Article(id=1322942456546862075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343660722, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343660722, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343660722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343660722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=846, endPage=854, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942456731411452, articleId=1322942456546862075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Microscopic oil displacement and multi-medium displacement mechanisms in ultra-low-permeability high-pour-point oil reservoirs, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Ultra-low-permeability high-pour-point oil reservoirs are characterized by the “three highs” of high pour point, high viscosity at low temperature, and high wax content, which hinder fluid seepage, result in low oil recovery efficiency, and lead to complex residual-oil occurrence patterns, thereby severely restricting the further improvement of recovery in high-pour-point oil reservoirs. To investigate the microscopic seepage behavior of different displacement media in high-pour-point oil reservoirs and the mechanisms by which they influence residual-oil distribution and occurrence patterns, a self-developed high-resolution microscopic visualization displacement experimental system was used to carry out comparative high-resolution microscopic displacement experiments with three typical displacement media: water, oxygen-reduced air, and CO2. By combining high-magnification metallographic microscopy with depth-of-field reconstruction technology, multi-magnification quasi-3D images of residual-oil distribution under different displacement conditions were obtained, which enabled direct characterization of oil-phase migration pathways, interfacial evolution processes, and residual-oil occurrence states. The experimental results showed that CO2 flooding exhibited the best microscopic oil-displacement performance. Its dissolution-swelling effect, remarkable capability to reduce crude-oil viscosity, and wettability-improvement effect significantly enhanced crude-oil desorption and migration. Oxygen-reduced air flooding ranked second, and its expansion-disturbance effect activated the oil-phase interface and significantly improved displacement efficiency. In contrast, water flooding showed the poorest performance, with limited advance of the displacement front, while residual oil was mainly retained in fine pore-throat structures and non-dominant seepage channels, where it was discretely distributed and difficult to mobilize. Further long-core macroscopic displacement experiments verified the positive cumulative effect of the above microscopic mechanisms on recovery at the macroscopic scale, revealed the intrinsic correlation between microscopic oil-displacement behavior and macroscopic oil-displacement performance, clarified the differences among different displacement agents in terms of action mechanisms, residual-oil occurrence characteristics, and oil-displacement efficiency, and identified the key factors controlling residual-oil distribution and mobilization. This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical support for optimizing displacement methods and injection process parameters during the later stage of high-pour-point oil reservoir development.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=SHIJIE CHEN1, LEI SUN2, YANG SUN2, YI PAN2, YAJUAN WANG3, NINI WAN3, ZIXI JIAO1, JUN ZHOU4, authorsList=SHIJIE CHEN, LEI SUN, YANG SUN, YI PAN, YAJUAN WANG, NINI WAN, ZIXI JIAO, JUN ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942460560809999, articleId=1322942456546862075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=特低渗高凝油油藏微观驱油及多介质驱替机理, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

特低渗高凝油油藏因其复杂的“三高”(高凝固点、低温高黏、高含蜡)特征,导致流体渗流受阻,采油效率低,剩余油赋存形态复杂,严重制约了高凝油油藏采收率的进一步提升。为探究高凝油油藏不同驱替介质的微观渗流行为及其对剩余油分布和赋存形式影响机制,依托自主研发的高分辨率微观可视化驱替实验系统,开展了水、减氧空气和CO2这3种典型驱替介质的高分辨率微观驱替对比实验。通过高倍金相显微镜结合景深重构技术,获得了不同驱替条件下多倍率、拟三维残余油分布图像,直观刻画了油相运移路径、界面演化过程以及残余油赋存状态。实验结果表明:CO2驱表现出最佳的微观驱油效果,其溶解膨胀作用、对原油黏度显著的降低能力以及对岩石润湿性的改善作用,显著增强了原油的脱附和运移能力;减氧空气驱微观驱油效果次之,其膨胀扰动作用促使油相界面趋于活跃,驱油效率显著提升;相比之下,水驱效果最差,驱替前缘推进受限,残余油主要滞留于微细孔喉结构及非优势渗流通道中,分布离散且不易动用。进一步开展了长岩心宏观驱替实验,验证了上述微观机制在宏观尺度下对采收率的正向叠加效应,揭示了微观驱油行为与宏观驱油效果之间的内在关联,明确了不同驱替剂在作用机制、残余油赋存特征及驱油效率方面的差异,识别了控制残余油分布与动用程度的关键影响因素。研究为高凝油油藏开发后期驱替方式的优选与注入工艺参数的优化设计提供了实验依据与理论支撑。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=陈世杰1, 孙雷2, 孙扬2, 潘毅2, 王亚娟3, 万妮妮3, 焦子曦1, 周俊4, authorsList=陈世杰, 孙雷, 孙扬, 潘毅, 王亚娟, 万妮妮, 焦子曦, 周俊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

陈世杰(1994—),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事注气提高采收率、深部能源开采方面的实验及模拟研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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陈世杰(1994—),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事注气提高采收率、深部能源开采方面的实验及模拟研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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岩性孔隙度/%渗透率/10-3 µm2
分布范围平均值分布范围平均值
砾岩2.1~6.24.80.015~1.7000.08
砂砾岩6.1~18.18.90.500~14.6001.44
砂岩9.0~21.812.60.700~15.8002.01
粉砂岩4.3~9.36.50.010~0.9300.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322942469524037730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942456546862075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

储层岩性、物性分析统计

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岩性孔隙度/%渗透率/10-3 µm2
分布范围平均值分布范围平均值
砾岩2.1~6.24.80.015~1.7000.08
砂砾岩6.1~18.18.90.500~14.6001.44
砂岩9.0~21.812.60.700~15.8002.01
粉砂岩4.3~9.36.50.010~0.9300.09
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岩心编号驱替方式原始渗透率/10-3 µm2液测渗透率/10-3 µm2孔隙度/%裂缝发育程度
C-1水驱2.7120.3799.08裂缝较少
C-2减氧空气驱2.6880.3538.61裂缝极少
C-3CO2驱2.3920.2646.96裂缝较少
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微观可视化驱替实验设计及岩样基本参数

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岩心编号驱替方式原始渗透率/10-3 µm2液测渗透率/10-3 µm2孔隙度/%裂缝发育程度
C-1水驱2.7120.3799.08裂缝较少
C-2减氧空气驱2.6880.3538.61裂缝极少
C-3CO2驱2.3920.2646.96裂缝较少
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特低渗高凝油油藏微观驱油及多介质驱替机理
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陈世杰 1 , 孙雷 2 , 孙扬 2 , 潘毅 2 , 王亚娟 3 , 万妮妮 3 , 焦子曦 1 , 周俊 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(4): 846-854
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (4) : 846 -854
特低渗高凝油油藏微观驱油及多介质驱替机理
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陈世杰(1994—),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事注气提高采收率、深部能源开采方面的实验及模拟研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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陈世杰(1994—),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事注气提高采收率、深部能源开采方面的实验及模拟研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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陈世杰1 , 孙雷2, 孙扬2, 潘毅2, 王亚娟3, 万妮妮3, 焦子曦1, 周俊4
作者信息
  • 1 成都理工大学能源学院,四川   成都 610059
  • 2 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 3 中国石化西南油气分公司采气四厂,重庆 402160
  • 4 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川   成都 610059
作者简介:

陈世杰(1994—),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事注气提高采收率、深部能源开采方面的实验及模拟研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

Microscopic oil displacement and multi-medium displacement mechanisms in ultra-low-permeability high-pour-point oil reservoirs
SHIJIE CHEN1 , LEI SUN2, YANG SUN2, YI PAN2, YAJUAN WANG3, NINI WAN3, ZIXI JIAO1, JUN ZHOU4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 2 Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500 China
  • 3 No. 4 Gas Production Plant of Sinopec Southwest Oil and Gas Company, Chongqing 402160, China
  • 4 College of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025169
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高凝油油藏  /  微观可视化实验  /  微观驱油机理  /  残余油分布  /  叠加效应
high-pour-point oil reservoir  /  microscopic visualization experiment  /  microscopic oil-displacement mechanism  /  residual oil distribution  /  cumulative effect
陈世杰, 孙雷, 孙扬, 潘毅, 王亚娟, 万妮妮, 焦子曦, 周俊. 特低渗高凝油油藏微观驱油及多介质驱替机理. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 846 -854 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025169
SHIJIE CHEN, LEI SUN, YANG SUN, YI PAN, YAJUAN WANG, NINI WAN, ZIXI JIAO, JUN ZHOU. Microscopic oil displacement and multi-medium displacement mechanisms in ultra-low-permeability high-pour-point oil reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 846 -854 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025169
中国高凝油油藏储量丰富,主要分布在辽河、渤海、大港等油田[1-6]。但由于其黏度高和流动性差的特点,水力压裂后在裂缝-基质体系中的渗流行为较为复杂,导致现阶段一次采油采收率普遍较低,实现效益开发在降黏增能、改善连通性、降低剩余油含量等方面仍然存在不足[7-10],尤其在高凝油微观流动机理方面的研究鲜有报道。然而,通过微观实验表征不同驱替剂在孔隙结构中的运移和作用机制,揭示不同驱替介质(如水、减氧空气、CO2等)在低渗高凝油油藏中的驱油机理,对深入理解驱油剂在微观尺度下的作用方式和认识高凝油油藏中剩余油的赋存状态至关重要。
随着常规油气资源开发难度的增加,高凝油油藏在油气勘探开发中逐渐被关注[11]。近年来国内外学者在高凝油油藏提高采收率方面开展了大量研究,通过注水驱替、气水交替、热水驱、微生物+化学复合驱以及气体复合驱等方法从宏观层面获得不同提采方式下的驱油效率,发现了CO2复合驱、气水交替以及微生物+化学复合驱在高凝油开发中的有益作用[1,4,9,12-13],获得了交替过程段塞注入比、注气时间、周期等参数对开采性能的影响[14-17]。然而,现有研究大多集中在宏观驱油效果评价,忽略了不同驱替介质的作用机制差异[18-19]。高凝油油藏开采过程中涉及复杂的流体和岩石之间的相互作用,包括润湿性变化、孔隙均匀程度以及裂缝表面光滑程度等,这些因素决定了不同驱替剂在微观尺度下的驱油能力及流动规律。因此,开展微观可视化实验对揭示驱替剂在高凝油油藏中的作用机制及剩余油赋存特征尤为关键。
高凝油油藏开采的后期,受储层岩性和原油性质的双重影响,不同开采方式下剩余油会以多种形式赋存、滞留或在微孔隙中缓慢运移[20-21],且这部分剩余油对增加可采储量和提高采收率的潜力巨大。微观可视化实验技术已成为研究复杂油藏渗流规律的重要手段[22-25],可在微观尺度上直观地观察油水(气)两相流动特性,刻画驱替过程中剩余油赋存状态。在微观驱油方面,学者们借助CT扫描、核磁等微观实验技术集中在多孔介质流体运移特征、基于数字岩心的微观剩余油动态变化影响因素等方面开展研究[21,24,26]。然而,现有研究仍存在一定局限性,尤其在高凝油油藏不同驱替剂的微观渗流规律、润湿性改变及剩余油三维赋存状态方面,且上述微观机理对认识储层剩余油特征和高凝油油藏开发方式的调整有借鉴作用,亟须开展高凝油微观驱油机理及剩余油赋存状态实验研究。
以S358高凝油油藏储层岩心为研究对象,构建微观可视化驱替实验系统,开展高凝油储层多种驱油介质微观驱替机理实验,结合高倍金相显微镜和景深重构技术,构建拟三维残余油分布图像,探究了不同驱替介质的微观渗流行为、驱替效率与残余油赋存状态,揭示不同驱替方式下的微观驱油机制,并基于宏观长岩心驱替实验明确了微观驱油行为与宏观驱油效果之间的内在关联。研究可为高凝油油藏开发后期的方案调整提供实验依据。
S358区块为典型的特低渗高凝油油藏,通过对研究区块多口井岩心取样孔渗测试发现,储层渗透率介于(0.015~15.800)×10-3 µm2,大部分介于(0.04~1.80)×10-3 µm2,储层孔隙度介于2.1%~21.8%,平均值为9.8%,属于特低渗高凝油储层,储层岩性及物性参数见表1。此外,储层流体在20 ℃时密度介于0.846 0~0.861 5 g/cm3,100 ℃时原油黏度介于6.44~14.01 mPa·s,平均含蜡量为36%,凝固点为59.3 ℃,具有低温高黏、高凝固点、高含蜡的“三高”特征。通过岩心观察、铸体薄片测试发现,S358区块的储层主要由砾岩和砂岩2种岩性组成。其中,砂岩类储集空间以粒间孔、溶蚀孔为主,少量为粒间溶孔;而砾岩类储集空间则以粒间孔、溶蚀孔为主,并伴有少量微裂缝和溶蚀缝(图1)。裂缝和孔隙结构的复杂性对流体渗流特性有重要影响,尤其是在驱替过程中,裂缝的存在将显著影响流体的流动路径和驱替效率。基于对储层岩性及孔缝特征的认识发现,基质中孔隙的连通性差,且多为微孔或不规则孔喉。这些特性使得油藏在常规注水、气驱等开发方式下的驱油效率低,剩余油赋存含量大,需要采用其他驱替方式(如减氧空气驱、CO2驱等)研究储层剩余油形成以及赋存规律,以达到提高采收率的目的。
实验采用自主研发的高精度微观可视化驱替实验系统,其主要特点是能够在微观尺度下对岩心的孔隙结构、油水分布和驱替过程进行实时观察和高倍放大,具备高清晰度的成像能力。该系统的核心组件包括微观可视化驱替实验设备、一台微量驱替泵、两台增压泵、日本尼康SMZ1270显微镜以及流体储存罐等,见图2。此外,实验图像采集及处理采用LV150N高倍金相显微镜通过景深微调技术实现,它能够精确控制不同景深层次的图像采集,景深微调精度可达2 µm,放大倍数范围为500至1 000倍,能够对薄片岩心模型在不同深度的油水界面和渗流特征进行高精度观察,并通过数字图像处理重构拟三维图像,从而实时反映驱替过程中的剩余油运移情况。
实验过程及实验结束后,能够全面获取不同驱替剂在岩心模型中渗流过程的动态演化图像,有效地表征油水分布、残余油赋存状态以及驱替效率的变化。此外,实验系统还配备数据采集和实时监控功能,可以在实验过程中对驱替压力、流量、回压等关键参数进行精确控制和记录,保证实验过程的高重复性和稳定性。
实验所用岩样来自S358区块储层岩样,为确保所选实验岩样具有代表性,将储层岩样加工成1.0 cm×1.0 cm×0.3 cm的立方体模型3块,分别进行水、减氧空气以及CO2的微观驱替实验(图3),实验设计及实验岩样基本参数见表2。此外,实验驱替压力为7.0 MPa,回压为6.5 MPa,驱替速度介于0.05~0.15 mL/min,实验在室温25 ℃下进行。
为保证实验的准确性和可重复性,所有实验用水均按真实地层水矿化度进行调配,并通过甲基蓝染色对地层水进行染色标注,确保驱替过程中的流体监测精度(图3b)。模拟油选择具有一定黏度(10 mPa·s)的染色模拟油,以便追踪实验过程中油相分布与附着状态(图3c)。实验用气体分别选用工业CO2(纯度99.8%)和减氧空气(N290%+O210%),以模拟不同驱替介质的实际应用场景。
水驱油过程采用C-1号岩样,在驱替压力为7.0 MPa,驱替速度介于0.05~0.10 mL/min,回压为6.5 MPa的实验条件下进行实验。实验过程中,采用反射式显微放大技术对岩心薄片模型中的水驱油过程进行实时观察,详细记录了油水界面的动态变化及流动特征,饱和油和水驱油结束后采用NIS-Elements软件进行图像处理得到数值处理后的图像(图4)。
水驱实验结果发现,岩心模型孔隙类型不规则,且溶蚀缝明显,砂砾含量较高,这些特征对岩心的渗流能力产生了显著影响(图4a)。在水驱过程中,油水界面沿主要渗流通道快速推进,且大部分饱和油沿岩心主要通道被驱出。然而,随着驱替过程的进行,在裂缝和基质交界区域,水驱的推进速度明显减缓,部分区域的模拟油未能完全被驱替。通过NIS-Elements图像处理软件对实验过程中的图像进行分析,进一步确认了水驱过程剩余油的分布特征。水驱结束后,残余油主要赋存于粒内孔隙中,并以孤滴状和散点状形式附着于粒间孔隙表面(图4c)。这一现象表明,尽管水驱在初期有效驱替了岩心中的油相,但由于水驱过程中的润湿性和毛细管力的作用,大部分油相仍然滞留在孔隙壁上,导致较低的驱替效率,实验结束后水驱过程的最终驱油效率为50.18%。水驱过程中水作为湿相,通常在孔隙中沿孔隙表面流动会产生贾敏效应,进一步降低了驱替效率。
减氧空气驱替实验采用C-2号岩心模型进行。在建立束缚水饱和度之后,通过显微镜观察可见岩心薄片由多种岩石基质组成,砂砾含量较高,砂砾的空间分布对岩心中的流体渗流特征具有显著影响(图5)。与水驱过程相比,减氧空气驱在驱替路径和剩余油分布方面呈现出明显差异。实验发现岩心模型中孔隙连通性相对较差,模拟油在饱和过程中主要集中于主渗流通道。随着减氧空气驱开始,油气界面快速沿孔隙推进,表明气体驱替在早期阶段具有更强的推进能力。大量模拟油被有效驱出,仅在部分区域出现滞留现象,说明气体在突破主通道后仍具备一定的扩散驱替能力。实验结束后通过图像处理发现,减氧空气驱后的残余油主要以孤滴状和散点状形式存在,集中于粒间孔隙及基质表面(图5c)。与水驱过程相比,减氧空气驱驱油效率更高,最终驱油效率达到74.16%。可见,减氧空气驱替过程中气体的膨胀对原油界面产生的扰动有助于破坏孔隙中附着原油的稳定性,促进了油气界面的非均匀前缘推进,有助于提升微观尺度油相剥离能力。
CO2驱油过程采用C-3岩样,建立束缚水结束后可见视场内明显的砂砾和溶蚀缝。在CO2驱替过程中,油气界面快速向前推进,表现出较好的流体渗透与油相驱替能力。随着驱替的进行,大部分饱和油在短时间内被驱替出孔隙通道,仅有极少部分油相滞留在岩心模型表面。图像分析结果显示,驱替结束后残余油主要以膜状形式附着于孔隙壁面,孤滴状残余油极少(图6)。CO2驱替效率显著优于水驱和减氧空气驱,最终驱油效率高达81.05%。此过程由于CO2具有良好的溶解膨胀与扩散能力可有效降低原油黏度,提升其流动性。同时,CO2可以促进界面张力的降低,增强原油的脱附能力,促进原油从孔隙壁面剥离并向主通道流动,最终提高原油采收率。
驱替过程结束后,不同的驱替方式下残余油最终赋存状态存在差异。CO2驱替效率最高达81.05%,减氧空气驱效率次之,最终驱替效率为74.16%,水驱效率最低,仅有50.18%。水驱油微观实验过程中驱油效率较低的主要是由于基质渗透率较低,微孔隙水不易进入,而气体驱渗透性较强,能最大程度驱替基质里面的微观油。此外,由于水是湿相,在大孔隙中水沿孔隙表面流动,造成贾敏效应比较严重。
为探究不同驱替剂在裂缝性低渗高凝油油藏中的微观驱油机制,基于高倍金相显微镜与景深重构技术,对水驱、减氧空气驱和CO2驱后岩心薄片进行了多层级、多倍率的图像采集与分析。设置景深微调精度为2 μm,在50倍、200倍、500倍及1 000倍放大倍率下,分别采集不同景深图像并进行叠加处理,刻画出拟三维残余油分布图像,见图7,实现了残余油赋存形态的可视化精细表征。
微观水驱油实验结束后,通过不同放大倍数的图像观察发现,水驱过程中孔隙中仍保留大量残余油,主要集中在裂缝与基质交界区域。残余油多以条带状附着在岩石颗粒表面,表明水驱过程受限于显著的润湿性屏障及毛细管滞留效应。此外,拟三维图像进一步显示,尽管部分油相被驱替,但孔隙结构中未形成连续有效的流动通道,导致残余油仍广泛赋存,水驱效率受限。相比之下,减氧空气驱在各放大倍数图像下均表现出更显著的油相面积减少特征,特别是在200倍和500倍图像中可观察到部分油斑发生明显脱附,反映出更高的驱油效率。这种驱替效果的提升主要归因于减氧空气注入过程中产生的气体膨胀及流体扰动作用,使油气界面产生非均匀扰动并向前推进,从而削弱了原油与岩石表面的黏附作用,促进吸附油的解吸和流动。拟三维图像也表明空气驱有助于破坏油相膜状赋存状态,降低油相集中度,尽管仍存在部分油斑滞留现象。
CO2驱替在微观尺度下表现出更强的驱油能力。在所有放大倍数图像中均可观察到油相显著减少,尤其在500倍和1 000倍图像中,大部分油斑已被剥离或转化为薄膜状。CO2的良好溶胀作用、溶解扩散能力及界面张力降低特性使其具备更强的润湿性转换能力和油脱附效果,显著提高微观驱油效率。拟三维图像显示CO2驱后岩心孔隙空间更加通透,残余油分布更加离散,充分表明CO2在微观尺度上的驱油潜力。可见,CO2驱在微观尺度下展现出最优的油相脱附与残余油剥离能力,特别是在裂缝与基质交界区域;水驱效果较弱,主要受毛细管力与润湿性屏障影响。
为表征不同驱替剂在高凝油油藏中的微观驱油机制及残余油赋存状态,图8为3种驱替剂在岩心孔隙介质中的驱油路径以及残余油分布特征。水驱过程中,由于基质渗透率比较低,水不易进入微孔(缝)或不规则孔喉。同时,水是湿相,在大孔隙中水沿孔隙表面流动,造成贾敏效应比较严重,水驱后残余油主要存在于微孔喉以及不规则孔喉处。此外,水驱过程受矿物组成的影响,部分矿物由于润湿性差异驱替结束后表面会赋存有不同形态及数量的残余油(条带状、点状),见图8a。与水驱相比,减氧空气驱过程受气体膨胀和界面扰动的影响较大,驱替过程中油气界面呈现非均匀推进特征,有助于剩余油形态的改变和促进剩余油脱附。驱替结束后残余油明显比水驱少,增产效果明显,见图8b。由于CO2独特的增溶、降黏、降张(张力)等优势,驱替过程中原油的流动性可得到很大程度的改善。同时,CO2具有一定程度地促进岩石润湿反转能力[27-28],进一步减小油相与岩石之间的黏附力,促使油相剥离并运移。实验过程中微观尺度上油滴脱附与迁移现象显著,驱替结束后仅有部分条带状剩余油存在于岩样颗粒表面最终形成残余油,且残余油主要以油膜或细小油斑的形式形成更为分散的油相附着于岩石矿物表面,见图8c。
为了验证微观驱油机理作用下的宏观驱油效果,在地层压力为31 MPa、地层温度为108 ℃下采用储层岩样进行长岩心驱替实验,实验流体采用地层原油复配而成[4]。用于CO2驱替的组合长岩心长度为59.7 cm,造缝后圆柱样平均渗透率为40.42×10-3 µm2,平均孔隙度为7.8%;用于减氧空气驱的组合长岩心长度为46.9 cm,完整圆柱样平均渗透率为50.31×10-3 µm2,平均孔隙度为6.9%。实验发现在宏观尺度上,微观驱油机理的差异在长岩心驱替实验的驱油效率上得到体现。图9对比了纯气驱、气水交换和水段塞+气驱3种驱替方式下6组实验的驱油效率。实验结果表明,不同驱替剂不仅在油气推进路径和剩余油分布方面表现不同,其宏观驱油效率也存在显著差异。CO2驱的突破时间明显晚于减氧空气驱,驱油效率更高,表明其具备更强的延迟突破能力和剩余油动用效果。相比之下,纯气驱条件下减氧空气驱的效率略低,进一步凸显了CO2在驱替过程中的物理溶解、降张、降黏等有利机制。此外,不同驱替剂在微观尺度下表现出的驱油机制通过宏观驱油效率得到证实,揭示了微观驱油行为对宏观采收率的叠加效应。
1) 研究构建了基于高倍金相显微镜与景深重构技术的微观可视化驱替实验方法,实现了高凝油油藏残余油三维赋存形态的直观表征,发现了残余油在微观尺度上的非均质赋存特征。
2) 实验结果表明,不同驱替剂显著改变了油相在孔隙中的赋存形态与运移路径。水驱后残余油分布主要受润湿性控制,残余油多以条带状、孤滴状分布于粒间孔与裂缝表面;减氧空气驱主要通过气体扰动作用促使油滴脱附与运移;CO2驱油能力最佳,可驱除大部分油相,仅少量油膜受岩石颗粒润湿性控制残留于孔隙表面。
3) 残余油三维空间赋存特征主要受3类因素控制:①孔隙结构的均匀程度决定油相分布的连续性与驱替路径;②孔隙表面的光滑程度影响油相与岩石之间的黏附力与润湿性反转效果;③孔隙矿物组成与润湿性差异直接影响油相在岩石表面的吸附特征,是影响驱油效率的重要微观机制。
4) 宏观长岩心驱替实验验证了微观驱油机制的有效性,表明了微观渗流规律对宏观采收率明显的叠加效应。

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2026年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025169
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
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    1 成都理工大学能源学院,四川   成都 610059
    2 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
    3 中国石化西南油气分公司采气四厂,重庆 402160
    4 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川   成都 610059
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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