在滑溜水携砂过程中的关键作用;通过支撑剂-纤维簇动态输送实验,明确了支撑剂颗粒基于斯托克斯定律的自由沉降与支撑剂-纤维簇差速沉降的差异,分析了簇单元尺寸演化规律。开展了多级裂缝输送实验,对比分析了支撑剂颗粒和支撑剂-纤维簇在输送、沉降及铺置形态上的差异,明确了多级裂缝中砂堤的分布规律。根据实验结果,讨论了缝内簇单元输送机制研究的潜在科学问题及下步研究方向,旨在持续完善以支撑剂-纤维簇输送为核心的裂缝全域支撑压裂技术,为压裂工艺优化创新提供参考。
实验材料包括:成都劳恩普斯科技有限公司生产的聚酯纤维(长度分别为3、6、12 mm)、结构稳定剂、聚丙烯酰胺乳液、70/140目石英砂等。实验仪器包括:①浩视RX-100超景深显微镜(配备镜头HR-1020E);②EFI Quanta 450扫描电子显微镜;③支撑剂静态沉降平板装置,外形尺寸为200 mm×300 mm×5 mm(长×高×宽);④主裂缝支撑剂输送装置,外形尺寸为3.0 m×0.4 m×5.0 mm(长×高×宽)(图1a),针对典型区域选取3个尺寸为14 cm×25 cm的特征区域,同步拍摄簇单元运移-沉降过程;⑤多级裂缝支撑剂输送装置(主缝宽为6 mm,一级支缝Ⅰ宽为3 mm,一级支缝Ⅱ和二级支缝宽都为1 mm)(图1b)。
纤维长度介于3~12 mm,支撑剂粒径约0.1~0.4 mm,降阻剂和结构稳定剂聚合物超分子结构需在微米尺度下观测。实验步骤:①依次制备材料组成不同的试样:降阻剂、结构稳定剂、降阻剂+结构稳定剂+纤维、降阻剂+结构稳定剂+纤维+支撑剂,充分搅拌使试样混合体系分散均匀。②取少量试样作为观测样本,采用超景深显微镜(200倍)或扫描电镜(50~6 000倍)进行观测。
采用全域可视化裂缝平板装置,观察支撑剂-纤维簇沉降过程,记录其铺置高度与沉降时间。实验步骤:①将500 mL烧杯放置于搅拌器下,量取300 mL清水,加入一定质量分数(纤维和支撑剂质量比)纤维,搅拌使其完全分散。②加入一定体积分数(结构稳定剂和压裂液体积比)结构稳定剂,搅拌使体系均匀。③加入一定质量分数降阻剂,搅拌形成纤维滑溜水压裂液。④加入一定比例支撑剂,搅拌使其均匀分散、形成悬砂液体系。⑤将悬砂液迅速倒入裂缝平板装置,开始计时。⑥待支撑剂完全沉降,停止计时,记录裂缝铺置高度。支撑剂-纤维簇静态沉降实验方案如表1所示。
除上述单一主裂缝模块外,实验系统还配备摄像采集模块、循环泵注模块(包括搅拌器、配液罐、混砂罐、螺杆泵、加砂器与沉降循环罐)及自动控制模块。实验步骤为:①连接实验系统,检查密封性,调整摄像采集系统,确保成像清晰。②启动搅拌器,配制一定黏度压裂液。③启动螺杆泵,向裂缝充注压裂液,模拟压裂施工前置液。④向混砂罐添加一定比例纤维、结构稳定剂及支撑剂,配制支撑剂-纤维混合压裂液。⑤调整螺杆泵转动频率,控制排量泵送混合压裂液。⑥提取摄像采集结果,分析支撑剂-纤维簇输送过程。
假设裂缝均匀进液,采用雷诺相似准则将现场施工排量转化为实验排量,计算公式如下[20-21]:
Qe=1 000QfAe2NAf
式中:Q为排量,单位L/min;下标“e”和“f”分别代表实验和现场;A为裂缝过流断面面积,单位m2;N为单段压裂裂缝簇数。
动态输送实验方案见表2。
对于固定体系(0.1%降阻剂+0.5%结构稳定剂+0.5%纤维+70/140目石英砂),在200倍超景深显微镜下观测到纤维间相互交织,搭建了易于捕获支撑剂颗粒的网状骨架,但无明显缠绕(图2a、图2b)。扫描电镜下,降阻剂聚合物分子呈现“蛛网”状结构(图2c),结构稳定剂呈现“薄膜”片状结构(图2d)。降阻剂与结构稳定剂通过界面自组装作用在纤维表面形成复合包覆层,结构稳定剂在黏性纤维和支撑剂间起到桥接作用,更加利于支撑剂与纤维接触、结合,使体系形成更加稳定的空间网状结构(图2e、图2f)。
支撑剂-纤维簇网状结构物理模型如图3所示,稳定的空间网状结构有效约束了支撑剂颗粒运动。相较于传统工艺,该体系有效规避了因纤维在胶液中分散性不佳、聚合物超分子网络结构强度过高,导致颗粒间接触概率低、结合能力差的问题。在缝内流动剪切作用下,支撑剂-纤维簇的形成和解构将受到单元体系内部和外部共同作用:体系内部作用主要来自支撑剂-纤维-降阻剂-结构稳定剂多相界面的黏附力,它是微观尺度下所有接触界面作用能的宏观积分体现。当纤维长度继续增长时,体系内部将因纤维扭结[22]而产生附加能量,进一步增强体系稳定性;体系外部作用则来自流体剪切应力场与重力势能梯度的耦合作用,耦合作用强度影响簇单元尺寸大小、作用方向影响簇单元形变取向,由泵注排量、压裂液黏度、砂比等多种施工参数决定。
未添加结构稳定剂时,纤维质量分数对砂堤堆积高度的影响不大。随着纤维质量分数从0增至0.5%,支撑剂-纤维簇沉降时间虽然延长至初始时的1.67倍,但砂堤铺置高度仅增加6.1%(图4a)。沉降过程中,由于重力差异及颗粒间黏附力不足,支撑剂与纤维发生分离。尽管纤维可延缓支撑剂沉降,但纤维逸出严重,导致支撑剂沉降后迅速压实形成致密堆积。因此,仅添加纤维难以满足低黏滑溜水携砂的裂缝铺置优化要求。
固定纤维质量分数0.3%不变,随着结构稳定剂体积分数由0增至0.7%(图4b),裂缝纵向铺置高度呈非线性增长。当结构稳定剂体积分数为0.5%时,支撑剂-纤维簇沉降时间较纯支撑剂体系增加33.3%、较仅添加纤维的体系减少20%,但铺置高度分别增加66.7%和61.8%。这表明:添加结构稳定剂能够促进形成稳定的支撑剂-纤维簇,簇单元质量增加可能导致其沉降加快,但簇单元沉降后堆积形成的疏松结构有效提升了裂缝纵向支撑高度。结构稳定剂体积分数大于0.5%时,裂缝铺置高度增长变缓,表明其最佳体积分数介于0.3%~0.5%。
随着液体黏度从6 mPa·s增至10 mPa·s(图4c),在10%砂比下,支撑剂-纤维簇的沉降时间与铺置高度分别提升了48.8%和10%;而在20%砂比下,上述2项指标的增幅进一步扩大至90.8%和44.4%。此外,相同黏度下,相较于10%砂比,20%砂比的铺置高度分别增加了44.0%、77.8%和89.1%。这表明:支撑剂-纤维簇体系可显著改善高砂比条件下的携砂与铺置性能;同时,适度提高液体黏度有助于增强纤维对铺置剖面的调控作用。
缝内输送过程中,存在支撑剂、纤维及支撑剂-纤维簇等基本输送单元,在纤维取向作用下,三者发生分层运移(图5a)。支撑剂-纤维簇受流体剪切力发生形变,出现条簇与团簇2类典型构型[23]:簇单元在裂缝中部运移时以条簇状为主,随纤维质量分数增大,簇单元沉降至裂缝下部时转变为团簇状。停泵瞬间,流体剪切作用从以横向剪切为主转变为以纵向剪切为主,开始在正交絮凝作用下形成团簇并沉降。支撑剂颗粒和支撑剂-纤维簇沉降对比如图5b—图5f所示。纤维质量分数为0.1%时,沉降过程中几乎不形成簇单元,其动态沉降过程与支撑剂颗粒基本相同,贴近斯托克斯(Stokes)沉降定律。随着纤维质量分数增加,纤维裹挟支撑剂同步沉降,簇单元尺寸逐渐增大。支撑剂-纤维簇沉降满足Kynch理论[24]和差速沉降理论的描述,由于簇单元密度小于纯支撑剂颗粒,且其与流体接触面积更大,簇单元悬浮能力显著增强、沉降速度大幅降低。
沉降10 min后,纯支撑剂体系(图6a)与0.5%纤维体系(图6b)的平均铺置高度分别为5.87 cm和12.72 cm,增幅达116.6%(图6c)。尽管簇单元间的空隙会因重力压实而减小,堆积模式由初始的“簇-空隙-簇”结构演变为“簇-簇”结构,但簇单元相对独立,容易被液流带动运移;同时,支撑剂-纤维堆积体依然保持较蓬松特性,形成了有利于油气流动的高速通道。
为定量分析支撑剂-纤维簇的尺寸分布,建立了一套基于图像识别的簇单元识别及尺寸分布表征方法。实验步骤为:①获取支撑剂-纤维簇在裂缝空间的分布图像。②沿纵向和横向将图像划分为多个区域。③识别每个子区域内灰度值最低的像素区域,通常为簇的中心区域。④从被视为簇中心的最低灰度值像素点开始,沿径向向外提取像素灰度值,直至预定义的最大半径。⑤根据簇边缘的灰度值跃变(即灰度值显著增加的位置)确定簇的边界,从而将图像分割成不同的支撑剂-纤维簇单元。⑥计算每个簇单元的尺寸,在给定实验条件下对簇尺寸分布进行统计分析。
将簇单元等效直径定义为与其识别面积相等的圆形直径:
deq,i=2Aiπ
deq,max=max(deq,i)
式中:deq,i为每个支撑剂-纤维簇等效直径,单位mm;deq,max为支撑剂-纤维簇中最大等效直径,单位mm;Ai为每个支撑剂-纤维簇的面积,单位mm2。
当纤维质量分数为0.1%时,78.6%的簇单元等效直径在0~2 mm;而当纤维质量分数为0.7%时,仅有52.1%的簇落在此尺寸范围内;且随着纤维质量分数0.1%增至0.7%(图7),小尺寸簇单元占比逐渐降低,簇单元最大等效直径从7~8 mm增至15~16 mm。这表明增加纤维质量分数有利于形成更大的簇单元,并且降低亚毫米簇单元的比例,从而有利于提升支撑剂-纤维堆积的孔隙性。簇单元尺寸随着纤维质量分数增加而线性增加,沉降30 s时,纤维质量分数为0.1%与0.7%的簇单元平均等效直径分别为1.52 mm和3.57 mm。随着时间的推移,裂缝内的多个小簇逐渐积累并合并成更大的簇。
增加纤维长度有利于形成更大的簇单元、降低尺寸小于2 mm的簇单元占比。纤维长度为6 mm时,63.5%的簇单元等效直径在0~2 mm;纤维长度为12 mm时,仅32.2%的簇单元等效直径落在此范围内。随着纤维长度从6 mm增至12 mm,簇单元最大等效直径从10~11 mm增至15~16 mm。簇单元平均等效直径随纤维长度增加而线性增加(图8),沉降30 s 时,6 mm与12 mm长度纤维所形成的簇单元平均等效直径分别为2.15 mm和4.26 mm。沉降初期,纤维长度越长、越能快速形成较大的簇单元;随着时间的推移,纤维长度引起的簇单元尺寸差异逐渐减小。
簇单元平均等效直径随滑溜水黏度升高呈先增大、后减小的非线性关系(图9)。12 mPa·s条件下的簇单元平均等效直径最大,较5 mPa·s时增加5.7%;大于20 mPa·s后,簇单元平均等效直径持续减小,较12 mPa·s时降低20.8%。这一结果表明:液体黏度增大、聚合物分子网络结构强度增强,支撑剂与纤维接触频率降低、结合能力减弱,阻碍了簇单元形成。
可见,支撑剂-纤维簇的尺寸、密度、沉降时间与铺置高度的演化过程相互耦合,可通过优化参数组合调控簇单元尺寸,进而实现对裂缝铺置形态的控制。
不同纤维质量分数下砂堤铺置形态如图10a所示。与纯砂相比,主缝远端砂堤高度明显增大,铺置剖面更加均匀。为定量化表征多级裂缝内砂堤的充填程度,定义砂堤的铺置面积百分比:
R = SdSp
式中:R为铺置面积百分比,%;Sd为缝内砂堤堆积平面面积,单位m2;Sp为裂缝平板装置平面面积,单位m2。
各级裂缝的铺置面积百分比如图10b所示。纤维质量分数从0增至1.2%时,一级支缝的铺置面积百分比由48.9%变为19.0%,减小了61.1%,表明高质量分数纤维会阻碍支撑剂的转向入缝。
裂缝交汇处的铺置高度存在差异(图11a)。裂缝交汇处,支撑剂以2种方式进入裂缝(图11b),即悬浮入缝和滚动入缝。随着主裂缝砂堤堆积至一定高度,流动通道变窄,上部流速加快,无法在上部实现封堵,支撑剂能够从裂缝上部悬浮入缝;而下部砂堤中含有大量纤维,阻碍了支撑剂滚动入缝,导致裂缝交汇处砂堤高度出现差异。
不同纤维长度下各级裂缝铺置面积百分比如图12所示。随着纤维长度增加,主裂缝铺置面积百分比逐渐升高,分支裂缝铺置面积百分比逐渐降低。对于3 mm纤维,一级支缝内铺置面积百分比45.9%与纯砂48.9%基本相当,表明阻砂效应不显著;二级支缝中,铺置面积百分比下降50%。对于12 mm纤维,二级支缝中则基本没有支撑剂进入。纤维长度与裂缝宽度存在匹配关系,当纤维长度小于等于分支裂缝宽度时,纤维阻砂作用较弱,不会明显影响支撑剂-纤维簇的入缝过程。
此外,纤维阻砂效应主要出现在无稳定剂的工况下,可以通过提升支撑剂-纤维结合能力来提升簇单元结构的稳定性,降低或规避纤维从结构中逸出并在缝口形成阻碍。
从改变颗粒沉降机制的角度出发,以支撑剂-纤维簇代替支撑剂颗粒作为基本输送单元,是实现裂缝高效铺置的创新性策略。本研究开展了支撑剂-纤维簇的结构表征、静态沉降及动态输送实验,分析了簇单元结构特征及其沉降过程中的尺寸演化规律,主要结论如下:
1)簇单元主要由支撑剂、纤维、降阻剂和稳定剂构成。降阻剂聚合物分子“蛛网”状结构诱导支撑剂与纤维聚集,“薄膜”状结构稳定剂促进不同颗粒接触、结合,形成稳定的空间网络结构,捕获支撑剂,阻碍其沉降,簇单元间保持相对独立。
2)相比纯支撑剂颗粒,支撑剂-纤维簇密度低、迎流面积大,悬浮能力强、堆积结构蓬松,能够有效提升裂缝铺置面积。加入结构稳定剂能进一步减缓颗粒沉降、提升支撑剂-纤维混合铺置高度,但结构稳定剂体积分数超过0.5%后,缝内铺置高度增幅变缓,其最佳体积分数介于0.3%~0.5%。
3)增大纤维质量分数、长度均有利于形成大尺寸的簇单元,黏度对簇单元尺寸的影响呈非线性关系。然而,纤维质量分数过高或纤维长度过长会引起裂缝堵塞。推荐纤维质量分数介于0.3%~0.7%,纤维长度为3 mm和6 mm。
4)纤维质量分数及长度较大时,裂缝交汇处可能出现纤维阻砂现象。可以从优化材料本征属性、缩小支撑剂-纤维簇单元尺寸及提升簇单元结构稳定性等方面提升多级裂缝铺置效果。
根据支撑剂-纤维簇的形成机制,后续可从材料研发与参数优化的角度开展关于簇单元强度和缝内铺置形态方面的研究。如探索纤维-支撑剂黏附力增强作用原理及途径,研究材料界面能、纤维扭结缠绕、裂缝流动剪切及重力沉降等协同作用下簇单元的絮凝聚集、解构分散及转向入缝机理,进一步提升多级裂缝中簇单元的输运效率。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025523
  • 接收时间:2026-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-12
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    1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
    2 上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    3 成都劳恩普斯科技有限公司,四川   成都 610000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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