Article(id=1322941925141127295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025361, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770134400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343534025, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1795622400000, pubDateStr=2026-11-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343534025, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343534025, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343534025, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941491332657306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1137', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1795622400000', pubDateStr='2026-11-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343430598, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344116766, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944369447285514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941491332657306, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1325, endPage=1337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941925996765312, articleId=1322941925141127295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Time-varying mechanisms and time-varying characterization of physical properties in water-flooded reservoirs, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Water flooding is currently the primary development method used in oil and gas reservoirs to supplement formation energy and maintain stable production. Long-term water flooding can alter the microscopic pore-throat structure of reservoir rocks, leading to dynamic changes in reservoir physical properties as development progresses. Numerical simulations that directly use constant initial physical property parameters can no longer accurately predict production performance during the middle and late stages of development. Conventional reservoir numerical simulations generally use constant physical property parameters and do not consider the time-varying effects of reservoir physical properties, making it difficult to accurately represent the actual development dynamics of water-flooded reservoirs and potentially leading to deviations in development adjustment plans. This review systematically summarizes the current status of time-varying mechanisms, research methods, and engineering applications of physical properties in water-flooded reservoirs, and analyzes the two core mechanisms of time-varying permeability and time-varying wettability. The dynamic evolution patterns of reservoir microstructure, absolute permeability, and relative permeability under water flooding are summarized. After water flooding, the proportion of micropores in reservoirs decreases, while the overall structure of medium and coarse pores remains relatively stable. The permeability of low-permeability cores decreases, while that of high-permeability cores increases. Meanwhile, the irreducible water saturation of the reservoir increases, and the residual oil saturation decreases, resulting in significant changes in the oil-water two-phase flow characteristics. The mainstream methods for characterizing time-varying reservoir physical properties using parameters such as water cut, water passing multiple, areal flux, and effective displacement flux in numerical simulation are summarized. Among them, areal flux and effective displacement flux are currently the most widely used due to their independence of grid scale and high simulation accuracy. The characterization methods for the dynamic evolution of reservoir physical properties based on the time-varying theory can accurately predict the distribution of remaining oil by quantitatively describing the evolution patterns of physical property parameters in flow units and reconstructing dynamic geological models, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the optimization and adjustment of water flooding development. It is pointed out that the refined time-varying characterization of reservoir physical properties and time-varying mechanisms under multiple displacement modes remain key research directions for future research, with considerable research value and promising development prospects.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=LING AN1, QIAOLIANG ZHANG2, YONGXIN MA2, ZHAOQIANG YANG2, RUIBIN LU2, YONG TANG1, authorsList=LING AN, QIAOLIANG ZHANG, YONGXIN MA, ZHAOQIANG YANG, RUIBIN LU, YONG TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941939418538138, articleId=1322941925141127295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=水驱油藏物性时变机理及时变表征研究, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

水驱是当前油气藏补充地层能量、维持稳产的主流开发方式。长期注水冲刷会改造储层岩石微观孔喉结构,造成储层物性随开发进程动态演化,直接采用恒定初始物性参数开展数值模拟,已无法精准预测油藏中后期生产动态。常规油藏数值模拟普遍选用恒定物性参数计算,未考虑储层物性时变效应,难以真实反映水驱油藏实际开发动态,易造成开发调整方案出现偏差。针对水驱油藏物性时变机理、研究方法及工程应用现状开展系统梳理,剖析渗透率时变与润湿性时变两大核心机理;总结水驱作用下储层微观结构、绝对渗透率及相对渗透率的动态演化规律:水驱会降低储层微孔隙占比,中粗孔隙结构整体保持稳定;低渗岩心渗透率有所下降,高渗岩心渗透率逐步上升;同时储层束缚水饱和度增大、残余油饱和度减小,油水两相渗流特征发生明显改变。归纳含水率、过水倍数、面通量、有效驱替通量等主流物性时变表征方法,其中面通量与有效驱替通量具备网格无关性、模拟精度高的特点,目前应用最为广泛。依托物性时变动态表征方法,可定量描述储层流动单元物性演化规律、重构动态地质模型,实现剩余油分布精准预测,为油藏注水开发优化调整提供理论依据。最后指出,储层物性时变精细化表征、多驱替方式下的时变机理仍是后续重点研究方向,具备较高研究价值与发展前景。

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安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Variation patterns of oil-water relative permeability before and after water flooding in Well 2 of HB oilfield, figureFileSmall=Fc5bk/DrOw5s6qP2OcC3Sw==, figureFileBig=aZA7SgBY+nYMJqU8D+U5CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941949531005134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HB油田2号井水驱前后油相和水相相对渗透率变化规律, figureFileSmall=Fc5bk/DrOw5s6qP2OcC3Sw==, figureFileBig=aZA7SgBY+nYMJqU8D+U5CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941950365671632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between microscopic reservoir characteristics before and after water flooding and median grain size, figureFileSmall=KazZphe4+FGigdZlFU0dUw==, figureFileBig=iCw9VYt8t5s0KCwbaPVcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941950726381777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水驱前后微观储层特征与粒度中值关系, figureFileSmall=KazZphe4+FGigdZlFU0dUw==, figureFileBig=iCw9VYt8t5s0KCwbaPVcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941951141617874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of relative compositions of clay minerals during stepwise water flooding in Wells X and Y, figureFileSmall=c5ne0pENOXbqOo0JpleXvw==, figureFileBig=9Z7+4QpFmfs5Wa09p2A7eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941952609624275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图3, caption=X、Y井逐级水驱黏土矿物相对组分对比, figureFileSmall=c5ne0pENOXbqOo0JpleXvw==, figureFileBig=9Z7+4QpFmfs5Wa09p2A7eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941952865476820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Variation characteristics of permeability of reservoirs with different water flooding degrees and permeabilities before and after water flooding, figureFileSmall=RPSwRm4yQYZPhw8Hm/b1DQ==, figureFileBig=XhTjOCnI2N/H7XqZCHX+og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941953205215445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同水淹程度、不同渗透率储层水驱前后渗透率变化特征, figureFileSmall=RPSwRm4yQYZPhw8Hm/b1DQ==, figureFileBig=XhTjOCnI2N/H7XqZCHX+og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941953280712918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Relationship between number of injected pore volumes and permeability variation for cores with different permeabilities, figureFileSmall=Jb7MWcUL4fN8T6LRnC3oEQ==, figureFileBig=nSI3igpEnj2WvAiiI8vLBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941953620451543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同渗透率岩心注入PV数与渗透率的变化关系, figureFileSmall=Jb7MWcUL4fN8T6LRnC3oEQ==, figureFileBig=nSI3igpEnj2WvAiiI8vLBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941953687560408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Oil-water relative permeability curves under different displacement pressure gradients, figureFileSmall=nCpZw9y+6PQqx1EtkwnY3g==, figureFileBig=rLYimD8kZ+rIxU6RLm/NTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941953754669273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同驱替压力梯度下的油水相对渗透率曲线, figureFileSmall=nCpZw9y+6PQqx1EtkwnY3g==, figureFileBig=rLYimD8kZ+rIxU6RLm/NTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954077630682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison curves of relative permeability before and after water flooding, figureFileSmall=NknVNIqAPpC804KOaDsamw==, figureFileBig=U48Dxh1xhxRwUnCGMhSSWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954153128155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图7, caption=水驱前后相对渗透率对比曲线, figureFileSmall=NknVNIqAPpC804KOaDsamw==, figureFileBig=U48Dxh1xhxRwUnCGMhSSWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954459312348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Flowchart for obtaining Type Ⅰ relative permeability curves, figureFileSmall=4HcDTwsIwba7rM3vB96AhA==, figureFileBig=4zbYu+lGDLPdxnLk7xEA8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954551587037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图8, caption=I型相对渗透率曲线获取流程, figureFileSmall=4HcDTwsIwba7rM3vB96AhA==, figureFileBig=4zbYu+lGDLPdxnLk7xEA8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954878742750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Flowchart for obtaining Type Ⅱ relative permeability curves, figureFileSmall=b/16JkdUR38ky1mQdZhr5g==, figureFileBig=pisGpxWsGfyOITT/Zt3cMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941954950045919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Ⅱ类相对渗透率曲线获取流程, figureFileSmall=b/16JkdUR38ky1mQdZhr5g==, figureFileBig=pisGpxWsGfyOITT/Zt3cMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941955298173152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation in relative permeability multiples in each grid under different water cut conditions, figureFileSmall=fqVjASJDjSfxFgq0HCtg1Q==, figureFileBig=KrlW88lYlZ9XNiBpeoFOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941955377864929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同含水率下各网格渗透率相对倍数变化, figureFileSmall=fqVjASJDjSfxFgq0HCtg1Q==, figureFileBig=KrlW88lYlZ9XNiBpeoFOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941957034615010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Distribution of residual oil saturation under different time-varying models, figureFileSmall=g0dMVIapLY7CBbAuvr9/Eg==, figureFileBig=uDZZO0fhdry8daycmTvGjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941957147861219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同时变模型剩余油饱和度分布, figureFileSmall=g0dMVIapLY7CBbAuvr9/Eg==, figureFileBig=uDZZO0fhdry8daycmTvGjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941957219164388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Water saturation distribution during late stage of reservoir simulation and development, figureFileSmall=r1v12n2kpq3qt6B6IhONkA==, figureFileBig=0IkraRqUzUDRHWCS79eaLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941957500182757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=图12, caption=油藏模拟开发后期含水饱和度分布, figureFileSmall=r1v12n2kpq3qt6B6IhONkA==, figureFileBig=0IkraRqUzUDRHWCS79eaLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941957605040358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Results of mercury injection test before and after water flooding, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井深/m最大孔喉半径孔喉半径平均值汞饱和度中值半径孔喉配位数
水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

平均值18.221.136.37.26.5-8.85.55.0-8.41.421.548.9
2 642.0031.756.477.910.111.715.87.19.128.21.561.687.7
2 642.0531.722.5-29.09.47.0-25.56.42.8-56.31.621.715.6
2 697.5515.413.7-11.06.75.4-19.46.03.8-36.71.451.535.5
2 697.6019.513.7-29.76.15.2-14.85.54.2-23.61.251.6330.4
2 734.5819.619.81.011.411.50.98.911.327.01.391.37-1.4
2 748.394.916.9244.94.63.2-30.43.32.9-12.11.321.449.1
2 748.354.94.91.01.91.8-5.31.21.1-8.31.331.405.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322941957839921383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水驱前后压汞实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井深/m最大孔喉半径孔喉半径平均值汞饱和度中值半径孔喉配位数
水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

水驱前/µm水驱后/µm

变化率/

%

平均值18.221.136.37.26.5-8.85.55.0-8.41.421.548.9
2 642.0031.756.477.910.111.715.87.19.128.21.561.687.7
2 642.0531.722.5-29.09.47.0-25.56.42.8-56.31.621.715.6
2 697.5515.413.7-11.06.75.4-19.46.03.8-36.71.451.535.5
2 697.6019.513.7-29.76.15.2-14.85.54.2-23.61.251.6330.4
2 734.5819.619.81.011.411.50.98.911.327.01.391.37-1.4
2 748.394.916.9244.94.63.2-30.43.32.9-12.11.321.449.1
2 748.354.94.91.01.91.8-5.31.21.1-8.31.331.405.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322941957911224552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Experimental methods for reservoir permeability comparison, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方法测量方法参数
岩心物性资料分析对比[8]通过对比分析不同层位岩心以及不同开发阶段渗透率变化渗透率分布频率峰值
注水冲刷物理实验[24-26]通过进行注水冲刷实验,分析驱替前后高渗、中高渗以及低渗岩心渗透率随注入倍数以及含水率的变化注入孔隙体积倍数;含水率;渗透率
), ArticleFig(id=1322941957978333417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

储层渗透率对比实验方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方法测量方法参数
岩心物性资料分析对比[8]通过对比分析不同层位岩心以及不同开发阶段渗透率变化渗透率分布频率峰值
注水冲刷物理实验[24-26]通过进行注水冲刷实验,分析驱替前后高渗、中高渗以及低渗岩心渗透率随注入倍数以及含水率的变化注入孔隙体积倍数;含水率;渗透率
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958045442282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Statistics of permeability variation multiples in different oilfield formations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水饱和度/%渗透率变化倍数
高渗中高渗低渗
0.2401.0001.0001.000
0.2601.0501.0001.000
0.2901.1801.0001.000
0.3151.2501.0360.918
0.3581.4101.1600.874
0.3761.4601.2500.845
0.4101.5001.2650.834
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958116745451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

油田不同地层渗透率变化倍数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水饱和度/%渗透率变化倍数
高渗中高渗低渗
0.2401.0001.0001.000
0.2601.0501.0001.000
0.2901.1801.0001.000
0.3151.2501.0360.918
0.3581.4101.1600.874
0.3761.4601.2500.845
0.4101.5001.2650.834
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958229991660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Permeability variation of different core samples at different injected volumes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩心编号

水驱100 PV

渗透率/10-3 μm2

水驱500 PV

渗透率/10-3 μm2

水驱1 000 PV渗透率/10-3 μm2

降低

幅度/%

10.0900.0900.08011.1
20.0300.0280.02613.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958309683437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同岩样不同注入体积的渗透率变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩心编号

水驱100 PV

渗透率/10-3 μm2

水驱500 PV

渗透率/10-3 μm2

水驱1 000 PV渗透率/10-3 μm2

降低

幅度/%

10.0900.0900.08011.1
20.0300.0280.02613.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958376792302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Experimental comparison of time-varying relative permeability curves, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方法测量方法参数
驱替压力梯度(DPG)与相对渗透率的关系[27]通过设置不同驱替压力梯度驱替压力梯度
注入孔隙体积倍数(PV)与相对渗透率的关系[28]通过研究多年水驱前后现场岩心注入孔隙体积倍数
位移通量(PA)与相对渗透率曲线关系[29]通过对比两种不同相渗曲线测试方法位移通量
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958439706863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

相对渗透率曲线时变实验对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方法测量方法参数
驱替压力梯度(DPG)与相对渗透率的关系[27]通过设置不同驱替压力梯度驱替压力梯度
注入孔隙体积倍数(PV)与相对渗透率的关系[28]通过研究多年水驱前后现场岩心注入孔隙体积倍数
位移通量(PA)与相对渗透率曲线关系[29]通过对比两种不同相渗曲线测试方法位移通量
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958653616368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Different characterization formulas for time-varying parameters using water cut, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者时变参数表征公式
崔传智等[30](2004)渗透率变化倍数,动态孔隙度,原油黏度

kc=1.073 3+0.003 4fw

φf=0.30+0.000 3fw

μo=12.837e0.012 2fw

吴素英[31](2006)渗透率变化倍数 kc=1.024 767e0.095 3fw
鞠斌山等[32](2006)黏度变化倍数 R=μo/μoi=ae100bfw
崔传智等[33](2012)渗透率变化倍数 kc=1.073 3+0.003 4fw
), ArticleFig(id=1322941958745891057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941925141127295, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

利用含水率表征时变参数的不同表征公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者时变参数表征公式
崔传智等[30](2004)渗透率变化倍数,动态孔隙度,原油黏度

kc=1.073 3+0.003 4fw

φf=0.30+0.000 3fw

μo=12.837e0.012 2fw

吴素英[31](2006)渗透率变化倍数 kc=1.024 767e0.095 3fw
鞠斌山等[32](2006)黏度变化倍数 R=μo/μoi=ae100bfw
崔传智等[33](2012)渗透率变化倍数 kc=1.073 3+0.003 4fw
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水驱油藏物性时变机理及时变表征研究
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安岭 1 , 张乔良 2 , 马勇新 2 , 杨朝强 2 , 鲁瑞彬 2 , 汤勇 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(6): 1325-1337
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (6) : 1325 -1337
水驱油藏物性时变机理及时变表征研究
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安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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安岭1 , 张乔良2, 马勇新2, 杨朝强2, 鲁瑞彬2, 汤勇1
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
  • 2 中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司,广东   湛江 524057
作者简介:

安岭(1999—),男,在读博士研究生,从事油气藏开发、时变数值模拟以及储气库周期运行研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Time-varying mechanisms and time-varying characterization of physical properties in water-flooded reservoirs
LING AN1 , QIAOLIANG ZHANG2, YONGXIN MA2, ZHAOQIANG YANG2, RUIBIN LU2, YONG TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 CNOOC (China) Limited Zhanjiang Company, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China
出版时间: 2026-11-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025361
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油藏物性时变表征  /  渗透率时变  /  时变机理  /  水驱开发  /  数值模拟
time-varying characterization of reservoir physical properties  /  time-varying permeability  /  time-varying mechanism  /  water flooding development  /  numerical simulation
安岭, 张乔良, 马勇新, 杨朝强, 鲁瑞彬, 汤勇. 水驱油藏物性时变机理及时变表征研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1325 -1337 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025361
LING AN, QIAOLIANG ZHANG, YONGXIN MA, ZHAOQIANG YANG, RUIBIN LU, YONG TANG. Time-varying mechanisms and time-varying characterization of physical properties in water-flooded reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (6) : 1325 -1337 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025361
常规与非常规油藏是原油生产的重要资源基础,高效开发此类油藏对保障能源供应与安全至关重要[1]。然而,非常规油藏由于喉道半径窄,生产后地层压力下降很快,部分微裂缝闭合会大幅降低地层流体渗流能力;加之非常规油藏基质渗透率普遍偏低,天然开发效果较差。因此,常采用注水技术提高原油采收率[2]。
注水开发是油藏开发过程中提高采收率的有效技术手段,通过补充地层能量实现增产增效,同时具备水源充足、经济效益良好的优势。但随着注入水量持续增加,地层物性条件会发生一定程度的改变[3]。油田长期水驱进入开发后期后,储层物性参数、井流物分布、储层非均质性及流体组成均会发生显著变化。其中,孔隙度、绝对渗透率、油水相对渗透率、孔喉尺寸分布、原油黏度等储层与流体参数均呈现显著时变演化特征,致使剩余油分布规律发生显著改变,大幅增加了油田高含水后期的开发难度[4]。因此,在油藏数值模拟过程中,考虑储层参数时变效应对精准刻画油田生产动态至关重要。传统数值模拟方法忽略物性时变特征,难以实现油藏开发后期含水率的高精度历史拟合。此外,建立科学、适配的储层物性时变表征方法,仍是当前油藏数值模拟研究的难点。
水驱油藏物性时变机理分为渗透率时变、润湿性时变两类。前者由开发过程中储层微粒运移引发孔喉尺寸改变,宏观体现为渗透率动态变化;后者是岩石经长期、高倍数水驱冲刷后润湿性发生定向演化,即亲油岩心逐步转变为弱亲油、中性、亲水状态,弱亲水岩心亲水性显著增强。
国内外文献调研表明,地层经过长期水驱冲刷后,流体与储层岩石之间发生了物理化学反应,从而导致储层岩石的微观孔隙结构发生变化,油藏的宏观物性参数也随之改变[5]。
黏土矿物在水驱开发过程中脱水膨胀、捕获和运移等行为会改变储层孔喉结构。地层微粒的运移可能会产生“管涌”影响和“堵塞”影响[6]。储层物性差异对地层微粒运移行为具有显著调控作用,低渗油藏黏土矿物含量较高,遇水膨胀,使孔隙半径减小,导致地层微粒不易被水运移。微粒运移会导致喉道堵塞,孔喉连通性变差,整体表现为渗透率减小[7]。中-高渗油藏中随着注水量不断增加,渗透率并不仅仅是单调变化。油藏水驱开发初期,注入水对岩石产生水力冲刷作用,地层微粒随水流发生运移[8],由于空间通道小,流动能力弱,小孔隙发生堵塞,对于中孔隙和大孔隙,释放的颗粒向下游运移。油藏水驱开发中期,部分地层微粒被水冲出,孔喉半径和地层连通性增大,渗透率开始增大[9]。油藏水驱后期,易于被运移的地层微粒逐渐减少,渗透率的变化幅度减缓,最后趋于稳定值。
黏土矿物以及其他地层微粒在水驱过程中,由于物理化学作用后发生运移,导致储层渗透率不断变化[10]。非均质油藏水驱开发过程中层间非均质性及层内非均质性变化较为明显,主要体现在水驱冲刷后中-高渗透段渗透率变大,而低渗透段的渗透能力没有明显变化,部分甚至会变差。
储层岩石润湿性受控于其表面物理特性及原油中极性组分含量。润湿相在岩石孔壁呈连续状附着,非润湿相则以离散态赋存于孔道中央[11]。润湿性表征方法分为实验法与解析法:实验法涵盖液滴法、接触角法及吊板法;解析法包括离心法、自吸法与Amott法[12]。张乐[13]通过室内实验对大庆油田水驱后的油藏润湿性变化规律进行分析,注入水渗流作用可溶蚀岩石表面油膜极性组分。根据南海东部海相砂岩油田实际生产经验,高注入倍数水驱作用下,目标区块岩石的润湿性由亲水性转变为强亲水性[14]。水驱过程诱发储层润湿态定向迁移:亲油体系向亲水态渐进转化,亲水体系则呈现润湿性强化效应[15]。
开发过程中润湿性的变化同样也会引起相对渗透率曲线的变化,水驱初始阶段需克服毛管压力梯度,毛管数低时,相渗曲线形态的主控因素为润湿性,润湿性的影响随着毛管数的逐渐增大而减小[16]。基于HB油田A、B两块岩心的油水相对渗透率测试,水驱后相渗曲线整体向右偏移:储层岩石原始偏亲油时,水主要分布在大孔道、油赋存小孔道,油相相对渗透率降低、水相渗透率升高;随润湿性转为亲水,毛细管力由阻力变为动力,油进入大孔道,相渗曲线整体右移(图1)[17]。
储层润湿性演化的内在机制为多孔介质内油、水、岩石三相间的物理化学协同作用,具体可分为以下过程:①注入水对岩石孔壁吸附态极性分子的溶解作用;②随含水饱和度逐渐升高及含油饱和度降低,孔隙壁面油膜覆盖范围持续缩减,最终被水膜置换;③原油中起润湿调节作用的界面活性组分随产出被剥离,促使岩石表面亲水性增强。Suijkerbuijk等[18]的研究阐明了低矿化度注入水稀释地层环境后,地层中二价阳离子浓度降低,油-岩界面双电层斥力增大,原油酸性组分发生解吸,最终引发储层润湿性定向转变。
长期注水开发油田的后期阶段,储层宏微观结构、非均质性及流体特征在持续水驱作用下较原始状态均发生显著演化[19],主要渗流参数发生了较大的变化,致使储层参数、油藏流场及剩余油分布规律变化更加复杂[20]。通过对压汞曲线、黏土矿物分析以及原油性质进行研究,从而分析出水驱前后微观特征变化规律。
基于汞的表面张力和黏度性质,通过测量不同压力条件下汞在岩石中的流动阻力,从而可以得到岩心微观物性参数[21]。目前大多采用对比水驱前后高压压汞曲线以及岩心微观物性参数的方法,从而总结水驱过程对岩心微观物性参数的影响规律。
通过分析水驱前后岩心压汞曲线的变化规律[8],明确水驱过程中岩心微观物性参数变化规律。水驱前后压汞曲线斜率明显增大,在水驱的过程中,较小的孔喉道被堵塞占比减少,中粗孔喉变化不大。渤海湾某油田水驱前后岩心[22](平均孔隙度为19.2%,渗透率为298 ×10-3 μm2,中孔中渗储层),由表1可知,岩心水驱后微观结构参数呈现规律性变化:最大孔喉半径增幅达36.3%,孔喉平均配位数同步提升8.9%;平均孔喉半径减小8.8%,汞饱和度中值半径减小8.4%。水驱过程导致微小喉道选择性消减,而中尺度孔喉结构特征基本保持稳定。
优选不同粒度中值储层岩心,进行水驱实验。建立粒度中值与水驱前后平均孔隙直径及喉道直径的统计关联模型。结果显示:对于粒度中值大于1.5的岩样,其平均孔隙直径与平均喉道直径呈现显著正相关性;粒度中值小于1.5的岩样正相关程度减弱(图2)。
水驱过程中,储层黏土矿物成分也会发生变化。小孔隙中,黏土矿物遇水后会膨胀堵塞孔道,导致岩心渗透性降低;大孔隙中,黏土矿物含量较少,遇水膨胀、分解后,容易被水冲走而并不堵塞孔隙喉道,从而使得孔喉增大,岩心渗透性增加[8]。
X井和Y井岩心水驱替后黏土矿物组合发生定向演化:伊蒙混层中蒙皂石层含量持续衰减,伊利石相、绿泥石相及高岭石相发生成岩富集(图3)。矿物相分析表明:不稳定伊蒙混层在驱替过程中的膨胀、分解与转化;该过程在降低黏土矿物总量的同时,促使伊利石富集及高岭石、绿泥石相对占比被动升高。较小喉道易被膨胀性黏土堵塞,较大孔喉则发生进一步扩容。
通过分析驱替前后渗透率的变化特征,可明确驱替过程中渗透率的变化规律。目前常用的实验分析方法主要分为两种:岩心物性资料对比分析与室内注水冲刷物理模拟实验[23]。前者通过对比不同开发阶段及储层含水层位的渗透率数据,分析驱替前后渗透率变化规律;后者通过开展室内注水冲刷物理模拟实验,明确低渗、中高渗及高渗岩心在水驱至一定倍数后渗透率变化规律。
按照储层岩性与层位相似性原则,基于油田现场密闭取心资料,系统解析不同层位、开发阶段及渗透率级别储层在水驱作用下的渗透率演化规律。通过分析水驱前后W油田A4P1井不同含水层位的密闭取心测试结果[24],依据水淹级别定量划分结果(强水淹、中水淹、未水淹),统计证实中-强水淹层(水洗强度大于40%)渗透率普遍呈正向演化,其增幅与孔喉扩径效应呈显著正相关。油藏底部存在1.5~2.0 m未射孔油层段,该层段渗透率参数保持初始状态,可作为基准对照样本,为水驱冲刷诱导储层物性演化研究提供参考。从图4a—图4d可见,水驱作用促使储层渗透率分布呈右向迁移特征:渗透率优势峰值区间开发前期集中在(500~1 000)×10⁻³ μm²,占比62.7%± 3.2%;开发后期大于500×10⁻³ μm²,区间占比提升18.9%。
对大庆喇萨杏油田65口密闭取心井水驱前后资料进行对比,分析不同渗透率级别储层水驱前后岩心渗透率分布的变化规律。图4e展示了高渗透率储层(平均渗透率大于1 300×10⁻³ μm²)开发初期与后期不同渗透率岩心的占比分布,随开发进程推进,岩心渗透率分布呈右移特征,即渗透率逐渐增大。图4f展示了中渗储层(平均渗透率小于800×10⁻³ μm²)开发初期与后期的岩心渗透率分布则呈左移特征,渗透率逐渐减小,中低渗储层渗透率整体呈下降趋势。
开展室内注水冲刷物理模拟实验,研究岩心在不同驱替倍数下的渗透率变化规律。实验主要考虑因素包括:不同渗透率级别岩心、不同驱替倍数、不同含水饱和度。在此基础上,明确不同渗透率岩心在高倍驱替以及不同含水饱和度条件下的渗透率变化规律[25]。
根据室内岩心长期注水冲刷实验结果(表3),在不同含水饱和度驱替条件下,高渗岩心(3 000~5 000)× 10⁻³ μm²、中高渗岩心(500~3 000)×10⁻³ μm²渗透率均呈上升趋势,增幅为20%~50%;渗透率小于500×10⁻³ μm²的低渗岩心渗透率有所下降,最大降幅达17%[26]。
通过对天然低渗(岩心A、B)、中高渗岩心(岩心C)开展室内水驱实验,定量表征低渗及中高渗岩心水相渗透率随注入孔隙体积倍数(PV)的演化规律。水驱实验的岩心绝对渗透率响应特征如图5所示。
针对低渗储层开展室内实验,由图5a所示注入PV数与渗透率的关系曲线可见,岩心渗透率随PV的增加呈现非单调演变规律,在多倍孔隙体积驱替后呈显著下降趋势。由表4数据可知,岩心渗透率对注入孔隙体积倍数的响应存在显著差异:当注水体积小于500 PV时,渗透率基本保持初始状态(变化幅度小于1%);注水体积增至1 000 PV后,岩心渗透率普遍衰减超过10%。长期水驱开发过程中,储层渗透率呈下降趋势,且渗透率变化与面通量密切相关,中低渗透岩心渗透率随面通量增大而减小。
储层室内实验表明,渗透率随水驱冲刷量增加并非单调升高,而是呈先增大、后减小、最终趋于稳定的演化规律。由图5b可见,水驱过程中渗透率响应可分为三阶段:初始衰减期(渗透率持续下降至临界阈值)、转化恢复期(渗透率随注水量增加反转上升)、稳态稳定期(渗透率逐渐趋于稳定)。
国内外学者采用不同的时变参数,针对储层水驱前后的相对渗透率曲线展开研究,形成了多种研究方法。研究重点主要集中在驱替压力梯度、置换倍数以及位移通量与相对渗透率曲线的关系上。
以胜利油田岩心样品为研究对象,开展驱替压力梯度(DPG)对储层油水相对渗透率曲线的影响实验,并建立二者定量关联[27]。
实验中设置DPG分别为0.125、0.253、0.353、0.415、0.498 MPa/m。由图6可见,油水相对渗透率随DPG变化显著;在相同含水饱和度条件下,随驱替压力梯度增大,剩余油饱和度降低,油相相对渗透率曲线右移,水相相对渗透率曲线整体上移。
油田长期注水导致岩心物理性质、润湿性和流体参数变化,综合表现为油水相对渗透率曲线变化。引入注入孔隙体积倍数,其物理含义为累积注入水量与储层孔隙体积的无量纲比值,计算公式见式(1),建立不同PV与油水相对渗透率演化的定量关系[28]。
VPV=QVφ
式中:VPV为注入孔隙体积倍数;Q为累积流通水量,单位m3;Vφ为孔隙体积,单位m3。
基于13组代表性岩心的油水相对渗透率实验数据,得到储层渗流特征的标准化相渗曲线。由图7中可见,长期水驱使相渗曲线整体右移,两相共渗区明显扩大。等渗点右移表明储层润湿性向亲水方向转化,表现为束缚水饱和度(Swi)升高、残余油饱和度(Sor)降低,且残余油状态下水相相对渗透率有所衰减。上述演化特征共同作用,有效提升了水驱油效率。
为量化注水对储层物性的冲刷作用,从累积流量和流速的角度分析冲刷强度。PV是评价水驱强度的常用参数[27],在此基础上提出位移通量(PA)的概念,其计算公式为:
Jd=QAφ
式中:Jd为位移通量,单位m3/m2;Aφ为位移截面的孔隙面积,单位m2。
根据式(1)与式(2),推导位移通量与置换倍数的关系为:
Jd=QAφ=QLAφL=QVφ⋅L=PV⋅L
式中:L为岩心的长度,单位m。
通过高强度水驱(HIWF)实验获得了两种相对渗透率曲线:① 不同驱替通量的连续相对渗透率曲线(I型HIWF相对渗透率曲线)(图8);② 在饱和条件下不同驱替流量的多重相对渗透率曲线(Ⅱ型HIWF相对渗透率曲线)(图9)。研究表明,I型HIWF相对渗透率曲线可快速准确地表征超高含水阶段的开发性能,为高强度长期注水的应用提供指导,进而提高最终采收率(IOR),助力成熟油田实现经济可持续发展。
油藏渗流时变规律实验研究目前主要采用生产资料分析、室内驱替实验等方法,应用过程中存在考虑因素单一、局限性较大等问题:现场研究多依托水驱前后岩心测试资料回归参数,可纳入的时变参数有限,难以刻画驱替全程渗流参数动态演化;室内岩心驱替实验仅能分别表征微观孔渗结构、宏观油水相渗曲线的时变特征,存在研究尺度割裂的局限。
近年来,在线核磁共振、CT扫描等设备在油气行业中广泛应用,可综合考虑多种因素对渗流规律的影响,为同时研究微观与宏观尺度下油藏渗流参数的时变规律提供了新手段。
随着油藏数值模拟技术的发展,“储层参数在注水开发过程中恒定不变”的观点与油田实际生产相背离,无法准确反映开发过程中的参数变化规律。目前研究渗流时变参数的主要方法是利用含水率、过水倍数、面通量、有效驱替通量表征时变特征,总结回归关系式并代入数值模拟模型,实现对渗流时变规律的研究[28]。
基于物理模拟实验,从储层参数变化规律的定性研究转换为定量研究,提出描述长期水驱油藏微观结构演化特征的分形演化模型。通过压汞实验与岩心驱替实验,基于盒维数法计算孔喉网络的分形特征参数,构建分形维数-渗透率动态响应函数,揭示不同含水饱和度(Sw)下孔隙结构驱替前后的时变演化规律[30]。
在室内物理实验的基础上,利用数值模拟方法研究时变规律。根据实验结果构建含水饱和度储层物性参数动态演化模型,量化表征参数对黑油模型进行修正。通过大量油田现场数据分析,采用最小二乘法对油藏含水率变化对应的实际渗透率与实际孔隙度数据进行回归分析,得出渗透率变化倍数、孔隙度及黏度随含水率变化的关系式(表6)。
大量矿场实测资料表明,水驱开发全过程中储层孔隙度变动幅度较小,而中高渗油藏的渗透率演变特征,直接决定原油最终采收率与油田开发动态响应规律。因此,国内多数油藏均采用渗透率指标表征储层物性变化规律,不同含水率条件下各网格渗透率相对倍数变化如图10所示。
含水率时变表征没有考虑注水冲刷作用对于储层物性参数变化的内在机理。其内在原因是微观孔喉结构改变,从而改变了渗透率等宏观油藏参数,部分学者提出利用过水倍数代替含水率来表征储层物性变化规律。过水倍数的定义为流过网格的总水量体积与网格孔隙体积的比值[34],其关系式为:
R=QwVP
式中:R为过水倍数;Qw为流过网格的总水量,单位m3;VP为网格的孔隙体积,单位m3。
对于三维网格空间,流体存在x、y、z3个流动方向,网格总过水体积为3个方向流出水量之和[35],即:
Qw=qx+qy+qz
式中:qx为x方向水流总体积,单位m3;qy为y方向水流总体积,单位m3;qz为z方向水流总体积,单位m3。
储层具有3个方向的渗透率,且与网格水流方向对应,注水冲刷对不同方向的作用效果不同,因此各向过水倍数分别为:
Rx=qxoVP
Ry=qyoVP
Rz=qzoVP
式中:Rx为x方向过水倍数;Ry为y方向过水倍数;Rz为z方向过水倍数。
通过过水倍数与物性变化的关系对黑油模型进行时变功能改进,可反映各向渗透率与相渗曲线随注水冲刷的连续性变化,实现时变对开发效果的影响规律研究。目前该方法可灵活考虑参数时变效应,但难以利用商业软件快速实现;基于现场资料和实验结果,部分学者用数学方法推导得到网格节点含水饱和度的变化与渗透率变化倍数的关系[36],即:
f(R)=Mk=1, R≤124Mk=3×10-7R2-0.000 7R+1.082, 124<R≤1 210Mk=0.674, R>1210 
式中:Mk为渗透率变化倍数;f(R)为过水倍数的函数关系。
由于单个网格节点过水倍数(R)无法直接利用商业软件获取,假设注水冲刷使网格全部充满,建立一维流动模型,量化分析不同时间步长下网格单元的含水饱和度分布、流体流入量及前缘波及孔隙体积,基于水驱前缘含水饱和度变化与过水倍数的耦合关系,建立二者函数模型[37]。
在油藏实际开发过程中,过水倍数是个相对概念,需以岩心为参照物,注水量才能通过过水倍数反映;且PV表征物性时变规律时存在显著的网格敏感性,计算稳定性不足[38]。面通量作为时变表征参数具备网格尺度无关性,不受网格尺寸干扰,计算结果更合理,其物理定义为单位面积累计水相通过量,计算公式为:
M=QS
式中:M为面通量,单位m3/m2;S为岩心横截面积,单位m2。
面通量表征油藏物性时变方法可基于黑油模型,研究物性时变对油藏开发的影响规律。基于面通量函数耦合表征绝对渗透率(K)与相对渗透率(Krw),采用有限差分法(FDM)求解储层物性动态演化数学表征模型。
通过对比不同时变表征的剩余油分布规律,得到不同储层物性时变对油藏开发的影响[39]。耦合渗透率与相渗曲线动态演化时,生产井主流区外围形成剩余油富集带,采出程度较静态物性模型提高8.3%,渗透率单独演化对开发效果影响微弱(增量小于0.7%),而相渗曲线时变主导采收率增幅6.8%,证实物性协同演化机制具有显著增效作用,如图11所示。
在概念模型的基础上,通过曲面插值方法计算任意面通量和饱和度下对应的各相相渗,模拟注水不断冲刷过程中任意的物性变化[40]。为规避实验数据后处理误差,引入曲线类型时变参数表征方法,该方法通过动态参数空间映射,同步表征曲线几何形态与特征参数的协同演化规律,并建立参数-曲线直接映射函数,计算效率得到显著提高;与常规模型对比,时变模型的含水率略低。
国内外学者综合各类时变表征参数的优缺点,提出了一种基于有效驱替通量(PCAF,记为F)的特性时变描述方法[41],其定位为累积流过水的体积与孔隙截面积的比值,计算公式为:
F=Qw/(Aφ)
式中:F为有效驱替通量,单位m3/m2;Qw为岩心截面累积流过水的体积,单位m3;A为岩心横截面积,单位m2;φ为岩心孔隙度。
相同注入量下,不同孔隙度岩心的面通量相同,无法准确反映实际水驱强度差异;而有效驱替通量因考虑了孔隙度的影响,表征水驱强度更准确。
Sun等[42]黑油模型的基础上,开发了一种新的以PCAF为函数的数值模拟软件,并在Eclipse软件上进行了验证。采用新方法和新研制的模拟装置进行历史拟合。通过将考虑时变的模型与未考虑时变的模型对比,历史拟合精度提高了4.1%。Lin等[43]在黑油模型的基础上,开发了考虑有效驱替通量函数的岩石-流体特性数值模拟方法,通过机理模型研究时变机理的有效表征:时变的原油黏度用于表征水相的黏指性,时变的绝对渗透率表征储层非均质性的加剧,时变的相对渗透率表征润湿性的变化,三者共同作用可提高最终采收率。
含水率是生产端直观表征指标,可直接反映生产井产水状态;注入孔隙体积倍数为注入端开发进程的宏观参数,可实现开发时间的无量纲表征;面通量是揭示井间流场分配规律的核心参数,用于表征平面及流线上的流体运移速率与配分特征;有效驱替通量是孔隙尺度驱替机理的关键参数,可表征微观孔隙内流体的动态驱替过程。
驱替开发过程中,可依托过水倍数判别含水率上升阶段注入量的亏欠与超注特征,结合面通量剖析平面矛盾导致的水驱窜流不均衡问题;通过优化注采比、调控注采参数改善平面通量分布,从而提高有效驱替通量。综上,上述4种时变表征方法并非相互替代关系,而是形成了从生产动态表象、注入进程演化,到流场规律剖析、微观驱替机理解释的完整研究体系。开展油藏时变数值模拟研究,需综合联用4类表征方法,进一步提升水驱油藏储层时变特征的表征精度与应用效果。
物性时变理论在油田开发领域的工程化应用,推动商业数值模拟器实现动态地质模型精细化重构,能够精准刻画优势渗流通道空间展布与剩余油分布规律,为油藏开发调整、分层注采制度优化及增产措施制定提供科学决策依据。大数据驱动的人工智能算法通过融合地质、开发多源异构参数,可显著提升储层物性动态预测精度。在实现渗流时变参数定量表征的基础上,借助数值模拟手段再现油藏全开发周期储层物性动态演化规律,显著提升油藏生产动态预测精度,为开发方案实时优化调整提供技术支撑。
针对长期注水冲刷作用下高含水油田储层物性参数发生改变,进而引发开发效果及剩余油分布预测偏差的问题,王少椿等[44]基于模拟有限差分法建立水驱油藏渗透率时变数值模拟方法。以注水冲刷时间为表征变量构建渗透率时变数学模型,采用IMPES算法求解,剖析不同渗透率变化倍率对油藏开发动态的影响;通过对比有无考虑渗透率时变效应的含水饱和度分布差异发现:水驱长期冲刷会引发储层骨架颗粒运移,加剧渗透率平面差异,增强储层非均质性,使强冲刷区渗流优势进一步凸显、水窜突破时间提前,最终形成固定优势渗流通道。油藏开发后期,考虑渗透率时变效应的数值模型预测剩余油饱和度高于常规恒定渗透率模型,如图12所示。
在油气藏开发向数字化、智能化转型的行业发展背景下,精准刻画储层物性参数的动态时变演化规律,是保障油藏开发动态预测精度、实现高效开发决策的核心关键[45]。现阶段,国内外学者已针对水驱油藏的物性时变表征、时变数值模拟方法开展了大量基础研究与工程验证,但针对注气开发油藏,储层孔隙结构、物性参数及流体相态、组分的动态时变响应机制与演化规律仍未明确,相关时变表征体系尚未完善[46]。以人工神经网络为代表的机器学习算法具备优异的非线性拟合与自适应学习能力,已广泛应用于储层静态物性参数预测,然而该类算法在油气藏渗流时变动态预测中的适配应用,以及与主流商业油藏数值模拟软件的深度融合落地,仍是当前气驱时变数值模拟领域亟待突破的技术瓶颈。
为突破上述技术短板,需研发针对气驱过程的时变预测模型[47]。依托深度神经网络等先进人工智能算法,深度挖掘注气开发过程中流体相态、组分动态变化与储层孔隙结构、渗流物性动态响应的内在关联,精准量化多参数间的复杂非线性映射关系,构建高精度、适配性强的孔隙度、渗透率动态时变预测代理模型。将训练优化后的时变代理模型嵌入传统油藏数值模拟工作流程,实现数值模拟全过程中储层物性参数的实时动态迭代更新,有效规避传统恒定参数模拟的计算偏差,建立可精准表征气驱油藏全生命周期动态生产特征的数值模拟新模型。
本次研究的预期创新点主要体现在3个方面:1)理论方法层面,构建“气驱机理-人工智能预测-工业模拟”三位一体的创新技术体系,打破传统水驱时变模型的应用局限与恒定参数数值模拟的理论桎梏,完善气驱油藏渗流时变模拟理论;2)技术研发层面,开发适配气驱开发场景的储层物性时变表征模块,实现与主流商业数值模拟软件的无缝对接与兼容应用,解决智能算法与工业模拟软件融合难的技术问题;3)工程应用层面,研究成果可为智能化油藏开发决策系统提供核心技术支撑,为复杂气驱油藏开发方案优化、注采制度调整、剩余油精准挖潜提供科学依据,对实现各类复杂油气藏高效、绿色、智能化开发具有重要的理论价值与工程实践意义。
1) 水驱油藏物性时变机理主要包含渗透率时变与润湿性时变两类机制。储层物性动态演化本质为流体-岩石渗流作用引发微观孔喉结构重构,进而导致孔隙度、渗透率等宏观物性参数发生改变。润湿性时变表现为:原始亲油或弱亲水储层在长期水驱作用下,亲油岩心逐步向弱亲油、中性、亲水状态转变,弱亲水岩心亲水性显著增强。
2) 水驱油藏渗流时变规律实验可分为储层微观特征时变、绝对渗透率时变及相对渗透率时变3类。储层微观特征受粒度中值主控,当粒度中值大于1.5 μm时,水驱作用可扩大孔隙与喉道直径。渗透率时变规律表现为:水驱后低渗岩心渗透率整体降低;中高渗岩心渗透率先小幅下降,随持续注水冲刷逐步回升并趋于稳定;高渗岩心渗透率显著升高。水驱过程中,储层相对渗透率呈现明显动态变化,束缚水饱和度升高、残余油饱和度降低,油水两相共渗区范围扩大,水相驱替渗流能力整体增强。
3) 水驱油藏储层物性时变表征方法持续完善,主要包括含水率、过水倍数、面通量及有效驱替通量表征法。其中,面通量与有效驱替通量表征方法不受网格尺寸干扰,计算结果与矿场实际规律吻合度高,是目前物性时变表征的主流方法。
4) 油气藏渗流时变领域后续可从3个方面开展深化研究:系统厘清油气藏全开发周期内各类影响因素的作用机制,明确其对开发效果的促进与抑制作用。建立分开发阶段的动态分析体系,兼顾不同开发条件与区块特征的时变影响,强化油藏非均质性的定量表征;聚焦气驱渗流时变效应,开展系统性理论与实验研究,揭示多相流体动态响应规律。相关研究可为提升油气藏开发效果提供理论支撑。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025361
  • 接收时间:2026-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-11-26
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    1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
    2 中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司,广东   湛江 524057
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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