Article(id=1322941901518811616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343528394, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779724800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343528394, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343528394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343528394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941718441623734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='489', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779724800000', pubDateStr='2026-05-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343484745, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344165564, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944574066402279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944574070596584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941718441623734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=666, endPage=674, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941901896298977, articleId=1322941901518811616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Productivity prediction and influencing factors of fractured horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The third sand group of the first member of the Shahezi Formation in block J is an ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoir. While large-scale fracturing stimulation has been applied to enhance single-well productivity, the stimulated wells vary significantly in both initial and cumulative production and show weak correlation with reservoir physical properties and stimulation scale. The main controlling factors of productivity remain unclear, making the economic and effective development of the gas reservoir challenging. The development of the gas reservoir was divided into four stages to analyze the influencing factors of productivity. At the current stage, the main controlling factors of gas well productivity were stress sensitivity, water lock, and variable threshold pressure gradient. By integrating these three factors, a productivity prediction model for fractured horizontal wells was established. The model was solved using the Newton-Raphson method, and the prediction parameters, process, and results were visualized through MATLAB programming. Finally, the model was validated using actual production data from the gasfield, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. The results showed that in a fractured horizontal well, not all fractures exhibited the same production rate and pressure. Instead, they gradually decreased from the well ends towards the middle, while fractures at symmetrical positions had identical production rates and pressures. Additionally, the pressure, permeability, and threshold pressure gradient varied with both location and time. Considering the combined effects of these factors, the new productivity equation predicted a reasonable production rate of 4.03×10⁴ m³/d, with a relative error of -0.55% compared to the actual initial production of the gas well. Gas well productivity was positively correlated with effective reservoir thickness, permeability, number of fractured stages, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity. The quality of reservoir physical properties plays a decisive role in gas well productivity. Furthermore, reasonable fracturing parameters are beneficial for improving gas well productivity. Accurately predicting the productivity of fractured horizontal wells is an important basis for parameter optimization in development plans and design, providing important guidance for reasonable production allocation during the development process.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=XIAOFENG KANG, YONGQIANG MAO, WEI JING, MENG XIAO, YUTING ZHAO, LONGYI PENG, authorsList=XIAOFENG KANG, YONGQIANG MAO, WEI JING, MENG XIAO, YUTING ZHAO, LONGYI PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941905201410544, articleId=1322941901518811616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=特低渗气藏压裂水平井产能预测及影响因素, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

J气田沙河子组一段Ⅲ砂组属于特低孔、特低渗储层,通过大规模压裂改造提高单井产能,但已投产气井的初产和累产差异较大,且与储层物性、改造规模等相关性较差,产能主控因素不明确,气藏经济有效开发难度较大。将气藏开发划分为4个阶段,分析产能影响因素,现阶段气井产能的主要因素为应力敏感、水锁和变启动压力梯度。综合考虑这3个因素建立压裂水平井产能预测模型,利用牛顿迭代法进行求解,并利用Matlab编程实现压裂水平井产能预测参数、过程和结果的可视化。最后,根据气田实际井的生产数据进行验证并开展敏感性分析。结果表明:在压裂水平井中,不是所有缝的产量和压力均相同,而是从两端到中间逐渐降低,且处于对称位置的缝产量和压力是相同的;不同位置处、不同时间的压力变化,渗透率和启动压力梯度也是变化的。综合考虑这些因素的影响,新建产能方程预测合理配产为4.03×104 m3/d,与气井实际初产之间的相对误差为-0.55%。气井产能与储层有效厚度、渗透率、裂缝段数、裂缝半长和裂缝导流能力正相关。储层物性的好坏对气井产能起决定性作用。合理的压裂参数也有利于提高气井产能。准确预测压裂水平井产能是编制开发方案时参数优化设计的重要依据,对开发过程中合理配产也具有重要的指导意义。

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康晓凤(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,从事油气藏开发相关工作。地址:吉林省长春市和平大街660号,邮政编码:130062。E-mail:

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康晓凤(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,从事油气藏开发相关工作。地址:吉林省长春市和平大街660号,邮政编码:130062。E-mail:

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康晓凤(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,从事油气藏开发相关工作。地址:吉林省长春市和平大街660号,邮政编码:130062。E-mail:

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Journal of Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2024, 34(1): 19-24., articleTitle=Study on the economic and effective development limits of Longfengshan volcanic reservoir, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941905562120689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941905574703602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, companyId=1322941905562120689, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sinopec Northeast Oil & Gas Company, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941905583092211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, companyId=1322941905562120689, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石化东北油气分公司,吉林   长春 130062)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322941909848699423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Influence of stress sensitivity on permeability, figureFileSmall=ylWTO7lPBAj6puvU1uDdRA==, figureFileBig=5wpbbWxA5y0XGflW4nDOLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941909911613984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图1, caption=应力敏感对渗透率的影响

注:k为储层渗透率,单位10-3 µm2。

, figureFileSmall=ylWTO7lPBAj6puvU1uDdRA==, figureFileBig=5wpbbWxA5y0XGflW4nDOLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910100357665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of parameters perpendicular to fracture direction, figureFileSmall=NRN1COf8MCFHDEacJMf9JA==, figureFileBig=dfWXICobRyK3gEROF9yajw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910167466530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图2, caption=垂直于裂缝方向各参数分布, figureFileSmall=NRN1COf8MCFHDEacJMf9JA==, figureFileBig=dfWXICobRyK3gEROF9yajw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910234575395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution of parameters parallel to fracture direction, figureFileSmall=o1bnOb7IPkjbSuhFgx5RwQ==, figureFileBig=fVmawQIAqD1iSFrWRntFUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910289101348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图3, caption=平行于裂缝方向各参数分布, figureFileSmall=o1bnOb7IPkjbSuhFgx5RwQ==, figureFileBig=fVmawQIAqD1iSFrWRntFUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910356210213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Influence of different factors on gas well productivity, figureFileSmall=6rCZ48Fzi93tiiWmeBVYWw==, figureFileBig=pnJkwdHuobDTrQ8eFoHQIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910431707686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同因素对气井产能的影响, figureFileSmall=6rCZ48Fzi93tiiWmeBVYWw==, figureFileBig=pnJkwdHuobDTrQ8eFoHQIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910507205159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Influence of effective thickness and permeability on gas well productivity, figureFileSmall=H3ai+S8HObuoyq5h8RlKzA==, figureFileBig=Ky99c4aK8hgchcr7BnYkTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910586896936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图5, caption=有效厚度和渗透率对气井产能的影响, figureFileSmall=H3ai+S8HObuoyq5h8RlKzA==, figureFileBig=Ky99c4aK8hgchcr7BnYkTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910666588713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of number of fractured stages on gas well productivity, figureFileSmall=fYqEOxJBVKbNhvzAFva2/Q==, figureFileBig=e+uN2Zewhl9OSgTR3ygKqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941910737891882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图6, caption=压裂段数对气井产能的影响, figureFileSmall=fYqEOxJBVKbNhvzAFva2/Q==, figureFileBig=e+uN2Zewhl9OSgTR3ygKqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941912394641963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Influence of fracture length and conductivity on gas well productivity, figureFileSmall=SWyt3Bti32y7/+3vB4DGsw==, figureFileBig=kb5D7xNqRLXxoLSMBj0iYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941912457556524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=图7, caption=裂缝长度和导流能力对气井产能的影响, figureFileSmall=SWyt3Bti32y7/+3vB4DGsw==, figureFileBig=kb5D7xNqRLXxoLSMBj0iYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941912549831213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Interpretation results of pressure buildup tests for gas wells during different periods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号井型地层系数/(10-3 µm2·m)有效厚度/m渗透率/(10-3 µm2)裂缝半长/m阻流边界/m地层压力/MPa
J1直井0.29019.3300.01547.115.431.90
J2水平井0.1999.4800.02144.230.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912612745774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时期投产气井压力恢复测试解释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号井型地层系数/(10-3 µm2·m)有效厚度/m渗透率/(10-3 µm2)裂缝半长/m阻流边界/m地层压力/MPa
J1直井0.29019.3300.01547.115.431.90
J2水平井0.1999.4800.02144.230.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912684048943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of parameters of horizontal wells at different stages, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间井号钻遇率/%地层系数/(10-3 µm2·m)储能系数/m日产气量/(104 m3)单位压降产气量/(104 m3/MPa)同期压裂液返排率/%
第2阶段J222.60.1990.391.488560
第3阶段J380.415.9204.091.6110621
J492.594.55012.711.416812
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912746963504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同阶段投产水平井参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间井号钻遇率/%地层系数/(10-3 µm2·m)储能系数/m日产气量/(104 m3)单位压降产气量/(104 m3/MPa)同期压裂液返排率/%
第2阶段J222.60.1990.391.488560
第3阶段J380.415.9204.091.6110621
J492.594.55012.711.416812
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912835043889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Results of reservoir sensitivity evaluation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感类型敏感指数/%敏感强弱
速敏13.1弱
水敏23.6弱
盐敏28.4弱
酸敏34.7中等偏弱
碱敏26.1弱
应力敏感78.0强
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912902152754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

储层敏感性评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感类型敏感指数/%敏感强弱
速敏13.1弱
水敏23.6弱
盐敏28.4弱
酸敏34.7中等偏弱
碱敏26.1弱
应力敏感78.0强
), ArticleFig(id=1322941912969261619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Absolute open-flow rates and pressures of fractures at different locations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂缝编号绝对无阻流量/(104 m3/d)压力/MPa等式左边等式右边相对误差/%
-75.35.833.629 833.624 9-0.015
-52.13.713.458 713.462 60.029
-31.43.09.049 99.038 3-0.129
-10.721.04.274 74.297 90.540
10.72.14.274 74.297 90.540
31.43.09.049 99.038 3-0.129
52.13.713.458 713.462 60.029
75.35.833.629 833.624 9-0.015
), ArticleFig(id=1322941913053147700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同位置处裂缝的绝对无阻流量和压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂缝编号绝对无阻流量/(104 m3/d)压力/MPa等式左边等式右边相对误差/%
-75.35.833.629 833.624 9-0.015
-52.13.713.458 713.462 60.029
-31.43.09.049 99.038 3-0.129
-10.721.04.274 74.297 90.540
10.72.14.274 74.297 90.540
31.43.09.049 99.038 3-0.129
52.13.713.458 713.462 60.029
75.35.833.629 833.624 9-0.015
), ArticleFig(id=1322941913137033781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Comparison of sensitivity of different parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数敏感度系数/%
有效厚度0.91
渗透率1.87
压裂段数0.50
裂缝半长0.05
裂缝导流能力0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1322941913208336950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322941901518811616, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同参数敏感性对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数敏感度系数/%
有效厚度0.91
渗透率1.87
压裂段数0.50
裂缝半长0.05
裂缝导流能力0.01
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特低渗气藏压裂水平井产能预测及影响因素
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康晓凤 , 毛永强 , 靖伟 , 肖萌 , 赵玉婷 , 彭泷毅
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(3): 666-674
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (3) : 666 -674
特低渗气藏压裂水平井产能预测及影响因素
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康晓凤 , 毛永强, 靖伟, 肖萌, 赵玉婷, 彭泷毅
作者信息
  • 中国石化东北油气分公司,吉林   长春 130062
作者简介:

康晓凤(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,从事油气藏开发相关工作。地址:吉林省长春市和平大街660号,邮政编码:130062。E-mail:

Productivity prediction and influencing factors of fractured horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs
XIAOFENG KANG , YONGQIANG MAO, WEI JING, MENG XIAO, YUTING ZHAO, LONGYI PENG
Affiliations
  • Sinopec Northeast Oil & Gas Company, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
出版时间: 2026-05-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025023
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特低渗气藏  /  产能预测  /  牛顿迭代法  /  水锁  /  变启动压力梯度  /  应力敏感
ultra-low permeability gas reservoir  /  productivity prediction  /  Newton-Raphson method  /  water lock  /  variable threshold pressure gradient  /  stress sensitivity
康晓凤, 毛永强, 靖伟, 肖萌, 赵玉婷, 彭泷毅. 特低渗气藏压裂水平井产能预测及影响因素. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (3) : 666 -674 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025023
XIAOFENG KANG, YONGQIANG MAO, WEI JING, MENG XIAO, YUTING ZHAO, LONGYI PENG. Productivity prediction and influencing factors of fractured horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (3) : 666 -674 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025023
低渗气藏通常采用水平井进行开发,并通过大规模压裂改造提高单井产能和储量动用程度[1-5]。压裂水平井产能预测是编制开发方案时参数优化设计的重要依据,对开发过程中合理配产也具有重要的指导意义[6]。1994年郎兆新等[7]采用复位势理论和叠加原理推导了压裂水平井产能方程。在此基础上,2002年宁正福等[8]考虑了每条裂缝的压力损失和渗流阻力修正了方程。近年来,随着研究的深入,水平井压裂产能方程逐步完善[9-19],现有模型考虑了应力敏感、启动压力梯度、气体滑脱效应以及非达西的影响[20],流体类型涵盖了单相气体和气水两相。但J气田为特低孔、特低渗储层,孔喉半径小,气体流动时不仅存在应力敏感、启动压力,还受水锁影响;而且受水锁和应力敏感影响储层渗透率会降低,启动压力梯度会随之增加[21-24]。因此,综合考虑水锁、应力敏感和变启动压力梯度建立压裂水平井产能方程,采用牛顿迭代法进行求解,并根据气藏压裂水平井实际参数进行验证,最后对产能敏感性因素开展分析。
J气田坐落于吉林省公主岭市,构造处于松辽盆地梨树断陷。该区发育了上下两套沉积层系,形成了断坳叠置的构造格架,主力生产层系为沙河子组一段Ⅲ砂组,砂体厚度大、发育稳定、储量规模大。气藏类型为构造-岩性藏,实测岩心孔隙度介于1.6%~5.5%,平均值为4.5%,中值为4.7%;渗透率介于(0.11~1.03)×10-3 µm2,平均值为0.391×10-3 µm2,中值为0.311×10-3 µm2。天然气中CH4含量为95%,无边底水。
气藏于2013年投入开发,目前投产井11口,气藏开发可划分为4个阶段。
第1阶段主要部署直井,投产井5口,投产初期平均单井日产气量为0.7×104 m3,投产后年压降为9.7 MPa、产气量年递减为71.2%,后期无法实现连续稳定生产。其中,J1井投产45 d后,开展压力恢复测试,解释裂缝半长为47.1 m、地层系数为0.290 ×10-3 µm2·m、阻流边界为15.4 m(表1),分析主要受压裂规模小、储层物性差影响,渗流过程中外围能量供给不足,地层压力下降快。
第2阶段部署水平井提高单井产能,投产井1口,投产初期日产气量为1.48×104 m3,单位压降产气量为85×104 m3/MPa,分别是直井的2.1倍和6.5倍。但投产后压力和产量下降快(年压降12.5 MPa、年递减87.5%),后期无法实现连续稳定生产。J2井投产21 d后,开展压力恢复测试,解释裂缝半长为44.2 m、地层系数为0.199 ×10-3 µm2·m(表1),分析仍受气层钻遇率低、储层物性差和压裂规模小的影响。
第3阶段仍以部署水平井为主(投产井2口),通过深化地质认识,气井的钻遇率和储层物性较初期大幅度提升(表2)。同时,结合大规模压裂,气井实现了连续稳定生产。投产初期平均单井日产气量为1.51×104 m3,稳产期100 d左右,平均单位压降产气量为87×104 m3/MPa。但是,气井日产气量和单位压降产气量没有得到明显提升。分析发现后期投产的水平井,压裂液返排率低于初期投产的水平井。
J气田沙河子组一段Ⅲ砂组属于特低孔、特低渗储层,孔喉半径峰值介于0.010~0.791 μm,中值为0.101 μm,平均值为0.150 μm,属于微喉级别。结合自发渗吸实验,发现水锁伤害程度与孔喉半径、渗吸量有关,孔喉半径越小,渗吸量越大,水锁伤害程度越大。孔喉半径为0.150 μm,水锁伤害程度达到了92%。受水锁影响,大量压裂液滞留在地层中,导致井筒附近的含水饱和度高,气相的相对渗透率下降,最终造成气井产能低、无法完全发挥。
第4阶段持续部署水平井(投产井3口),通过开展大规模压裂,辅助前置CO2解水锁,气井产能取得突破。J5井投产初期日产气量为4.05×104 m3,单位压降产气量为667×104 m3/MPa,累产气量为926.4×104 m3。采用递减法和单位压降产气量法,预测气井15 a累产气量为0.51×108 m3,低于经济极限累产气量(0.83×108 m3),仍未能实现经济有效动用。
截至目前,气藏投产井数少,气井产能与水平段长度、储层物性、压裂参数等相关性较差。为了进一步研究产能影响因素,参照储层敏感性实验行业标准,开展了五敏和应力敏感实验。实验结果如表3所示,储层具有中等偏弱酸敏性和强应力敏感性。由此可见,J气田在压裂设计及施工时应取消前置酸,以降低酸敏伤害。同时,生产过程中应控制生产压差,降低应力敏感影响。
针对现阶段气井的生产特征,为研究水锁、应力敏感和变启动压力梯度对产能的影响,建立考虑多因素影响的产能方程,以优化气井合理配产,控制递减,提高气井累产气量和经济效益。
假设气藏无限大、均质、等厚,顶底封闭,气藏中部有一口压裂水平井,裂缝沿井筒方向等间距分布,且忽略表皮效应、重力、毛管力的影响。储层为气体单相渗流,流体先由地层向裂缝渗流,然后从裂缝渗流到井筒,不考虑井筒内压力损失。
在地层流体向裂缝渗流过程中,压裂水平井任意一条裂缝周围压力分布为[12]:
px,y=5.787qμgπkmhZTpscpx,yTscAo+C
Ao=arch121+x2Xf2+y0Xf-yXf2+1+x2Xf2+y0-y2Xf22-4x2Xf20.5
式中:p(x,y)为任意裂缝周围一点处的压力,单位MPa;µg为气体黏度,单位mPa·s;q为裂缝产气量,单位m3/d;km为基质渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;psc为标准状况大气压,单位MPa,取值为0.101 MPa;h为储层厚度,单位m;Tsc为标准状况温度,单位K,取值为293.15 K;Z为气体偏差因子;Xf为裂缝半长,单位m;T为地层温度,单位K;C为常数;x为储层中任意一点距离y轴的距离,单位m;y0为裂缝距离x轴的距离,单位m;y为储层中任意一点距离x轴的距离,单位m。
J气田孔渗条件差,压裂后易发生水锁,注CO2可有效解除水锁,但储层物性相近的气藏长岩心实验表明,注CO2后渗透率只能恢复注气前的70%~74%[25]。为此,考虑水锁影响,储层渗透率可以表示为:
k1=k01-N
式中:k1为水锁影响后渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;k0为地层初始渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;N为水锁影响系数,取值为0.3。
同时,J气田存在强的应力敏感。应力敏感效应和渗透率关系可表示为幂函数型、二项式型或指数型[26-29]。幂函数型应用范围有限,在中等应力敏感效应的计算中才可以保证精度;二项式型精度有保证,但计算过程复杂,需要确定多个未知数;指数型应用最广泛,该文中采用指数型拟合也较好(图1),其公式可以表示为:
k2=Fsk0e-Mpe-p
式中:k2为应力敏感影响后渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;pe为原始地层压力,单位MPa;Fs为修正系数,取值为0.685 6;M为应力敏感指数,单位MPa-1,取值为0.066 MPa-1;p为目前地层压力,单位MPa。
对于低渗、特低渗储层,受启动压力影响,当地层流体向裂缝渗流过程中,往往出现非达西现象。根据吕宪伟[30]研究的成果,J气田启动压力梯度与地层的基质渗透率之间呈现幂函数的关系,其关系式为:
λ=ak-b
式中:k为储层渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;λ为气田的启动压力梯度值,单位MPa/m;a和b均为系数,分别取值为0.001 73和0.920 83。
综合考虑式(3)水锁、式(4)应力敏感及式(5)变启动压力梯度,式(1)可以写成:
dpx,ydy-aFsk0e-Mpe-px,y1-N-b=5.787qμgπFsk0e-Mpe-px,y1-NhZTpscpx,yTscdAody
将式(6)变形为:
Fsk0e-Mpe-px,y1-Npx,yμ¯gZ¯dpx,y=5.787qTpscπhTscdAo+aFsk0e-Mpe-px,y1-N1-bpx,yμ¯gZ¯dy
式中:μg¯为平均气体黏度,单位mPa·s;Z¯为平均气体偏差因子。
定义气体广义拟压力:
Φp=∫0pFsk0e-Mpe-p1-Npμ¯gZ¯dp
并令:
λo=aFsk0e-Mpe-p1-N1-bpμ¯gZ¯
将式(8)和式(9)代入式(7),并对左右两边同时在对应的区间上积分,得到考虑3个因素影响后,任意一条裂缝周围拟压力分布:
Φx,y=5.787qTpscπhTscAo+∫0yλody
将式(4)代入式(10),并考虑裂缝间相互干扰,根据势叠加原理,地层中任意一点的势分布:
Φx,y=5.787TpscπhTsc∑i=-N0N0qiarch121+x2Xf2+y-id2Xf2+1+x2Xf2+y-id2Xf22-4x2Xf20.5+∫0x2+y2λodr
当裂缝条数为奇数时,i从-N0开始以1的速度递增;当裂缝条数为偶数时,i从-N0开始以2的速度递增,且裂缝间距和N0的表达式不同,分别为:
d=L/HL/2H       N0=H-1/2H-1      H为奇数H为偶数
式中:qi为任意一条缝的日产气量,单位m3;d为裂缝间距,单位m;L为水平段长度,单位m;H为裂缝条数。
在j条缝(0,nd)处势分布为:
Φ0,nd=5.787TpscπhTsc∑i=-N0N0qiarch1+nd-id2Xf2+∫0ndλody
其中:
n=-N0+j-1-N0+2j-1       N0为奇数N0为偶数
在泄气边界(0,re)处势分布为:
Φ0,re=5.787TpscπhTsc∑i=-N0N0qiarch1+re-id2Xf2+∫0reλody
式中:re为泄气半径,单位m。
联立式(13)和式(15),可得:
Φ0,re-Φ0,nd=5.787TpscπhTsc∑i=-N0N0qiarch1+re-id2Xf2-arch1+nd-id2Xf2+∫ndreλody
根据反双曲余弦公式,式(16)可进一步简化为:
Φ0,re-Φ0,nd=5.787TpscπhTsc∑i=-N0N0qilnre-idXf+1+re-id2Xf2/nd-idXf+1+nd-id2Xf2+∫ndreλody
根据气体广义拟压力定义式(8),式(17)等式左侧可表示成压力的形式:
Φ0,re-Φ0,nd=∫0peFsk0e-Mpe-p1-Npμ¯gZ¯dp-∫0pfjFsk0e-Mpe-p1-Npμ¯gZ¯dp=Fsk01-Nμ¯gZ¯∫pfjpepe-Mpe-pdp=Fsk01-Nμ¯gZ¯pe-pfje-Mpe-pfjM-1-e-Mpe-pfjM2
由于不能确定压力和距离的关系,式(17)右侧启动压力梯度项采用数值计算法简化计算[31-32]。
∫ndreλ0dy=λp+λpndre-nd2=aFsk01-N1-bre-nd2 μ¯gZ¯pe+pnde-Mpe-pnd1-b
式中:pfj为j裂缝处的压力,单位MPa;pnd为nd处压力,单位MPa。
由于裂缝半长远大于井筒半径,裂缝内的气体从裂缝边缘向水平井筒的渗流过程可近似为地层厚度、泄气半径、地层压力、井底流压的平面径向流[8,33],不考虑应力敏感、启动压力梯度和表皮因子对裂缝的影响,则:
pfj2-pwfj2=11.574qjμ¯gZ¯TpscπkfωTsclnh2rw
假设pwfj=pwf,联立式(17)—式(20),利用牛顿迭代法(假设裂缝初始产量为1 000 m3/d,精度高于0.000 001)求解出每条裂缝的产量、裂缝端部压力以及压裂水平井总产量:
q=∑j=1Nqj
式中:q为压裂水平井总的日产气量,单位m3;pwfj为j裂缝处的井底流压,单位MPa;qj为j裂缝处日产气量,单位m3;kf为裂缝渗透率,单位10-3 µm2;ω为裂缝宽度,单位m;rw为井筒半径,单位m;pwf为井底流压,单位MPa。
将式(18)中压力项按照二阶泰勒级数展开,则有:
Φ0,re-Φ0,nd=Fsk01-Nμ¯gZ¯12pe2-pfj2-12M3pfjpe-pfj2
若不考虑水锁、应力敏感和变启动压力梯度影响,则式(17)—式(20)可简化成:
pe2-pwf2=11.574Tpscπk0hTsc∑i=-N0N0qilnre-idXf+1+re-id2Xf2/nd-idXf+1+nd-id2Xf2+11.574qjμ¯gZ¯TpscπkfωTsclnh2rw
式(23)与宁正福等[8]推导的压裂水平井产能方程相同。
新建的多因素影响压裂水平井产能方程,式(17)—式(21),共有2H个未知数和2H个方程,采用牛顿迭代法进行求解2H个未知数,利用Matlab软件编程,并利用Matlab Guide模块实现压裂水平井产能预测参数、过程和结果的可视化。
J气田沙河子组一段Ⅲ砂组J5井于2023年10月底完钻,完钻井深为4 440 m,水平段长度为1 170 m,储层中深为3 122.15 m,地层压力系数为1.17,原始地层压力为35.8 MPa。2023年11月至12月对3 003~4 388 m井段分18段压裂,泵入压裂液为20 031 m3,加砂1 540 m3,CO2为3 238.52 m3。投产初期的平均日产气量为4.05×104 m3。天然气相对密度为0.6,气体黏度为0.018 8 mPa·s。根据该文新建产能方程计算气井绝对无阻流量为24.17×104 m3/d,并按照绝对无阻流量的1/6确定合理配产为4.03×104 m3/d,该值与实际初产之间相对误差为-0.55%。
为了研究不同参数对产能的影响,利用J5井参数,以8条缝为例,计算气井的绝对无阻流量,不同位置处裂缝的绝对无阻流量和压力情况如表4所示。压裂水平井中,不是所有缝的产量和压力均相同,从编号-7到7,缝的产量和压力先降低再升高,裂缝的编号为相反数时,缝的产量和压力是相同的。这是因为当裂缝处于对称位置时,如裂缝编号分别为-7和7时,式(17)中∑i=-N0N0qilnre-idXf+1+re-id2Xf2/nd-idXf+1+nd-id2Xf2项的值是相同的,均为4.69,则当地层压力和井底流压固定后,产气量是相同的,因此利用式(20)计算出来的裂缝压力也相同。此外,为了对模型及编程计算结果进行进一步验证,将不同裂缝处的产量和压力计算结果代入气体从裂缝边缘向水平井筒的渗流方程式(式(20)),发现等式两边相对误差绝对值小于0.6%(表4)。
在产能计算过程中,方程充分考虑了不同位置处压力变化引起的渗透率和启动压力梯度的变化。图2和图3分别为垂直于裂缝方向和平行于裂缝方向压力、渗透率和启动压力梯度分布情况,可以看出:裂缝波及范围内压力低,且增幅小,当距离大于裂缝波及范围后,压力先快速增加,之后增幅逐渐变缓,但压力值持续升高,逐渐接近原始地层压力。即近井地带生产压差大,后逐渐降低,泄气半径处压差为0。当流体在基质中渗流时,受应力敏感、水锁和变启动压力梯度影响,距离裂缝波及范围越远,渗透率越高,启动压力梯度越低,不再是一成不变的。且开发时间延长,地层压力降低,渗透率和启动压力梯度也是不断变化的。
应力敏感指数不同、不同的水锁恢复程度及是否考虑启动压力梯度气井的产能均是不同的。根据图4,随着应力敏感指数的增加,气井的绝对无阻流量不断下降。这是由于应力敏感指数越大,渗透率下降得也越多,气体渗流所需要克服的渗流阻力也越大,因此产能降低得也越多。J气田应力敏感指数为0.066 MPa-1,考虑应力敏感气井绝对无阻流量为19.12×104 m3/d,较不考虑时降低了52.14%。应力敏感指数相同时,当水锁恢复程度从40%增至100%,气井的绝对无阻流量也是不断增加的。应力敏感指数越小,气井的绝对无阻流量增加的越多。这主要是因为水锁恢复程度越高,即渗透率恢复值越大,采气指数越大,产能越大。当应力敏感指数大时,渗透率绝对值小,不同水锁恢复程度,渗透率增加值小,气井产能低。从图4中还可看出,不考虑启动压力梯度(黄色线)与定启动压力梯度(绿色线)产能较为接近,但考虑变启动压力梯度后,产能大幅度降低。当应力敏感指数为0.066 MPa-1、水锁恢复程度为70%时,不考虑启动压力梯度气井产能为25.631 9×104 m3/d、考虑定启动压力梯度气井产能为24.854 1×104 m3/d、考虑变启动压力梯度气井产能为19.120 0×104 m3/d。考虑定启动压力梯度,气井产能较不考虑时降低了3.03%,而考虑变启动压力梯度,气井产能较不考虑时下降了25.41%。这是考虑变启动压力梯度后,受应力敏感和水锁影响,渗透率下降幅度增大,启动压力梯度也越大,气井开始流动所需的压差也越大,气井产能降低幅度更大。
通过控制单一变量,分别计算了不同有效厚度、不同渗透率、不同压裂参数下气井的产能,如图5—图7所示。从图5可以看出,随着有效厚度增加,气井绝对无阻流量不断增加,两者呈现线性关系,且渗透率越大,气井绝对无阻流量增幅越快。当有效厚度相同时,渗透率越大,气井绝对无阻流量也越大,且有效厚度越大,气井绝对无阻流量增幅越大。
裂缝段数是压裂设计的重要参数,合理的压裂段数既能保证单井达到一定的产能,又能节约压裂的成本,提高部署新井的内部收益率。从图6可以看出,当压裂段数从1增至18时,气井绝对无阻流量从2.54×104 m3/d增至24.17×104 m3/d。这是因为当裂缝条数过少时,裂缝的控制面积不能覆盖整个水平段。当裂缝条数不断增加时,每条裂缝的控制面积不断增大,气井产能不断增加。但是裂缝条数过多,裂缝间距变小,裂缝间相互干扰增强,气井产能增幅变小。因此,在进行水平井压裂设计时,可根据不同压裂段数气井产能变化情况确定最佳裂缝段数,以提高裂缝利用效率,实现经济效益最大化。
压裂水平井的产气量也受裂缝的长度和导流能力影响。从图7可以看出,当每条裂缝的导流能力不断增加时,气井产能不断增加。当裂缝半长为200 m时,导流能力从3 cm·µm2增至60 cm·µm2,气井的绝对无阻流量从26.87×104 m3/d增至29.57×104 m3/d。裂缝导流能力增加,受裂缝宽度增加或裂缝渗透率增加影响。当裂缝宽度增加,气井裂缝控制面积增加,气井产能增大;当裂缝渗透率增加,天然气在裂缝中的渗流阻力降低,气井产能将增大。当裂缝导流能力相同时,气井的绝对无阻流量随裂缝半长增加也是不断增加的。导流能力为9 cm·µm2时,裂缝半长从50 m增至500 m,气井的绝对无阻流量从17.65×104 m3/d增至47.65×104 m3/d。这主要是因为随着裂缝长度的增加,裂缝延伸范围更广,裂缝与基质的接触面积增加,气井产能不断增加。
对有效厚度、渗透率、压裂段数、裂缝半长和导流能力进行敏感性因素分析,用敏感度系数[34]表示各因素的敏感性程度,来评价影响大小。计算结果如表5所示,可以看出渗透率的敏感度系数最大,其次是有效厚度。可见储层物性的好坏对气井产能起决定性作用,其次是压裂段数。因此在气井设计过程中,需要先结合经济性对压裂段数进行优化,然后优化裂缝半长和导流能力,尽可能的提高气井产量和经济效益。
1) J气田受水锁、应力敏感影响未能实现经济有效开发。气藏水锁伤害程度达92%,受其影响,近井附近的含水饱和度大,气相的相对渗透率低,气井产能无法完全发挥。应力敏感指数为78%,若工作制度不合理,会造成生产压差偏大,降低渗透率和气井产能。
2) 综合考虑水锁、应力敏感和变启动压力梯度影响,建立压裂水平井产能方程。在产能计算过程中,充分考虑了不同位置处、不同时间的压力变化引起的渗透率和启动压力梯度的变化,实现了不同裂缝处压力和产量的预测,气井产能预测相对误差降低至-0.55%。
3) 压裂水平井的产能与储层有效厚度、渗透率、压裂段数、裂缝半长和裂缝导流能力呈正相关。储层物性的好坏对气井产能起决定性作用。合理的压裂参数也有利于提高气井产能,需要结合经济指标进行优化。

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2026年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025023
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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    中国石化东北油气分公司,吉林   长春 130062
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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