Article(id=1322942058826183332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765641600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343565898, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343565898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343565898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343565898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=882, endPage=891, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942059040092837, articleId=1322942058826183332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Nitrogen-injected foam cement slurry cementing technology for casing deformation prevention and control in shale gas wells during fracturing, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

During multistage volume fracturing of shale gas horizontal wells, casing deformation severely restricts the efficient development of shale gas. Specifically, the casing deformation rate in major blocks of the Sichuan Basin in China exceeds 20%. Among 43 drilled wells in the Baima block of the Fuling shale gasfield, 11 have suffered casing damage (with a casing deformation rate of 26%), and the casing deformation rate in the Duvernay shale gasfield in North America reaches 47%. This issue often leads to the failure of bridge plug setting, affecting fracturing operations. To effectively prevent and control fracturing-induced casing deformation, this study proposes a cementing technology based on nitrogen-injected foam cement slurry, which mitigates the influence of formation shear slip on the casing by enhancing the deformation capacity of the cement sheath. A three-dimensional mechanical model of sliding fracture-cement sheath-casing was established using FLAC3D to analyze the influence of the elastic modulus of the cement sheath on casing deformation. Mechanical property tests of foam cement stone were conducted, and the results showed that its maximum compressive deformation capacity reached 54%, far exceeding the 3%-5% of conventional cement stone, and that its elastic modulus could be flexibly regulated by the nitrogen injection volume. Combined with downhole conditions (such as casing deformation risk locations and lost circulation risk), four casing deformation prevention and control cementing processes were designed, namely the full-horizontal-section integrated type, interval type, targeted type, and whole-well variable-density type. Field tests were subsequently carried out in the Baima block of the Fuling shale gasfield. The research results indicated that when the elastic modulus of the cement sheath decreased from 10 GPa to 0.5 GPa, the casing shear deformation was reduced by 80%. When it decreased to 0.01 GPa, the influence of 35 mm formation slip on the casing could be neglected. The maximum compressive deformation capacity of foamed cement stone was 54%, much higher than the 3%-5% of conventional cement stone, and its elastic modulus could be regulated by the nitrogen injection amount. For all six test wells, the excellent rate of cementing quality exceeded 90%, and that of the horizontal section exceeded 96% in some wells. No casing deformation occurred after fracturing, forming a sharp contrast with the 26% casing deformation rate of wells cemented with conventional cement slurry in the same block. Well Jiaoye X5HF maintained normal production for 1 year after fracturing, with a daily gas production of 4.6×104 m3 and no annular pressure. In conclusion, the nitrogen-injected foam cement slurry cementing technology significantly reduces the influence of formation shear slip on the casing through the buffering effect of the flexible cement sheath. The four proposed processes can be adapted to different downhole conditions, effectively solving the problem that conventional cementing technologies struggle to balance sealing and buffering performance and providing an innovative solution for casing deformation prevention and control in shale gas wells under complex geological conditions. However, when the formation slip exceeds 45 mm, measures such as increasing the casing wall thickness should be combined for coordinated prevention and control.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=KUI LIU1, 2, YONGTAO CHU1, 2, LINHAI ZHANG1, 2, HE LI1, 2, SHIMING ZHOU1, 2, QUANQUAN HAN3, ZHENHUA SHEN3, authorsList=KUI LIU, YONGTAO CHU, LINHAI ZHANG, HE LI, SHIMING ZHOU, QUANQUAN HAN, ZHENHUA SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942062420701882, articleId=1322942058826183332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=页岩气井压裂套管变形防控的注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

页岩气水平井多级体积压裂过程中普遍存在套管变形问题,严重制约页岩气高效开发。中国四川盆地主要区块套管变形率超过20%,涪陵页岩气田白马区块43口完钻井中11口发生套管损坏(套管变形率26%),北美Duvernay页岩气田套管变形率高达47%。此类变形常导致桥塞坐封失败,影响压裂作业。为有效防控压裂诱发的套管变形,本研究提出了一种基于注氮泡沫水泥浆的固井技术。该技术通过提升水泥环变形能力,缓解地层剪切滑移对套管的作用。采用FLAC3D软件构建滑动裂缝-水泥环-套管三维力学模型,分析水泥环弹性模量对套管变形的影响规律;开展泡沫水泥石力学性能实验,测得其最大压缩变形能力达54%(远超常规水泥石的3%~5%),且弹性模量可通过氮气注入量灵活调控。结合井下工况(套管变形风险位置、漏失风险等),设计了全水平段整体式、间隔式、定点式及全井段变密度4种套管变形防控固井工艺,并在涪陵页岩气田白马区块开展现场试验。结果表明:水泥环弹性模量从10 GPa降至0.5 GPa时,套管剪切变形降低80%;降至0.01 GPa时,35 mm地层滑移对套管影响可忽略;6口试验井固井质量优质率均超过90%,部分井水平段优质率超过96%;压裂后均未发生套管变形,与同区块常规水泥浆固井井26%的套管变形率形成鲜明对比;焦页X5HF井压裂后正常生产1 a,日产气4.6×10⁴ m³,环空无带压。综上,注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术通过形成柔性水泥环缓冲层,显著降低地层剪切滑移对套管的直接影响。所提出的4种工艺可适配不同井下工况,有效解决了常规固井技术难以兼顾密封与缓冲性能的难题,为复杂地质条件下页岩气井套管变形防控提供了创新方案。当地层滑移量超过45 mm时,需结合增加套管壁厚等措施进行协同防控。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=刘奎1, 2, 初永涛1, 2, 张林海1, 2, 李贺1, 2, 周仕明1, 2, 韩全全3, 申振华3, authorsList=刘奎, 初永涛, 张林海, 李贺, 周仕明, 韩全全, 申振华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

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刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

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刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

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of 4 150~4 500 m section in well JY-X4HF of Fuling Shale Gas Field in Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=fsUN477fqfQI9o0fwZTd2Q==, figureFileBig=CNsJfJKVffRgupptf+DFAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942068397585159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=CN, label=图9, caption=四川盆地涪陵页岩气田焦页X4HF井4 150~4 500 m井段固井质量曲线, figureFileSmall=fsUN477fqfQI9o0fwZTd2Q==, figureFileBig=CNsJfJKVffRgupptf+DFAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942068464694024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Cementing quality curve of partial intervals of 4 350~4 675 m section in well JY-X5HF of Fuling Shale Gas Field in Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=HKrLXu/lEX3fiu0BswrYNg==, figureFileBig=iJPtoNbDtkzqT7f8xw6nQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942068535997193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=CN, label=图10, caption=四川盆地涪陵页岩气田焦页X5HF井4 350~4 675 m井段部分段固井质量曲线, figureFileSmall=HKrLXu/lEX3fiu0BswrYNg==, figureFileBig=iJPtoNbDtkzqT7f8xw6nQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942068611494666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Mechanical property parameters of wellbore model materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料屈服准则弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa摩擦角/(°)
地层岩石德鲁克-普拉格250.233043
水泥环德鲁克-普拉格100.151223
套管广义Mises准则2100.30965—
), ArticleFig(id=1322942068682797835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

井筒力学模型材料性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料屈服准则弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa摩擦角/(°)
地层岩石德鲁克-普拉格250.233043
水泥环德鲁克-普拉格100.151223
套管广义Mises准则2100.30965—
), ArticleFig(id=1322942068745712396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Casing deformation data of Fuling shale gas wells during fracturing in Sichuan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号水泥浆体系固井质量施工压力/MPa套管变形井段套管变形工况套管变形方式
焦页X1HF常规水泥浆优质53~63水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X2HF常规水泥浆优质66~86水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X3HF常规水泥浆中—优69~91水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X4HF泡沫水泥浆优质59~82未发生——
焦页X5HF泡沫水泥浆优质73~94未发生——
焦页X6HF泡沫水泥浆优质71~88未发生——
焦页X7HF泡沫水泥浆优质65~90未发生——
焦页X8HF泡沫水泥浆优质58~86未发生——
焦页X9HF泡沫水泥浆优质62~84未发生——
), ArticleFig(id=1322942068821209869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942058826183332, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四川盆地涪陵页岩气井压裂套管变形情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号水泥浆体系固井质量施工压力/MPa套管变形井段套管变形工况套管变形方式
焦页X1HF常规水泥浆优质53~63水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X2HF常规水泥浆优质66~86水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X3HF常规水泥浆中—优69~91水平段桥塞遇阻缩径
焦页X4HF泡沫水泥浆优质59~82未发生——
焦页X5HF泡沫水泥浆优质73~94未发生——
焦页X6HF泡沫水泥浆优质71~88未发生——
焦页X7HF泡沫水泥浆优质65~90未发生——
焦页X8HF泡沫水泥浆优质58~86未发生——
焦页X9HF泡沫水泥浆优质62~84未发生——
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页岩气井压裂套管变形防控的注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术
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刘奎 1, 2 , 初永涛 1, 2 , 张林海 1, 2 , 李贺 1, 2 , 周仕明 1, 2 , 韩全全 3 , 申振华 3
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(4): 882-891
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (4) : 882 -891
页岩气井压裂套管变形防控的注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术
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刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

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刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

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刘奎1, 2 , 初永涛1, 2, 张林海1, 2, 李贺1, 2, 周仕明1, 2, 韩全全3, 申振华3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化固井与完井重点实验室,北京 102200
  • 2 中国石化石油工程技术研究院有限公司,北京 102200
  • 3 中国石化中原油田分公司,河南   濮阳 457001
作者简介:

刘奎(1987—),男,博士,副研究员,从事油气井固井与井筒完整性工作。地址:北京市昌平区沙河镇百沙路5号,邮政编码:102200。E-mail:

Nitrogen-injected foam cement slurry cementing technology for casing deformation prevention and control in shale gas wells during fracturing
KUI LIU1, 2 , YONGTAO CHU1, 2, LINHAI ZHANG1, 2, HE LI1, 2, SHIMING ZHOU1, 2, QUANQUAN HAN3, ZHENHUA SHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Sinopec Key Laboratory of Cementing and Completion, Beijing 102200, China
  • 2 Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China
  • 3 Sinopec Zhongyuan Oilfield Company, Puyang, Henan 457001, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025442
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页岩气  /  压裂  /  套管变形  /  泡沫水泥浆  /  套管变形防控
shale gas  /  fracturing  /  casing deformation  /  foam cement slurry  /  casing deformation prevention and control
刘奎, 初永涛, 张林海, 李贺, 周仕明, 韩全全, 申振华. 页岩气井压裂套管变形防控的注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 882 -891 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025442
KUI LIU, YONGTAO CHU, LINHAI ZHANG, HE LI, SHIMING ZHOU, QUANQUAN HAN, ZHENHUA SHEN. Nitrogen-injected foam cement slurry cementing technology for casing deformation prevention and control in shale gas wells during fracturing[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 882 -891 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025442
页岩气作为重要非常规清洁能源,其大规模开发对缓解能源供需矛盾、优化能源结构意义重大,而多级体积压裂技术是页岩气水平井开发的核心技术。该技术通过封隔器或桥塞分段隔离水平井筒,逐段实施压裂以形成复杂体积裂缝网络,构建高效渗流通道,实现气藏增产[1-2]。中国页岩气储层地质条件复杂,具有埋藏深、地层压力系数高、天然裂缝与断层发育、层理性突出等特征[3],叠加体积压裂施工大排量、高压力、长周期的技术特点,导致套管-水泥环服役环境严苛。同时,压裂引发井周地应力场重分布[4],易诱发储层滑移、错断,加剧井筒力学行为复杂性,频发的套管变形问题严重制约了我国页岩气的大规模高效开发[5],因此开展相关机理与防控技术研究极具现实必要性[6-7]。针对页岩气井压裂套管变形问题,国内学者从套管变形机理和控制方法等方面开展了大量研究,取得了重要研究成果。
页岩气井压裂施工过程中的套管变形导致桥塞下入遇阻,无法到达设计位置,造成压裂段数减少,显著降低了压裂效果。中国页岩气压裂套管变形比例大于30%[8],中国石油西南地区的泸州、昭通、长宁、威远页岩气区的套管变形率分别为51.2%、27.6%、20.5%、42.2%[9];中石化威荣区块压裂井的套管变形率为42.2%[10],白马区块11口井发现套管损坏,套管变形率26%。美国Marcellus页岩气区块套管变形率达6.2%,加拿大Duvernay页岩气田的套管变形率47.0%[11]。压裂套管变形问题持续发生,截至目前仍未得到有效控制。
压裂过程套管变形位置统计结果显示,页岩气井跟段套管变形率为46.8%~65.0%,中间段套管变形率为29.0%~48.9%,趾段套管变形率为4.3%~22.2%,以跟段和中间段套管变形为主[12]。页岩气井压裂套管变形形式以剪切变形为主,占比达到61.7%[13]。多臂测井和现场铅印结果显示套管变形量为8~40 mm[14]。压裂过程中发生套管变形的井数占比为77%,泸州地区未压先变井占比达到45.7%[15]。
页岩气井压裂套管变形问题前期主要发生在四川盆地的中强地震区。四川盆地南部由于来自青藏高原的水平挤压,构造应力增强,为高挤压应力状态。陈朝伟等[16-18]等分析结果显示,四川盆地长宁—威远区块经多期构造运动叠加改造,地质条件极为复杂,天然裂缝与断层广泛发育、构造应力高度集中。统计数据显示,23个套管变形点与裂缝或断层的发育相吻合,22个套管变形点分布于岩性界面或层理面处。套管变形与上述地质界面密切相关,岩石界面滑移引发井周应力剧烈变化进而导致套管变形。
微地震测试得到的压裂过程页岩气井套管变形点井周较强的微地震信号呈线性分布,且与井眼交汇于套管变形点[19]。压裂液经人工裂缝进入天然裂缝,并在天然裂缝汇集,天然裂缝面法向压应力逐渐减小至滑动极限,最终激活裂缝并产生剪切滑动。地层滑移条件下的套管剪切变形,是套管、水泥环、地层岩石耦合体系共同作用的结果。当地层发生滑移(如断层滑动)时,套管应力与变形状态会显著恶化,仅通过优化套管、水泥环等关键参数难以保障套管安全[20-22]。
页岩气井压裂过程中的套管变形主要由地质条件与工程作业共同控制。地质方面,深部页岩储层地应力高、天然裂缝发育,压裂液侵入地质弱面易诱发地层剪切滑移,对套管形成强烈剪切载荷。工程方面,大规模体积压裂造成应力场剧烈扰动,多段压裂的反复施工进一步激活断层与弱面,引起地层相对位移,加剧套管受力变形。套管变形防控需从降低套管剪切载荷与提升井筒抗剪能力两方面开展,通过优化固井结构与施工参数,保障井筒完整性与体积压裂改造效果。
童亨茂等[23]提出采用暂堵剂暂堵技术,减少压裂液对裂缝面法向应力的影响,达到防止地层剪切滑移的目的,现场应用结果显示该方法对减缓套管变形量具有一定效果。张鑫等[24]提出通过在套管变形风险区对压裂施工排量进行优化,同时采取间歇性压后返排等措施,降低压裂诱导地应力变化、降低裂缝激活风险,达到降低套管变形风险的目的。
多位学者提出了通过优化固井水泥浆体系、提高固井质量的方式防控压裂套管变形。通过低弹模水泥环可降低地层剪切滑动时作用在套管上的剪切载荷以降低套管变形,但由于固井作业对环空间隙的要求,常规低弹模水泥的变形能力有限,对套管变形的减轻作用不明显[25]。韩礼红等[25]提出套管变形高风险段采用改性漂珠低密低强水泥浆,通过水泥环的破碎变形吸收地层滑移产生的剪切载荷,从而降低套管应力与变形。室内模拟实验结果显示,低密低强漂珠水泥环对减轻套管变形效果明显。在易发生套管变形的位置使用非水泥材料,而其他非套管变形风险段采用常规固井水泥浆,对套管变形防控有一定效果[26]。
多级体积压裂过程中井周附近应力周期变化,生产套管抗外挤强度将受到严重影响:实验结果显示温度下降70 ℃时,高钢级套管抗外挤强度降低10%,低钢级套管的抗外挤强度降低20%[27]。Abaqus模拟结果显示,套管钢级提升、增加壁厚或减小套管径厚比均可以提高套管在诱导非均匀地应力载荷下的抗外挤能力[28]。现场实际应用结果表明,套管强度提升对套管变形防控效果有限。
陈朝伟等[29]利用橡胶吸收裂缝/断层的滑动位移原理,在常规固井套管外附着一层具有吸水膨胀能力的橡胶。室内实验和数值模拟实验结果显示,橡胶层通过自身变形与破坏,较好地吸收了地层滑动的剪切载荷,减小了作用在内衬套管外壁的载荷,从而减小内衬套管的剪切应力和变形。
当前套管变形防控主要围绕抑制弱面激活、强化井筒与提升套管抗载能力展开。工艺上通过优化压裂参数及暂堵等措施降低弱面流体压力以抑制滑移,但会影响压裂效果;结构上采用厚壁套管或环空缓冲材料,如弹韧性水泥变形有限,漂珠水泥强度不足,外附橡胶层则存在施工控制难题。
基于环空缓冲理念的泡沫水泥浆技术展现出显著优势。其内部封闭气泡群形成可压缩柔性结构,能有效吸收地层剪切位移,降低套管载荷,在提供力学缓冲的同时保障环空密封性,为压裂套管变形防控提供了创新可靠的解决方案。
通过提高水泥环的变形能力,当地层产生剪切滑动时,水泥环的变形缓冲可减少作用在套管上的剪切应力,实现地层剪切载荷作用下降低套管变形。基于上述套管变形防控思路,采用FLAC3D,构建了小尺度的滑动断层-水泥环-套管相互作用力学分析模型(图1)。模型尺寸为5 m×5 m×15 m的三维模型,轴向尺寸为15 m;套管尺寸:外径139.7 mm、壁厚9.15 mm;水泥环尺寸:外径215.9 mm、壁厚38.1 mm;地层岩石尺寸:外边界边长5 m。模型按井轴线划分为3段,中间断层厚度设定为0.5 m,断层两端的地层厚度为7.25 m。套管与水泥环,水泥环与地层接触面被设定为法向刚性接触,切向摩擦系数为0.7,抗拉刚度为0;地层与断层之间的接触面考虑压裂液对接触强度的弱化作用,切向摩擦系数设定为0.4,抗拉刚度为0。套管、水泥环、地层岩石的力学参数如表1所示。随着水泥环弹性模量的变化,剪切载荷传递到套管上引起的套管变形量情况如图2所示。通过数值模拟,得到断层滑移工况下断层交界面附近套管及水泥环的位移云图,并对比交界处周边3个截面的套管与水泥环横截面变形规律,相关计算结果如图3所示。
在弹性模量减少至5~10 GPa的情况下,地层剪切载荷通过水泥环直接作用在套管上,水泥环对减缓套管应力和变形的效果不明显,套管的变形仅减小了15%。在水泥环弹性模量由5.0 GPa下降到1.5 GPa时,水泥环自身变形能力强,水泥环对于断层位移的吸能作用明显,套管剪切变形下降了约60%。在弹性模量下降到0.5 GPa时,套管剪切变形更是下降了80%。当水泥环刚度下降到0.01 GPa时,断层发生35 mm的滑移距离对于套管的影响几乎可以忽略。模拟计算结果显示,采用柔性的固井材料,可以有效吸收断层位移,能够更为有效地保护套管。
图4则给出了交界区域处套管的应力状态,在水泥环的缓冲作用之下,套管结构自身的应力集中程度有所下降。但在较大的断层位移作用下,更多的区域进入了塑性状态。在水泥环弹性模量为0.5 GPa的情况下,35 mm的断层位移使得更多的套管区域均进入了塑性状态,在位移云图上表现为更多区域受到断层位移的影响。
图5给出了在不同的断层滑移下,不同水泥环弹性模量下所造成的套管变形云图。可以明显看到断层位移值随固井材料的弹性模量降低,套管位移出现极为明显的减少。在采用柔性固井材料的条件下,断层的剪切位移载荷被环空材料吸收。水泥环作为地层和套管之间的主要传力介质,其弹性模量对于套管变形的影响十分显著。
机械注氮泡沫水泥浆体系的核心是在常规水泥浆中掺入均匀分散的氮气气泡,一方面可显著降低水泥浆密度,另一方面气泡具备微膨胀特性与压缩变形能力,这两大核心优势使该体系兼具双重适配性,既能满足低密度钻井液井的固井作业要求,又能通过气泡的压缩变形效应增强水泥环的缓冲性能,保障固井质量。
该体系的固井施工以物料协同混合与高效注入为核心。配浆水与水泥灰经专用系统搅拌形成基浆,低温液氮经加热、加压处理为常温高压氮气后,与基浆、发泡剂一同送入撬装泡沫固井系统,通过专用混拌结构实现三者充分融合,形成气泡均匀分布的泡沫水泥浆,最终经高压管线由井口注入井筒环空,完成固井作业。
按照中华人民共和国固井作业标准《油井水泥试验方法》(GB/T 19139—2012)推荐做法配制密度1.88 g/cm3的常规密度水泥浆。通过向常规密度水泥浆中加入稳泡剂并采用搅拌器高速搅拌,形成不同密度泡沫水泥浆。水泥浆的主要配方为:100%G级水泥+4%降失水剂+1%早强剂+2%稳泡剂+38%清水。将配制好的水泥浆倒入养护模块并进行高温高压养护(90 ℃、10 MPa),制得水泥石。按照标准岩芯尺寸取芯后,采用岩石力学性能测试仪器对不同密度泡沫水泥浆的水泥石弹性模量进行测试,测试结果如图6所示,可以看出水泥石弹性模量随着泡沫水泥浆密度的降低快速下降。
水泥浆凝固后形成具有大量孔隙的水泥石,多孔水泥石在外载作用下有较高的可压缩变形能力。采用上述密度1.88 g/cm3的常规密度水泥浆进行充气后置于高100 mm、直径50 mm的圆柱筒内,在90 ℃、10 MPa的高温高压水浴环境中养护48 h后取出,分别形成密度1.88 g/cm3的常规水泥石及密度范围介于0.8~1.8 g/cm3的泡沫水泥石。将圆柱形水泥石试样置于压力机上,采用直径50 mm的压头对圆柱筒内水泥柱进行挤压,施加压力15 kN后,水泥石的变形量测试结果如图7所示。结果表明,常规密度水泥浆压缩率为3%~5%,而泡沫水泥石的最大压缩变形率可达55%。泡沫水泥环能够作为套管与地层岩石之间优良的缓冲材料,有效降低剪切载荷作用下的套管变形。
页岩气井套管变形位置在井下的不确定性,对套管变形防控提出了更高要求。部分学者研究结果表明,套管变形位置与天然裂缝或断层具有较强相关性[30-32]。但统计结果同时显示,部分套管变形段在钻井过程中未发现天然裂缝,或者天然裂缝处于闭合状态,常规识别方法难以有效识别。针对不同井下工况,依托注氮泡沫水泥浆固井具有的密度、强度、变形能力分段可调的特性,设计了不同的套管变形防控固井工艺(图8)。
1)全水平段整体式套管变形防控
对于套管变形风险极大的区域,若水平段套管变形风险点分布多且无法精准确定具体变形位置,可对水平段全段采用注氮泡沫水泥浆体系实施固井。压裂过程中,当地层在任意位置发生滑动时,注氮泡沫水泥环均可通过自身压缩变形,有效减缓套管所受剪切变形。水泥浆浆柱结构如图8a所示。该方案优点在于可实现全井段整体防护;缺点为受水平段泡沫水泥浆密封性能要求限制,其变形能力不宜设计过大,导致水泥环缓冲性能有限。因此,对于裂缝滑动位移较大、套管变形量显著的区域,该方案治理效果相对有限。
2)全水平段间隔式套管变形防控
为了弥补全水平段套管变形防控泡沫水泥环可压缩能力有限的缺陷,设计了间隔式套管变形防控固井方案。该方案同样为了解决套管变形风险位置无法明确的页岩气井,在水平段间隔设计注氮泡沫套管变形防控水泥浆体系。其中,射孔压裂段使用变形能力强的注氮泡沫水泥浆,提高水泥环的缓冲变形能力;非射孔压裂段使用缓冲能力相对较弱的注氮泡沫水泥浆,在保障水泥环密封能力的同时具有较强的缓冲防套管变形能力。该方案的水泥浆浆柱结构如图8b所示。
3)定点式套管变形防控
前期压裂过程套管变形风险较高的区域,若钻井过程中已明确识别出天然裂缝或断层发育位置,可在该类裂缝、断层发育点针对性设计低密度、高压缩变形特性的泡沫水泥浆,通过其优异的压缩变形能力缓冲地层滑动产生的剪切载荷,从而提升该区域套管变形防控能力。对于井段内其他无明显风险的位置,可采用常规密度水泥浆或低压缩变形泡沫水泥浆,兼顾固井密封性能与整体施工经济性,同时进一步强化风险点的套管变形防控效果。该方案的水泥浆浆柱结构如图8c所示。
4)全井段变密度套管变形防控
部分存在套管变形风险的井段伴随天然裂缝或断层发育,固井过程中水泥浆漏失风险较高。本方案采用全井段泡沫水泥浆固井工艺,兼具漏失防控与套管变形防控双重功能,尤其适用于漏失井的套管变形防控作业,具体方案如图8d所示。其中,垂直段通过精准控制泡沫水泥浆密度,降低井底当量密度,从而有效预防固井过程中的水泥浆漏失;水平段基于各井段套管变形风险系数,针对性采用不同密度的泡沫水泥浆,依托泡沫水泥环优异的可压缩变形特性,全面提升全井段套管变形防控能力。该方案适用于套管变形潜在位置范围不明确的井段进行套管变形防控作业,同时能够保障全井段环空水泥环的密封性能,兼顾防控效果与固井质量。
涪陵页岩气田区块位于冲断褶皱变形带,构造变形较为强烈。区块内断层发育程度整体较高,其中齐岳山和石门断层为白马区块主控断层。该区块地层处于向斜位置,挤压应力未得到有效释放,地层裂缝易激活并发生滑动。截至2023年3月,该区块共完钻43口井(投产30口),累计发现11口井存在套管损坏现象,套管变形率达26%。分析结果表明,压裂过程中套管变形的主要原因是压裂作业引发天然裂缝滑移所致。
针对该区块套管变形风险,采用注氮泡沫水泥浆套管变形防控固井技术,在涪陵页岩气田白马区块套管变形风险区累计应用6口井。该6口井均为低承压易漏失井,面临套管易变形、固井质量难以保障的双重技术难题。现场应用结果显示,注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术有效保障了6口井的固井质量均达到优质标准;目前所有井已完成压裂作业,压裂后均未出现套管变形问题。通过与该区域前期3口发生套管变形的井进行对比分析,证实注氮泡沫水泥浆套管变形防控固井技术对压裂诱发的套管变形具有显著防控效果。具体井下固井数据及压裂数据如表2所示。
本井所处区域前期多口井压裂过程中出现了套管变形问题,且本井与邻井存在压裂液窜通情况。钻井过程中,受裂缝窜通影响,邻井压裂液涌入本井导致井底压力异常,表明水平段地层裂缝发育显著,套管变形风险极高。本井3 173~3 287 m、 3 612~3 709 m井段位于涧草沟组,该组地层为破碎带地层,承压能力薄弱;同时,本井最大垂深位置处于涧草沟组,进一步增大了固井施工过程中的水泥浆漏失风险。
针对上述工况,本井采用分段固井方案:200~1 500 m井段采用常规低密度领浆;1 500~1 800 m井段采用泡沫低密度中间浆(充气量10%);1 800~4 700 m井段采用套管变形防控泡沫尾浆(充气量40%)。固井施工完成后,全井段固井质量优质率达92%,其中水平段固井质量优质率高达98.6%(图9)。
同区块邻井套管变形问题突出,同平台的焦页T1HF井采用常规水泥浆固井工艺。其中2口井在压裂过程中均出现套管轻微缩径现象,桥塞下放过程中在常规水泥浆封固段存在轻微遇阻,最终通过增大下放载荷,桥塞才顺利通过遇阻点。而本井泡沫水泥浆固井段未出现任何套管缩径变形情况,压裂作业顺利开展、未受任何影响。作为注氮泡沫水泥浆套管变形防控技术的首口试验井,其现场应用成功验证了该技术在预防页岩气井压裂诱发套管变形方面的有效性。
本井三开钻进至3 387.26、4 812.49、5 535.16 m发生裂缝性漏失,天然裂缝发育,地层承压能力弱,套管变形风险高。垂直段采用密度1.35 g/cm3泡沫水泥浆防止固井漏失;水平段采用泡沫水泥浆进行套管变形防控。井深2 400~4 080 m井段采用40%充气量泡沫套管变形防控水泥浆,4 080~4 600 m采用30%充气量泡沫水泥浆,4 600~5 500 m采用15%充气量泡沫尾浆。固井施工正常,水平段固井质量优质率96.8%(图10)。压裂施工顺利,压裂过程中未出现套管变形情况,压裂后已正常生产1 a,日产气量4.6×104 m3,环空无带压情况,注氮泡沫套管变形防控固井技术应用取得成功。
1)高构造应力、天然裂缝发育等地质内因,与高压力、大排量压裂施工激活裂缝并引发地层剪切滑移等工程外因的耦合作用,是页岩气井压裂套管变形的主要原因。目前,通过优化压裂工艺减少地层滑移、优化固井工艺降低套管剪切载荷,是套管变形防控的主要技术途径,但应用效果欠佳。
2)利用注氮泡沫水泥环的可压缩特性,通过调控氮气注入量优化水泥环弹性模量及自身可变形能力,可在套管与地层岩石之间形成有效缓冲带,从而减缓地层剪切滑动对套管造成的变形。针对不同套管变形风险场景,设计了4种套管变形防控固井工艺,各工艺可根据现场工况按需选用。
3)现场应用结果表明,注氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术可有效防控页岩气井压裂套管变形,为页岩气开发提供了可靠的套管变形防控技术方案。该技术尤其适用于复杂地质条件下的页岩气水平井,具有重要的现场推广价值,可支撑中国页岩气的大规模高效开发。
4)由于页岩气井水泥环厚度通常介于25~45 mm,结合泡沫水泥环的变形能力分析,对于地层滑移量较大(大于45 mm)的井,泡沫水泥浆仅能降低套管变形量,无法实现完全控制,需综合采用增加套管壁厚、控制压裂规模等配套技术,协同实现套管变形防控。

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2026年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025442
  • 接收时间:2025-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-14
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    1 中国石化固井与完井重点实验室,北京 102200
    2 中国石化石油工程技术研究院有限公司,北京 102200
    3 中国石化中原油田分公司,河南   濮阳 457001
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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