Article(id=1322957443755549535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024587, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347233951, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347233951, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347233951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347233951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=434, endPage=442, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957443927516000, articleId=1322957443755549535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research on high-intensity fracturing stimulation measures for continental shale oil in Subei Basin, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Shale oil reservoirs are characterized by complex structures, low permeability, and low porosity. The fluid supply capacity from the matrix to the fractures is weak. Fracturing stimulation measures are key methods for improving the degree of fracture development and fluid flow capacity in the reservoirs. In traditional fracturing construction plans, there are limited direct studies on the influence of reservoir structural characteristics on fracturing intensity, which leads to poor production enhancement results. To optimize the fracturing design, systematic research was conducted based on the reservoir structure, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were used to clarify the mineral composition and content of the rocks. Small-diameter true triaxial experiments were performed to obtain rock mechanics parameters and stress-strain test curves. Scanning electron microscope data and thin section observations were combined to determine the microstructure of the reservoir. Imbibition experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were conducted, and the pore size distribution characteristics of the reservoir rocks were analyzed based on the T2 spectrum curves. Numerical simulation method was used to compare the fracture propagation patterns and production capacity differences between conventional intensity fracturing and high-intensity fracturing. The results showed that the shale from Subei Basin had a high content of brittle minerals. After failure in the direction parallel to bedding, fractures mainly developed along the bedding, while in the direction vertical to bedding, the fracture patterns were diverse, and complex intersecting fractures were formed inside the core. The microstructure of the reservoir was mainly composed of intergranular pores, and the micro-fractures were mainly layer-bedding fractures. The NMR T2 spectrum curves showed that the reservoir core developed small pores, medium pores, and natural micro-fractures. The numerical simulation results indicated that the rock characteristics of this block were suitable for implementing the high-intensity fracturing plan (displacement rate of 20 m3/min, single-stage fluid volume of 4 000 m3, and single-stage sand volume of 400 m3). After the implementation of this plan, significant variations were observed in the oil saturation field and pressure field of the reservoir near the horizontal well, indicating that high-intensity fracturing could form a more complex fracture network system, enhance the fluid mobility of the reservoir, and effectively improve the fracturing stimulation effectiveness. The research findings provide a reference for the optimization of fracturing stimulation plans in shale oil reservoirs.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=SHIYING DI1, SHOU MA1, LYUZHONG CAI2, SHIQING CHENG3, WENYANG SHI4, authorsList=SHIYING DI, SHOU MA, LYUZHONG CAI, SHIQING CHENG, WENYANG SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=SHOU MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957447475897201, articleId=1322957443755549535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=苏北盆地陆相页岩油高强度压裂增产措施研究, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

页岩油藏结构复杂,储层普遍具有低渗、低孔特征,基质向裂缝的供液能力较弱,压裂增产措施是改善储层裂缝发育程度与流体流动能力的关键手段。传统压裂施工方案中,针对储层结构特征对压裂强度影响的直接研究较少,导致增产效果不佳。为优化压裂方案,基于储层结构开展系统研究,通过X射线衍射实验(XRD)明确岩石矿物成分及含量;借助小直径真三轴实验获取岩石力学参数及应力-应变测试曲线;结合电镜扫描资料与薄片观察确定储层微观结构;利用渗吸实验及核磁共振实验(NMR),基于T2谱曲线分析储层岩石孔径分布特征。采用数值模拟方法,对比常规强度压裂与高强度压裂后的裂缝扩展形态及产能差异。研究结果表明,苏北页岩脆性矿物含量较高;平行层理方向页岩破坏后裂缝主要沿层理发育,垂直层理方向破裂形态多样,岩心内部形成交叉复杂裂缝;储层微观结构以粒间孔为主,微裂缝以层理缝为主;核磁共振T2谱曲线显示储层岩心发育小孔隙、中孔隙及天然微裂缝。数值模拟结果显示,该区块岩石特征适配高强度压裂方案(排量20 m3/min、单段液量4 000 m3、单段砂量400 m3)。实施该方案后,水平井附近储层含油饱和度场与压力场发生明显变化,表明高强度压裂可形成更复杂的缝网系统,提升储层流体流动性,有效改善压裂增产效果。研究成果为页岩油藏压裂增产方案优化提供了参考依据。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=邸士莹1, 马收1, 蔡履忠2, 程时清3, 史文洋4, authorsList=邸士莹, 马收, 蔡履忠, 程时清, 史文洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马收, authorNote=

邸士莹(1982—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事页岩油气渗吸机理、油气藏增产技术研究,地质工程一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:

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马收(1973—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气藏增产措施、致密油藏渗流规律、动态监测一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:
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邸士莹(1982—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事页岩油气渗吸机理、油气藏增产技术研究,地质工程一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:

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岩心编号直径/cm长度/cm测试压力/kPa孔隙体积/(m³/m³)孔隙度/%渗透率/10-3 μm2
Rh12.5044.970168.21.776 3417.257 90.001 879 400
Rv22.5084.996166.22.236 7669.182 10.000 890 329
), ArticleFig(id=1322957453696050104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957443755549535, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩心基本信息

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岩心编号直径/cm长度/cm测试压力/kPa孔隙体积/(m³/m³)孔隙度/%渗透率/10-3 μm2
Rh12.5044.970168.21.776 3417.257 90.001 879 400
Rv22.5084.996166.22.236 7669.182 10.000 890 329
), ArticleFig(id=1322957455390548921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957443755549535, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Test data of rock mechanics parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Rh2Rv2
围压/MPa2222
长度/mm49.3949.96
直径/mm24.9125.10
荷载/N127 21083 052
差应力/MPa261.0167.8
弹性模量/GPa31.2818.85
泊松比0.200.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322957455549932474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957443755549535, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩石力学参数测试数据

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参数Rh2Rv2
围压/MPa2222
长度/mm49.3949.96
直径/mm24.9125.10
荷载/N127 21083 052
差应力/MPa261.0167.8
弹性模量/GPa31.2818.85
泊松比0.200.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322957455638012859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957443755549535, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Parameters for numerical simulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
模型尺寸模型尺寸/m1 000×800
网格尺寸/m50×50×3
储层参数油层中部深度/m3 800
油层厚度/m150~200
基质渗透率/10-3 µm20.28
地层最小水平应力/MPa67.1
压力梯度/(MPa/hm)1.2
岩石压缩系数/MPa-11.425 4×10-3
综合压缩系数/MPa-10.4×10-3
流体参数黏度/(mPa·s)5.15~16.50
密度/(g/cm3)0.789 5
含油饱和度/%19.9%~53.3%
井参数水平井长度/m1 210
裂缝宽度/m0.003
裂缝条数/条60
裂缝长度/m100~200
), ArticleFig(id=1322957455751259068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957443755549535, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数值模拟参数

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参数取值
模型尺寸模型尺寸/m1 000×800
网格尺寸/m50×50×3
储层参数油层中部深度/m3 800
油层厚度/m150~200
基质渗透率/10-3 µm20.28
地层最小水平应力/MPa67.1
压力梯度/(MPa/hm)1.2
岩石压缩系数/MPa-11.425 4×10-3
综合压缩系数/MPa-10.4×10-3
流体参数黏度/(mPa·s)5.15~16.50
密度/(g/cm3)0.789 5
含油饱和度/%19.9%~53.3%
井参数水平井长度/m1 210
裂缝宽度/m0.003
裂缝条数/条60
裂缝长度/m100~200
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苏北盆地陆相页岩油高强度压裂增产措施研究
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邸士莹 1 , 马收 1 , 蔡履忠 2 , 程时清 3 , 史文洋 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(2): 434-442
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (2) : 434 -442
苏北盆地陆相页岩油高强度压裂增产措施研究
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邸士莹(1982—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事页岩油气渗吸机理、油气藏增产技术研究,地质工程一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

邸士莹(1982—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事页岩油气渗吸机理、油气藏增产技术研究,地质工程一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:

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邸士莹1 , 马收1, 蔡履忠2, 程时清3, 史文洋4
作者信息
  • 1 中石化华东石油工程有限公司华美孚泰油气增产技术服务有限责任公司,北京   100101
  • 2 中石化华东石油工程有限公司,江苏   南京   210019
  • 3 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程教育部重点实验室,北京   102249
  • 4 常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,江苏   常州 213164
通讯作者:
马收(1973—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气藏增产措施、致密油藏渗流规律、动态监测一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:
作者简介:

邸士莹(1982—),女,博士,高级工程师,主要从事页岩油气渗吸机理、油气藏增产技术研究,地质工程一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:

Research on high-intensity fracturing stimulation measures for continental shale oil in Subei Basin
SHIYING DI1 , SHOU MA1, LYUZHONG CAI2, SHIQING CHENG3, WENYANG SHI4
Affiliations
  • 1 SinoFTS Petroleum Services Ltd., Beijing 100101, China
  • 2 Sinopec East China Petroleum Engineering Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
  • 3 MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 4 School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024587
文章导航
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苏北盆地  /  陆相页岩油  /  矿物组分  /  岩石力学参数  /  微观结构  /  孔径分布  /  渗吸作用  /  高强度压裂
Subei Basin  /  continental shale oil  /  mineral components  /  rock mechanics parameters  /  microstructure  /  pore size distribution  /  imbibition effect  /  high-intensity fracturing
邸士莹, 马收, 蔡履忠, 程时清, 史文洋. 苏北盆地陆相页岩油高强度压裂增产措施研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 434 -442 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024587
SHIYING DI, SHOU MA, LYUZHONG CAI, SHIQING CHENG, WENYANG SHI. Research on high-intensity fracturing stimulation measures for continental shale oil in Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 434 -442 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024587
中国陆相页岩油资源量近346×10⁸ t[1-2],页岩油资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大,已成为中国石油增储上产的重要战略性接替资源[3-5]。然而,页岩储层普遍具有低孔、特低渗特征,给页岩油勘探开发带来严峻挑战,需通过大规模压裂改造才能获得工业产能[6-8]。页岩油藏成藏机理复杂、储层连通性差,基质向裂缝的供液能力较弱[9],常规油藏压裂技术已难以适配其开发需求[10-12]。针对这一问题,科研人员开展了大量针对性研究工作,其中水平井分段多簇压裂技术已在页岩油开发中得到广泛应用[13-14]。在压裂施工中,通过提高注入量以增强携砂能力,是实现裂缝有效支撑与复杂缝网形成的常用技术路径。高强度压裂作为一种高效增产措施,以大规模压裂为基础,通过提高压裂液排量、增加单段加砂量及单段液量,借助高压注入大量压裂液,可有效扩大压裂液与储层的接触面积和波及体积[15-16]。
大量压裂液进入裂缝与孔隙后,形成压力差驱动裂缝持续扩展,压裂液与储层的接触范围随之扩大;因储层普遍孔渗很低,大部分压裂液滞留于储层内,导致压裂液注入量与返排量差异显著[17-19]。储层孔隙及天然微裂缝的发育,不仅增加了页岩油储集空间[20],决定储层流体可动性,还是页岩油运移和渗流的优势通道。因此,储层微观结构是控制页岩油能否实现高产稳产的关键因素[21-24]。明确储层孔隙与天然微裂缝的分布特征,有助于优化压裂方案、降低压裂难度,并促进压裂裂缝的生成与延展。分析储层岩石组分可提升储层可压性评价精度,这对储层工程甜点评价具有重要意义[25-28]。页岩孔径多为纳米级小孔,压裂液进入储层后易发生大规模渗吸作用[29]。
常规页岩储层致密,结构相对均一,天然裂缝发育少且抗压强度较高;层理页岩则各向异性显著,具有明显层状结构,在矿物成分、颜色等方面呈现差异化特征[30-31]。上述研究方法在层理页岩中应用较少,由于层理页岩与常规页岩在渗流特征、微观结构上存在显著差异,常规研究成果无法直接应用于层理页岩储层。苏北页岩作为陆相页岩,纹层与层理缝发育是其特有的地质特征[32-34],这种微观储层结构一方面可改善储层流动空间,增强连通性;另一方面,层理缝与纹层的发育有助于压裂过程中形成复杂缝网,进而提升压裂增产效果[35]。本文重点针对层理对裂缝扩展的影响开展研究,暂未涉及纹层相关内容。
本文充分利用页岩油藏孔隙与天然微裂缝发育的特性,采用高强度压裂工艺,以进一步增强裂缝复杂性,扩大泄油面积,更大范围地沟通并开启孔隙与天然微裂缝,最终形成有效缝网系统,实现单井产量提升。研究成果可为压裂方案优化提供理论支撑,对于提升层状页岩油藏压裂改造效果具有重要实践意义。
苏北盆地溱潼凹陷阜宁组二段埋深介于3 556~4 002 m,厚度介于150~400 m,有效孔隙度为5%,水平渗透率最大为0.106×10-3 μm²,压力系数介于1.3~1.5。矿场实践与室内实验表明,该区块页岩储层内发育天然裂缝、层理等软弱结构面[36]。
测试储层岩石的矿物成分、含量及力学参数,并基于此开展储层可压性评价,可为分析储层压裂难易程度及压裂后裂缝形态特征提供依据,这是压裂改造优化设计的重点工作之一。
研究结果表明,苏北盆地溱潼凹陷阜宁组二段页岩脆性矿物由石英、长石、方解石及白云石组成,脆性矿物含量变化范围大,介于10.0%~76.6%,平均为43.69%;黏土矿物以伊蒙混层与伊利石为主,含量介于28.25%~56.80%,其次为绿泥石,含量介于0.78%~4.36%。实验结果显示,该区块岩心脆性矿物含量较高,采用高强度压裂措施更易形成裂缝。
岩石力学参数包括杨氏模量、泊松比等,这些参数决定了压裂过程中是否易形成裂缝,以及裂缝的形态及尺寸[37-38]。
钻取4块大小为5.0 cm×2.5 cm的圆柱体岩心试样,标号分别为Rh1、Rh2、Rv1、Rv2,用于渗透率测试及岩石力学实验。其中,Rh1、Rh2沿平行储层层理方向钻取,Rv1、Rv2则沿垂直储层层理方向钻取。选取Rh1、Rv22块岩心开展渗透率测试(表1)。由表1可见,Rh1的渗透率明显高于Rv2,即平行层理方向岩心渗透率明显高于垂直层理方向岩心。这表明该储层压裂后,压裂液在平行层理方向具有优先进液优势,可促进天然裂缝扩展,故平行层理方向储层压裂效果明显优于垂直层理方向[39-40]。垂直层理方向的起裂压力高于平行层理方向,因此,需通过高强度压裂措施才能促使垂直层理方向产生裂缝。
实验所用压裂液采用“高黏、低排量、中等应力差”体系,黏度为20 mPa·s,排量为10 mL/min,其主要成分为清水、胍胶粉及降阻剂。
岩心试样在外力作用下会产生纵向与横向位移,通过测量其在轴向与横向压力作用下的纵向、横向变形量,可计算得到弹性模量与泊松比。对Rh2、Rv2岩心试样开展小尺寸真三轴压缩条件下的岩石力学参数测试,测试结果见表2。需说明的是,表2中“差应力”指轴向应力与围压的差值。
大量研究证实,当页岩弹性模量大于24 GPa、泊松比小于0.25时,有利于压裂后复杂缝网的形成[41-43]。由表2可见,垂直层理方向岩心的弹性模量为18.85 GPa,未达到24 GPa;平行与垂直层理方向的泊松比分别为0.20、0.13,均小于0.25。这表明该区块页岩仅依靠常规压裂难以形成网状裂缝,提高压裂强度可促进垂直层理方向岩心形成裂缝,进而促成复杂裂缝网络的形成。
图1为岩心应力加载后的裂缝破裂形态,由图1a可见,平行层理岩心经小尺寸真三轴测试后,页岩破坏形态单一;垂直层理岩心经相同测试后,破裂形态多样,裂缝以Y型为主,且多呈相互贯通特征(图1b)。
应力-应变曲线可反映页岩的力学性能及破裂特征,图2为典型井岩心试样的应力-应变曲线。平行层理方向上,径向应变与轴向应变曲线达到峰值后,先呈长时间垂直下降趋势,随后短暂回升,之后继续垂直下降(图2a)。垂直层理方向上,径向应变与轴向应变曲线在峰值点发生破坏后,呈“垂直下降—大幅回升并超过峰值—再次垂直下降”的特征(图2b)。
上述研究表明,在22 MPa围压条件下,平行层理方向页岩破坏形态单一,其核心原因在于,该方向岩心为天然裂缝不发育的填充物型,裂缝主要沿层理方向扩展。垂直层理方向页岩破裂形态多样,既发育平行于层理方向的裂缝,又会产生垂直于层理方向的裂缝,最终使岩心内部形成交叉连通的复杂裂缝网络。
图3为苏北盆地典型页岩水平井岩心的扫描电镜照片,由图可见,该区块储层微观孔隙以粒间孔为主,其次为黏土矿物晶间孔等。图4为典型井岩心的薄片显微照片,由图可见,该区块储层发育大量天然微裂缝,主要为层理缝、构造缝。
明确储层微观结构后,需进一步了解孔径分布特征,为储层可压裂性评估提供依据。通过渗吸实验与核磁共振(NMR)实验,分析储层孔径分布规律。将渗吸72 h后的岩心进行核磁共振测试,得到核磁共振T2谱曲线。T2谱曲线可表征储层岩石的孔隙结构特征,反映不同尺寸孔隙的分布情况。T2值较短时,对应小孔隙及束缚水;T2值较长时,则对应大孔隙及游离水。岩心的核磁共振T2谱曲线可为压裂方案设计提供关键储层物性参数,可以帮助优化压裂工艺,提高油气产量。
大量研究表明,根据T₂谱峰个数可将页岩划分为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型3类。单峰型页岩孔隙分布比较集中,储层非均质性较弱;双峰型页岩又分为左高型与右高型,其中左高型页岩以小孔隙为主,右高型页岩则以大孔隙为主;多峰型页岩可分为基质型与裂缝型,其中裂缝型页岩经压裂改造后增产效果明显。
渗吸实验与核磁共振测试均在特定条件下开展:温度25 ℃、压力1.01 MPa,地层水环境参数为CaCl2型、pH值6.2、总矿化度49 779 mg/L。实验中将饱和油岩心置于渗吸装置内,动态监测并记录渗吸过程;渗吸72 h后,将岩心严密包裹,进行核磁共振测试。
2类岩心的核磁共振实验结果显示,Rh1、Rv1的T2谱曲线均呈多峰特征(图5)。由图5可见,2类岩心孔隙均包含小孔隙、中孔隙及天然微裂缝,且流体赋存空间以小孔隙为主,其次为中孔,该类孔隙特征更利于渗吸置换作用的发生。
通过薄片观察、扫描电镜分析及岩心描述、电阻率成像测井仪(FMI)测井资料,明确该区块页岩储集空间为立体复杂的孔缝系统,主要为层理缝、微裂缝,其次为基质孔隙。
前文研究表明,该区块岩石脆性矿物含量较高,平行层理方向岩心的杨氏模量、泊松比均大于垂直层理方向的岩心,结合应力-应变曲线中径向与轴向应变在峰值后先垂直下降、再持续下降的特征,进一步说明页岩脆性程度较高,压裂后易形成裂缝。扫描电镜与薄片观察结果显示,储层微观结构以粒间孔与层理缝为主;渗吸及核磁共振实验表明,压裂液优先进入小孔隙,再依次充注中孔隙与微裂缝,说明储层内小孔隙发育。
苏北盆地页岩压裂的难点是如何有效连通储层孔隙与微裂缝,形成页岩油高效开采通道。而高强度压裂可通过在储层内形成压力差,促使压裂裂缝形成并沟通微裂缝、中孔隙及小孔隙,最终形成大规模裂缝网络,实现页岩油的高效释放。
高强度压裂作为一种复杂工艺技术,可形成更长、更宽的压裂裂缝,增加有效渗透通道,大幅提升页岩油流动速率。假设天然微裂缝发生扩展,油水两相等温流动,考虑地层岩石与流体的可压缩性,建立压裂后油水两相连续性方程[44]。在压裂过程的油水两相渗流中,压裂液注入与原油产出导致储层含油、含水饱和度动态变化,相应的油相及水相连续性方程如下:
∂φpoρopoSo∂t+∇·ρopo-kroSoμo∇po=qo
∂φpwρwpwSw∂t+∇·ρwpw-krwSwμw∇pw=qw
So+Sw=1
式中:po为油相压力,单位MPa;pw为水相压力,单位MPa;ρo为油层条件下的原油密度,单位103 kg/m3;ρw为油层条件下地层水密度,单位103 kg/m3;kro为油相对渗透率;krw为水相对渗透率;μo为原油黏度,单位mPa·s;µw为地层水的黏度,单位mPa·s;qo为产液量,单位m3;qw为注入量,单位m3;So为含油饱和度,%;Sw为含水饱和度,%;φ为油层条件下孔隙度,%;t为时间,单位s。
ρo=ρo, 0exp[-co(po-po, 0)]
ρw=ρw, 0exp[-cw(pw-pw, 0)]
φ=φ0exp[-crp-p0]
式中:po,0为油相初始压力,单位MPa;pw,0为水相初始压力,单位MPa;ρo为油层条件下原油密度,单位103 kg/m3;ρo,0为油层条件下原油初始密度,单位103 kg/m3;ρw,0为油层条件下地层水初始密度,单位103 kg/m3;φo为地层条件下孔隙度,%;co为原油压缩系数,单位MPa-1;cr为岩石压缩系数,单位MPa-1;cw为地层水压缩系数,单位MPa-1;p0为原始地层压力,单位MPa;p为地层压力,单位MPa。
本次数值模拟基于商业软件平台开展,计算过程中考虑裂缝导流能力变化。该平台无需对网格进行加密处理,且可构建三维倾斜嵌入式裂缝,在大规模复杂缝网模拟方面具有显著优势。
为探讨高强度压裂在研究区的应用可行性[45-49],基于前文储层特征研究成果,结合苏北盆地溱潼凹陷阜宁组二段的物性参数、监测数据及地质条件,优选各项参数(表3),确定压裂施工参数如下:布缝方式采用拉链式,水平井部署10段主裂缝,每段设置6簇射孔。模拟流程以Petrel软件构建的精细地质模型为基础,通过Knetix压裂模拟软件开展压裂过程模拟,在地质模型上生成非结构网格后,利用Petrel RE模块建立目标区域的数值模拟模型。
压裂后在井筒附近优先形成垂直主裂缝,主裂缝起裂后可促使井筒附近含充填物的层理裂缝开启。这些开启的裂缝会进一步沟通水平井附近的其他天然裂缝,使近井筒区域形成更复杂的裂缝网络。压裂液从垂直主裂缝进入周围开启的天然层理裂缝后,储层吸液能力增加。
为构建有效缝网并扩大储层沟通范围,需对压裂液排量等关键施工参数进行优化。本次模拟设置2种压裂制度:常规强度压裂,排量15 m3/min、单段液量2 000 m3、单段砂量200 m3;高强度压裂,排量20 m3/min、单段液量4 000 m3、单段砂量400 m3。在不限制裂缝延伸长度的条件下,分别对2种压裂制度开展模拟计算,重点分析高强度压裂后的缝网形态特征,模拟结果见图6。
由图6可见,常规强度压裂时,裂缝起裂后优先开启近井筒区域的少量天然层理裂缝;而高强度压裂可在近井地带及裂缝延伸路径上形成高压环境,促使近井区域裂缝密集起裂并引起更大范围储层破裂。这种高压环境可驱动压裂主裂缝沟通远井筒区域的弱层理及闭合天然微裂缝,最终形成含多分支的复杂缝网。高强度压裂后,井筒附近缝网更加复杂,井底区域流体渗流能力增强,支撑剂运移顺畅且能够抵达裂缝尖端。
通过分析储层含油饱和度场与压力场的动态变化,可精准评价压裂改造效果及储层生产潜力。本次模拟对比分析常规强度与高强度压裂下储层含油饱和度场的变化特征(图7)。由图7b可见,高强度压裂后水平井附近储层含油饱和度场发生明显变化。这表明采用高强度压裂措施后,储层形成复杂裂缝网络,进而提升储层渗透率,增强流体渗流能力,扩大压裂液波及范围。储层渗吸置换作用因此被强化,更多孔隙内的原油参与渗吸交换,地层原油得以持续产出,最终导致储层含油饱和度场发生变化。
针对常规强度与高强度压裂制度,本次模拟同步分析了储层压力场的变化(图8)。由图8可见,高强度压裂后水平井附近储层压力场发生变化。这表明高强度压裂通过提升井筒附近缝网复杂度,构建的有效缝网不仅为页岩油储集空间提供了优势通道,更在压裂液返排后推动原油高效产出,直接导致地层压力大幅降低(图8b)。值得注意的是,地层压力虽显著下降但仍维持在较高水平,这一特征表明该井地层能量充足,仍可保持一段时间的稳产[50]。
1) 苏北页岩脆性矿物主要为石英、长石、方解石等,脆性矿物含量高且变化范围大,且自上而下逐渐增加;黏土矿物以伊蒙混层、伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石。岩石力学实验表明,当围压为22 MPa时,平行层理方向岩心脆性特征明显;垂直层理方向岩心加载后多为Y型裂缝,岩心内部形成复杂缝网。
2) 苏北页岩储层微观结构主要包含孔隙与微裂缝,孔隙以粒间孔为主,微裂缝则以层理缝为主。岩心核磁共振T2谱曲线显示,储层孔隙结构涵盖小孔隙、中-大孔隙及天然微裂缝;流体赋存空间以小孔隙为主,其次为中-大孔隙,该类孔隙组合特征更有利于发生渗吸置换作用。
3) 高强度压裂数值模拟结果表明,压裂主裂缝可有效沟通远井筒区域的弱层理及闭合天然微裂缝,形成复杂裂缝网络。水平井附近储层的含油饱和度场与压力场呈现明显变化,这说明高强度压裂通过提升井筒附近裂网的复杂度,压裂后形成复杂的缝网,构建的有效缝网为页岩油渗流提供了优势通道,压裂液返排后可推动地层原油持续高效产出。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024587
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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    1 中石化华东石油工程有限公司华美孚泰油气增产技术服务有限责任公司,北京   100101
    2 中石化华东石油工程有限公司,江苏   南京   210019
    3 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程教育部重点实验室,北京   102249
    4 常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,江苏   常州 213164

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马收(1973—),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气藏增产措施、致密油藏渗流规律、动态监测一体化研究。地址:北京市朝阳区北辰世纪中心A座938室,邮政编码:100101。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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