Article(id=1322964714904494406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348967528, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1769356800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348967528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348967528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348967528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322964647376191536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769356800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348951428, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793349012150, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322964716234088776, articleId=1322964714904494406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Study on microscopic mechanism of deep heavy oil emulsification under synergistic CO2-thermal agent conditions, columnId=1322964648311533732, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Methodological Theory, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Heavy oil accounts for about 70% of the world’s remaining proven crude oil reserves, yet its efficient development remains a significant challenge worldwide. Based on the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) framework, this study constructed silica nanochannels with fully hydroxylated surfaces to simulate real reservoir conditions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to explore the microscopic mechanisms of deep heavy oil emulsification under synergistic CO2-thermal agent conditions. The study focused on three aspects. First, the influence of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the emulsification performance of deep heavy oil in silica nanopores was studied, and emulsification behaviors and oil droplet stability with and without surfactants were compared. Second, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were used to analyze the forces and motion of oil droplets in silica channels, which revealed the key factors affecting droplet stretching and rupture. Finally, the emulsification mechanism under synergistic “thermal + chemical agent + CO2” conditions at 150 ℃ was investigated, and the emulsification performance of the CO2-thermal agent synergy was explored. The results showed that: (1) The addition of surfactants significantly enhanced emulsification stability, increasing the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of oil droplets by 7.4% on average while optimizing their spatial distribution. (2) Oil droplet migration must overcome the resistance from the channel’s hydration layer, with the center-of-mass displacement exhibiting a three-stage evolution relationship with the external force. (3) The synergistic interaction between CO2 and thermal agents could effectively accelerate the emulsification process of deep heavy oil, resulting in an oil droplet diffusion coefficient of 5.733×10-9 m2/s, which marked a 31.0% increase compared to the condition with thermal agents alone. This study provides a new theoretical basis for understanding the microscopic mechanisms of deep heavy oil emulsification under CO2-thermal agent synergy while offering potential technical references for efficient deep heavy oil extraction in practical oilfield operations.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=YUTONG LIN1, QI ZHANG2, CHENGGUO LIU1, MINGGUO PENG1, YUJIE LI1, JING ZHAO1, RUN LIU1, QIU LI1, YALI LIU1, authorsList=YUTONG LIN, QI ZHANG, CHENGGUO LIU, MINGGUO PENG, YUJIE LI, JING ZHAO, RUN LIU, QIU LI, YALI LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=MINGGUO PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322964723259548000, articleId=1322964714904494406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=CO2-热剂协同作用下深层稠油乳化微观机理研究, columnId=1322964648462528678, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=方法理论, runingTitle=null, highlight=

稠油储量约占全球石油剩余探明储量的70%,但其有效开发仍属于世界级难题。研究基于碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术背景,构建表面完全羟基化的SiO₂纳米孔道模拟真实油藏环境,采用分子动力学模拟(MD)方法,深入剖析“CO₂-热剂协同”作用下深层稠油乳化过程的微观机理。研究内容聚焦三个方面:一是探究表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)对深层稠油在SiO2纳米孔中乳化效果的影响,对比有无表面活性剂时油滴的乳化行为与稳定性;二是通过拉伸动力学模拟(SMD),分析油滴在SiO2孔道中受力与运动过程,揭示油滴拉伸与破裂的关键因素;三是研究150 ℃高温下“热+化学剂+CO2”协同作用的深层稠油乳化机理,探讨CO2-热剂协同的乳化效果。结果表明:①添加表面活性剂可显著改善乳化稳定性,使油滴溶剂可及表面积平均增加7.4%,并优化油滴空间分布;②油滴运动需克服孔道表面水化层阻力,质心位移与外力呈三阶段演化关系;③CO2分子与热剂协同作用能有效促进深层稠油乳化,使油滴扩散系数达5.733×10-9 m2/s,较单独热剂条件提高31.0%。该研究为CO2-热剂协同条件下深层稠油乳化提供了新的理论依据,也为实际油田开采中深层稠油的高效提取提供了潜在技术参考。

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林雨彤(2000—),女,在读硕士研究生,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:

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彭明国(1976—),男,博士,教授,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:
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林雨彤(2000—),女,在读硕士研究生,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:

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林雨彤(2000—),女,在读硕士研究生,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:

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label=Fig.1, caption=Asphaltene and resin molecules used in simulations, figureFileSmall=VnOEk4V6KG/dW7WzDJ4S/A==, figureFileBig=FI4RkDBLuhP03oYEo8iOpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964731778179491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964714904494406, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟中使用的沥青质和胶质分子, figureFileSmall=VnOEk4V6KG/dW7WzDJ4S/A==, figureFileBig=FI4RkDBLuhP03oYEo8iOpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964732138889636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964714904494406, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Oil droplet formation process (water molecules omitted), figureFileSmall=ITYz+HxVIf+6muW5zS7Nig==, figureFileBig=JwuK0QPAc5PIINZHZyujDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964732205998501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964714904494406, language=CN, label=图2, caption=油滴形成过程(忽略水分子), figureFileSmall=ITYz+HxVIf+6muW5zS7Nig==, 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组分类型具体组分分子数组分类型具体组分分子数
重质组分沥青质沥青质 14轻质组分苯13
沥青质 24环庚烷35
胶质胶质 15环己烷22
胶质 25庚烷29
胶质 35己烷32
胶质 45壬烷40
胶质 55辛烷34
胶质 65甲苯35
), ArticleFig(id=1322964734571585973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964714904494406, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原油组分及分子数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分类型具体组分分子数组分类型具体组分分子数
重质组分沥青质沥青质 14轻质组分苯13
沥青质 24环庚烷35
胶质胶质 15环己烷22
胶质 25庚烷29
胶质 35己烷32
胶质 45壬烷40
胶质 55辛烷34
胶质 65甲苯35
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CO2-热剂协同作用下深层稠油乳化微观机理研究
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林雨彤 1 , 张琦 2 , 刘成果 1 , 彭明国 1 , 李雨洁 1 , 赵静 1 , 刘润 1 , 李秋 1 , 刘雅莉 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 方法理论 2026,16(1): 43-51
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油气藏评价与开发 |方法理论 2026 , 16 (1) : 43 -51
CO2-热剂协同作用下深层稠油乳化微观机理研究
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林雨彤1 , 张琦2, 刘成果1, 彭明国1, 李雨洁1, 赵静1, 刘润1, 李秋1, 刘雅莉1
作者信息
  • 1 常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,江苏   常州 213164
  • 2 中国石油国际勘探开发有限公司,北京 102206
通讯作者:
彭明国(1976—),男,博士,教授,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:
作者简介:

林雨彤(2000—),女,在读硕士研究生,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:

Study on microscopic mechanism of deep heavy oil emulsification under synergistic CO2-thermal agent conditions
YUTONG LIN1 , QI ZHANG2, CHENGGUO LIU1, MINGGUO PENG1, YUJIE LI1, JING ZHAO1, RUN LIU1, QIU LI1, YALI LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
  • 2 PetroChina International Petroleum Exploration and Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2026-01-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025034
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深层稠油乳化  /  表面活性剂  /  CO2  /  分子动力学模拟  /  拉伸动力学
deep heavy oil emulsification  /  surfactant  /  CO2  /  molecular dynamics simulation  /  stretching molecular dynamics
林雨彤, 张琦, 刘成果, 彭明国, 李雨洁, 赵静, 刘润, 李秋, 刘雅莉. CO2-热剂协同作用下深层稠油乳化微观机理研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (1) : 43 -51 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025034
YUTONG LIN, QI ZHANG, CHENGGUO LIU, MINGGUO PENG, YUJIE LI, JING ZHAO, RUN LIU, QIU LI, YALI LIU. Study on microscopic mechanism of deep heavy oil emulsification under synergistic CO2-thermal agent conditions[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (1) : 43 -51 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025034
随着世界石油需求的持续增长和传统常规油气资源的逐渐枯竭,稠油作为一种重要的非传统石油资源,其开发与开采逐渐成为全球油气行业的研究热点[1]。按照中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准《油藏分类》(SY/T6169—2021),稠油是指在地层条件下黏度大于50 mPa·s的原油。稠油的成因非常复杂,与普通原油最大的区别在于生物降解程度,降解程度越高越容易形成稠油[2]。由于稠油具有较高的黏度和较低的流动性,常规的开采技术难以高效提取稠油资源,致使其开采成本较高,技术难度较大[3]。为了提高稠油的开采效率,开发新型的乳化技术成为研究的关键方向之一。
CO2-热剂协同开发方式作为一种重要的强化开采技术,基于常规稠油热采方法,通过化学剂、非凝析气等特有性能与热流体注入的协同作用,能够在地层孔隙中与稠油中原本含有的大量表面活性组分相互作用,形成复杂的多重乳化乳状液流动体系[4-6]。在CCUS(碳捕集、利用与封存)技术高速发展的大背景下[7],关于CO2-热剂协同开采稠油过程中乳化机理与稳定性的研究已得到广泛关注与深入探讨。陈玉祥等[8]通过对比乳状液静置后的析水率,分析了不同浓度的沥青质和胶质作为天然乳化剂在维持乳状液稳定性方面的作用效果。LI等[9]通过PVT(压力-体积-温度)实验,测定了不同温度及压力下CO2在稠油中的溶解系数,并揭示了CO2对原油黏度和膨胀系数的影响规律。张伟等[10]基于PVT实验,定量表征了非凝析气体混合物的降黏效果,结果表明,CO2的降黏效果最为显著,最大可使原油黏度降低90%。DONG等[11]开展了单管驱替实验来研究非凝析气体对驱油效率的具体影响。实验结果显示,在各类非凝析气体中,“蒸汽+CO2”的组合具有最高的驱油效率。LI等[12]针对CO2与降黏剂辅助蒸汽吞吐,进行了室内实验、数值模拟以及矿场应用方面的研究,认为共同注入这3种组分能够实现三者降黏作用的连续接替,从而有效降低注汽压力,扩大降黏区域,提高产油速度。
上述研究主要采用室内实验和数值模拟方法,对CO2-热剂协同开采技术在微观尺度上作用机制的探索相对滞后。关于稠油乳化机理的研究,主要集中在乳化剂的选择与乳化过程的动态特性上,对于稠油在不同条件下的微观行为仍缺乏深入理解。
分子动力学模拟能够提供实验上观测不到的微观结构,可在分子层面上研究微观结构信息和动力学性质[13-14]。SONG等[15]通过分子动力学模拟讨论了阴离子表面活性剂在降低含沥青质和胶质的重油黏度中的作用。LIU等[16]和ZHANG等[17]利用分子模拟构建了CO2-烷烃溶胀体系,并在不同温度和压力下对该体系的过程、结构和相互作用能进行了研究。LIU等[18]进行了水-油界面的动态模拟。结果表明,随着温度的升高,水-CO2-油体系的界面张力降低,CO2的摩尔分数增加,水-CO2-油体系的扩散系数增大,表明水-CO2-油体系中的分子具有更高的流动性。ZARGARTALEBI等[19]研究了SiO2纳米颗粒和改性SiO2纳米颗粒的作用,结果表明表面活性剂性能改善,导致表面张力值降低,从而提高了石油采收率。LE等[20]通过MD(分子动力学模拟)研究了狭缝状孔隙中CO2对石油扩散率的增强作用,并发现纳米狭缝在受限条件下对流体行为有很大影响。通过这些研究,可以看出分子模拟在探索稠油乳化机理方面取得了一定的进展。然而,现有的研究大多侧重于单一因素的作用,例如热效应或化学剂的作用,缺乏对CO2溶解场、热剂温度场与表面活性剂化学场协同作用机制的综合模拟。
通过构建SiO2纳米孔道来模拟实际工况条件,采用MD模拟方法,研究了CO2-热剂-表面活性剂多物理场协同作用下深层稠油乳化过程的微观机理。通过系统地探讨表面活性剂的加入对乳化效果的影响,分析油滴在SiO2纳米孔中的行为,进一步揭示了在“热+化学剂+CO2”的协同作用下,深层稠油乳化的微观机制。研究内容不仅涉及油滴的乳化过程,还包括拉伸动力学模拟,深入分析了油滴在孔道中运动与变形的动力学行为。本研究揭示了深层稠油乳化过程中的关键物理化学机制,为CO2-热剂协同开采技术中深层稠油高效乳化提供了理论基础,也为实际油田开采中深层稠油的高效提取提供了潜在的技术参考。
用GROMACS 2021软件包进行分子动力学模拟,选择了GROMOS 54a7全原子力场[21]。体系中的稠油分子、表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)以及CO2的力场参数在自动拓扑构建器(ATB)数据库下载得到[22-23]。水分子是简单点电荷(SPC)模型[24]。周期性边界条件应用于模拟箱的所有方向[25]。
所有模拟体系构建完成后,首先采用最速下降法进行能量最小化,以消除模型构建过程中可能产生的构象重叠。能量最小化的收敛标准设定为体系能量变化小于1 000 kJ/mol。表面活性剂乳化过程选择27℃和0.1 MPa下的NPT(等温等压)系综,等温压缩系数调为4.5×10⁻⁴ MPa-1,该温度依据SONG等[15]对表面活性剂-稠油界面行为的分子动力学研究设定。CO2-热剂协同乳化过程选择温度为150 ℃下的NVT(等温等容)系综模拟。该温度是稠油热采中蒸汽注入的典型工况温度,符合工业实践标准;同时在此温度压力条件下CO2易达到超临界态,可最大化其扩散与溶解能力[5,9-11,18]。时间步长为1 fs。在模拟中,温度和压力分别采用V-rescale[26]和Berendsen[27]方法来控制。库仑相互作用使用粒子网格埃瓦尔德(PME)方法[28]。Lennard-Jones势和范德华力的截断半径均设为1.2 nm。最后通过GROMACS的内置程序分析动态特性,并通过可视化分子动力学软件(VMD)观察轨迹[29]。
模拟中,使用2种沥青质[30]、6种胶质[31]和8种烷烃代表原油组分。沥青质和胶质的质量百分比分别为13.7%和25.3%,该稠油在模拟条件下黏度为350 mPa·s(密度0.95 g/cm3),属于典型高黏稠油[32]。沥青质和胶质的结构式如图1所示,其比例与实际原油接近,可为模拟提供关键信息[33]。原油组分及分子数详见表1。
首先,在10 nm×10 nm×10 nm的模拟格子中按表1填充原油分子,经10 ns的NPT系综平衡后,体系密度达到稳定。随后,将原油模型置于8 nm×8 nm×8 nm格子的中心并添加水分子,进行20 ns的NVT系综平衡,获得可稳定存在于水包油型乳状液中的油滴构型(图2)。删除水分子后,将油滴模型置于10 nm×10 nm×10 nm格子中坐标为(5.0,5.0,5.0)nm的位置,加入质量分数为1.23%的SDS并重新填充水分子,再经20 ns的NPT系综模拟,得到表面活性剂乳化后的油滴模型(图3)。
依据ELOLA等[34-35]的方法构建SiO2纳米孔道模型:在尺寸为Lx=10.317 3 nm、Ly=10.211 5 nm、Lz=10.810 4 nm的SiO2体相中挖掘半径为4 nm的圆柱形孔道;采用羟基处理使孔道表面亲水化(图4a),形成Si-(OH)2和Si-OH 2种硅羟基[36],表面-OH密度为8.0 个/nm2[37-39]。将乳化油滴置于孔道内(图4b),添加200个CO2分子(图4c)和H2O分子(图4d)后进行10 ns的动力学模拟,模拟中SiO2体相保持固定以维持孔道直径[40]。
研究采用分子动力学模拟技术,探讨了表面活性剂SDS对稠油在SiO2纳米孔内乳化行为的影响。为系统分析表面活性剂的作用,设置了2组不同的模拟体系:体系A为未添加表面活性剂的纯稠油系统;体系B为经表面活性剂乳化后的油滴。通过对比这2种体系下的乳化行为,研究了表面活性剂对油滴在高温和CO2环境中的乳化过程的促进作用及其机制。
均方根位移(RMSD)表示原子位置坐标相对初始时刻的位置偏差[41]。从均方根位移观察体系运动随时间的变化,进而判断体系是否达到热力学平衡。计算公式如下:
RMSD=1N∑i=1Nrit-ri02
式中:N为原子数目,ri(t)是第i个原子t时刻位置坐标,ri(0)是第i个原子的初始位置坐标。
图5a揭示了2个体系的动态稳定性差异。在前200 ps内,2个体系的RMSD均迅速增加,这一现象可归因于模拟初期体系的快速弛豫过程,导致分子结构发生显著变化[42]。体系A的RMSD持续波动且未达平衡,表明油滴处于不稳定状态;而体系B的RMSD在200 ps后迅速收敛至平稳,证实SDS显著提升体系稳定性。这一对比充分展示了表面活性剂在油滴分散和稳定中的重要作用,也反映出体系A和体系B在热力学平衡和动力学演化上的本质区别。
径向分布函数(RDF)用于描述体系中粒子相对于参考粒子的局部密度分布情况,其值通常反映了体系中粒子间相互作用的强度及其空间分布规律[42]。图5b展示了不同模拟体系中径向分布函数g(r)随距离r变化的情况。在0~1.5 nm内,2个体系均出现多个特征峰。第一峰表示CO2分子在油滴表面的聚集程度,后续峰表示CO2分子在油滴外部分布的情况。后续峰值较为平缓,说明CO2分子与油滴之间的堆积结构以面对面聚集为主。由图5b可见,体系B的g(r)峰值显著高于体系A,证实SDS促进CO2分子在0~1.5 nm范围内的结构化聚集。体系A的宽缓峰形表明粒子排列松散、相互作用弱;而体系B的尖锐峰反映局部结构有序化。在大于1.5 nm的范围,2个体系的RDF曲线重合(g(r)→1),说明SDS的调控作用仅限于短程域(<1.5 nm)。
图5c展示了不同模拟体系中油滴的溶剂可及表面积(SASA)随时间变化的曲线。通过分析图中数据,可观察到2个体系的SASA均呈波动上升趋势,这反映了油滴表面持续暴露于溶剂。对比发现,体系B的SASA值整体高于体系A;但在5至6 ns时间段内,体系A的SASA值短暂反超体系B。这归因于无SDS时,油滴发生局部形态重排,导致瞬时表面积增大。总体而言,体系B中SDS分子相较于体系A,平均使油滴溶剂可及表面积增加了7.4%(最大增幅为47.735 nm2),证实了SDS通过增强油滴-溶剂相互作用,有效扩大了界面接触面积。
图5d揭示了SDS对空间构型的调控作用。体系A的密度峰值位于6~8 nm,呈宽峰分布,这表明油滴分子因团聚行为,在垂直方向上集中且分散性较差,导致稳定性降低。相比之下,体系B的密度峰迁移至4~6 nm(近界面核心区),峰形尖锐集中,证实SDS通过降低油滴分子间吸引力,显著优化了油滴的分散均匀性。该空间重构使油滴更贴近界面,有效抑制凝聚作用,提升了乳化体系的稳定性。此现象明确验证了SDS在调控油滴空间分布与增强分散性方面的核心价值,为稠油-水体系的优化提供了分子机制依据。
通过在油滴质心施加外力,模拟了原油开采过程中注入水驱时的压力情况[40]。模拟过程中,油滴质心位移随模拟时间的变化情况呈现出不同的波动模式。如图6所示,在模拟的初始2.5 ns内,外力迅速增加,但油滴质心的位移幅度较小。这是由于在外力驱动油滴沿纳米孔道向前移动时,需克服与油滴相关的阻力,例如油滴与纳米孔道内表面之间的相互作用以及油滴周围形成的键网络等[40]。随着外力增大至1.5×104 kJ/(mol·nm),质心位移的波动幅度增大,这表明油滴在经过一定的初始适应后,开始逐渐克服孔道内的阻力,并逐步加速移动。模拟持续至6 ns,当外力增大至3×104 kJ/(mol·nm)后,油滴质心进入快速迁移阶段。油滴在此阶段的迁移受到孔道内表面交互作用的较大影响,可能与孔道内表面完全羟基化的作用有关。完全羟基化的SiO2孔道表面通过形成稳定的水化层,降低了油滴与孔道表面之间的相互作用力,使得油滴的迁移过程更加复杂且不稳定。在这一阶段,油滴与孔道表面间的相互作用和水化层的影响更加突出,导致油滴在此过程中经历了较大程度的波动。
经过对以上3个阶段的分析可知,外力必须克服油滴周围水化层内的氢键网络以及油滴与纳米孔道内表面相互作用所产生的阻力,方可实现预期效果[40]。如图7所示,在油滴迁移过程中,所施加的外力与模拟时间呈正比关系,这表明外力随时间增加逐渐克服了油滴在SiO2孔道内迁移时所遭遇的阻力。在油滴运移过程中,外力的增大能够有效克服油滴与孔道表面之间的亲和力,特别是氢键作用及水化层对油滴运动的影响。随着模拟时间的延长,油滴迁移所面临的阻力逐渐增大,此时外力需持续增强,以维持油滴的迁移速度。因此,油滴的迁移过程不仅取决于外力的施加,还受到孔道表面结构以及水化层的显著影响。这一结论为模拟原油开采中的油滴迁移提供了重要的理论依据。
研究用GROMACS软件进行分子动力学模拟。通过分别设定CO2分子与水分子的温度为150 ℃,其余组分的温度为27 ℃,能够揭示在热剂与CO2的共同作用下,稠油乳化的微观行为及其相应的机理。
均方位移(MSD)随模拟时间的变化图可以揭示体系在模拟过程中随时间演化的运动行为,MSD的表达式如下[43]:
MSD=1N∑iNrit-ri02
图8展示了油滴的均方位移随模拟时间变化的曲线。随着模拟时间的延长,MSD逐渐增大。这一变化趋势表明,在模拟过程中,油滴在纳米孔内的扩散行为不断加剧。依据均方位移曲线的斜率计算可知,在热剂作用下,油滴的扩散系数为4.377×10-9 m2/s;而热剂-CO2条件下,油滴的扩散系数达到5.733×10-9 m2/s,扩散能力提升了31.0%。这一结果说明,在热剂-CO2条件下,油滴具有更强的扩散性。CO2分子具有较强的溶解能力,能够与油滴中的烃分子发生相互作用,降低油滴之间的相互吸引力,进而促进油滴在孔隙内的扩散[44-45]。在高温环境下,随着CO2的溶解,油滴结构发生变化,体积膨胀并扩散至更大范围。此外,CO2的加入还可能改变油滴的界面性质,进一步提高油滴的流动性和分散性[46-47]。
从图9a中能够观察到,经过10 ns的NVT模拟后,油滴发生显著扩散,并从孔隙表面迁移出来,这证实了CO2可通过分子间作用力触发油滴的置换效应。由图9b可知,油滴分子均匀地分布在整个孔道中,而沥青质分子(Asp2)与SDS在孔道中心形成线性有序排列。从分子间相互作用和界面物理化学性质的角度进行分析:首先,SDS的亲水基头与孔道壁发生相互作用,其疏水尾基发生自聚集,进而形成稳定的线性结构[37],此结构减少了疏水基团与壁面的接触,从而降低了体系的能量。其次,Asp2因具有阴离子特性,会驱动其与SDS的疏水尾基相结合,通过静电-疏水协同作用,使自身锁定在孔道中心位置,抑制了向边缘的扩散。CO2-热剂协同开采在分子层面通过优化表面活性剂和沥青质分子之间的相互作用,显著提高了体系的稳定性。SDS分子和Asp2分子2种重质分子在孔道中呈线性排列,减少了分子间的能量损耗,进而有助于保持乳化体系的稳定性。
1) 表面活性剂的添加可显著增强乳化体系的稳定性,使油滴溶剂可及表面积平均增加7.4%,进而促进油滴均匀分布。表面活性剂不仅改善了油滴在SiO2纳米孔内的运移行为,还提高了整体乳化效率,为深层稠油的乳化与分散优化提供了有效途径。
2) 油滴在孔道内的迁移受表面性质和外力作用的显著影响。随着模拟时间的延长,施加的外力与模拟时间呈正相关关系。油滴克服孔道阻力后进入快速迁移阶段,且孔道表面水化层的形成对油滴的迁移产生了重要影响。
3) CO2与热剂协同作用可使油滴扩散系数提升至5.733×10-9 m2/s(相较于单独热剂时提高了31.0%),显著优化了乳化效果。CO2-热剂协同开采方式为深入研究深层稠油乳化机理提供了新的视角。

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2026年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025034
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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    1 常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,江苏   常州 213164
    2 中国石油国际勘探开发有限公司,北京 102206

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彭明国(1976—),男,博士,教授,从事油气田开发研究。地址:江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路21号常州大学,邮政编码:213164。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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