Article(id=1322941735042691593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025440, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773849600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343488703, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343488703, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343488703, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343488703, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1304, endPage=1312, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941735256601100, articleId=1322941735042691593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research on dynamic imbibition mechanism of shale oil based on NMR experiments, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Continental shale oil resources in China are abundant and serve as an important strategic replacement resource for ensuring national energy security. Shale oil reservoirs are characterized by well-developed nanopores and ultra-low porosity and permeability, and clarifying the imbibition mechanism is of great significance for increasing the shale oil recovery degree. Taking laminated argillaceous calcareous shale from the Jiyang Depression as the research object, the pore structure characteristics were quantitatively evaluated using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) three-dimensional imaging and digital core reconstruction methods. On this basis, high-temperature and high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) dynamic imbibition experiments were conducted to simulate co-current imbibition during high-pressure injection of fracturing fluid. By acquiring transverse relaxation time (T2) spectra at different imbibition times, the mobilization characteristics of crude oil in pores of different scales were quantitatively analyzed. The T2 cutoff method was employed to distinguish the contributions of displacement and imbibition to oil recovery. Meanwhile, the effects of displacement pressure difference and bedding fractures on dynamic imbibition performance were analyzed. Based on similarity criteria, the relationship between laboratory scale and reservoir scale was established to calculate and optimize the soaking time after hydraulic fracturing. The results showed that (1) the dynamic imbibition process could be divided into three stages—rapid imbibition, slow imbibition, and imbibition equilibrium, exhibiting a pattern of elastic oil displacement in large pores and imbibition-driven oil replacement in small pores. (2) Under experimental conditions, an optimal displacement pressure difference range existed for dynamic imbibition (2.67-4.16 MPa). Within this range, the total recovery degree increased by 9.02%-10.26% compared with that under the lower displacement pressure difference condition (1.05 MPa). (3) Bedding fractures improved the connectivity of the pore structure and increased imbibition efficiency, serving as favorable petrophysical conditions for enhancing shale oil mobilization. (4) Based on similarity criteria and dynamic imbibition experimental results, the recommended soaking time for shale oil reservoirs after hydraulic fracturing was 15 d.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=GUANG LU1, SHIMING ZHANG2, XIAOPENG CAO1, LYU QI1, LONG JIANG1, HONGXIA SUN1, ZUPENG LIU1, ZHONGXIN LI1, YAN LIU1, ZENGHUI CAO1, authorsList=GUANG LU, SHIMING ZHANG, XIAOPENG CAO, LYU QI, LONG JIANG, HONGXIA SUN, ZUPENG LIU, ZHONGXIN LI, YAN LIU, ZENGHUI CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941739337658921, articleId=1322941735042691593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=基于核磁共振实验的页岩油动态渗吸机理研究, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

中国陆相页岩油资源丰富,是保障国家能源安全的重要战略性接替资源。页岩油藏纳米孔隙发育且孔隙度、渗透率极低,阐明渗吸机理对提高页岩油采出程度具有重要意义。以济阳坳陷纹层状灰质页岩为研究对象,基于聚焦离子束-扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)三维成像与数字岩心重构方法,定量表征其孔隙结构特征。在此基础上,开展高温高压核磁共振动态渗吸实验,模拟压裂液高压注入过程中的同向渗吸行为。通过获取不同渗吸时间下核磁共振T2谱的演化特征谱,定量表征不同尺度孔隙中原油的动用特征。采用T2截止值法区分驱替作用与渗吸作用对采出程度的贡献,分析驱替压差及层理缝对动态渗吸效果的影响。结合渗吸相似准则,建立实验与油藏尺度的对应关系,计算并优化页岩油藏压裂后的焖井时间。结果表明:①动态渗吸过程可划分为快速渗吸、缓慢渗吸和渗吸平衡3个阶段,整体呈现“大孔隙弹性驱动、小孔隙渗吸换油”的动用特征;②实验条件下,动态渗吸存在最优驱替压差范围(2.67~4.16 MPa),该区间内总采出程度较低驱替压差(1.05 MPa)条件下提高9.02%~10.26%;③层理缝可改善孔隙结构的连通性,提高渗吸置换效率,是提升页岩油动用程度的有利储层条件;④基于相似准则及动态渗吸实验结果,推荐页岩油藏压裂后合理焖井时间为15 d。

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路广(1993—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事油气田开发研究工作。地址:山东省东营市东营区聊城路 2 号,邮政编码:257015。E-mail:

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岩心编号

长度/

cm

直径/

cm

孔隙度/

%

渗透率/

10-3 μm2

备注
14.322.452.90.002 4水平岩样
23.532.453.10.013 1水平岩样
34.022.472.70.004 8水平岩样
44.282.483.60.019 9水平岩样
54.312.443.90.032 6水平岩样
6V3.982.453.50.020 9垂直岩样
), ArticleFig(id=1322941757876482712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941735042691593, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

济阳坳陷博兴洼陷的纹层状灰质页岩岩心基础参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩心编号

长度/

cm

直径/

cm

孔隙度/

%

渗透率/

10-3 μm2

备注
14.322.452.90.002 4水平岩样
23.532.453.10.013 1水平岩样
34.022.472.70.004 8水平岩样
44.282.483.60.019 9水平岩样
54.312.443.90.032 6水平岩样
6V3.982.453.50.020 9垂直岩样
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基于核磁共振实验的页岩油动态渗吸机理研究
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路广 1 , 张世明 2 , 曹小朋 1 , 吕琦 1 , 蒋龙 1 , 孙红霞 1 , 刘祖鹏 1 , 李忠新 1 , 刘艳 1 , 曹增辉 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(6): 1304-1312
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (6) : 1304 -1312
基于核磁共振实验的页岩油动态渗吸机理研究
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路广1 , 张世明2, 曹小朋1, 吕琦1, 蒋龙1, 孙红霞1, 刘祖鹏1, 李忠新1, 刘艳1, 曹增辉1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化胜利油田分公司勘探开发研究院,山东   东营 257015
  • 2 中国石化胜利油田分公司,山东   东营 257001
作者简介:

路广(1993—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要从事油气田开发研究工作。地址:山东省东营市东营区聊城路 2 号,邮政编码:257015。E-mail:

Research on dynamic imbibition mechanism of shale oil based on NMR experiments
GUANG LU1 , SHIMING ZHANG2, XIAOPENG CAO1, LYU QI1, LONG JIANG1, HONGXIA SUN1, ZUPENG LIU1, ZHONGXIN LI1, YAN LIU1, ZENGHUI CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Company, Dongying, Shandong 257015, China
  • 2 Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Company, Dongying, Shandong 257001, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025440
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页岩油  /  核磁共振  /  动态渗吸  /  采出程度  /  焖井时间
shale oil  /  nuclear magnetic resonance  /  dynamic imbibition  /  recovery degree  /  soaking time
路广, 张世明, 曹小朋, 吕琦, 蒋龙, 孙红霞, 刘祖鹏, 李忠新, 刘艳, 曹增辉. 基于核磁共振实验的页岩油动态渗吸机理研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1304 -1312 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025440
GUANG LU, SHIMING ZHANG, XIAOPENG CAO, LYU QI, LONG JIANG, HONGXIA SUN, ZUPENG LIU, ZHONGXIN LI, YAN LIU, ZENGHUI CAO. Research on dynamic imbibition mechanism of shale oil based on NMR experiments[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1304 -1312 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025440
中国陆相页岩油资源丰富,已成为油气勘探开发的重点领域[1-2]。近年来,通过强化基础研究与技术迭代[3-4],中国有序推进新疆吉木萨尔、大庆古龙、胜利济阳页岩油国家级示范区建设[5],2024年页岩油产量突破600×104 t,同比增幅超过30%[6],展现出良好的勘探开发前景。
页岩油藏纳米孔隙发育,孔隙度和渗透率极低,压裂水平井技术是实现页岩油资源有效动用的核心技术[7]。矿场实践表明,压裂液注入及开采过程中发生的动态渗吸作用是页岩油开发的重要机理[8]。动态渗吸机制按驱动力与流体运移路径通常可分为两类[9]:一是在复杂缝网体系内,压裂液在毛细管力主导下发生逆向渗吸,由裂缝壁面进入基质孔隙并置换原油反向排出[10];二是在沟通深部基质的裂缝前缘,压裂液在缝端净压力与毛细管力共同驱动下发生同向渗吸,沿裂缝向基质深部运移并与原油同向流动,进而扩大渗吸置换范围,显著提高原油动用效率[11]。因此,明确页岩油动态渗吸机理,对揭示页岩油流动规律、提高页岩油采出程度具有重要意义[12-13]。
当前,常用于研究渗吸的实验方法包括质量法、体积法和核磁共振法。质量法和体积法仅通过岩心整体质量或原油体积变化反映宏观渗吸效果,难以对不同孔径孔隙内的流体分布进行精确表征[14-15]。而核磁共振实验不仅能直观表征孔隙结构,还能定量表征不同尺度孔隙内的流体分布,是研究页岩油渗吸的有效手段[16-17]。近年来,围绕储层物性、流体性质和温压条件等因素对渗吸的影响,学者们利用核磁共振实验开展了大量研究。Dai等[18]发现,纳米孔隙和大孔隙中的原油流动分别受毛细管压力和黏滞力主导,且渗吸对原油采出程度的贡献随渗吸时间、油水界面张力及岩心渗透率的增加而增大;Lin等[19]揭示了自发渗吸过程中,页岩油从亲水纳米孔经亲油中孔向微裂缝运移的流动机制,明确了孔隙润湿性、孔喉结构及矿物成分对采收率的控制作用;Wang等[20]研究了黏土矿物对渗吸的作用机制,指出黏土矿物的含量、类型、膨胀/迁移行为及渗透压对渗吸过程产生复杂影响;蒋廷学等[21]证实提高驱替压差和层理缝沟通面积可提高页岩渗吸驱油效率;Zheng等[22]提出,增大驱替压差和降低有效压力的协同作用可扩大流体波及范围,从而显著提升页岩的渗吸效率;然而,杜猛等[23]强调驱替压力存在最优区间,需平衡黏滞力与毛细管压力,以避免突破前缘失稳。综上所述,当前基于核磁共振实验的页岩油渗吸研究多集中于不同因素对采出程度的影响,尚缺乏对不同尺度孔隙内原油动用及油水分布的定量化表征。
为此,本文针对济阳坳陷陆相页岩油,首先采用数字岩心技术定量表征其孔隙结构特征;进而重点开展高温高压核磁共振动态渗吸实验,模拟压裂液高压注入过程中的同向渗吸行为,揭示不同尺度孔隙内页岩油动用特征,量化渗吸作用与驱替作用对采出程度的贡献比例,分析驱替压差及层理缝对动态渗吸效果的影响,并基于相似准则计算合理焖井时间。本研究为深化陆相页岩油动用机理认识、优化焖井时间提供了实验和理论支撑,对页岩油高效开发具有指导意义。
济阳坳陷陆相页岩岩相以纹层状灰质页岩、纹层状混积页岩和层状混积页岩为主,其中纹层状灰质页岩为有利岩相类型[24]。本文选取济阳坳陷博兴洼陷纹层状灰质页岩样品,分析其孔隙结构特征并开展动态渗吸实验。图1为纹层状灰质页岩高分辨率大视域拼接扫描电镜(MAPS)图像及其局部放大图像。由图1可见,纹层状灰质页岩整体发育明显的灰质纹层和泥质纹层互层结构;孔隙类型以无机孔为主,仅发育少量有机质孔,顺层理面发育层间缝。
对灰质纹层和层理界面区域进行聚焦离子束-扫描电子显微镜 (FIB-SEM)扫描(分辨率为20 nm,体素数量为600×400×200,物理尺寸为12 μm×8 μm×4 μm),重构得到的三维数字岩心分别如图2a和图2d所示。受分辨率限制,图像仅能识别直径大于20 nm的孔隙。在三维图像基础上,应用数字岩心技术对孔隙结构进行提取和定量表征。首先,采用阈值分割法分割岩石骨架和孔隙空间。从灰质纹层区域(数字岩心a)和层理界面区域(数字岩心b)提取的孔隙结构分别如图2b和图2e所示,对应孔隙度分别为1.16%和1.14%。采用分水岭算法将孔隙结构分割成相互独立的孔隙单元,并将每个孔隙等效为与其体积相同的球体,通过球体体积公式计算孔隙等效半径。最后,采用最大球算法构建数字岩心对应的孔隙网络模型(图 2c、图2f),该模型包含等效孔喉半径、配位数等几何参数,可据此对孔隙结构进行进一步定量表征。
由图3所示的孔隙直径分布频率直方图可知,数字岩心a的孔隙直径分布范围为24.81~585.52 nm,平均为96.91 nm;数字岩心b的孔隙直径分布范围为24.81~509.84 nm,平均为105.69 nm,其平均孔隙直径大于数字岩心a的平均孔隙直径。由孔隙配位数分布频率直方图(图4)可知,数字岩心b中孤立孔隙(配位数为0)的数量占比较数字岩心a低7.47个百分点,配位数为1的孔隙数量占比也低1.80个百分点。相比之下,数字岩心b中配位数大于2的孔隙发育频率均不同程度地高于数字岩心a的对应值,其平均配位数为1.23,高于数字岩心a的0.83。
综上所述,纹层状灰质页岩的层理界面区域表现出更大的平均孔隙直径和更高的孔隙配位数,表明层理缝的发育形成了更大直径的渗流通道,并有效连通了邻近基质中的孤立孔隙,改善了孔隙网络连通性,显著提升了页岩沿层理面方向的渗流能力。
为研究纹层状灰质页岩的动态渗吸规律,本次实验选用6块来自济阳坳陷博兴洼陷的纹层状灰质页岩岩心样品,其中5块为平行层理方向岩样,1块为垂直层理方向岩样(表1)。
岩心核磁共振T2谱受流体扩散、孔隙半径、流体类型和体积弛豫时间等因素影响,在表面弛豫机制主导条件下, T2 分布与孔隙半径分布呈正相关。因此,通过核磁共振T2谱可表征岩心内流体的赋存状态和采出程度变化。为研究压裂液净压力对储层基质渗吸作用的影响,本文开展了岩心水驱油动态渗吸实验,并在实验初始及不同渗吸时间点,利用核磁共振测试采集岩心T2谱,实验装置如图5所示。
实验采用纽迈MacroMR12-150H-1型核磁共振仪,其共振频率为12.8 MHz,对应磁体磁场强度为0.3 T。为模拟页岩油油藏的高温高压条件,实验设置温度为100 ℃,孔隙压力为40 MPa,围压为45 MPa。实验所用油为煤油与白油配制而成,在实验温压条件(100 ℃,40 MPa)下,原油黏度为2.08 mPa·s。模拟压裂液为质量分数为40%的MnCl2 溶液(以3% KCl溶液为溶剂),用于屏蔽模拟压裂液中氢质子信号的干扰。实验具体流程如下:
1)岩心预处理:对实验岩心进行洗油、洗盐,随后置于60 ℃烘箱中烘干。
2)饱和原油:利用抽真空加压饱和装置,在上述实验温压条件下,使岩心样品饱和实验用原油。
3)装样与升温:将饱和原油的岩心装入核磁夹持器中,连接管线,并将系统温度升至实验温度100 ℃。
4)压裂液注入与初始测试:打开入口端阀门,关闭出口端阀门,保持围压高于孔隙压力5 MPa。以0.001 mL/min的速率从岩心入口端注入模拟压裂液,缓慢将孔隙压力升至40 MPa后转为恒压模式。待温度和压力稳定后,测试岩心饱和原油状态下的核磁共振T2谱,作为初始状态。
5)渗吸与测试:将岩心保持孔隙压力40 MPa、温度100 ℃的条件下,渗吸1 d。随后,打开出口端阀门,继续以0.001 mL/min的速度从入口端进行恒速驱替,监测进出口端压力。累计注入2 PV,关闭出口端阀门,将孔隙压力恢复至40 MPa。待压力稳定后,测试岩心的T2谱。
6)长期渗吸监测:分别在2、3、5 、7 、10 d,重复上述步骤,获取不同渗吸时间点对应的岩心T2谱。
图6为6块岩心动态渗吸实验的核磁共振T2谱。不同的T2谱峰对应岩心不同孔径分布范围,随渗吸时间增加,T2 谱峰逐渐下移,表明压裂液进入岩心,有效置换孔隙内原油。其中,1号、3号和5号岩心的T2谱有明显大于100 ms的右峰,表明其大孔隙/裂缝发育程度高;而2号、4号和6V号岩心大于100 ms的右峰不发育,大孔隙/裂缝发育程度较低。
图7为岩心动态渗吸时间与采出程度的关系曲线。6块岩心整体采出程度介于24.04%~38.16%,平均31.26%。其中,1号、3号和5号岩心大孔隙/裂缝发育程度更高,采出程度介于33.02%~38.16%,平均36.04%;而2号、4号和6V号岩心的采出程度介于24.04%~27.90%,平均26.49%。上述结果表明,大孔隙/裂缝发育岩心的动态渗吸采出程度较欠发育岩心平均高9.55%。
由图7可知,动态渗吸过程依据采出程度变化率(即每天增加的百分数)可划分为快速渗吸(>5%/d)、缓慢渗吸((1%~5%)/d)和渗吸平衡(<1%/d)3个阶段。
第Ⅰ阶段(<3 d)为快速渗吸阶段,6块岩心的采出程度占整体采出程度的60.54%~90.75%(平均80.59%),平均渗吸速度为8.28%/d,是采出程度的最主要贡献阶段。基于相同的岩性转换系数[25],将弛豫时间转换为对应的孔隙直径,并按孔径范围分为微孔(<25 nm)、小孔(25~<100 nm)、中孔(100~<1 000 nm)及大孔(>1 000 nm)。图8展示了3号岩心不同孔径孔隙采出程度与动态渗吸时间关系曲线。结果表明,快速渗吸阶段整体呈现驱替作用为主导、渗吸作用协同的原油采出特征。在该阶段,压裂液在驱替压力作用下优先进入渗流阻力较低的大孔道,驱替其内部原油,故中孔和大孔的采出程度较高;同时,在毛细管压力的作用下,压裂液由中孔与大孔向邻近的微小孔隙自发渗吸,因此微孔和小孔的采出程度较低。
第Ⅱ阶段为缓慢渗吸阶段(3~7 d),6块岩心的采出程度占整体采出程度的8.28%~35.52%(平均17.11%),平均渗吸速度为1.42%/d。在此阶段,中孔和大孔采出程度的增长幅度减小,驱替作用减弱。压裂液波及范围由大孔和中孔附近扩展到基质深处,所波及孔隙的孔径减小,毛细管压力增大,小孔与微孔持续采出的原油为该阶段采出程度的主要来源。因此,缓慢渗吸阶段总体上以渗吸作用主导、驱替作用协同的方式采出原油。
第Ⅲ阶段为渗吸平衡阶段(>7 d),6块岩心的采出程度占整体采出程度的0.97%~3.93%(平均2.29%),平均渗吸速度为0.24%/d。在此阶段,驱替与渗吸作用均显著减弱,采出程度趋于稳定,不同孔径孔隙的采出程度增加量均小于1%。
综上所述,整个动态渗吸过程中驱替和渗吸作用交替主导、协同作用,呈现出“大孔隙弹性驱动、小孔隙渗吸换油”的规律。具体而言:第Ⅰ阶段(快速渗吸) 以驱替作用为主,压裂液迅速充填大孔隙并驱替其中的原油,从而主导了大于100 nm孔隙内原油的采出;第Ⅱ阶段(缓慢渗吸) 逐渐过渡为由毛细管压力主导的自发渗吸过程,压裂液依靠毛细管压力置换出小于100 nm孔隙内的原油。至动态渗吸结束时,不同孔径孔隙的最终采出程度随孔径的减小而降低,清晰地体现了孔隙按尺度分级动用的特征。
页岩油藏压裂后形成的高压环境增强了弹性驱动能量,驱替压差对动态渗吸过程具有显著影响。为定量评价动态渗吸过程中渗吸和驱替作用的贡献程度,本文采用T2 截止值法对二者进行区分[23]。首先,根据岩心饱和油状态及实验结束状态下的核磁共振T2谱,确定T2截止值(T2c)。然后,以T2c为界将T2谱分为2部分:T2 > T2c对应的信号面积变化,归因于驱替作用主导的大孔隙原油采出;T2 ≤ T2c对应的信号面积变化,则归因于渗吸作用主导的小孔隙原油置换。基于此,可分别计算二者对总采出程度的贡献率。
图9为不同驱替压差下渗吸与驱替作用采出程度柱状图及总采出程度变化曲线。结果表明,总采出程度随驱替压差增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,说明动态渗吸存在最优驱替压差。当驱替压差为0.25 MPa时,压裂液仅进入部分渗流阻力较低的大孔隙,驱替作用采出程度较低;同时,因压裂液与小孔隙的接触面积有限,渗吸置换效率同样偏低。随驱替压差增大,压裂液波及的孔隙范围不断扩大,驱替作用的采出程度相应提高。同时,压裂液与小孔隙的接触面积增加,渗吸置换效率提高,渗吸作用的采出程度亦随之上升。当驱替压差增大至2.67~4.16 MPa时,在驱替和渗吸协同作用下,总采出程度较驱替压差为1.05 MPa时提高9.02%~10.26%。然而,随驱替压差继续增大,油水流动速度加快,较大孔隙内的压裂液尚未充分与小孔隙内的原油发生渗吸置换即被快速驱出,导致渗吸作用的采出程度下降。当驱替压差达到9.06 MPa时,压裂液沿优势通道发生指进现象,一方面降低了较大孔隙的波及效率,另一方面也减弱了小孔隙的渗吸置换作用,最终使得驱替与渗吸作用的采出程度分别降低2.36%和2.78%。
综上所述,页岩油开发过程中需合理优化压裂液用液强度,以实现驱替与渗吸作用的最佳协同:既要保证足够的用液强度以建立有效驱替压差,充分动用较大孔隙中的原油;也要避免用液强度过高而诱发窜流,导致渗吸效率降低,进而延长排液周期与见油时间。
第1节页岩孔隙结构特征研究结果表明,层理缝可改善孔隙连通结构,提升油水流动能力。为明确层理缝对动态渗吸效果的影响,本文选取孔隙度与渗透率相近的4号水平岩样(层理缝平行于渗流方向)和6V号垂直岩样(层理缝垂直于渗流方向)进行对比分析。
图6d和6f显示,2块岩样的大孔隙/裂缝均不发育,但6V号岩样中直径大于100 nm孔隙的发育程度较4号岩样高6.72%。图 10为水平岩样与垂直岩样动态渗吸采出程度的对比结果。在驱替压差相近的条件下(4号岩心为1.05 MPa、6V号岩心为1.80 MPa),由于垂直岩样大于100 nm孔隙更为发育且驱替压差略高,其驱替作用对应的采出程度较水平岩样高3.78%。但水平岩样表现出更高的渗吸置换效率,其渗吸作用采出程度较垂直岩样高4.15%。综合来看,尽管水平岩样大于100 nm孔隙发育程度和驱替压差均低于垂直岩样,其总采出程度仍比后者高0.37%。
综上所述,水平岩样在渗流方向层理面积大、层理缝发育密度更高,既增大了油水接触面积,也提升了渗流能力。因此,小孔隙中的原油在渗吸作用下得到更充分动用,表明层理缝可有效提升动态渗吸效率,进而提高页岩油的整体动用程度。
为实现室内实验结果与油藏实际渗吸时间的等效换算,学者们基于相似理论引入无因次渗吸时间,用于表征不同条件下渗吸过程的时间特征。Mason等[26]提出了考虑流体性质、岩石物性、岩心几何形状和边界条件影响的无因次渗吸时间模型:
tD=tkφ2σμw1+μo/μw1LC2
式中:tD为无因次时间;t为渗吸时间,单位s;k为渗透率,单位10-3 μm2;σ为油水界面张力,单位mN/m;φ为孔隙度,%;μw和μo分别为压裂液黏度和原油黏度,单位mPa·s;LC为特征长度(通常为岩心样品的一半),单位cm。
该模型是基于毛细管压力主导的逆向渗吸条件建立的,本文采用该模型,将动态渗吸实验结果与页岩油藏压裂后渗吸过程建立对应关系,用于表征后期毛细管压力主导阶段的等效时间,从而实现油藏尺度焖井时间的相似性计算。在其他因素相同的情况下,达到指定含水饱和度的渗吸时间与特征长度的平方呈正相关[27]。实验岩心平均长度为 4.07 cm,特征长度为2.04 cm。由3.1节可知,不同岩心在7 d左右时进入渗吸平衡阶段。此处的“平衡”主要指:在实验条件下,驱替和自发渗吸作用明显减弱,采出程度增速急剧放缓。因此,选取第7天作为实验尺度下动态渗吸过程的结束时间。假设在页岩油藏中,压裂液沿水力裂缝向基质渗吸的距离为3 cm[28-29],根据式(1)计算可知,油藏尺度达到与室内实验7 d等效的渗吸状态所需时间约为15 d。基于上述结果,本文推荐纹层状灰质页岩油藏压裂后的焖井时间为 15 d。该时间节点定义了压裂后净压力作用下裂缝周围基质实现高效动用的最佳时间窗口。在此之后,毛细管压力主导的自发渗吸过程仍将持续,但渗吸速率显著降低。因此,在实际矿场应用中,15 d可作为压裂后焖井制度优化的参考依据,但仍需结合油藏具体地质条件、压裂施工规模进行针对性调整。
1)动态渗吸过程可划分为快速渗吸、缓慢渗吸和渗吸平衡3个阶段。整个过程中驱替和渗吸作用协同,呈现“大孔隙弹性驱动、小孔隙渗吸换油”的动用特征。快速渗吸阶段以驱替作用为主,主要动用孔径大于100 nm孔隙内的原油,对采出程度的平均贡献为80.59%;缓慢渗吸阶段以毛细管压力主导的渗吸作用为主,主要动用孔径小于100 nm孔隙内的原油,采出程度占比17.11%。
2)动态渗吸采出程度随驱替压差的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。实验条件下,最优驱替压差区间范围为2.67~4.16 MPa,在该区间内驱替作用与渗吸作用协同效果最为显著,从而使动态渗吸采出程度达到最大。
3)层理界面区域的平均孔隙直径更大、孔隙配位数更高。该区域发育的层理缝通过沟通孤立孔隙,增加油水接触面积、提升渗流能力,显著提高压裂液渗吸置换效率。水平岩样因渗流方向上层理面积更大、层理缝发育密度高,渗吸作用采出程度较垂直岩样提高4.15%。
4)基于相似准则与动态渗吸实验结果,建议页岩油藏压裂后优化焖井时间为15 d。

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2026年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025440
  • 接收时间:2026-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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    1 中国石化胜利油田分公司勘探开发研究院,山东   东营 257015
    2 中国石化胜利油田分公司,山东   东营 257001
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