Article(id=1322957376982221115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753718400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347218031, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347218031, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347218031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347218031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=344, endPage=352, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957377200324924, articleId=1322957376982221115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Microscopic characteristics of jimsar shale oil reservoir and oil displacement mechanisms of modified nanofluids, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The efficient development of shale oil reservoirs is a current research focus and challenge. Due to characteristics—such as ultra‑tight formation, coexistence of minerals and organic matter, and the complex occurrence states of crude oil—conventional reservoir development technologies usually cannot achieve large-scale extraction of shale oil reservoirs. This study aims to improve oil recovery for the Jimsar shale oil reservoir. Using research methods such as micro-characterization and core flooding experiments, a nanofluid medium for enhancing oil recovery was developed, and its relevant mechanisms were revealed. Firstly, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-pressure mercury intrusion, micro-CT scanning, and laser confocal analysis were used to analyze the shale pore structure and the distribution characteristics of crude oil. Subsequently, a stable and dispersed nanofluid was prepared by compounding nano-SiO2 particles, the surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH590). Finally, core experiments, including imbibition using formation water and nanofluid, CO2 huff and puff, CO2 flooding, and nanofluid flooding, were further conducted to clarify the differences in shale oil mobilization and the oil displacement mechanisms under different extraction methods. The results showed that the Jimsar shale reservoir pores were predominantly micro- to nano-scale with diverse morphologies and locally distributed micro-fractures. As the pore size decreased, the composition of the crude oil contained within became lighter, thereby affecting the produced gas-oil ratio during the development process. The original wettability of the shale was weakly oil-wet (water-rock contact angle≈110°), and it was transformed into a stable, strongly water-wet state (contact angle <30°) after nanofluid modification. The compounded nanofluid could maintain good long-term dispersibility and stability, and its density was close to that of formation water, avoiding potential damage to the reservoir. Constrained by characteristics such as small pore size and weak oil-wettability of the shale, the performance of formation water imbibition, CO2 huff and puff, and CO2 flooding was unsatisfactory, with displacement efficiencies all below 15%. Nanofluid imbibition outperformed formation water imbibition, though its effective distance remained limited. Nanofluid flooding achieved a oil displacement efficiency of 41.04% through the combined effects of multiple mechanisms such as wettability alteration, chemical flooding, and imbibition replacement, significantly outperforming other development methods. Among them, reservoir stimulation to expand the injection and sweep range of the nanofluid was a key prerequisite for field implementation. The nanofluid developed in this study can effectively improve the development conditions of shale reservoirs, and its flooding technology demonstrates notable advantages in enhancing oil recovery. The findings provide important guidance for the development and application of nanofluid-based shale reservoir modification technology to improve shale oil recovery.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=HUANG LIU1, 2, LINWEI TANG1, RONGSHAN YAN3, YATIAN SONG4, HAILONG LIU1, HAO HUANG1, authorsList=HUANG LIU, LINWEI TANG, RONGSHAN YAN, YATIAN SONG, HAILONG LIU, HAO HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957381080056145, articleId=1322957376982221115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=吉木萨尔页岩油藏储层微观特征与改性纳米流体驱油机理, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

页岩油藏效益开发是当前的研究热点和难点,由于页岩油藏具有储层超致密、矿物-有机质混存、原油赋存状态复杂等特征,通常无法采用常规油藏开发技术实现页岩油藏的规模开采。文章以吉木萨尔页岩油藏提高采收率为研究目标,利用微观表征和岩心渗流模拟实验等研究手段,研制了提高页岩油采收率的纳米流体介质并揭示其相关作用机理。首先,采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、高压压汞、微CT扫描和激光共聚焦分析技术,分析页岩孔隙结构及原油分布特征;其次,通过复配纳米SiO2颗粒、表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和硅烷偶联剂γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH590),制备稳定分散纳米流体;最后,通过进一步开展地层水和纳米流体渗吸、注CO2吞吐、注CO2驱替、注纳米流体驱替等岩心实验,明确了不同开采方式动用页岩油的差异性及驱油机理。结果表明:吉木萨尔页岩藏储层以微纳米孔为主,形态多样且局部分布微裂缝,随着孔道尺寸减小,其内赋存的原油成分变轻,进而影响开发过程中的生产气油比;页岩原始润湿性为弱亲油(水-岩接触角为110°左右),经纳米流体改性后转变为稳定强亲水特性(接触角小于30°),且复配纳米流体能够长时间保持较好的分散性和稳定性,其密度与地层水相近,避免储层潜在伤害。受制于页岩孔隙尺度小和弱亲油等特征,地层水渗吸、注CO2吞吐和驱替效果不理想,驱油效率均低于15%;注纳米流体渗吸优于地层水渗吸,但作用距离有限;注纳米流体驱替通过润湿反转、化学驱、渗吸置换等多机制复合作用效果,驱油效率可达41.04%,远优于其他开发方式,其中储层改造扩大纳米流体注入和波及范围是矿场实施的关键前提。文章制备的纳米流体可有效改善页岩储层开发条件,其驱替技术对提高采收率有显著优势,对纳米流体改性页岩储层、提高页岩油采收率技术的发展和应用,具有重要指导意义。

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刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Oil displacement efficiency using different injection media, figureFileSmall=hqFtHzYnH75Z/SSlFv9NtA==, figureFileBig=PAXu/EgQDG4PODUBqiFw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957389275726241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同注入介质下的驱油效率, figureFileSmall=hqFtHzYnH75Z/SSlFv9NtA==, figureFileBig=PAXu/EgQDG4PODUBqiFw6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957389351223714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic physical properties of shale cores, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号长度/cm直径/cm渗透率/10-3 μm2孔隙度/%
13.9302.5320.003 96.36
23.9132.5210.003 46.92
33.9152.5290.006 87.78
43.9282.5290.006 37.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322957389418332579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

页岩岩心基础物性参数

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编号长度/cm直径/cm渗透率/10-3 μm2孔隙度/%
13.9302.5320.003 96.36
23.9132.5210.003 46.92
33.9152.5290.006 87.78
43.9282.5290.006 37.51
), ArticleFig(id=1322957389544161700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Formulations of nanofluids for shale modification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性剂原料质量分数占比/%
SiO2TiO2CTABTX-100KH590
试剂100.50.500
试剂20.500.500
试剂30.5000.50
试剂40.500.500.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322957389678379429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

页岩改性用纳米流体配方

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改性剂原料质量分数占比/%
SiO2TiO2CTABTX-100KH590
试剂100.50.500
试剂20.500.500
试剂30.5000.50
试剂40.500.500.2
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流体类型密度/(g/cm3)黏度/(mPa·s)
地层水1.013 60.23
改性纳米流体1.017 80.77
模拟油0.895 48.62
), ArticleFig(id=1322957389850345895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957376982221115, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

储层温度、常压下流体性质

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流体类型密度/(g/cm3)黏度/(mPa·s)
地层水1.013 60.23
改性纳米流体1.017 80.77
模拟油0.895 48.62
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吉木萨尔页岩油藏储层微观特征与改性纳米流体驱油机理
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刘煌 1, 2 , 唐林伟 1 , 晏荣山 3 , 宋潝天 4 , 刘海龙 1 , 黄豪 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(2): 344-352
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (2) : 344 -352
吉木萨尔页岩油藏储层微观特征与改性纳米流体驱油机理
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2 怀柔实验室,北京 101400, bio={"content":"

刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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刘煌1, 2 , 唐林伟1, 晏荣山3, 宋潝天4, 刘海龙1, 黄豪1
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 2 怀柔实验室,北京 101400
  • 3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司,新疆   库尔勒 841000
  • 4 中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   克拉玛依 834000
作者简介:

刘煌(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,怀柔实验室双聘人员,从事复杂油气藏流体相态和提高采收率技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Microscopic characteristics of jimsar shale oil reservoir and oil displacement mechanisms of modified nanofluids
HUANG LIU1, 2 , LINWEI TANG1, RONGSHAN YAN3, YATIAN SONG4, HAILONG LIU1, HAO HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 Huairou Laboratory, Beijing 101400, China
  • 3 PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China
  • 4 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025115
文章导航
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页岩油  /  纳米流体  /  润湿性  /  微观特征  /  提高采收率
shale oil  /  nanofluid  /  wettability  /  microscopic characteristics  /  enhanced oil recovery
刘煌, 唐林伟, 晏荣山, 宋潝天, 刘海龙, 黄豪. 吉木萨尔页岩油藏储层微观特征与改性纳米流体驱油机理. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 344 -352 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025115
HUANG LIU, LINWEI TANG, RONGSHAN YAN, YATIAN SONG, HAILONG LIU, HAO HUANG. Microscopic characteristics of jimsar shale oil reservoir and oil displacement mechanisms of modified nanofluids[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 344 -352 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025115
中国页岩油地质资源量达(800~1 000)×108 t,位居世界前列,是重要的战略接替能源[1-2]。与常规油藏不同,页岩油藏具有超低孔低渗、有机质含量高、油相赋存和分布特征复杂等特点[3-4],常规开发方式适用性差[5-7]。强化页岩储层微观认识[8]、建立有效提高采收率方法是当前的研究热点和难点。
国内外学者在页岩油赋存特征、流动机制、开发技术等方面已开展较多研究[9-12]。尽管储层压裂改造使得页岩油藏效益开发成为可能,但受基质微纳米孔内原油难以向压裂裂缝系统流动的限制[13],大部分页岩油藏产量递减快,采收率普遍低于10%[14-15]。袁士义等[16]提出深化认识不同类型页岩油赋存状态和流动机制,采用渗吸法、注气吞吐/驱替法等技术可一定程度提高页岩油采收率。李相方等[17]指出与常规油藏储层普遍亲水不同,页岩油藏常表现出混合润湿特征,地层水在岩石中表现出的毛管力作用不明显,渗吸采收率低;原油与页岩表面作用力强,导致超临界CO2抽提效果也被弱化。
调控页岩储层表面润湿性提高页岩油采收率被认为效果更优[18]。罗强等[19]研究了表面活性剂对页岩油渗吸效率的影响,表明无论是中性润湿岩心还是亲油岩心,相对于普通胍胶溶液,含表面活性剂的胍胶溶液能进一步提高页岩油藏的渗吸效率。DAI等[20]通过表面改性制备了一种新型的SiO2纳米材料,可以使岩石表面润湿性由油湿变为水湿。纳米流体为纳米颗粒和表面活性剂的复配体,在单一表活剂作用效果基础上能进一步耦合纳米颗粒的结构分离压力机制[21]。整体来看,纳米流体在页岩油藏的驱油机理(包括纳米固体颗粒与表活剂之间的作用关系、纳米流体动用页岩油机理等)研究不足,强化其改善油藏润湿性效果以及驱油稳定性仍是当前的研究重点之一。
吉木萨尔页岩油藏位于中国新疆准噶尔盆地东部的吉木萨尔凹陷,是近年来中国陆相页岩油勘探开发的重点区域之一[22]。目前该井区以水平井结合多级压裂技术实现经济有效开发,吉172-H井水平段长1 300 m,压裂15段,施工用液量16 030 m3,加砂量1 798 m3,初期日产油量65 t,预测单井累计采油量仅3.7×104 t,采收率为5.5%,远低于常规油藏。前期在吉木萨尔国家级陆相页岩油示范区实施了CO2前置压裂及4井次CO2吞吐试验,仍处于试验、探索阶段[23-24],因此亟须发展新的提高采收率技术。本文以研发一种改性页岩润湿性纳米流体为研究目标,首先,利用扫描电镜、压汞、CT、激光共聚焦等技术,对页岩微观孔隙及其内部原油分布特征进行系统表征;其次,配制出可以将页岩润湿性从弱亲油转变为稳定强亲水的纳米流体;最后,结合页岩油藏压裂改造工程实际,对岩样进行人工造缝处理,开展压后纳米流体驱替页岩油模拟实验,评价纳米流体驱提高页岩油采收率的效果,并验证其相对于单一水溶液渗吸、注CO2吞吐和驱替法的优势。
页岩微观表征用仪器包括:FEI Czech Republic s.r.o.型扫描电镜分析仪、带有nanoVoxel-3000系列X射线三维显微镜的CT扫描仪、LEICA SP8型激光共聚焦分析仪和康塔PoreMaster-60全自动压汞仪。纳米流体复配及表征用仪器包括:F2004型电子天平、DZF-6050型真空干燥箱、JP-040S型超声波清洗器(输出功率为200 W)、SDC-350型接触角测量仪、HJ-4A型数显恒温多头磁力搅拌器、PALS型Zeta电位分析仪。页岩油岩心开发模拟实验用仪器包括:耐高温高压岩心夹持器、驱替泵、恒温箱、回压阀、气量计、中间容器、高温高压渗吸釜。其中岩心夹持器胶皮套内径为2.5 cm,最大工作长度为10 cm。
实验岩心样品取自吉木萨尔页岩油井区J10012井和J10014井二叠系芦草沟组一段,储层埋深介于800~4 500 m,原始地层压力为25 MPa,储层温度为76.2 ℃。实验材料包括柱塞岩心共取4块(其中1、2号岩心用于微观表征实验,3、4号岩心用于开发物理模拟实验)、脱气油和地层水,实验岩心测得的基础物性参数见表1。购买的实验用材料包括:纳米SiO2、纳米TiO2、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH590)、曲拉通100(TX-100)和柴油,其中前5种材料用于配制页岩改性纳米流体(表2),柴油用于与从现场取得的脱气油复配出与地层原油黏度一致的模拟油,实验流体性质见表3。
高压压汞实验,参照中华人民共和国国家标准《岩石毛管压力曲线的测定》(GB/T 29171—2023)执行。场发射扫描电镜测试、微CT扫描、激光共聚焦扫描,按照仪器操作规程进行。
改性纳米流体制备方法:首先将纳米SiO2颗粒保持温度100 ℃干燥24 h以上,按表2所示比例,依次将干燥后的SiO2、表面活性剂(CTAB或TX-100)、稳定剂(KH590)加入地层水中,对混合流体进行超声处理。为避免超声波时间过长造成烧杯温度过热,影响试剂及纳米材料的分散效果,每次超声15 min后静置10~15 min,累计实施超声振动60 min左右,得到纳米SiO2悬浮液。随后用磁力搅拌器(搅拌速度600 r/min)和高速分散均质机,对流体进行分散,得到页岩改性纳米流体[25]。
接触角测定方法:从3号柱塞岩心端面切取若干岩心薄片,置于接触角测量仪样品台上。将实验温度调至油藏温度76.2 ℃,稳定3 h后测定地层水与岩心薄片的接触角。对每个薄片的正反面分别进行2次接触角测量,结果取其算术平均值。
渗吸实验和CO2吞吐实验的流程,与文献报道[26]基本一致,其中渗吸实验在高温高压渗吸釜中进行。
驱替实验流程:将饱和模拟页岩油的岩心装入高压夹持器内,设定岩心出口端所连回压阀工作压力为油藏压力25 MPa,设定实验温度为油藏温度76.2 ℃。待温度稳定后,从岩心入口段注入驱替介质(CO2、水、改性纳米流体),驱替岩心内页岩油从出口端产出。驱替过程中,单位时间内累产油量逐渐减少,逐步提高驱替压差(最大15 MPa),直至没有页岩油产出为止。实验结束后,泄压夹持器取出岩心并称重,计算驱油效率。
R=(m2-m1)(ρw-ρo)Vo×100%
式中:R为模拟岩心驱油效率,%;m1为渗吸前的岩心质量,单位g;m2为渗吸后的岩心质量,单位g;ρw为注入液体密度,单位g/cm3;ρo为模拟油密度,单位g/cm3;Vo为岩心饱和油体积,单位cm3。
页岩油藏储层微观特征主要包括岩心内孔喉大小、孔隙形态、三维连通性和孔隙内页岩油分布等[27-28]。首先对从1、2号岩心端面切取的样品进行SEM分析,如图1所示。1号岩心中能明显看到赋存的黑色有机质,微米孔和纳米孔共存,局部有明显微裂缝发育,结合表1中的岩心渗透率来看,基质内微裂缝之间连通性较差。2号岩心未见微裂缝发育,微米级孔隙发育程度较低,孔隙类型以孤立型纳米孔隙为主。结合能量分散谱仪(EDS)能谱分析结果,位置1和位置3主要由常见矿物元素(O、Al、Si)组成,位置2中碳(C)元素质量含量达到28.97%,为有机质富集区。
随后对1号、2号岩心进行CT扫描,图2a、图2b分别为2个样品在XY方向的切片图。从图2中可以明显看到1号岩心内部发育微裂缝,2号岩心相对均质,该观察结果与SEM分析结果具有较好的一致性。基于CT分析对孔喉分布进行定量统计,发现1、2号岩心内微米级孔隙主要分布在33 μm。其中1号岩心配位数2~10的频率总和为0.62,且存在大于10的配位数,说明孔隙具备一定连通性,这主要与岩心内微裂缝发育有关。2号岩心配位数0~1的频率之和达到0.99,配位数2的频率接近0,表明孔隙类型以孤立孔为主。
受岩心尺寸和设备检测精度限制,CT扫描对直径1.8 mm柱塞岩心的有效表征孔隙下限为900 nm。结合上述SEM结果可知,吉木萨尔页岩孔隙类型以纳米孔为主,因此需要进一步对2个岩心样品开展高压压汞实验分析。如图3所示,由毛管压力曲线可知1、2号岩心的孔喉中值半径分别为92、58 nm。受较小孔喉尺度影响,2块页岩的初始进汞压力均处于较高水平。进汞过程中,毛管压力曲线水平段对应的进汞量占进汞总量的60%以上,表明样品中半径介于53~100 nm的孔隙较为发育(占比分别为65.37%、44.93%),其基质孔隙分布相对均匀。当进汞量超过70%后,毛管压力呈现快速上升规律。
相比于页岩内孔隙微观尺度分布特征的研究,明确页岩孔隙内原油赋存规律具有更直接的开发指导意义[29]。为此,采用激光共聚焦显微镜(分析精度不低于0.5 µm),对取自高压压汞前的2块页岩样品进行分析,相关结果如图4所示。实验中,原油中轻质组分(以环烷烃、芳香烃为主)主要产生490~600 nm波长的荧光信号,在成像图4a中用绿色标识;重质组分(以胶质、沥青质为主)主要产生600~800 nm波长的荧光信号,在成像图4a中用红色标识。从图4a可见,1号岩心含油丰度较高,原油呈片状分布(该特征或与有机质发育和微裂缝展布有关),且轻质组分含量低于重质组分。从图4b来看,孔径介于1~6 µm的孔隙含油饱和度最高,随着孔径减小,轻质组分含量占比呈逐步上升趋势,当孔径小于3 µm时,轻质组分含量占比超过重质组分。2号岩心内的原油赋存分布特征与1号岩心基本一致。
综合岩样激光共聚焦分析结果可知:页岩内不同区域含油丰度及所含轻重质组分占比均存在显著差异,表明不同区域页岩油流体组成与流体物性可能变化较大,这与页岩油藏开发表现出的生产气油比不规则波动特征相吻合[30]。结合岩心孔隙尺度分析发现,岩心孔隙直径越小,其中赋存的轻质组分占比相对越高。页岩微纳米孔内原油的组成分布及相态特征是非常规领域的研究热点和争论焦点[31],基于以上分析可以推断:在吉木萨尔页岩油藏开发过程中,生产初期较大孔隙和微裂缝中赋存的重质页岩油会优先产出,随后基质微纳米孔隙内的轻质原油组分逐渐产出,导致现场实际生产中的气油比逐渐升高,产出原油的轻质化程度不断提升。此类开发动态特征,已在古龙页岩油藏的开发实践中得到印证[16]。
岩石的润湿性对于其内部原油分布、流动特性以及开发方式的选择等具有重要影响[32]。为明确吉木萨尔页岩油藏页岩的基础润湿性,对1号、2号岩心薄片进行了接触角测定。如图5所示,岩心薄片与地层水的接触角分别为108.628°和115.396°,储层页岩润湿性表现为弱亲油特征,与吉木萨尔芦草沟组储层润湿规律相似[33]。
为改善页岩润湿性,采用表2配制的4种纳米流体进行改性处理。储层改性后的润湿性结果见图5,经过TiO2+CTAB溶液(试剂1)、SiO2+CTAB溶液(试剂2)作用后,地层水与页岩接触角分别降低至64.035°和39.874°。表明2种纳米流体均能使页岩表面转变为亲水状态,对比2种纳米流体改性效果,SiO₂作用强于TiO₂;同时在表面活性剂体系中,试剂2中的CTAB对页岩表面的作用效果优于试剂3中的TX-100。这是因为SiO2颗粒体积密度低于TiO2,在相同质量浓度条件下,SiO2纳米流体中颗粒数量更多,因此对页岩表面的改性作用效果更显著。与CTAB相比,TX-100分子量更大、分子链更长,其在纳米颗粒表面吸附时空间位阻更大,单位面积吸附量低,从而弱化了对页岩表面的改性作用。
在此基础上,向SiO2+CTAB复合溶液中添加KH590,采用该纳米流体(试剂4)改性后的页岩表面与地层水接触角进一步降低到26.576°。其原因是KH590与CTAB均为常用的SiO2表面改性剂,但二者分子尺寸差异显著,当2种表面活性剂复配使用时,可以提高SiO2颗粒表面的活性剂吸附密度,产生协同改性作用。一方面,通过增加吸附层厚度,增强了纳米颗粒间的空间斥力,有利于形成稳定分散的纳米流体;另一方面,提高了纳米流体对页岩表面原油的置换能力。即使将改性后的岩心薄片置于76.2 ℃的地层水中浸泡96 h,其接触角仍只有27.339°,表明SiO2+CTAB+KH590纳米流体在页岩表面具有高附着稳定性。
纳米流体改善页岩亲水性能、置换页岩油的前提是该流体能有效进入页岩的孔隙喉道内。图6给出了SiO2+CTAB+KH590流体和SiO2+地层水流体粒度分析结果,当没有表面活性剂时,溶液中SiO2颗粒主要分布粒径为3 058.71 nm,颗粒聚集程度高。加入CTAB和KH590后,流体中SiO2分布主峰为350.27 nm,表观直径500 nm以下的颗粒占比达到79.5%,表明颗粒分散状态显著改善。静置72 h后,纳米流体未出现明显分层或沉降,粒径分布主峰偏移量小于5%,表明具备良好的流体稳定性。
为验证注SiO2+CTAB+KH590纳米流体提高页岩油采收率方法的效果和优势,利用3号岩心,依次进行注水溶液(地层水、纳米流体)渗吸、注CO2吞吐、注CO2驱以及纳米流体驱替实验研究。
首先开展储层温度条件下、不同压力(15、20、25 MPa)的注地层水渗吸采油实验,结果表明3个渗吸压力下的渗吸效率分别为1.12%、2.44%和3.80%。在渗吸采油过程中,地层流体主要受毛细管力和重力分异作用,由于页岩孔喉细小,毛细管力作用一般远大于重力作用,故渗吸效果以毛细管力为主导。目标页岩储层原始状态表现为弱亲油性,致使毛细管力表现为驱油阻力,抑制地层水进入岩心置换页岩油,因此改善页岩润湿性、降低毛细管阻力,成为提高页岩油采收率技术方法构建的理论基础。
鉴于页岩储层内部毛细管力对渗吸采油的负面影响,第二步开展注CO2吞吐法的驱油效果评价。如图7a所示,不同注入压力下CO2与岩心接触后焖井压力快速下降并趋于稳定,说明受限于页岩纳米孔喉特征,CO2在岩心内部的扩散距离有限。图7b给出不同注入压力下页岩油的驱油效率,当注入压力为25 MPa时,驱油效率可提高至13.43%。这是因为注入压力越高,CO2在页岩内扩散作用的距离越远,但整体增产效果仍处于较低水平。
为了有效利用毛细管力,同时评价2.2章节研发的纳米流体驱油效果,开展SiO2+CTAB+KH590纳米流体渗吸采油实验。如图8所示,在相同渗吸压力条件下,改性剂溶液渗吸效果明显优于地层水,随着压力的升高,渗吸效果更加突出。当注入压力为25 MPa时,改性纳米流体的驱油效率为14.21%,远高于单一地层水渗吸效率(3.80%),同时稍高于CO2吞吐(13.43%)。其原因是改性剂流体与页岩接触后,一方面对接触面上的页岩油进行置换(图9),同时让页岩表面转变为亲水状态。结合页岩孔隙微观尺寸分布和改性纳米流体分布特征分析可知,所配制的纳米流体能一定程度进入页岩基质孔隙中。因此,在页岩端面润湿性改性的基础上,页岩表面孔隙中毛细管力转变为渗吸驱油推动力,改性纳米流体逐渐向页岩内部孔隙渗透并置换页岩油,从而形成改性—置换—再改性的连续作用机制。然而,受纳米级孔喉尺度限制,靠毛细管力作用的自发渗吸范围有限,最终驱油效率仍未达到预期,但展现了良好的技术应用潜力。
储层改造是致密、页岩油气藏提高采收率的必选方式,利用压裂改造后缝网比表面积大的特点,若进一步耦合纳米流体改性作用,可实现润湿反转与渗吸置换等多重机理协同驱油的增产效果。因此,将4号岩心清洗后进行造缝处理,造缝后岩心渗透率为0.581 2×10-3 μm2。为模拟压裂后返排过程中的驱油特征,开展了注地层水、CO2及改性纳米流体驱替实验,评价压后不同开发方式驱油效率,如图10所示。采用地层水的驱油效率为6.77%,高于基质岩心渗吸效果,这主要得益于驱替过程地层水的波及范围提高。注CO2驱的页岩油驱油效率为15.14%,较采用基质岩心注CO2吞吐的结果仅提高1.71%,这主要是页岩造缝后,注入的CO2容易沿着较大裂缝窜流,影响其波及范围,这也是常规裂缝性油藏或非均质油藏注CO2提高采收率过程中面临的共性问题[34]。需要说明的是,由于页岩储层极为致密,难以饱和地层原油开展相关实验研究,采用模拟原油时无法体现CO2驱油的所有机理(如模拟原油轻组分含量低于实际原油,影响CO2抽提效果,同时难以与CO2实现混相等)。因此,如何让页岩饱和地层原油开展CO2注采效果评价是一个值得关注的研究点。
采用SiO2+CTAB+KH590纳米流体驱替后的驱油效率达到41.04%,稍高于文献报道的苯丙咪唑改性SiO2纳米流体增产效果(提高采收率38%)[20],较采用基质岩心时的驱油效率增长34.27%,同时远优于注地层水、CO2的驱替效果。作用机理主要包括:①纳米流体黏度高于地层水和CO2,注入后能有效进入整个页岩压裂缝网体系,扩大原油波及范围;②纳米流体与页岩缝网表面作用力强,驱替过程中对页岩表面吸附的原油产生置换和清洗作用(接触角测定实验已证实),显著提升驱油效率;③纳米流体将页岩缝网表面改性为强亲水性,在毛细管力作用下,纳米流体会进一步沿着缝网表面向基质内扩散与渗吸,置换出更多原油(渗吸实验已证实),从而实现了驱替页岩缝网表面原油—改性缝网表面洗油—渗吸置换基质原油的多重机理叠加效果。对比基质岩心和裂缝岩心实验结果,可以明确造缝后纳米流体能在岩心内建立良好的驱替系统,大幅提高页岩油采收率。而从页岩油藏开发实践来看,已投入商业开发的页岩储层都进行了压裂改造,在此基础上可直接实施纳米流体驱替技术,同时破解储层改造后衰竭开发采收率偏低的困局。
1) 结合压汞、扫描电镜、CT分析技术,实现了吉木萨尔页岩油藏从纳米级到微米级较宽尺度的孔隙分布特征刻画:芦草沟组一段页岩以纳米孔发育为主,局部分布有微裂缝,整体连通性欠佳。基于激光共聚焦技术,明确页岩内不同区域含油丰度和其内所含重质组分、轻质组分的比例均存在明显差异,岩心孔隙直径越小,其内赋存的轻质组分比例相对越高,为页岩油藏的动态分析提供了重要依据。
2) 复合SiO2、CTAB、KH590和地层水,制备了能将目标油藏页岩润湿性从弱亲油转变为强亲水的纳米流体。页岩原始接触角介于108°~116°,纳米流体改性后,页岩接触角低于30°,同时改性纳米流体与储层和流体的配伍性均较好,且稳定性较强。
3) 受页岩纳米孔道尺寸影响,注地层水渗吸、CO2吞吐法对基质赋存页岩油的动用距离和采出程度均存在局限性。对页岩岩心造缝后,注SiO2+CTAB+KH590纳米流体驱替页岩油效率为41.04%,同时利用了驱替页岩缝网表面原油—改性缝网表面洗油—渗吸置换基质原油的3种机理,远优于注地层水、CO2驱替法。本研究证明了注纳米流体驱替技术的优势,可以直接应用于现场压裂改造后的页岩储层,从而实现页岩油采收率的大幅提升。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025115
  • 接收时间:2025-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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    1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
    2 怀柔实验室,北京 101400
    3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司,新疆   库尔勒 841000
    4 中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   克拉玛依 834000
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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