Article(id=1322964738908488075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025491, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348973252, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1769356800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348973252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348973252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348973252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322964647376191536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769356800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348951428, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793349012150, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=11, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322964741039194508, articleId=1322964738908488075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Review and prospects of simulation studies on leakage, migration, and transformation of geological CO2 storage, columnId=1322941556788953582, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Specialist Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Geological CO2 storage is a critical part in carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology for achieving emission reduction goals. As the scale of CO2 injection expands and its duration prolongs, the risks of leakage from wellbores and caprocks gradually increase due to wellbore integrity failures, fault reactivation, and fracture propagation or fissure development in caprocks . Post-leakage CO2 will rise vertically and diffuse horizontally into subsurface including groundwater systems and soil environment, where it spreads extensively and undergoes multiple types of transformation, thereby affecting regional ecological and environmental safety. Under the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical field within geological formation, such multi-pathway, cross-spatial, large-scale, and long-term migration, diffusion, and transformation processes are extremely complex. Accurate identification and quantitative assessment of leakage safety and environmental risk rely on various migration-transformation simulation methods. This study systematically summarizes the main leakage pathways of geological CO2 storage (wellbores, caprocks, and faults), explains the leakage mechanisms, and discusses key influencing factors such as temperature, pressure, and geochemical reactions. The migration and transformation mechanisms of CO2 after leakage in underground environments such as faults, caprocks, groundwater, and soil are analyzed, and the dominant controlling factors and environmental effects of migration and transformation are identified. This study reviews the simulation methods for CO2 migration and coupled migration and transformation in caprocks, faults, groundwater, and soil, as well as their application in validating leakage mechanisms, identifying migration-transformation patterns, and predicting environmental risks. This study highlights that the current model still faces challenges in accurately simulating the dynamic distribution of gas phase exsolution in faults, cross-formation multi-environment coupling, and microbial transformation process. Future research should focus on coupled modeling of cross-formation multi-environment migration and transformation, achieve full-space and full-process simulations of migration and leakage, and establish an integrated simulation framework of injection-migration-leakage-diffusion systems, thereby enabling the application of optimized leakage monitoring and precise environmental risk prediction.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=QIANGUO LIN1, 2, JIXING WANG3, authorsList=QIANGUO LIN, JIXING WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322964746403709333, articleId=1322964738908488075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=CO2地质封存泄漏迁移转化模拟研究综述与展望, columnId=1322941557069971952, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

CO2地质封存是碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术实现减排目标的关键环节。随着CO2 注入规模的扩大和注入时间延长,井筒完整性失效、断层活化、盖层裂缝扩展与裂隙发育引发的井筒和盖层泄漏风险逐渐增大。泄漏后的CO2通过纵向上浮和横向运移进入地下水和土壤环境,并在其中广域扩散与多形式转化,进而影响区域生态环境安全。在地层的热-力-流-化学耦合场的作用下,这种多途径、跨空间、大范围、长周期的迁移和扩散转化过程异常复杂,精准识别和量化评估泄漏安全和环境风险,需要依赖各种迁移转化模拟方法。本文系统总结了CO2地质封存的主要泄漏途径(井筒、盖层和断层),阐述了泄漏机制,归纳了温度、压力和地球化学反应等关键影响因素;解析了CO2泄漏后在断层、盖层、地下水和土壤等地下环境中的迁移转化机理,明确了其主导控制因素与环境效应;综述了盖层、断层、地下水和土壤中CO2迁移和迁移转化耦合模拟方法,以及这些模拟在验证泄漏机理、识别迁移转化规律和预测环境风险中的应用。研究表明,当前模型在精确模拟断层气相析出动态分布、跨地层多环境耦合及微生物转化过程方面仍面临挑战。未来应重点开展跨地层多环境耦合的迁移转化模拟研究,构建全空间、全流程的运移泄漏过程分析体系,建立注入-运移-泄漏迁移扩散系统的一体化模拟框架,从而为泄漏监测的全域优化与环境风险精准预测提供理论和支撑。

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林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

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林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

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林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

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CO2地质封存泄漏迁移转化模拟研究综述与展望
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林千果 1, 2 , 王冀星 3
油气藏评价与开发 | 专家论坛 2026,16(1): 11-22
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油气藏评价与开发 |专家论坛 2026 , 16 (1) : 11 -22
CO2地质封存泄漏迁移转化模拟研究综述与展望
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林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

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林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

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林千果1, 2 , 王冀星3
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院,上海 200030
  • 2 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200030
  • 3 华北电力大学环境科学与工程学院,北京   102206
作者简介:

林千果(1971—),男,博士,教授,主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存研究。地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号,邮政编码:201306。E-mail:

Review and prospects of simulation studies on leakage, migration, and transformation of geological CO2 storage
QIANGUO LIN1, 2 , JIXING WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 3 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2026-01-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025491
文章导航
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CO2地质封存  /  CO2泄漏  /  迁移转化  /  数值模拟  /  环境影响
geological CO2 storage  /  CO2 leakage  /  migration and transformation  /  numerical simulation  /  environmental impact
林千果, 王冀星. CO2地质封存泄漏迁移转化模拟研究综述与展望. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (1) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025491
QIANGUO LIN, JIXING WANG. Review and prospects of simulation studies on leakage, migration, and transformation of geological CO2 storage[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (1) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025491
CO2捕集、利用与封存(Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage,CCUS)是指将CO2从能源利用、工业过程等排放源或大气中捕集分离,随后输送到适宜的场地加以利用或封存,从而减少CO2排放到大气中的技术。其中,地质封存主要通过注入井将CO2注入到地下咸水层,并依靠盖层的密闭性和构造圈闭、毛细管滞留、咸水溶解以及矿化固化等多种机制实现长期封存,是CCUS技术实现减排的关键环节[1-2]。然而,在实际项目运行中,随着注入规模的扩大和时间的持续,井筒完整性可能受到完井缺陷、化学腐蚀和应力应变等因素影响,从而在腐蚀套管、管柱接头、固井水泥等位置形成泄漏通道[3-5]。同时,在孔隙压力、热效应和地球化学反应的共同作用下,盖层的密闭性也可能因裂缝的扩展或潜在断层激活[6-10]而失效,形成CO2泄漏的优势通道[11]。
泄漏后的CO2通过纵向上浮和横向运移进一步扩散至盖层及上覆地层空间,包括缓冲层、浅层地下水和土壤,最终进入地表大气环境,并在其中广域扩散与多形式转化,进而影响区域生态环境和人体健康。在地层热-力-流-化学耦合场的作用下,这种多途径、跨空间、大范围、长周期的迁移和扩散转化过程异常复杂,其对环境的影响在空间上既有由点到面的上升扩散和横向迁移,又有自下而上的沉降和下渗;在作用形式上,既有物理状态的改变,也伴随多种化学反应转化;在时间尺度上,涵盖注入前、注入中和注入后的长期演变过程,同时呈现各类物理扩散和化学转化的动态变化特征。精准识别和量化评估各类泄漏安全和环境风险,需依托多场耦合迁移转化模拟方法,以表征这一系列复杂的迁移和扩散转化过程。
针对地质利用与封存CO2泄漏过程及泄漏后在环境中的迁移转化模拟,国内外已开展了广泛研究。模拟CO2突破盖层、断层泄漏过程的研究中,主要基于其在盖层、断层中的渗流机制构建数值模型,重点揭示了突破压力、泄漏流动速率、地层流体交换机制等泄漏规律;模拟CO2泄漏后在深层地下水层、浅层地下水层、土壤层和地表的迁移转化过程的研究中,研究者已开发出多物理场(化学场、热力场、力学场和水力场)全耦合或部分耦合的模拟方法,旨在精准刻画CO2在地层和地表的运移行为,并重点分析了地层结构特性和流体力学参数对CO2羽流迁移范围、速度及赋存形态的影响。其中,核心研究热点集中于:多物理场耦合机制的精细模拟、跨尺度建模方法,以及CO2泄漏对地下水质的污染风险量化评估。然而,研究仍存在明显不足:首先,对断层内流体动态迁移过程的模拟精度有待提高;其次,针对CO2跨地层的层间非均质性介质迁移精细模拟研究相对匮乏;最后,现有模型侧重于机理验证和规律总结,对复杂真实泄漏场景的动态风险预测及对环境监测体系优化的支撑作用有限。
本研究旨在系统地阐述CO2地质利用与封存的泄漏机制,解析CO2泄漏到盖层、断层、地下水、土壤等地下环境后的迁移转化机理、主导控制因素及环境效应。聚焦其跨空间、大范围、长周期的显著迁移特征,梳理现有各类环境介质中的迁移转化数值模拟方法。进而,围绕该类模拟模型的构建与应用,重点分析监测优化、风险预测等实际应用转化的路径与关键技术,并探讨相关研究前沿、技术挑战和未来发展方向。
CO₂地质封存的泄漏风险主要源于注入过程及长期封存过程中伴随的地球物理变化和地球化学反应。这些物理变化和化学反应可能改变储层和盖层的物理化学性质,激活或产生高渗透率的泄漏通道,从而威胁封存安全。具体机制包括温度、压力变化和地球化学反应3个方面。
温度变化是影响封存系统力学稳定性并可能诱发泄漏的关键热力学因素。注入的低温超临界CO2与相对高温的地层岩石之间存在显著温差,这会引发包括热对流、焦耳-汤姆逊效应及地层水吸热蒸发等在内复杂的热传递过程,从而导致温度场发生扰动[7,12]。这种温度扰动主要通过2种机制威胁盖层完整性并可能诱发泄漏:一是热应力导致裂缝或断层活化;二是盖层力学强度被削弱。GOR等[13-14]和VILARRASA等[15]研究表明,在40~50 ℃温度下注入CO2,盖层的裂缝压力会随时间降低,裂缝可能在更低的注入压力下开启。例如,对阿尔及利亚In-Salah封存区的模拟预测显示,在10 a注入期内,井筒附近盖层可能产生长达50 m的裂缝。这种“热孔弹性”效应已被证实会增加断层重新激活的风险[13,16]。为减轻因温度变化引起的CO2泄漏风险,需要优化注入策略,例如控制注入CO2温度、流速,以提高近井地带温度[17],并确保注入点与盖层保持足够距离[15]。
注入压力是驱动CO2迁移,并可能直接破坏储盖层力学平衡、激活泄漏通道的核心力学因素,通过直接突破与通道激活机制和区域应力场改变与地质力学响应2种途径诱发泄漏。注入点压力升高是最直接的泄漏驱动源,通过产生水力裂缝,或使已存在的断层、裂缝等高渗透通道启动或滑动,形成CO₂快速泄漏的路径[18,22]。孔隙压力升高会降低盖层岩石的有效应力,通过降低毛细管突破压力等方式削弱其密封能力,甚至诱发盖层本身的破裂[23-24]。因此,为避免力学因素导致的封存CO2泄漏现象,降低盖层压力扰动是预防原有泄漏通道激活和新破裂诱发的关键措施[18-26]。为保证注入安全,通常将最大注入压力限制在盖层裂缝压力之下[27]。通过重复地层测试和泄漏测试等技术准确评估储层压力、裂缝压力和盖层完整性,是注入方案设计的基础[28]。VILARRASA等[29]研究表明,注入液态CO2虽因密度较高可降低注入过程的能耗,但会提高提前达到压裂压力的风险。
注入的CO2溶解于地层水形成碳酸,会显著降低地下环境的pH值,从而引发复杂的CO2-水-岩石地球化学反应。这些反应通过改变岩石的物理结构和力学性质,对封存系统的长期稳定性产生深远影响。其影响机制主要可归纳为矿物溶解与沉淀,以及由此衍生的化学-力学耦合效应。首先,矿物溶解会通过扩大孔隙空间和喉道,造成孔隙度和渗透率增加,进而形成高渗通道甚至“虫洞”[30],可能连通原本孤立的孔隙或微裂缝[31-33]。溶解作用还可能导致岩石强度弱化,降低储层[34]和盖层岩石[34]的骨架强度及弹性模量,使其更容易在压力和热应力作用下发生变形或破裂[7,30,36]。在沉淀主导的场景下,如硅质、黏土矿物、碳酸盐次生矿物等沉淀可能堵塞孔隙喉道,降低渗透率。其次,矿物溶解导致的岩石弱化效应会与注入压力和热应力发生化学-力学耦合作用[7,36],通过降低盖层岩石的毛细管突破压力,活化潜在断层和裂缝,增加CO2泄漏风险。此外,矿物溶解造成的局部高渗透带可能改变压力分布和流体运移路径,引发不可预见的压力积累或流体聚集,进一步增大泄漏风险[37]。相较于压力、温度因素,地球化学作用虽作用缓慢,但在长期封存中至关重要。评估长期封存安全性必须充分考虑化学-力学耦合过程,可通过优化注入水质或添加抑制剂等方法调控不利反应。
在CO2地质封存系统中,潜在的泄漏途径主要包括井筒、断层和盖层,可能因注入活动、地质力学响应或长期地球化学作用而被激活或扩大,成为CO2逃逸至浅层地下环境甚至地表大气环境的通道(图1)。
注入井、监测井和废弃井是当前研究普遍认为的CO2泄漏高风险源[38]。井筒完整性失效是导致CO2泄漏的主要工程因素,包含井筒套管、水泥环和胶结界面在内的复杂结构,在建设和使用过程中可能存在缺陷或发生性能退化。在固井阶段,若出现水泥浆窜槽、胶结不良,或套管丝扣泄漏、套管与水泥、水泥与地层之间黏结失效,亦或采用低质量高渗透水泥[4,38-39],这些缺陷在钻井、完井、生产或废弃阶段均可能为CO2泄漏形成初始通道。国际能源署温室气体研发计划报告指出,约98%的模拟CO₂泄漏事件发生于废弃井,主要原因为固井质量差[40]。在注入或采出阶段,井筒长期处于封存环境中,可能导致水泥环发生化学降解,进而造成水泥基体溶解、孔隙率与渗透率升高[38,41]。ZHANG等[38]的研究表明,腐蚀速率受压力、温度、流速及水泥矿物组成的显著影响。国际能源机构研究显示:水泥退化进一步暴露套管,加剧腐蚀风险[42]。CARROLL等[4]研究指出,注入和封存过程中产生的热应力、机械应力和构造应力可导致水泥环破裂、套管变形或封隔失效。因此,为防范严重井筒泄漏事件发生,应当严格把控井筒设计、施工及固井质量,优化材料选择(如耐酸水泥、耐蚀套管),应用缓蚀剂、阴极保护等防护技术,对现有井开展完整性评估与修复工作,并实施长期监控[40]。
天然断层或诱发断层是高风险的泄漏通道,其风险取决于注入活动对断层稳定性和封闭能力的影响。断层的封闭性主要由其内部结构以及流体-岩石界面张力及岩石润湿性等因素决定。强水湿断层通常具有较好的封堵能力[43]。根据GHOLAMI等[44]的研究,断层岩石润湿性在长期暴露于CO₂环境下可能发生改变,趋向于CO2润湿,从而削弱断层的毛细封闭能力。应力应变、矿物溶解等地球化学反应也可能改变断层带的物理性质。DANIEL等[43]研究表明,当注入引起的孔隙压力超过断层带的毛细管突破压力时,CO2可克服毛细阻力沿断层面向上运移。并且,断层孔隙压力升高会降低断层面的有效正应力,将诱发断层活化成为快速泄漏通道[18-19,45]。断层的活化倾向主要受产状、区域应力场方向和岩石摩擦特性控制。断层泄漏风险评估需进行详细的断层几何和封闭性刻画,应严格监控注入压力,避免其超过诱发断层活化或毛细突破的安全阈值。需系统评估长期地球化学作用对断层封闭能力的潜在负面影响。
盖层作为主要的物理屏障,其泄漏风险主要源于自身非均质性和在长期高压或化学作用下的退化。泄漏方式可概括为3类,通过宏观裂隙/裂缝网络的渗透泄漏、微裂隙渗流泄漏和分子扩散泄漏。首先,渗透泄漏主要发生在盖层中存在自然形成或注入热应力诱发的离散裂缝或断裂带时,压力驱动下的CO₂通过这些高渗透通道发生相对快速的渗流泄漏[46-48]。其次,微裂隙渗流泄漏方式是指即使盖层基质渗透率极低且未发育明显宏观裂缝,在高储层压力的长期作用下,地层流体仍能以极其缓慢的渗流速率穿过盖层基质或微裂隙系统向上运移[48,50]。虽然单点泄漏速率极小,但在公里级大空间尺度和千年长时间尺度下,累积的泄漏量可能非常显著[49-50]。最后,分子扩散泄漏方式指溶解于地层水中的CO2,可通过分子扩散作用,在浓度梯度驱动下穿过盖层孔隙水向上运移。该过程速率极其缓慢,在工程服役期的百年尺度内泄漏量通常可忽略不计,但在极端长期封存评估中需要考虑。BUSCH等[47]研究表明,厚度为10 m的页岩在105 a后才会发生穿过盖层的扩散泄漏,但厚度仅约10 m的盖层通常难以构成封存CO2的有效屏障,因此扩散泄漏预计在更长的时间尺度下发生。基于盖层泄漏的主要方式,CO2封存场地筛选应优选盖层厚度大、连续性好、岩性致密渗透率低且韧性强的区域。严格控制注入压力在盖层破裂压力之下,同时需评估长期高压维持下微裂隙渗流泄漏的潜在影响。
封存的CO₂通过断层、裂隙或失效井筒泄漏后,在压力梯度驱动下向上覆地层迁移。迁移过程中伴随复杂的物理相变、地球化学反应,其路径和环境影响因所处地质环境而异,包括断层、盖层、地下水和土壤,不同环境中的迁移转化机制和环境影响不同(图2)。
KUANG等[8]系统阐述了断层中CO₂迁移机制。CO2迁移包括压力驱动对流、浮力驱动气泡运移和分子扩散3类机制,当断层带存在压力梯度时,游离态CO₂以对流形式沿高渗透通道快速运移;溶解于孔隙水中的CO₂因压力降低析出气泡,在浮力作用下向浅部迁移;在低流速区域,浓度梯度驱动的分子扩散成为次要迁移机制。而水相中溶解态CO₂随地层水在压力梯度下发生对流迁移。断层渗透性、填充物性质及注入压力演化共同控制主导机制,相态转换显著影响泄漏通量与路径复杂性。
盖层泄漏以孔隙/裂隙网络的两相渗流为核心物理过程。当储层流体压力超过盖层最大连通孔径的毛细突破压力与上覆地层压力之和时,CO2侵入盖层孔隙[51-55]。盖层中CO2的流动受到流体物性参数(如黏度比、界面张力、密度比等)、盖层岩石物性参数(如孔隙率、渗透率、比表面积等),以及盖层岩石润湿性的影响[56-58]。李荣[59]的研究表明,在水湿盖层系统中,地层水优先占据喉道,阻碍了非水湿相CO2运移。
CO2迁移行为引发的盖层环境影响主要表现为CO2泄漏风险要素的时空变化和盖层封存功能的劣化。首先,CO2在盖层中的迁移模式直接决定突破盖层所需的临界时间、优势路径分布、泄漏点分散性、CO2泄漏通量等关键泄漏特征。高帅等[60]研究表明,非均质盖层会形成分散的泄漏优势路径,导致泄漏点增多、空间分布更广、泄漏速率显著高于均质地层。WEBER等[61]在含断层和盖层的原位注入实验中发现CO2沿断层破碎带迁移,形成局部集中的高泄漏风险区。其次,研究表明持续迁移的CO2可能通过物理-化学作用削弱盖层密封能力。NOORAIEPOUR等[62]的微流控实验证实,水分蒸发所致盐结晶会堵塞孔隙,迫使CO2迁移路径转向,形成新的次生优势通道,间接扩大潜在泄漏范围。RAZA等[30]的研究表明,酸性CO₂-水溶液可能溶解盖层中的碳酸盐胶结物,在长期作用下会增加局部渗透率。CO2高压注入作用可能诱发盖层微裂隙扩张[23-24]。盖层环境不仅是静态物理屏障,其内部CO2迁移行为会动态影响盖层泄漏规律,盖层的非均质性是控制CO2迁移及引发环境影响的核心要素,忽略该特性将严重低估实际泄漏风险。
CO2沿泄漏通道进入地下水后的迁移是一个涉及多种物理与化学过程的复杂现象。在地下水中泄漏后,CO2迁移的主要驱动力是浮力,伴随发生CO2-水-岩化学反应。气溶解的CO2主要以自由分子形式存在,少量与水反应生成碳酸(H2CO3),并释放出少量的H+,地下水pH值会逐渐降低。地下水酸化程度随CO2压力和在水中的CO2溶解度而增加。当CO2溶于水形成碳酸后,由于解离作用,会进一步生成碳酸氢根(HCO3-)和碳酸根(CO32 -)。除石英和其他抗溶蚀的硅酸盐矿物外,绝大多数硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物易被酸化的地下水溶蚀,从而增大地层孔隙度和渗透率[63-65]。然而,地下水中的HCO3-或CO32 -会与成垢离子(如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺)发生反应,生成无机盐沉淀,进而堵塞孔隙。例如,碳酸钙沉淀反应在固体壁面形成“岛屿”式沉淀,堵塞岩石孔隙,严重降低地层渗透率。CO2-水-岩反应引发的溶蚀与沉淀效应对CO2在地下水中的迁移过程有显著影响。
CO2泄漏至地下水后,主要引发地下水动力扰动和地球化学效应2类环境影响[66]。首先,泄漏的CO2改变地下水动力学特征:高压CO₂注入导致储层压力累积,推动咸水向上运移,引起潜水面抬升(可上升0.01~10.00 m)及水流方向反转[67]。以英国Sherwood砂岩含水层为例,模拟显示CO₂泄漏导致饮用水含水层水头显著上升[68]。其次,地球化学效应主要表现为pH值降低、金属/类金属活化以及有机污染物迁移。KHARAKA等[69]研究发现CO₂溶解形成碳酸使地下水pH值降低1~2单位。PETER等[70]基于德国Wittstock砂质含水层的实验显示,注入787 kg CO₂后,地下水pH值降至5.1。KHARAKA等[69]基于美国ZERT场地的监测显示,泄漏期间Mn、Fe浓度分别增加3倍与10倍。KHARAKA等[71]在Frio地层CO₂注入实验中,发现溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度骤增100倍。ZHENG等[72]模拟研究进一步预测,苯酚、萘等有机化合物在泄漏200 a后仍可持续检出。综上所述:CO₂泄漏通过改变水文地球化学过程,对地下水水质构成多维度威胁,需结合现场监测与模型模拟开展精准风险管控。
CO2主要以2种形态存在于土壤孔隙中,一是气态CO₂,在土壤孔隙中运动并与大气进行气体交换;二是溶解态CO₂,存在于土壤溶液中。气体CO2在土壤与大气间的交换过程,与土壤透气性密切相关,主要机制包括分子扩散、气压泵效应和降雨入渗。其中,分子扩散是主要的稳态交换方式。气压泵效应是由大气压力变化驱动,使气体在地表和地下发生交换。然而,相较于大气,土壤的低渗透性会抑制压力变化驱动的交换过程。OLDENBURG等[73]发现,在当前试验条件下气压泵效应对CO2年平均渗流通量的影响很小。同时,降雨入渗是抑制土壤CO2渗漏的一种重要机制。CO2气体能否大量渗出地表,取决于泄漏强度和迁移路径通透性:加压羽流或通过废弃油井泄漏的大量CO2更易渗出地表[73];而较小通量泄漏的CO2气体则可能在土壤中滞留。溶解于土壤水的CO2通过化学反应在土壤层中转化,主要机制包括:土壤水酸化、盐析和溶解有机碳反应。LU等[74]发现,CO2溶解形成碳酸,导致土壤快速酸化,持续通入CO2 15 d后,可使缺乏碳酸盐的土壤pH值下降1.5~2.5个单位;HARVEY等[75]指出,沙质土壤酸缓冲能力更弱,酸化风险显著高于壤土,孔隙水蒸发导致盐分过饱和析出,阻塞孔隙、显著降低渗透性;MOONIS等[76]研究发现,矿质土壤溶解有机碳含量降低20%~40%,而富含有机质土壤溶解有机碳含量则可能上升15%~30%。泄漏的气体和溶解态CO2均会导致土壤环境改变,具体表现为土壤物理化学性质发生改变,导致土壤功能退化,扰动微生物群落。如意大利Latera天然渗漏区观测显示[77],当土壤CO2体积分数>90%时,细菌与真核生物丰度剧减。HE等[78]的室内实验表明,CO2泄漏可导致植物根长缩短30%~40%,根系吸水效率下降25%。
CO₂地质封存的泄漏过程从物理路径上可划分为3个阶段:第一阶段为泄漏触发阶段,由盖层渗透、断层活化及井筒完整性失效等多因素耦合引发,CO₂运移羽流与上述泄漏路径的动态作用使该过程具有显著的不确定性和动态性;第二阶段为介质迁移阶段,泄漏的CO₂进入缓冲层或深层地下水层后,在地层热-力-流-化学耦合场作用下发生迁移扩散与形态转化;第三阶段为范围扩展阶段,CO₂进一步进入浅层地下水层与土壤层,实现大范围扩散与深度转化。相应的数值模拟研究目前也分别集中在泄漏过程的模拟、泄漏后的CO2迁移扩散模拟和迁移转化模拟。
鉴于盖层裂隙和断层是地质封存泄漏的主要通道,研究者们采用多种数值方法和专业软件模拟其泄漏过程。例如,SEYEDI等[79]采用双尺度方法,构建了考虑非均质结构的断层模型,估算了最大可持续的CO₂注入压力限值;AKINNIKAWE等[80]利用商业软件CMG研究发现,CO2在断层中的迁移速度取决于断层的渗透性;ZHANG等[81]利用TOUGH2探讨了封存CO₂与地层水通过断层的交换机制;ROMANO等[82]构建反应性多相输运模型,发现断层核心高渗区域是主要迁移通道,气相CO₂与溶解态CO₂在断层核心附近积聚。NAKAJIMA等[83]模拟了断层结构特征及CO2注入参数对泄漏风险的影响规律。
值得关注的是,断层中因压力降低引发的CO2析出过程及其对流体的阻滞效应。CO2沿断层快速上升,导致压力迅速下降,在含水丰富的条件下,溶解于地层水中的CO2会快速析出。FALTA等[84]基于TOUGH2数值模型,研究了含溶解态CO₂的咸水沿断层泄漏时的减压析出过程,发现当溶解态CO2分压超过静水压力时,CO₂会析出;CURRENTI等[85]利用TOUGHREACT模拟证实含溶解CO2的盐水在断层内可形成双相区;PLAMPIN等[86]基于亨利定律推导了气相CO2析出的临界压力概念,PORTER等[87]进一步考虑流动压降和非均质渗透性,建立了临界压力与注入速率的关系式。由于难以准确预测断层中CO2气体析出位置及析出后流体在断层中的空间分布,导致无法有效模拟断层流体的动态迁移过程,进而使得CO2迁移的阻滞机制尚未厘清,难以探究流体流动的调控机理及定量泄漏速率。在析出相对迁移的阻滞效应方面,研究表明析出的气相CO₂流动性极低。ZUO等[88-90]和XU等[91]的物理实验均发现,析出的CO2气泡在孔隙尺度呈现高度分散或不连续分布形态,导致气液两相流体的流动性大幅下降。ZUO等[90]指出即使少量气体析出,也会显著阻碍地层水沿断层的向上迁移;FALTA等[84]的TOUGH2模拟结果也一致表明,气相CO2的析出减少了咸水和CO2向浅层的泄漏量;WANG等[92]阐述了CO2沿断层迁移时,因气体析出而形成的分层流体的机制(图3)。
泄漏的CO2在盖层中迁移和扩散到一定程度,将依次进入深层地下水和浅层地下水。相较于矿物转化等间接影响路径,CO₂在地下水系统中的迁移和扩散过程属于直接影响机制。因此,早期研究阶段,众多学者重点关注盖层与地下水系统中CO₂的迁移扩散规律,开发或应用各类数值模拟方法,模拟CO₂在盖层、含水层、包气带等地层中的迁移和扩散过程,重点考察地层结构特性和流体力学参数对CO₂羽流迁移范围、速度和形态的影响。
在盖层中,PARK等[93]采用宏观数值模拟方法,评估与盖层泄漏相关的岩石结构特性对CO₂迁移的影响。HAN等[94]采用宏观数值模拟方法,探究了倾斜盖层对CO2迁移的影响。GASDA等[95]采用垂直平衡模型模拟方法,构建下底面粗糙度各异的倾斜盖层模型,探究CO2迁移和封存过程。
在地下水中,CO₂迁移受浮力、压力梯度、浓度梯度和地下水流速综合控制。WIEGERS等[96]模拟了气态CO2泄漏侵入上下边界的淡水含水层的迁移过程,分析CO2泄漏速率、地下水流速和含水层地形等参数敏感性;MACMINN等[97]模拟了CO2注入深层咸水层后的迁移过程,分析了地下水流速和地层倾斜程度对CO2羽流迁移速度和距离的影响;LIU等[98]模拟了CO2在浅层地下水中的迁移扩散机制,分析了泄漏率、降雨入渗速率、地下水流速、抽水井相对位置和地层非均质性对CO2迁移扩散的影响;在包气带中,GASPARINI等[99]考虑了包气带非均质特征、降雨入渗速率、温度和液体饱和度对CO₂迁移的影响。
为克服仅考虑多孔介质渗流过程的CO2迁移模拟方法的限制,准确模拟CO2在迁移过程中伴随的化学反应、相变、力学变形等多物理场耦合过程及其对迁移行为的反馈作用,研究者发展了化学场、热力场、力学场和水力场等多物理场全耦合或者部分耦合的模拟方法[100-101],并开展了大量的模拟研究。
CHEN等[102]考虑到孔喉内矿物溶解和沉淀过程,构建了化学场和渗流场耦合的反应性传输模拟模型。KHANAL等[103]采用反应性运移数值模拟模型,探索了矿物沉淀/溶解对CO2迁移的影响。为了考虑渗流-力学-化学耦合机制,CAI等[104]建立了一个水力机械化学耦合模拟模型,将毛细管封闭相行为、多组分流动、储层变形和反应控制孔隙度演化过程耦合在一起,以探索纳米孔封闭对提高石油采收率和CO2封存效果的影响。在近地表的CO2泄漏方面,为了模拟CO2在包气带和近地表大气之间明显的交换行为,OLDENBURG等[105-106]构建了土壤-地表大气耦合模型,用于评估泄漏CO2在地表的分布、通量及环境风险。BASIRAT等[107]选择了非连续单域方法,模拟了自由流动区域和多孔介质区域之间的传输过程。
参考BANDILLA等[100]和CELIA等[101]的研究成果,当前已有的CO2泄漏迁移转化模拟模型构建方法,可根据复杂程度由繁至简划分4个层级(1至4级)(图4)。选择合适的模型构建方法,需要遵循问题驱动、尺度匹配原则,明确研究问题的时空尺度,根据研究问题选择模型的复杂程度,模型需要能够捕捉主导物理过程,做出关键假设,忽略与当前研究问题时空尺度不匹配的机制,对相应控制方程进行简化处理。
CO2泄漏迁移转化模拟研究,核心服务于验证物理化学机理的可靠性与总结泄漏迁移转化规律两大目标。大量模拟模型通过对比实验数据或理论预测,明确了关键过程的控制机制。例如,ALTEVOGT等[108]通过包气带气体流动模型证实,密度差驱动是控制CO2羽流扩散范围的主导因素,其效应显著超越扩散与滑移输运。FARAJZADEH等[109]构建的气液两相传质模型,则验证了溶解过程对气液界面传质速率的增强作用。在多场耦合规律总结方面,NGHIEM等[110]基于地球化学-渗流耦合模型阐明,CO2溶解引发的地层水密度增大驱动了咸水下沉流动,进而促进长期矿化封存。GASDA等[95]的盖层粗糙度模型,则量化了地质结构非均质性对CO2空间分布的控制强度。
环境风险预测是CO2泄漏迁移转化模拟应用的延伸方向。BACON等[111]发现泄漏导致地下水pH值下降以及痕量金属浓度上升;ZHENG等[112]构建的多相反应迁移模型进一步表明,CO2泄漏导致碱金属和碱土金属浓度上升。通过一系列研究,系统量化了不同水文地质条件下CO2-水-岩反应的污染阈值[113-118]。LIU等[98]则重点探究了水动力条件与地质耦合作用下,泄漏CO2的迁移转化规律;张志升等[118]基于CO2泄漏环境风险模拟构建了CO2驱油封存泄漏风险管理系统。
CO2地质封存泄漏具有多途径且泄漏后跨空间、大范围、长周期的迁移和扩散转化的显著特征。因此,需要开展泄漏过程及泄漏后的迁移转化模拟研究。在盖层和断层泄漏过程模拟中,现有研究虽证实气相析出是阻滞断层内CO2和咸水迁移的关键因素,但缺乏有效表征析出分层流体在断层内动态迁移过程的模拟研究,导致难以精准预测CO2析出位置、空间分布及动态迁移过程。未来需研发能够表征析出位置、刻画分层流体空间分布并模拟其动态迁移过程的新模型与新方法,以定量评估断层泄漏风险、预测泄漏速率。在泄漏后的迁移扩散研究方面,当前的基于渗流场的CO2迁移扩散模拟研究的关键不足在于未能考虑与迁移过程动态耦合的化学反应和生物转化过程,例如溶解/沉淀、力学作用和微生物呼吸等过程。这使得模型在预测涉及孔隙结构动态演化或复杂界面过程的长期行为时存在不足。此外,目前的研究大多仅考虑某一地层内部CO2的均质性介质中的迁移过程或是通过下一层位的泄漏点位和泄漏速率等假设提供上一层位模拟的初始条件,缺乏层间非均质性介质中迁移的精细模拟,造成大范围和长时间的模拟结果与真实情况存在较大误差。在泄漏后的迁移转化模拟方面,现有的研究主要关注化学转化过程,而忽略了生物反应过程。事实上,泄漏后的CO2将在地层环境中长期存在,微生物活动的长期累计也将显著影响迁移转化过程,特别是浅层地下水和土壤层。在工程应用方面,尽管模拟模型在机理验证与规律总结中成效显著,但现有模拟模型多服务于验证理论机制,未能有力支撑环境监测,无法动态优化传感器布设位置。而已有的基于模拟模型构建的预测方法需简化地质条件,设置静态泄漏情景,难以量化如井筒-断层耦合泄漏复杂场景的泄漏速率的时空分布。
展望未来的研究,在泄漏模拟模型的构建方面:①针对断层内CO2气相析出位置及空间分布预测精度不足,难以量化析出气体对流体迁移的阻滞效应的问题,可通过建立断层内部压力分布方程,推导基于可监测断层入口压力的解析解来改进CO2气相析出位置的计算方法,随后结合反映CO2析出后流动阻力效应的两相相对渗透率,开发两相分层流动模型,以此明确气相析出对泄漏流体的阻滞机制,实现泄漏量的精确计算;②针对跨地层的多环境耦合迁移转化与全空间全流程运移泄漏耦合模拟,采用流体体积法(Volume of Fluid,VOF),结合超临界CO2沿垂向地层迁移的减压相变过程,构建多环境层间界面CO2迁移模拟模型,填补CO2跨地层多环境耦合模拟方法的空白;③针对注入-运移-泄漏迁移扩散系统的一体化动态模拟方法的缺乏,通过耦合注入期井筒井周前缘扩散和储层前缘突破动态过程,预测流体压力时空动态分布,对比流体前缘压力与盖层突破压力临界值,判断潜在泄漏点位分布并计算突破泄漏速率,为泄漏后多环境迁移转化提供精准初始条件,在注入-封存-泄漏全生命周期模拟框架下,实现泄漏风险的前瞻性预测。在模型工程应用优化方面:可通过辨识井筒-地层耦合泄漏特征,构建井筒-地层耦合的CO2泄漏模拟模型;利用正交实验设计方法设计多类型泄漏情景,结合井筒泄漏点位的不确定性分析,支撑复杂情景下的CO2井筒-地层耦合泄漏监测体系的建立。
本研究系统地阐述了CO2地质封存的泄漏机制,解析CO2泄漏到断层、盖层、地下水、土壤等地下环境后的迁移转化机理,识别了主导控制因素及环境效应,总结了当前针对各环境中迁移转化数值模拟方法的研究成果,并围绕CO2泄漏迁移转化模拟模型的构建方法,探讨了研究前沿、技术挑战和未来研究方向,给出以下结论和建议。
1) CO2封存泄漏的关键机制与主要途径。CO2封存的泄漏源于注入及封存过程中诱发的热力学、力学和地球化学多物理场耦合作用。温度骤降可产生热应力,进而激活裂缝/断层并削弱盖层强度;注入压力过高可直接压裂岩石、激活断层或降低盖层毛细封闭能力;地球化学反应则通过改变岩石孔隙结构和力学性质,进一步间接影响渗漏通道的形成与稳定性。这些耦合作用最终可能导致封存CO2通过井筒、断层和盖层3种主要途径泄漏。
2) 泄漏后的迁移转化机制与环境影响。泄漏的CO2在浮力与压力梯度驱动下向上迁移,过程伴随着物理相变、化学反应乃至生物转化。在断层中,以压力驱动对流、浮力驱动气泡运移为主,析出的CO2气相对流体迁移有显著阻滞效应;在盖层中,其迁移模式直接影响泄漏特征;在地下水中,CO2会引发pH值骤降、金属/类金属活化;在土壤中,积聚的CO2改变土壤物理化学性质、扰动微生物群落、胁迫植被生长,造成生态功能损害。
3) CO2泄漏迁移转化过程模拟方法挑战。构建数值模拟模型是研究泄漏迁移转化过程的关键手段。地质封存泄漏过程从物理路径上可以分为泄漏过程、泄漏后迁移扩散和泄漏后迁移转化3个阶段,相应的数值模拟研究目前也分别集中于这3个阶段。然而,当前模型构建仍面临诸多挑战:一是难以精确预测断层内CO2气相析出位置及空间分布,无法有效量化其阻滞效应;二是缺乏跨地层多环境耦合模拟方法;三是缺少注入-运移-泄漏全生命周期一体化的动态模拟方法。
4) CO2泄漏迁移转化过程模拟应用挑战。在工程应用中,CO₂泄漏迁移转化模拟研究主要服务于两大目标:验证物理化学机理的可靠性、总结泄漏迁移转化规律。但现有模型多聚焦于机理研究,对监测系统动态优化设计、复杂真实泄漏场景下泄漏量的动态核算支撑力度不足。
5) 未来的研究方向展望。在泄漏模拟模型的构建方面,为提升CO2泄漏风险预测与防控能力,需建立断层内压力分布解析模型与两相分层流动模型,以解决析出预测与阻滞量化难题;开发基于界面捕捉方法如VOF的多环境层间迁移耦合模型及全生命周期的注入-运移-泄漏一体化模拟框架,实现泄漏风险的前瞻性精准评估;通过耦合注入期井筒井周前缘扩散和储层前缘突破动态过程,构建注入-封存-泄漏全生命周期模拟框架。在工程应用方面,亟待将模拟技术深度应用于环境监测优化与泄漏量核算工作。例如,构建井筒-地层耦合泄漏多情景模拟模型,为复杂场景下的监测体系设计、精准碳核算、修复方案制定及安全标准修订提供直接、动态的科学支撑。

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2026年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025491
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-26
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    1 上海交通大学碳中和发展研究院,上海 200030
    2 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,上海 200030
    3 华北电力大学环境科学与工程学院,北京   102206
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