Article(id=1322942179496309209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322942002035295141, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025479, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343594669, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1790352000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343594669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343594669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343594669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322942002035295141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='949', pageEnd='1136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790352000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343552359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344212649, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944771945267389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322942002035295141, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944771945267390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322942002035295141, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=949, endPage=962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942179676664282, articleId=1322942179496309209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research progress on enhancing recovery of medium-shallow coalbed methane through surface well development: mechanisms, main controlling factors, and main technologies, columnId=1322941556788953582, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Specialist Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

China’s coalbed methane (CBM) research focuses on the development of deep CBM. However, medium-shallow CBM resources are abundant and highly proven. Currently, the main challenge is the difficulty in effectively utilizing a large amount of adsorbed gas. If the remaining adsorbed gas can be effectively utilized, the production scale of medium-shallow CBM could achieve a significant breakthrough. To clarify the development direction of surface well development technology for enhancing recovery in medium-shallow CBM, this study conducts an in-depth discussion based on a chain mass-transfer model of “in-situ desorption-matrix diffusion-cleat seepage-fracture conductivity” and reviews the definition and connotation of recovery efficiency in medium-shallow CBM. Among these processes, matrix diffusion, as the key link connecting microscopic desorption and macroscopic seepage, is identified as the core factor restricting the overall recovery efficiency. Furthermore, the influencing factors are systematically classified into two categories: (1) the main seepage controlling factors affecting pressure drop sweep efficiency, such as fracture conductivity, well pattern layout, and pressure drop rate; (2) the main diffusion controlling factors affecting desorption efficiency, including matrix block size, gas diffusion coefficient, water saturation, and temperature and pressure conditions. On this basis, this study systematically reviews the mainstream technologies for enhancing recovery, such as well pattern optimization, gas injection displacement (CO2 flooding, N2 flooding), negative pressure extraction, desorption agent injection, physical field energy enhancement (acoustic wave, microwave, electric field), microbial stimulation, and hydraulic slotting. Their applicable conditions, field application effects, and failure mechanisms are also analyzed. It is found that although these technologies can increase production under certain conditions, they generally have the common limitations of difficult matrix entry, easy energy dissipation, and limited stimulation effect. In other words, external energy cannot effectively act inside the matrix, the pressure drop sweep range is limited, the desorption efficiency improvement is insufficient, and the stimulation effect rapidly decreases over time, making sustainable development difficult to achieve. For medium-shallow CBM development, the mobilization rate of recoverable reserves (i.e., the kinetic process) is more practically significant than the absolute amount of recoverable reserves (i.e., the thermodynamic state). Rapid and efficient mobilization of adsorbed gas within the matrix is the key to increasing production and enhancing recovery efficiency. Therefore, surface well development technologies for enhancing recovery should focus on three directions: increasing mass-transfer driving force in the matrix, reducing matrix block size, and enhancing the gas-phase flow capacity within the matrix. Among these, reducing matrix block size is currently the most readily achievable breakthrough direction. Increasing the matrix mass-transfer driving force has limited effectiveness, while enhancing the gas phase flow capacity within the matrix requires long-term research and development to achieve a breakthrough.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=PINGYA LUO, SUYANG ZHU, XIAOGANG LI, authorsList=PINGYA LUO, SUYANG ZHU, XIAOGANG LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942182608482791, articleId=1322942179496309209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=中浅层煤层气地面建井开发提高采收率研究进展:机制、主控因素与主要技术, columnId=1322941557069971952, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

中国煤层气研究领域聚焦于深层煤层气的开发。然而,中浅层煤层气资源量丰富且储量落实程度高,目前主要面临大量吸附气难以有效动用的问题。如果可以有效动用剩余吸附气,中浅层煤层气的产能规模即可实现突破。为明确中浅层煤层气地面建井方式提高采收率技术的发展方向,研究基于“原位解吸-基质扩散-割理渗流-裂缝导流”链式传质模型展开深入探讨,综述中浅层煤层气采收率的定义与内涵。其中,基质扩散作为连接微观解吸与宏观渗流的关键环节,被明确为制约整体采收率的核心。研究结果将影响因素系统总结为2类:①影响压降波及效率的渗流主控因素,如裂缝导流能力、井网布局、压降速率等;②影响解吸效率的扩散主控因素,包括基质块尺寸、气体扩散系数、含水饱和度、温度与压力条件等。在此基础上,系统梳理了当前主流的技术,如井网优化、注气置换(CO₂、N₂驱替)、负压抽采、促解吸剂注入、物理场增能(声波、微波、电场)、微生物增产以及水力割缝等,分析其适用条件、现场应用效果与失效机制。研究发现,尽管上述技术在一定条件下可提升产量,但普遍存在“基质难进、能量易散、增产有限”的共性局限,即外部能量难以有效作用于基质内部,压降波及范围受限,解吸效率提升幅度不足,且增产效果随时间快速递减,难以实现可持续开发。对于中浅层煤层气开发而言,可采储量的动用速率(即动力学过程)比其绝对值(热力学状态)更具实际意义。快速、高效地动用基质内吸附气体才是增加产气量与提高采收率的关键。因此,地面建井提高采收率技术应围绕增大基质传质动力,减小基质块尺寸,以及增加基质气相的流动能力3个方面开展研究。其中,减小基质块尺寸是目前最容易突破的方向,而增加基质传质动力的影响效果有限,增加基质气相的流动能力需要长期开展攻关才能突破。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=罗平亚, 朱苏阳, 李小刚, authorsList=罗平亚, 朱苏阳, 李小刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

罗平亚(1940—),男,中国工程院院士,主要从事钻井液与完井液、储层保护技术、提高油气采收率与煤层气开发战略等方面的研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。 E-mail:

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罗平亚(1940—),男,中国工程院院士,主要从事钻井液与完井液、储层保护技术、提高油气采收率与煤层气开发战略等方面的研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。 E-mail:

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罗平亚(1940—),男,中国工程院院士,主要从事钻井液与完井液、储层保护技术、提高油气采收率与煤层气开发战略等方面的研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。 E-mail:

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unstructuredReference=张君峰, 李国欣, 贾承造, 等. 煤系全油气系统中天然气类型与煤岩气分类研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2025, 52(4): 792-803., articleTitle=煤系全油气系统中天然气类型与煤岩气分类研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322942188182712863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=792, pageEnd=803, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Zhang Junfeng, Li Guoxin, Jia Chengzao, journalName=Petroleum Exploration and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Junfeng, Li Guoxin, Jia Chengzao, et al. 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Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2017., articleTitle=Study on the technology of gas drainage PVC sieve pipe hole in complex coal mine in two Huai mining area, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322942182860141032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942182868529641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, companyId=1322942182860141032, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942182876918250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, companyId=1322942182860141032, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322942184525279750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of chain mass-transfer model of CBM, figureFileSmall=d6Y8TYTRPo+9Jv0pYspZzg==, figureFileBig=RWLbhOdoipVcBeQs+4uSXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942184588194311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图1, caption=煤层气的链式传质模型示意图, figureFileSmall=d6Y8TYTRPo+9Jv0pYspZzg==, figureFileBig=RWLbhOdoipVcBeQs+4uSXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942184760160776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of main controlling factors on CBM recovery, figureFileSmall=dBs/BsF1RibhwoSqeQeSkg==, figureFileBig=KmKjOoUXL8dcg4SfFYSWVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942184818881033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图2, caption=煤层气的采收率主控因素示意图, figureFileSmall=dBs/BsF1RibhwoSqeQeSkg==, figureFileBig=KmKjOoUXL8dcg4SfFYSWVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942184919544330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mechanism of well pattern and spacing optimization for enhancing CBM recovery, figureFileSmall=mQBvh+9UmXA//j8/aYG30w==, figureFileBig=yDj+TcYOqnFYtdu+ve0Q3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942184995041803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图3, caption=煤层气井网井距优化提高采收率机制

注:kx为x方向的渗透率,单位10-3 μm2,ky为y方向的渗透率,单位10-3 μm2。

, figureFileSmall=mQBvh+9UmXA//j8/aYG30w==, figureFileBig=yDj+TcYOqnFYtdu+ve0Q3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942185062150668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Recovery enhancing mechanism through physical field changes in coal seams, figureFileSmall=s25ddhmLsWPt4iWgz2Ysww==, figureFileBig=oDXWOa9Rsvplk5fPHFZNVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942185125065229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图4, caption=煤层中物理场改变提高采收率机制, figureFileSmall=s25ddhmLsWPt4iWgz2Ysww==, figureFileBig=oDXWOa9Rsvplk5fPHFZNVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942185187979790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of differences in fracture network formed by two approaches, figureFileSmall=GkeVzeVckMclHQjPQ8FAEQ==, figureFileBig=su7J1Z1y8ZiPKLJEzJGGCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942185255088655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2种造缝方式形成的缝网差异示意图, figureFileSmall=GkeVzeVckMclHQjPQ8FAEQ==, figureFileBig=su7J1Z1y8ZiPKLJEzJGGCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942186932810256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Outlook on directions for enhanced recovery methods of CBM, figureFileSmall=5jXnC2MJVU5gyna03hQh0g==, figureFileBig=byemLSo76Mjm67C+yJV+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942187020890641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=图6, caption=煤层气提高采收率方式的方向展望

注:pm为基质压力,单位MPa;pc为割理压力,单位MPa;pw为井筒压力,单位MPa。

, figureFileSmall=5jXnC2MJVU5gyna03hQh0g==, figureFileBig=byemLSo76Mjm67C+yJV+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942187087999506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Research progress on recovery analysis methods of CBM, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方法计算原理问题与优势
统计类比根据孔渗地质和工程参数类比分析主要用于勘探早期,方法主观性强,且没有理论基础
吸附曲线根据吸附曲线和废弃压力计算吸附平衡移动程度主要用于开发早期,没有考虑工程因素可以实现的边界,结果较为理想,为理论最大值
气藏工程根据生产历史拟合,预测产量,进而计算可采储量和采收率主要用于开发中期,需要气藏压力数据,计算产量下限依据不明确
数值模拟根据生产历史拟合,预测产量,进而计算可采储量和采收率只有在开发中后期才具备一定的准确程度,需要大量地质信息、工程参数和生产数据
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187150914067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤层气采收率分析方法研究进展[30-34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究方法计算原理问题与优势
统计类比根据孔渗地质和工程参数类比分析主要用于勘探早期,方法主观性强,且没有理论基础
吸附曲线根据吸附曲线和废弃压力计算吸附平衡移动程度主要用于开发早期,没有考虑工程因素可以实现的边界,结果较为理想,为理论最大值
气藏工程根据生产历史拟合,预测产量,进而计算可采储量和采收率主要用于开发中期,需要气藏压力数据,计算产量下限依据不明确
数值模拟根据生产历史拟合,预测产量,进而计算可采储量和采收率只有在开发中后期才具备一定的准确程度,需要大量地质信息、工程参数和生产数据
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187230605844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Pilot tests on enhancing CBM recovery through gas injection, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

注气

介质

主要

机制

实践工区提高采收率效果

空气

烟道气

氧化

增渗

双柳煤矿

3号煤层

经过16 a注气试验观测,与同期自然抽采量相比,连续注气驱替煤层气可以提高平均产气量44.52%

新西兰Maryborough

煤层

注气使煤层气产量显著增加,在试验区,回收率提高了20%~30%,煤的氧化也引起了一些安全问题和环境问题
N2驱替、置换

沁水盆地南部

樊庄区块3号煤层

在沁水盆地南部樊庄区块以“两注十采、协同驱替”的方式开展现场试验,采收率提高了5.4%。

澳大利亚

Bowen盆地

N2注入通过降低煤基质中的瓦斯压力来提高煤层的渗透性,在测试期间,煤层气产量提高了10%~15%
CO₂竞争吸附、置换、驱替

美国San Juan

盆地

CO2的注入促进了煤基质中CH4的解吸,与自然枯竭法相比,试验区煤层气采收率提高了15%~20%

桑树坪煤矿的液态

CO₂ 驱替

液态CO₂的相变驱替可明显提高煤层CH₄的抽采效果,随着驱替进行CO₂压力下降,导致后期CH₄抽采效果降低

柿庄南区块及周缘

地区3号煤层

大通DT-1井、沁城QC-1井与QC-2井试验中CO₂总注入量、CO₂ 吸附率、N₂产出量与驱出率均呈现升高趋势,但是整体不明显
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187314491925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

注气提高煤层气采收率现场试验[52-58]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

注气

介质

主要

机制

实践工区提高采收率效果

空气

烟道气

氧化

增渗

双柳煤矿

3号煤层

经过16 a注气试验观测,与同期自然抽采量相比,连续注气驱替煤层气可以提高平均产气量44.52%

新西兰Maryborough

煤层

注气使煤层气产量显著增加,在试验区,回收率提高了20%~30%,煤的氧化也引起了一些安全问题和环境问题
N2驱替、置换

沁水盆地南部

樊庄区块3号煤层

在沁水盆地南部樊庄区块以“两注十采、协同驱替”的方式开展现场试验,采收率提高了5.4%。

澳大利亚

Bowen盆地

N2注入通过降低煤基质中的瓦斯压力来提高煤层的渗透性,在测试期间,煤层气产量提高了10%~15%
CO₂竞争吸附、置换、驱替

美国San Juan

盆地

CO2的注入促进了煤基质中CH4的解吸,与自然枯竭法相比,试验区煤层气采收率提高了15%~20%

桑树坪煤矿的液态

CO₂ 驱替

液态CO₂的相变驱替可明显提高煤层CH₄的抽采效果,随着驱替进行CO₂压力下降,导致后期CH₄抽采效果降低

柿庄南区块及周缘

地区3号煤层

大通DT-1井、沁城QC-1井与QC-2井试验中CO₂总注入量、CO₂ 吸附率、N₂产出量与驱出率均呈现升高趋势,但是整体不明显
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187423543830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Practices of negative pressure extraction of CBM in China, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区块选井特征抽采效果

沁水盆地

潘河区块

排采连续性较好、产量处于衰减期,煤层裸露的7口气井(PH01井至PH07井)安装前平均单井产气量为551 m3/d,安装7 d后平均单井产气量为2 824 m3/d,7口井总产气量由3 863 m3/d增至19 768 m3/d,提产效果明显

鄂尔多斯盆地

保德区块B井组

B4井组(4口井)平均套压为0.17 MPa,平均单井产水量为11 m³/d,平均单井产气量为662 m³/d平均单井产气量增至895 m³/d,产气量增幅约为35%,井组3个月累计增产8.38×104 m3

鄂尔多斯盆地

保德区块A井组

平均单井产气量为443.30 m³/d,平均单井产水量为3.23 m³/d,平均井口套压为0.229 MPa单井产气量最高增至750.60 m³/d,平均单井产气量增至610.20 m³/d,平均单井产水量有明显增加,达到9.63 m³/d,平均井口套压降至0.100 MPa

新疆

阜康区块

排采时间长,生产煤层液面裸露,生产套压已小于0.2 MPa的FXS-06井、FXS-02井、FXS-09井其中FXS-06井经过427 d的运行,平均单井产气量由212 m3/d增至616 m3/d
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187499041303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国煤层气负压抽采实践[62-66]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区块选井特征抽采效果

沁水盆地

潘河区块

排采连续性较好、产量处于衰减期,煤层裸露的7口气井(PH01井至PH07井)安装前平均单井产气量为551 m3/d,安装7 d后平均单井产气量为2 824 m3/d,7口井总产气量由3 863 m3/d增至19 768 m3/d,提产效果明显

鄂尔多斯盆地

保德区块B井组

B4井组(4口井)平均套压为0.17 MPa,平均单井产水量为11 m³/d,平均单井产气量为662 m³/d平均单井产气量增至895 m³/d,产气量增幅约为35%,井组3个月累计增产8.38×104 m3

鄂尔多斯盆地

保德区块A井组

平均单井产气量为443.30 m³/d,平均单井产水量为3.23 m³/d,平均井口套压为0.229 MPa单井产气量最高增至750.60 m³/d,平均单井产气量增至610.20 m³/d,平均单井产水量有明显增加,达到9.63 m³/d,平均井口套压降至0.100 MPa

新疆

阜康区块

排采时间长,生产煤层液面裸露,生产套压已小于0.2 MPa的FXS-06井、FXS-02井、FXS-09井其中FXS-06井经过427 d的运行,平均单井产气量由212 m3/d增至616 m3/d
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187578733080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Mechanisms and effects of different types of desorption agents, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制分类注入介质适用条件特点与问题
化学竞争型极性溶液中浅层,渗透性好的储层易挥发、短期见效
氧化剂高有机质煤层破坏吸附位点、需控制量
酸液高钙质、碳酸盐质储层解堵、扩大渗流通道
润湿改性型表面活性剂埋深浅、矿化度低煤层润湿反转、降低毛管力
纳米乳液低渗透、高含水煤层耐高温抗盐,深入孔隙
高分子聚合物高渗透、中含水煤层长效稳定润湿
升温增能型CaO-MgO中深层低温储层反应快,温度高,作用半径小
硝酸铵基低压储层,控副产物冷热耦合,环境风险
铝热反应低渗透储层,高温设备支持超高温扩缝、成本高、持久
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187650036249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同促解吸剂类型的机制与效果[68-72]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制分类注入介质适用条件特点与问题
化学竞争型极性溶液中浅层,渗透性好的储层易挥发、短期见效
氧化剂高有机质煤层破坏吸附位点、需控制量
酸液高钙质、碳酸盐质储层解堵、扩大渗流通道
润湿改性型表面活性剂埋深浅、矿化度低煤层润湿反转、降低毛管力
纳米乳液低渗透、高含水煤层耐高温抗盐,深入孔隙
高分子聚合物高渗透、中含水煤层长效稳定润湿
升温增能型CaO-MgO中深层低温储层反应快,温度高,作用半径小
硝酸铵基低压储层,控副产物冷热耦合,环境风险
铝热反应低渗透储层,高温设备支持超高温扩缝、成本高、持久
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187721339418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Mechanisms and challenges of enhancement methods for each physical field, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法增产机制提高采收率机制主要问题
热介质升温致热裂解,改善孔隙结构升温为解吸提供能量,注入介质置换CH4冷凝水阻碍气流动,岩壁吸热,效率低
微波温度梯度大局部热裂解,孔隙受热扩张削弱分子间作用力,分子内部摩擦生热温度高产生阴燃,设备要求高
电场电脉冲致裂,扩散系数提升极化效应削弱分子力,热效应促进CH4解吸作用范围小,干扰井下设备
超声波机械振动致微裂缝,空化作用剥落CH4,升温促解吸含水层干扰,作用深度限制
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187796836891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各物理场增能方法作用机制及问题[73-77]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法增产机制提高采收率机制主要问题
热介质升温致热裂解,改善孔隙结构升温为解吸提供能量,注入介质置换CH4冷凝水阻碍气流动,岩壁吸热,效率低
微波温度梯度大局部热裂解,孔隙受热扩张削弱分子间作用力,分子内部摩擦生热温度高产生阴燃,设备要求高
电场电脉冲致裂,扩散系数提升极化效应削弱分子力,热效应促进CH4解吸作用范围小,干扰井下设备
超声波机械振动致微裂缝,空化作用剥落CH4,升温促解吸含水层干扰,作用深度限制
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187893305884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Applicability and limitations of methods for enhancing CBM recovery, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提高采收率方式技术局限性现场效果失效原因
井网优化需要在生产效果好的情况下应用现场实施效果远不如实验室测试结果,对于低效井(日产量低于600 m3),增产效果不到300%,无法商业化提高煤层气的采收率需要排采效果较好的井,大部分井排采效果不佳
负压抽采需要在排采效果较好的井低产水、低压情况下部署需要排采效果较好的井,大部分井排采效果不佳
注气置换产出气突破快,分离成本高注入介质需要进入基质孔隙,才能发挥增产效果
促解吸剂需要在排采效果较好的井部署注入介质需要进入基质孔隙,才能发挥增产效果
物理场增能注入能量在围岩散失严重,增产效率低能量散失较大,难以聚焦在煤层中
微生物增产需要连续注入菌群或营养剂外源、内源均难以自持成活,维持成本高
水力压裂弹性硬煤层条件,裂缝容易穿层中浅层煤效果差异大,深层煤效果较好裂缝穿层,缝网形成成本高
水力割缝塑性软煤层条件软煤井下抽采效果好硬煤割缝距离近
洞穴扩径高渗透、大厚度的原生煤有效初期产量高,递减速度快渗透率、厚度要求苛刻
), ArticleFig(id=1322942187968803357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942179496309209, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

煤层气提高采收率方式的适用性和局限性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提高采收率方式技术局限性现场效果失效原因
井网优化需要在生产效果好的情况下应用现场实施效果远不如实验室测试结果,对于低效井(日产量低于600 m3),增产效果不到300%,无法商业化提高煤层气的采收率需要排采效果较好的井,大部分井排采效果不佳
负压抽采需要在排采效果较好的井低产水、低压情况下部署需要排采效果较好的井,大部分井排采效果不佳
注气置换产出气突破快,分离成本高注入介质需要进入基质孔隙,才能发挥增产效果
促解吸剂需要在排采效果较好的井部署注入介质需要进入基质孔隙,才能发挥增产效果
物理场增能注入能量在围岩散失严重,增产效率低能量散失较大,难以聚焦在煤层中
微生物增产需要连续注入菌群或营养剂外源、内源均难以自持成活,维持成本高
水力压裂弹性硬煤层条件,裂缝容易穿层中浅层煤效果差异大,深层煤效果较好裂缝穿层,缝网形成成本高
水力割缝塑性软煤层条件软煤井下抽采效果好硬煤割缝距离近
洞穴扩径高渗透、大厚度的原生煤有效初期产量高,递减速度快渗透率、厚度要求苛刻
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中浅层煤层气地面建井开发提高采收率研究进展:机制、主控因素与主要技术
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罗平亚 , 朱苏阳 , 李小刚
油气藏评价与开发 | 专家论坛 2026,16(5): 949-962
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油气藏评价与开发 |专家论坛 2026 , 16 (5) : 949 -962
中浅层煤层气地面建井开发提高采收率研究进展:机制、主控因素与主要技术
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罗平亚 , 朱苏阳, 李小刚
作者信息
  • 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
作者简介:

罗平亚(1940—),男,中国工程院院士,主要从事钻井液与完井液、储层保护技术、提高油气采收率与煤层气开发战略等方面的研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。 E-mail:

Research progress on enhancing recovery of medium-shallow coalbed methane through surface well development: mechanisms, main controlling factors, and main technologies
PINGYA LUO , SUYANG ZHU, XIAOGANG LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
出版时间: 2026-09-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025479
文章导航
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中浅层煤层气  /  地面建井  /  提高采收率  /  主控因素  /  技术局限  /  发展方向
medium-shallow coalbed methane (CBM)  /  surface well development  /  enhancing recovery  /  main controlling factors  /  technical limitations  /  development direction
罗平亚, 朱苏阳, 李小刚. 中浅层煤层气地面建井开发提高采收率研究进展:机制、主控因素与主要技术. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (5) : 949 -962 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025479
PINGYA LUO, SUYANG ZHU, XIAOGANG LI. Research progress on enhancing recovery of medium-shallow coalbed methane through surface well development: mechanisms, main controlling factors, and main technologies[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (5) : 949 -962 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025479
中国的煤层气资源基础雄厚且落实程度高,完全可以作为弥补天然气产量缺口的资源“压舱石”[1-2]。2024年煤层气(地面+井下)持续突破[3-4],成为中国天然气上产增速最快的新资源,将为国家能源战略做出重要贡献[5-6]。目前,中国天然气勘探与开发的重心正加速向深层煤层气倾斜[7-8],而资源潜力巨大、储量落实程度良好的中浅层煤层气(埋深小于1 000 m、以吸附态为主赋存于煤层中,需要通过排水降压才能开发的煤层气),尽管其开发瓶颈已引发关注,却逐渐失去焦点。
中国中浅层煤层气仍面临大量吸附气难以有效动用的问题,即井口压力已经接近大气压,工程措施中很难再调节[9-10]。然而加密井取心结果表明,煤岩基质中的吸附气并没有像实验测试中随着割理系统压力下降而大量解吸出来,70%以上的吸附气仍未动用[11-12]。这种现象普遍存在于沁水盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘、滇东黔西地区以及四川盆地南部的煤层气开发区块中,严重制约了单井产能的释放以及中国煤层气产业的发展。
由此可知,现有技术已经无法进一步快速提高中浅层煤层气的采收率。为了明确煤层气地面建井的提高采收率方向,研究阐述基于原位解吸-基质扩散-割理渗流-裂缝导流的煤层气可采储量与采收率形成机制,讨论煤层气采收率的主控因素,综述目前煤层气提高采收率技术,分析各种技术的局限性,并展望未来的技术方向。
与其他非常规气藏(页岩气、致密气)一致,煤层气的采收率定义为可采储量与地质储量的比值[13-14]。页岩气、致密气等非常规气藏可采储量的计算,通常基于递减分析、气藏工程方法以及数值模拟对气井产量进行预测[15-18],然后确定废弃压力或废弃产量,以废弃点为下限对预测的产量进行积分,计算可采储量并标定采收率[19-20]。对于非常规气藏,即使不压裂,气井的平均产量通常也大于废弃产量,增产技术可以有效增加开采时间并提高一定的可采储量,增加产气量与提高采收率技术存在一定的重合和相关性。
与页岩气、致密气不同,中浅层煤层气井的产量一般小于3 000 m3/d,远低于一般气藏的废弃产量[21]。由于投资较少,煤层气井经济平衡产量一般介于800~1 200 m3/d[22];但考虑煤矿安全成本,大量中浅层煤层气井在压裂后仍维持300~600 m3/d的产量[23-27]。如果不压裂,多数中浅层煤层气井几乎没有产量,也就不存在可采储量。因此,中浅层煤层气井的任何增产措施均有利于提高气藏的采收率。
由于中浅层煤层气井的增产措施都可以提高气藏的采收率,气藏采收率的形成机制和主控因素可以通过煤层气特殊的流动过程进行分析。对于中浅层煤层气,80%以上的储量均以吸附态赋存于煤岩基质中,因此煤层气储量必须经过解吸和基质扩散后,汇聚在割理和裂缝(压裂缝或水力割缝)中,才能被井筒采出[28](图1)。
研究表明,基质扩散是整个传质过程最慢的环节[29],而大量增产措施(洞穴扩径、水力压裂、水力割缝)改造的是裂缝流动部分。同时,中浅层煤层气的人造气藏程度并不足以大幅度改造基质流动速率,这是中浅层煤层气增产措施效果不佳的主要原因,也导致难以充分释放基质中吸附气产能(图1生产调控部分)。
中浅层煤层气增加产气量与提高采收率问题具有同源性,这说明提高采收率的重点也在于动力学速率(基质到割理的流动速率),而非热力学状态(煤粉条件下吸附实验)。因此导致现有非常规气藏工程方法计算的煤层气可采储量绝对值(热力学状态)意义不大,而可采储量动用速率的上限值更有意义。
煤层气的采收率,通常采用统计类比、吸附曲线的解吸效率、气藏工程(产量递减、现代递减、物质平衡)以及数值模拟方法完成计算[30-34]。这些方法应用在开发的不同阶段,可比性不强,难以进一步分析煤层气采收率的主控因素(表1)。
根据链式传质模型可知,流体的传质从基质开始,而传质的诱发条件是压力降落通过割理传播至基质中。由此可知,从动力学速率的角度出发,煤层气的采收率可以由割理中有效压降波及效率和基质中解吸效率共同决定[34]。煤层的有效压降波及效率为压力低于临界解吸压力的煤层体积占泄气半径内煤层体积的比例,物理意义为井网对煤层的控制程度。解吸效率为发生解吸煤层中气体吸附平衡的移动程度,是表征吸附对煤层气采收率影响的物理量(式1)。
ER=EVEd-Enp
式中:ER为煤层气的采收率;EV为有效压降波及效率;Ed为基质中解吸效率;Enp为割理中游离气的滞留率。
煤层的裂缝-割理系统中会存在不可流动的游离气,这部分游离气由于气藏压力衰减以及毛管力作用而不能被采出,从而降低煤层气的采收率,具体表达式和推导细节可见文献[34]。
若井网与煤层的地质参数匹配较好,则有效压降波及系数快速增加。煤层气的有效压降波及效率反映了煤层的动用程度。当全部煤层发生解吸后(有效波及效率等于1),煤层气采收率模型(式1)可以退化为等温吸附法或解吸曲线法计算采收率的方法(不包括煤层气的滞留率)。由此可知,提高煤层气采收率路径主要包括提高基质中的解吸效率和扩大割理中的有效压降效率。
耦合煤层气链式传质模型和采收率模型[9,34],可以明确控制中浅层煤层气采收率的因素主要有渗流主控和扩散主控2个因素(图2)。其中,渗流主控因素主要影响煤层中有效压降效率;扩散主控因素主要影响煤层气从基质到割理中的流动速率。图2表述了扩散主控和渗流主控的煤层气采收率影响因素,对于中低阶煤而言,由于扩散速率较快,其渗流因素主导采收率;而对于高煤阶低渗、特低渗的煤层,由于基质扩散速率较慢,其扩散因素主导了最终的采收率。另外,由于煤层气可采储量计算的特殊性(废弃产量极低),连续排采等保证排采效率的技术措施同样可以提高煤层气的可采储量和采收率。
针对上述煤层气产能的形成机制和采收率影响因素,目前已经研究出井网优化、注气置换、负压抽采、促解吸剂、物理场增能、微生物增产以及物理破碎等提高采收率技术。
中浅层煤层气开发中,井网井型的优化目的主要是扩大压降解吸范围[35-37],提高压降漏斗范围内的气相渗透率,增大叠加区域内的扩散动力,以提高煤层气藏的可采储量和采收率。
通过井网优化提高采收率是煤层气特殊流动机制的表现,其主要提高采收率机理包括:①压降场均衡扩展[38-39],合理井网井型可扩大有效压降波及范围,促进煤层气解吸。以五点式井网为例,其对称布置有利于形成均匀压降场,提高煤层气解吸效率(图3)。②压降叠加促解吸[40-42],通过优化井距与排距,合理控制井间干扰程度,可利用适度干扰促进区域压力下降以提高采收率(图3)。
适用于煤层气井网优化的方法主要包括单井合理控制储量法、经济极限井距法、经济极限-合理井网密度法、数值模拟法。除了潘庄、苏拉特和圣胡安盆地的井网增产效果明显外[43-47],其余煤层气井网优化的有效性均停留在数模阶段[48-51]。
大量数模显示协同压降必然导致排采效果提高,但是根据沁水盆地南部大量监测井组的实测数据,排采2 a后监测地层压力虽然已经下降,在未低于临界解吸压力之前,协同压降对气井产量的贡献极弱[43]。只有两井井距范围内煤储层压力低于解吸压力时,压降漏斗叠加方能实现有效增产,这说明井网优化提高采收率方法适用于煤层本身生产较好(有效压降范围广)的情况。
注气置换煤层CH4技术无论是在单纯开采煤层气方面,还是在矿井瓦斯灾害治理方面都取得了一定的效果[52-54]。关于注入气体的介质和置换CH4的机理,国内外研究学者进行了大量的研究,现场也开展了相关的试验,论证了注气提高煤层气采收率是可能实行的路径(表2)。
以CO2提高煤层采收率的研究为例,注入煤层的CO2将排挤吸附在煤表面的CH4 解吸[55-56],而自身被吸附到煤表面。这种作用被称为竞争吸附置换作用[57-58]。煤层中存在大小不等的孔隙裂隙,其表面有强烈的吸附势场,这种作用也使CO2的吸附量大于CH4。
由此可知,注气的提高采收率机理本质包括“驱动”与“置换”2个方面,注气有效的前提是有大量注入气体进入煤岩基质。由于注气置换的实验室研究通常在煤粉颗粒上进行[59],注入气体进入煤岩基质更加容易(注重热力学状态),而矿场实践过程中注入气则很难进入基质(没有关注动力学速率),气窜较为严重,没有取得明显的效果。
负压抽采通常指联合射流泵和压缩机,使井口压力小于1个大气压的抽采方式[60-61]。负压抽采后,通常井口压力小于管网压力,一般将多口井产出气体集中后进入压缩机增压再进入管网。由于煤层普遍压力较低,井口0.1 MPa左右的压力变化都可以极大地影响气井产量和可采储量[62-63]。煤层气排采过程中,负压抽采的选井要求:①储层条件好,前期生产效果较好(经济性原则);②开发处于衰减期,井筒内液面低于煤层(效果最大化原则)。综合考虑煤粉的运移和煤层裂隙变化等因素,负压抽采的时机通常选择敏感解吸阶段的递减阶段[64]。
负压排采的本质在于增加煤层中的生产压差,从而促进煤层气的解吸,解吸导致固体表面的自由能增加,从而诱发基质收缩和裂缝扩张,同时渗流通道被打开,原本堵塞在喉道中的煤粉也随着流体一起运移,减轻了表皮污染[65-66]。中国负压采气最早出现在应用于矿井瓦斯气开采和浅层天然气开采的井口负压开采技术中,在煤层气的排采过程中也有大量实践(表3)。由表3可知,煤层气负压抽采的有效性在于之前排采效果好,峰值产量高的生产井解吸敏感期部署,而中国大部分低效煤层气井不仅带水生产,而且生产效果不好。因此,适用条件限制了负压抽采在煤层气提高采收率实践中的应用。
促解吸剂主要用于提高煤层气的解吸程度[67]。近年来,基于化学-物理协同作用的促解吸剂增产技术迅速发展,在分子尺度干预气-固-液界面作用。按照作用机制,促解吸剂可分为化学竞争、润湿改性和升温增能3种类型(表4)。
化学竞争剂包括极性溶剂、氧化剂(H2O2、KMnO4、次氯酸盐)、酸液等类型。极性溶剂通过与含氧官能团降低吸附能垒,减少CH4与煤之间的范德瓦耳斯力,促进CH4解吸;氧化剂能够与脂肪链及芳香环反应进而破坏吸附位点,减少吸附量。润湿改性剂可分为表面活性剂类、纳米乳液、高分子聚合物3类。进入基质的促解吸剂通过表面改性,减小煤层气的吸附位点,割理中的表活剂则降低界面张力,帮助煤层气突破毛管力,间接增强解吸。升温增能剂通过化学反应产生高温加热储层,为CH4的解吸提供能量。
表面改性剂(表活剂、酸)的现场实践取得了一些效果,但是远不及实验室研究的预测提高采收率幅度。失效原因与注气置换相同,实验室研究通常基于煤粉颗粒进行热力学状态实验,但不讨论促解吸剂如何进入基质的动力学速率。
煤层气的开发过程中涉及很多物理场(流体场、物性场、应力场和温度场)的耦合[73-77],而通过声波、微波、电磁和注入热介质的方式可以改变多场耦合的平衡,从而一定程度上提高煤层气的采收率(图4)。
煤层气的解吸是吸热的过程,提高温度能够给煤层气的解吸提供能量,注热增产中伴随温度升高和孔隙结构的变化。微波注热是物质内带电或者磁矩的粒子以介电损耗的形式将微波能转化为热能的过程。在外电场的作用下,微波吸收体产生极化现象,偶极子极化和离子极化是微波加热地层的关键。在电场的加载下,分子产生了极化反应削弱了范德瓦耳斯力导致气体解吸,同时电场产生的热效应会破坏内部结构改善流通通道,增能基质促进解吸。
超声波是利用超声波发射器对煤层发射超声波,从增能角度达到提高煤层气采收率的方法。超声波具有热效应、机械振动、扩孔效应等特性,可以改善煤层的流动条件和渗透性。各方法的作用机制及主要问题见表5。
改变煤层物理场的根本目的是为煤层增能。由于物理场在作用范围内(1~3 m)增能效果好,因此各种方法在实验室研究中均取得了较好的效果,但能量穿透性差,距离衰减严重。同时,原位条件下煤层与上下围岩形成的沉积体会极大地影响注入能量的利用效率。根据数值模拟研究可知,10 m左右的煤层,顶底板为砂岩,注入能量散失超过70%[78],极大限制了物理场增能对煤层气提高采收率的作用效果。
驯化菌群注入煤层(外源)或驯化煤层内原有的某一微生物群落(内源),厌氧降解煤有机质并持续生成CH4,同步改善孔隙结构,实现“增气-增解-增透”的三重增产目的[79]。首先,微生物将煤中的官能团或化学键断裂,致使成为小分子片段[80]。然后在胞外酶的作用下产生一系列中间产物,中间产物再经微生物代谢至产出CH4底物。最后在微生物的生化作用下生成CH4[81]。因此,微生物群落(菌群)也是影响产出CH4的主要因素,主要分为外源和本源微生物2种。对于外源微生物,通过培养驯化后可以适应环境并且利用生物底物进行产气[82];而本源微生物生存于原来的煤层,通过注入营养液等介质改造煤层环境,对本源微生物进行条件性、目的性培养。低阶煤成熟度低,孔隙裂缝发达,有利于微生物和营养物质的运移,有机物利用率高[83]。高阶煤发育成熟,氧、硫和氮原子随煤发育而丢失,不利于微生物的降解。另外,温度、pH值和矿化度因素都是保证产出CH4菌活性的重要因素[84]。
煤层气微生物提高采收率在实验室内取得了一定的进展,但是在现场试验过程中,如果采用外源菌落,则需要持续注入菌群;如果采用内源菌落,则需要持续注入营养液改变煤层性质。由于二者成本均高于增产收益,因此极大地限制了煤层气微生物提高采收率方法的应用。
煤层气的压裂增加产气量与提高采收率技术是通过人工注入压裂液,以应力加载的方式造缝,增强煤层渗透性以实现高效排采的方法,是煤层气最早的增加产气量与提高采收率手段之一。煤层气压裂的发展经历了从传统水力压裂形成单一主缝到低污染、造复杂缝网适应性技术体系的演化[85-89]。
近年来,深层煤层气借鉴了页岩气压裂技术,形成以“体积压裂”为核心的大规模压裂技术理念[89-91],在煤层中构建复杂缝网系统,最大化增加泄气面积。其增产机理主要体现在3个方面:①利用物理破裂作用打破煤基质,连通天然割理与人工裂缝,形成更大的压降面积;②通过裂缝导流支撑剂维持压裂缝网的长期有效性,有效采出游离气部分;③通过打碎煤层,缩短煤层气从基质到割理的距离,间接加速了煤层气的基质流动速率。由于水力压裂的造缝方式,通常可以在煤层中形成导流能力较高的骨架缝网,而非细密的缝网(图5)。水力压裂形成的缝网骨架导流高(缝宽毫米级),有效支撑缝长介于30~100 m,但对煤层切割效果有限,地面施工功率更大,适用于煤层表现弹性的情况。
自煤层气的商业化开发以来,水力压裂就起到了至关重要的作用。对于中浅层高含水煤层而言,不同水力压裂方式由于裂缝穿层的原因,增产效果差异极大;对于深层煤岩而言,大规模水力压裂可以释放产能,但成本难以控制。弹性变形的原位煤以及顶底板压裂应力封挡好的情况下,中浅层煤层的水力压裂增产效果对煤层表现较好,但对塑性为主的软煤、糜棱煤或裂缝易穿层的情况效果有限。
对于表现为塑性的软煤和糜棱煤,经实践探索出地面定向井配合水力割缝卸压的开采思路[92]。水力割缝和水力冲孔技术源于20世纪煤矿井下区域性局部增透的尝试,在煤矿工作面、煤层、围岩中建井或建孔,通过水射流器将高速高压水(30~120 MPa)通过喷嘴喷出,切割煤层形成盘状的缝槽,切割完毕后再移动到下个点进行切割,最终形成一系列割槽的裂缝体系[93-97]。高速水射流瞬间切割,冲蚀煤岩,形成深度介于0.5~3.0 m、开度介于2~10 mm、与割理系统正交的多条缝槽,瞬间释放围岩应力并诱导次级裂缝网络。由于水力割缝的造缝方式,通常可以在煤层中形成一条较短的主缝和密度较高的缝网,但只有主缝具有极高的导流能力(图5),作用半径小于50 m,近井带缝网密度大,巷道施工更为灵活,适用于煤层表现塑性的情况。
水力割缝的有效抽采半径普遍较低,以白坪煤矿13181工作面为例[98],当割缝射流压力介于60~100 MPa时,工程实践中获得缝槽宽度介于2~6 cm、缝槽深度介于1.5~2.5 m。抽采7 d时动用范围达到5.68 m,90 d时进一步扩展至6.03 m。对于硬煤而言,即使采用超高压水力割缝也难以切出长缝,例如赵固二矿西翼措施巷二,60个割缝平均每刀出煤0.2 t,有效割缝深度不到2 m。
水力割缝的卸压造缝施工过程快速灵活,对于井下巷道的瓦斯抽采效果极佳,两淮地区在顾桥、丁集、潘三、张集等矿施工5 400多个割缝钻孔[99],射流压力介于60~120 MPa,缝槽深度介于1.2~2.4 m,缝宽介于6~10 mm,单孔割缝时间介于15~30 min。割缝后平均单孔纯瓦斯流量由4.9 L/min增至49.7 L/min。地面工程方面,淮北芦岭矿碎软煤层突出煤层顶板水平井LG01采用“分段压裂+割缝诱导”复合工艺,日产气量突破1.075×104 m3,累计产气量超过800×104 m3,超过了之前统计的中国碎软煤层地面煤层气日产量数据,而后续施工的LG03井进一步优化工艺,日产气量提升至 1.112 9×104 m3,又创造了新纪录。
水力割缝是近年来发展的软煤层中煤层气的有效开发技术,但目前由于割缝作用距离有限,因此较硬的原生煤和应力较高的深煤尚未推广应用。
中浅层煤层气洞穴扩径是最早的增加产气量与提高采收率技术,源于20世纪90年代美国圣胡安盆地高渗煤层开发实践,于2000年引入中国并在沁水盆地开展先导试验。该技术通过井下燃爆或水力冲击在井底形成直径1~3 m的洞穴,瞬间卸载近井地带应力场,诱导产生辐射状拉伸-剪切复合裂缝网络,使近井渗透率提升1~2个数量级。矿场实践表明:适用井单井峰值产气量可达压裂井的2~5倍,最终采收率提升20%~40%,但初期递减率高达30%~50%。煤层气的洞穴扩径技术适应性严苛,要求原生煤体结构完整、渗透率大于10×10-3 μm2、煤层厚度大于5 m、含气量大于8 m³/t,在构造煤发育或高应力区易诱发井眼失稳和煤粉堵塞。当压裂和水力割缝等可控物理破碎技术成熟后,该技术目前基本不再采用。
目前煤层气的提高采收率技术在不同盆地的区块应用效果差异巨大,部分技术在实验室岩心尺度上取得较好的效果,但现场实践仍然难以大幅度提高产能和采收率。因此,有必要分析各种技术的现场效果和局限性(表6)。
大量现有的技术需要进入基质(注气、促解吸剂)或改造基质(物理破碎)才能大幅度提高煤层气的采收率。然而煤层气从基质中流出尚且困难,注入介质进入难度更限制了此类技术的效果。煤层气的流体矿和固体矿的双重属性使得水力压裂、物理场增能过程能量损失大;而水力割缝虽然可以形成缝网,但造缝距离比水力压裂低1个数量级。同时,低产的特征决定了煤层气部分提高采收率技术(水力压裂的规模、生物增产、物理场增能)的成本上限。
综合考虑中浅层煤层气采收率的主控因素可知,井网优化、负压抽采、水力压裂、水力割缝为主要改善渗流的主控因素,也可以兼顾扩散主控因素,但程度较低。注气置换、促解吸剂为重点改善扩散的主控因素,但注入介质起效的前提是大量进入基质。物理场增能是唯一可以绕过割理系统,直接将能量赋予基质中气体的方法,而微生物增产则是唯一不需要进入基质即可发挥作用的方法。值得注意的是,煤层气从基质到割理的动力学速率才是中浅层煤层气增加产气量与提高采收率的核心问题,目前实验室尺度研究过于注重热力学状态的提高采收率结果,忽略了解吸的动力学过程。
煤层气的基质扩散速率是制约煤层气产能的瓶颈,在煤层气井稳产或递减过程中,气井产量即为基质解吸气量。因此,煤层气井增加产气量与提高采收率方法的核心均为提高煤层气基质的传质速率,可以从增大基质到割理中的传质动力,减小基质块尺寸,以及增强基质气相的流动能力3个方面实现(图6)。
增大基质到增强割理传质动力可以通过增加基质内气体压力,降低割理压力以及降低割理中CH4的分压3个方面实现。对于中浅层煤层气而言,即使采用负压抽采或是注气,压力或分压降低的绝对值也极为有限,未来有可能突破的方向在于通过电磁等物理场,使能量传输过程尽量绕过割理,直接增能于基质中的吸附气,通过解吸增大基质内气体的压力,而降低割理压力通常需要降低井底流压。
通过人造缝网切割基质,减小基质块的尺寸不仅可以增大压降泄气面积,还可以缩短基质传质距离。目前顶底板应力封挡性好的深层煤层气,已经证实了减小基质块对煤层气增加产气量与提高采收率作用的有效性。同时,基质纳米孔隙的物理或者化学改造也可以改变基质-割理流动的控制程度,间接减小基质小孔隙中流动的距离。目前已有水力割缝-压裂联合等复合方式在煤层气形成复杂缝网成功的案例,为未来中浅层煤层气开发提供借鉴。
增强基质中气相的流动能力可以从增加游离气(连续相)的饱和度和改善基质孔隙结构入手。改变基质孔隙结构的方式通常需要注入介质进入基质,增加游离气相需要从基质中排出液相水。这些都是目前技术难以有效实现的,却是最根本的中浅层煤层气增加产气量与提高采收率方式,是未来长期研究的重点。
1)中浅层煤层气井的增加产气量与气藏的提高采收率技术需要解决的核心问题基本一致,即需要大幅度提高煤层气从基质到割理的传质速率。对于中浅层煤层气藏而言,非常规气藏工程计算的可采储量绝对值(吸附热力学状态)意义不大,而可采储量的动用速率下限更有意义。
2)煤层气可采储量的主控因素在于煤层气从基质到割理中的传质速率,这决定了煤层气储量的可采性。煤层气采收率主要由有效压降波及效率(渗流主控因素)和有效压降范围内的解吸效率(扩展主控因素)决定。
3) 现有的煤层气提高采收率技术中,促解吸剂和注入气需要进入基质才能有效发挥作用,物理场增能和微生物方法由于效率和经济问题仍处于现场试验阶段。井网井型和负压抽采需要针对本身生产效果好的煤层才能最大化发挥作用,加载型压裂破碎和卸载型水力割缝分别对弹性硬煤和塑性软煤效果最好。
4)未来中浅层煤层气建井提高采收率的技术发展,应从增强基质传质动力,减小基质块尺寸,增强基质气相的流动能力3个方面开展研究。其中,减小基质块尺寸是目前最容易突破的方向,而增强基质传质动力的影响效果有限,增强基质气相的流动能力则需要长期开展攻关才能突破。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025479
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
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    西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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