Article(id=1322964676379812009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024561, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348958344, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1769356800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348958344, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348958344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348958344, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322964647376191536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769356800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348951428, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793349012150, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=206, endPage=215, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322964678384689322, articleId=1322964676379812009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Study on formation pressure distribution patterns of block 64/07, Lingshui structure, Qiongdongnan Basin, columnId=1322942861007791003, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Comprehensive Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The Qiongdongnan Basin is located in the northwestern part of the continental shelf in the northern part of the South China Sea, which is a Cenozoic highly-overpressured, transformed, and extended basin with abundant oil and gas resources. The Qiongdongnan Basin is also a typical offshore HTHP basin in China, and is one of the world’s top 3 offshore HTHP areas, with the highest reservoir temperature of over 240 ℃ and the highest formation pressure coefficient of 2.3, which makes it one of the most difficult areas for domestic and international drilling operations. The complex genesis mechanism of abnormal high pressure in the Qiongdongnan Basin of the South China Sea results in great difficulty and low accuracy of pre-drilling pressure prediction, which seriously compromises drilling safety. Block 64/07 of Lingshui structure in Qiongdongnan Basin was taken as the research object. Through analysis of tectonic evolution and loading/unloading mechanisms, the coupling genesis mechanisms of abnormal high pressure in this block were revealed, a multi-mechanism coupling pressure prediction method was specifically established, and formation pressure profiles of drilled wells and a 3D regional formation pressure model were constructed, systematically analyzing the vertical and horizontal pressure systems of this block. The Qiongdongnan Basin has experienced many rounds of tectonic evolution since the Paleocene, forming a huge thickness of Paleocene-Neocene and Quaternary sediments. From the perspective of the depositional history of the Qiongdongnan Basin, the sedimentation rate of the whole basin is relatively high, with two distinct peaks. The first peak occurred in the fracture to fracture-argument period, with a subsidence rate exceeding 600 m/Ma. The second appeared during the post-fracture rapid subsidence period, with the Yinggehai Formation reaching 600~1 700 m/Ma. Both rates exceeded the 150 m/Ma threshold for overpressure, and these periods were prone to the formation of anomalous high pressures with undercompaction mechanisms. These processes were the basis of the overpressure prevalent across the entire basin, and were manifested as loading-type anomalous high pressures. Meanwhile, the FS fracture zone in this region had the ability to transmit oil and gas, forming a two-way hydrocarbon supply pattern between the main depression and the secondary depression in western Lingshui. The hydrocarbons had two large-scale hydrocarbon discharge periods (15 Ma and 5 Ma), and the Meishan~Sanya Formation underwent prolonged effective charging, creating conditions for high pressure caused by fluid charging, which was the most probable auxiliary cause of anomalous high-pressure formation in this region. Using the logging data of the drilled wells, the rock density-sound wave velocity crossplot of the stratified sections was established, and the Meishan Formation showed a composite mechanism of loading and unloading. Combined with the tectonic evolution history, it could be inferred that the anomalously high pressure of Yinggehai and Huangliu Formations was attributed to the undercompaction mechanisms, and the anomalously high pressure of Meishan Formation resulted from the coupling mechanism of undercompaction and fluid filling. To address the high-pressure coupling genesis mechanism of this block, this study developed a multi-mechanism coupling pressure prediction method. The upper Yinggehai Formation and Huangliu Formation under-compacted strata were evaluated using the conventional Eaton method, and the lower Meishan Formation and Sanya Formation stratigraphic over-pressure zones were analyzed using the multi-parameter effective stress method, thereby overcoming the limitations of single-method prediction and improving prediction accuracy. Based on this method, a high-precision three-dimensional stratigraphic pressure body was constructed in Lingshui tectonic block 64/07, revealing the vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of stratigraphic pressure in this block. The results showed that the high pressure in formations above Huangliu Formation in this area was caused by undercompaction mechanism, while below Meishan Formation it was caused by the coupling mechanism of undercompaction and fluid charging. Vertically, pressure began to increase in the middle and lower part of Yinggehai Formation, Huangliu Formation served as the pressure transition zone, and Meishan and Sanya Formations entered the overpressure zone, with the highest pressure coefficient reaching 2.10. Horizontally, it generally presented the characteristics of “low in the west and high in the east, low in the north and high in the south”. These research findings were applied to well L5-1. The core of this method lay in addressing the coupling genesis of formation pressure in the Meishan Formation by establishing a multi-parameter effective stress method. Parameters such as shale content, porosity, and effective stress of the lower high-pressure layer were introduced, avoiding the difficult problem of determining original sedimentary loading and subsequent unloading, thereby achieving accurate prediction of reservoir high pressure. During the drilling process of well L5-1, a combination of pre-drilling pressure prediction, logging monitoring, logging constraints on seismic layer velocity and MDT pressure correction were used to follow up and monitor the trend of pressure change throughout the entire process in real time. The entire pressure monitoring process could be divided into four stages: (1) determining the starting pressure layer at the pre-drilling design stage as the bottom of Ledong Formation and the top area of Yinggehai Formation; (2) adjusting the starting pressure depth from 2 100 m to 1 850 m based on the three-opening single-root gas pressure and the pressure monitoring profile with drilling; (3) using the four-opening electroacoustic constraints to recalibrate the extracted layer velocity, combined with the MDT pressure measurements, to correct the parameters of the prediction model; (4) conducting five-opening monitoring and the DST test after completion of drilling to complete the real drilling pressure evaluation. Using this method, the average accuracy of pre-drilling formation pressure prediction was 87.1%. During actual drilling, based on logging and test data, prediction results were timely corrected, and the prediction accuracy of lower formation pressure was improved to 98.8%, meeting the requirements for drilling design and field construction.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=KANG QIU1, 2, LIHUA WANG3, QIANG CUI1, YING WANG1, 2, XIAOSHAN WANG1, ZHENYU XIONG1, 2, authorsList=KANG QIU, LIHUA WANG, QIANG CUI, YING WANG, XIAOSHAN WANG, ZHENYU XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ZHENYU XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322964684239937727, articleId=1322964676379812009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=琼东南陵水构造64/07区块地层压力分布规律研究, columnId=1322942862974919581, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=

南海琼东南盆地异常高压成因机理复杂,造成钻前压力预测难度大、精度低,严重影响了钻探安全。以琼东南盆地陵水构造64/07区块为研究对象,从构造演化、加卸载机制等方面分析,揭示了该区块异常高压耦合成因机制,针对性创建了多机制耦合压力预测方法,并建立了已钻井地层压力剖面及区域地层压力三维模型,系统分析了该区块纵、横向压力体系。研究结果表明:该区域地层高压成因黄流组以上为欠压实成因,梅山组以下为欠压实与流体充注耦合成因。纵向上,莺歌海组中下部压力开始抬升,黄流组为压力过渡带,梅山组与三亚组进入超压带,最高压力系数可达2.10;横向上看,整体呈现“西低东高”“北低南高”特征,相关研究成果在L5-1井进行了应用。该方法核心在于针对梅山组地层压力耦合成因,建立了多参数有效应力法,引入下部高压层泥质含量、孔隙度及有效应力等参数,避开原始沉积加载及后续卸载这一不易确定的难题,实现了储层高压的精准预测。运用该方法钻前预测地层压力平均精度为87.1%,在实钻过程中,根据测井及测试数据,及时修正预测结果,下部地层压力预测精度提高至98.8%,满足了钻井设计及现场施工要求。

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邱康(1983—),男,博士,正高级工程师,从事海洋钻完井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:

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熊振宇(1992—),男,硕士,工程师,从事海洋钻井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:
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邱康(1983—),男,博士,正高级工程师,从事海洋钻完井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:

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注:莺一段为莺歌海组一段,简称莺一段;莺二段为莺歌海组二段,简称莺二段。

, figureFileSmall=BKf5NT5CldJZReP1jVY6Cw==, figureFileBig=xCxTwm+sJUnBGbCTp4qJew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964691852599542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Typical density-sound wave velocity crossplots of Meishan Formation strata in block 64/07,Lingshui structure,Qiongdongnan Basin, figureFileSmall=OM26BrlaL1Lqg/GmOh2Y2A==, figureFileBig=9jlDJ+pECTJZz10mS7pfHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964692213309687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图2, caption=琼东南陵水构造64/07区块梅山组地层典型密度-声波波速交会图, figureFileSmall=OM26BrlaL1Lqg/GmOh2Y2A==, figureFileBig=9jlDJ+pECTJZz10mS7pfHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964692309778680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Trend analysis of actual acoustic logging in block 64/07, Lingshui structure, Qiongdongnan Basin, figureFileSmall=ofUNGzhlIS6f3DkoIOEU4g==, figureFileBig=hA/yF/jqMqq1+wsBqUAebA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964692389470457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图3, caption=琼东南陵水构造64/07区块实钻声波测井趋势分析, figureFileSmall=ofUNGzhlIS6f3DkoIOEU4g==, figureFileBig=hA/yF/jqMqq1+wsBqUAebA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964692624351482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Formation pressure prediction and error analysis of drilled wells in block 64/07, Lingshui structure, Qiongdongnan Basin, figureFileSmall=Ojlc/2UyZ7YXH0r7CAzYFQ==, figureFileBig=rJGo9DzHOpR+JykXja30Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964692720820475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图4, caption=琼东南陵水构造64/07区块已钻井地层压力系数预测及误差分析, figureFileSmall=Ojlc/2UyZ7YXH0r7CAzYFQ==, figureFileBig=rJGo9DzHOpR+JykXja30Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693039587580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Extracted profile of 3D formation pressure body for well L2-2, figureFileSmall=g0W5fccCL7odSB1FZOA6Gg==, figureFileBig=pgnrrnzVVO2nDm7Mkr+yNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693110890749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图5, caption=L2-2井三维地层压力体提取剖面, figureFileSmall=g0W5fccCL7odSB1FZOA6Gg==, figureFileBig=pgnrrnzVVO2nDm7Mkr+yNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693169611006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of formation pressure coefficient along stratigraphic profile, figureFileSmall=pbb99swQIv46fa2hQVIY9w==, figureFileBig=FVFhqC3pnHVKJXh7khbqkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693505155327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沿地层剖面地层压力系数分布, figureFileSmall=pbb99swQIv46fa2hQVIY9w==, figureFileBig=FVFhqC3pnHVKJXh7khbqkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693580652800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of formation pressure increase with depth, figureFileSmall=SqCBljl9eep/iOFpZLY+4w==, figureFileBig=hqjNlNg8ddyixpZML7LF9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964693920391425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图7, caption=地层压力抬升垂深对比, figureFileSmall=SqCBljl9eep/iOFpZLY+4w==, figureFileBig=hqjNlNg8ddyixpZML7LF9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964695589724418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Formation pressure prediction and monitoring profile analysis of well L5-1, figureFileSmall=dVWNHMoUNyFNtEf6Bxii3w==, figureFileBig=WJ06eDA/GtI7YE0qFqH3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964696034320643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=图8, caption=L5-1井地层压力系数预测与监测剖面分析, figureFileSmall=dVWNHMoUNyFNtEf6Bxii3w==, figureFileBig=WJ06eDA/GtI7YE0qFqH3wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964696453751044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Sample data from actual drilling of well L2-2 in block 64/07,Lingshui structure,Qiongdongnan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井深/m地层压力系数压力测试方法纵波速度/(m/s)泥质含量/%孔隙度/%上覆岩层压力系数
3 780.01.984MDT2 999.1127.3115.642.311
3 786.01.982MDT2 835.6123.6221.952.312
3 788.51.981MDT2 798.6426.9625.322.313
3 792.51.980MDT2 778.4921.4429.192.314
3 794.01.979MDT2 800.1822.4629.962.315
3 795.01.978MDT2 822.2223.8130.222.316
3 732.01.972MDT3 325.7025.8814.402.305
), ArticleFig(id=1322964696852209925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

琼东南陵水构造64/07区块L2-2井实钻样本数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井深/m地层压力系数压力测试方法纵波速度/(m/s)泥质含量/%孔隙度/%上覆岩层压力系数
3 780.01.984MDT2 999.1127.3115.642.311
3 786.01.982MDT2 835.6123.6221.952.312
3 788.51.981MDT2 798.6426.9625.322.313
3 792.51.980MDT2 778.4921.4429.192.314
3 794.01.979MDT2 800.1822.4629.962.315
3 795.01.978MDT2 822.2223.8130.222.316
3 732.01.972MDT3 325.7025.8814.402.305
), ArticleFig(id=1322964696927707398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Formation pressure prediction error analysis in block 64/07,Lingshui structure,Qiongdongnan Basin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名井深/m层位

实测地层

压力系数

预测地层

压力系数

预测精度/%
L2-23 313.0黄流组1.8551.83098.65
L2-23 794.0梅山组1.9791.94998.48
L2-23 795.0梅山组1.9781.93998.03
L2W-23 315.9黄流组1.8651.89098.66
L2W-23 792.5梅山组1.9801.93597.73
L2W-23 796.5梅山组1.9751.93097.72
L2N-13 310.0梅山组1.8601.82097.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322964697246474503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964676379812009, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

琼东南陵水构造64/07区块地层压力系数预测误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名井深/m层位

实测地层

压力系数

预测地层

压力系数

预测精度/%
L2-23 313.0黄流组1.8551.83098.65
L2-23 794.0梅山组1.9791.94998.48
L2-23 795.0梅山组1.9781.93998.03
L2W-23 315.9黄流组1.8651.89098.66
L2W-23 792.5梅山组1.9801.93597.73
L2W-23 796.5梅山组1.9751.93097.72
L2N-13 310.0梅山组1.8601.82097.77
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琼东南陵水构造64/07区块地层压力分布规律研究
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邱康 1, 2 , 王利华 3 , 崔强 1 , 王颖 1, 2 , 王孝山 1 , 熊振宇 1, 2
油气藏评价与开发 | 综合研究 2026,16(1): 206-215
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油气藏评价与开发 |综合研究 2026 , 16 (1) : 206 -215
琼东南陵水构造64/07区块地层压力分布规律研究
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邱康(1983—),男,博士,正高级工程师,从事海洋钻完井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:

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邱康1, 2 , 王利华3, 崔强1, 王颖1, 2, 王孝山1, 熊振宇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国石化上海海洋油气分公司,上海 200120
  • 2 中石化海洋石油工程有限公司,上海 200120
  • 3 长江大学石油工程学院,湖北   武汉 430100
通讯作者:
熊振宇(1992—),男,硕士,工程师,从事海洋钻井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:
作者简介:

邱康(1983—),男,博士,正高级工程师,从事海洋钻完井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:

Study on formation pressure distribution patterns of block 64/07, Lingshui structure, Qiongdongnan Basin
KANG QIU1, 2 , LIHUA WANG3, QIANG CUI1, YING WANG1, 2, XIAOSHAN WANG1, ZHENYU XIONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Sinopec Shanghai Offshore Oil & Gas Company, Shanghai 200120, China
  • 2 Sinopec Offshore Oilfield Services Company, Shanghai 200120, China
  • 3 College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China
出版时间: 2026-01-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024561
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琼东南盆地  /  陵水构造  /  异常高压  /  异常压力机理  /  多参数有效应力法
Qiongdongnan Basin  /  Lingshui structure  /  abnormal high pressure  /  mechanism of abnormal pressure  /  multi-parameter effective stress method
邱康, 王利华, 崔强, 王颖, 王孝山, 熊振宇. 琼东南陵水构造64/07区块地层压力分布规律研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (1) : 206 -215 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024561
KANG QIU, LIHUA WANG, QIANG CUI, YING WANG, XIAOSHAN WANG, ZHENYU XIONG. Study on formation pressure distribution patterns of block 64/07, Lingshui structure, Qiongdongnan Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (1) : 206 -215 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024561
莺琼盆地位于南海北部大陆架西北部,为一个新生代强超压、转换伸展的富天然气盆地,盆地油气资源丰富,天然气资源量预计超过4×1012 m3[1-2],已在东方、乐东等区块发现了多个大中型气田,勘探潜力巨大;同时莺琼盆地也是中国典型的海上高温高压型盆地[3-4],是世界海上三大高温高压地区之一[5],实钻最高储层温度达240 ℃以上,最高地层压力系数超2.3,是中国乃至世界范围内钻井难度最大的区域之一。莺琼盆地由2个次级盆地组成,分别是莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地,其中莺歌海盆地为超高温高压区域,琼东南盆地为高温高压区域。琼东南陵水构造64/07区块位于琼东南盆地陵水北坡,紧邻陵水凹陷生烃中心,烃源条件优越,也是典型的高温高压区。该区块地层自下而上依次为:始新统岭头组、下渐新统崖城组、上渐新统陵水组、下中新统三亚组、中中新统梅山组、上中新统黄流组、上新统莺歌海组及第四系地层,研究主要集中在三亚组以上地层。
对于高温高压井而言,搞清楚地层压力是钻井安全实施的关键,通过对刘爱群等[6]和范彩伟[7]研究的总结,结合莺琼盆地地质特点,归纳出提高地层压力预测精度重点分为2方面:异常高压成因机制与针对性地层压力预测模型。
琼东南盆地部分已钻井钻前压力预测误差大,复杂事故频发,高压成因机制不清楚是其中一个重要原因。苏龙等[8]和艾能平等[9]系统梳理了琼东南盆地异常压力机理,认为琼东南盆地异常高压是以欠压实作用为主,其他多种因素为辅共同作用的结果,但未能更进一步阐明不同压力机制所适用的压力预测模型。胡益涛等[10]和王盼等[11]收集了莺歌海盆地东方、乐东区块及琼东南盆地崖城、陵水区块33口井的数据,通过分析每口井的超压基值,对比了Eaton法、DC指数法[12]等方法预测精度,由于全井段均使用单一压力预测模型,无论参数如何优化,下部地层超高压预测均不理想,其中,L1-1井黄流组钻前预测压力系数介于1.82~1.98,实钻压力系数不低于2.25 ,预测误差高达0.27,造成严重溢流。如何判断异常高压成因,WARD等[13]、樊洪海[14]、叶志等[15]和郭书生等[16]依据泥页岩地层原始沉积加载过程中垂直有效应力的加载、卸载关系,提出了基于沉积压实过程力学关系的异常高压分类方法,将异常高压形成机制分为4大类:①符合原始沉积加载机制;②符合再次加载机制;③符合卸载机制;④孔隙度基本无变化,并且提出了利用岩石密度-声波波速交会图分析异常压力机理的思路,为通过测井数据厘清异常高压机理提供了半定量分析路径。
在此基础上,以琼东南陵水构造64/07区块为研究对象,从构造演化、加卸载机制等方面分析了异常高压成因,优选了地层压力预测模型,同时对地层压力纵向、横向分布规律进行了研究,为后续钻探夯实了重要基础,并在L5-1井进行现场应用,取得了较好的效果。
莺琼盆地从古近系以来经历多轮次构造演化,形成了巨厚的古近系—新近系以及第四系沉积物。从琼东南盆地沉积历史来看(图1),整个盆地沉降速率都比较快,并有2个沉降速率的峰值:一个是断陷期至断拗期,沉降速率大于600 m/Ma;另一个是裂后快速沉降期,莺歌海组达到了600~1 700 m/Ma,均超过了150 m/Ma超压阈值。这些时期都容易形成欠压实机理的异常高压,是整个盆地普遍存在超压的基础,表现为加载型异常高压。
陵水构造64/07区块位于陵水次洼上方,陵水次洼崖城组烃源岩厚度介于600~1 200 m,埋深大,热演化程度高,最大生烃强度为50×108 m3/km2,具备较好的油气生成条件。陵水组烃源岩以海相沉积岩为主,泥岩厚度介于600~800 m,最大生烃强度为30×108 m3/km2,中新统时期发育多套海底扇砂岩储层,而乐东组、莺歌海组以大套泥岩为主,盖层保存条件好,形成了完备生储盖组合。同时,该区域断裂带具有接力输导油气的能力[17-18],形成了西部陵水主洼和次洼双向供烃格局。油气具有2次大规模排烃期(15 Ma和5 Ma),梅山组—三亚组有效充注时间长,存在流体充注引起高压的可能性,这是该区域最有可能形成异常高压的辅助成因,从周边已钻井情况来看,采用单纯的欠压实机理预测下部地层压力也有较大的误差,侧面验证了他源机理的可能性。同时,从构造演化历史来看,该区域构造挤压、底辟作用、水热增压等其他辅助作用现象不明显,可不作为辅助机理考虑。
利用已钻井测井数据,建立了分层段岩石密度-声波波速交会图(图2)[19]。欠压实机制(加载作用)超压表现为随埋深增大,声波速度降低,密度显著减小;流体充注成因(卸载作用)超压表现为随埋深增加,速度降低,密度略微减小或不变。由图2可以看出,梅山组表现为加载和卸载复合机制。由于三亚组已钻井揭示地层较少,初步判断为卸载机制,结合构造演化历史,可以判断莺歌海组、黄流组异常高压成因为欠压实机制,梅山组异常高压成因为欠压实与流体充注耦合成因机制。
李文拓等[20]梳理了莺琼盆地地层压力预测技术面临的挑战,认为地层超压成因、压力预测模型适应性、基础资料准确性是制约地层压力预测技术精度的3个关键因素。梁豪等[21]分析了Eaton法和Bowers法在莺琼盆地的适应性,建议在到达目的层顶部前,进行中途VSP测井,反演地层速度资料,同时运用随钻声波测井对反演结果进行约束,提高速度数据的准确性,并根据地层超压类型选择相应地层压力监测模型与参数。针对陵水构造64/07区块上、下部地层超压机理不同,下部为欠压实、流体充注双重机理的现状,提出了分段分层位预测的思路。上部莺歌海组、黄流组欠压实地层采用常规Eaton法,下部梅山组、三亚组地层超压带,采用多参数有效应力法,这样可以克服单一方法不足的问题,提高预测精度。由于Eaton法为常规预测方法,该文不再赘述,仅对应用于下部梅山组、三亚组地层超压带的多参数有效应力法进行阐述。
HAN等[22]对不同泥质含量的大量砂泥岩岩心进行了室内力学特性与声学特性的测试,测试实验研究表明,声波速度最主要的影响因素为岩性、孔隙度和垂直有效应力[23],即声波速度可以被认为是岩性、孔隙度和垂直有效应力的函数:
V=f(Vsh,φ,pe)
式中:V为声波速度,单位m/s;Vsh为泥质含量,%;pe为垂直有效应力,单位MPa;φ为孔隙度,%。
EBERHART-PHILLIPS等[24]对式(1)进行了详细的分析,描述了孔隙度、垂直有效应力、泥质含量对声波速度的综合影响规律,并提出了使用如下形式的纵波速度经验模型:
Vp=B0+B1φ+B2Vsh+B3pe-e-Dpe
式中:Vp为纵波速度,单位m/s;B0、B1、B2、B3、D为经验系数;e为自然常数。
显然,岩石中声波传播速度随孔隙度、泥质含量的增加而减少,随垂直有效应力的增加而增加,这与声波速度在地下岩石传播规律一般认识是相同的,通过式(2)能够准确计算地层垂直有效应力,结合有效应力理论,即可以获得地层压力:
p=pO-pe
式中:p为地层压力,单位MPa;pO为上覆岩层压力,单位MPa。
多参数有效应力预测方法的核心是对高压层物性参数的认识,包括泥质含量(可通过伽马测井解释得到)、孔隙度(可通过声波测井、密度测井或测试数据获取)以及有效应力。对于实际埋于地下的岩石,模型中有效应力是现今的垂直有效应力,从而可以避开原始沉积加载及后续卸载这一不易确定的难题。该方法适用于砂泥岩剖面,不受欠压实机制的限制,但由于模型参数众多,求解困难,在一些具体地区应用时存在较大误差,如何结合具体油田区块特征来实现模型参数的准确求解,是提高模型计算精度的重点。
为了更为准确地计算式(3)中的垂直有效应力,对包括泥质含量、孔隙度等在内的主要参数的求取模型进行了优选。
1) 泥质含量计算模型
由于邻近探井伽马测井数据全面,且通过伽马测井判断泥质含量更为准确,因此计算泥质含量优选了如下公式:
Vsh=2GCUR⋅ISH-12GCUR-1
ISH=GR-GRminGRmax-GRmin
式中:GCUR为与地层年代有关的经验系数,新地层取3.7,老地层取2.0;ISH为泥质含量指数;GR为目的层自然伽马测井值,单位API;GRmin为纯砂岩地层的自然伽马测井值,单位API;GRmax为纯泥岩地层的自然伽马测井值,单位API。
2) 孔隙度计算模型
采用密度测井资料,计算孔隙度:
φ=ρmatrix-ρbulk/ρmatrix-ρfluid
式中:ρmatrix为岩石骨架密度,单位g/cm3;ρbulk为岩石体积密度,单位g/cm3;ρfluid为孔隙流体密度,单位g/cm3。
3) 上覆岩层压力系数计算
如果全井段均有密度测井数据,通过以下公式得到上覆岩层压力系数:
Go=ρwHw+∑i=1nρbiΔHHw+∑i=1nΔH
式中:Go为一定深度的上覆岩层压力系数;ρw为海水密度,单位g/cm3;Hw为海水水深,单位m;ρbi为一定深度的密度散点数据,单位g/cm3;ΔH为深度间隔,单位m。
考虑到海上特殊性,上部密度测井数据一般都缺失,可采用Gardner模型以及Power Law模型对密度曲线进行拟合及补足,最终组合成全井段密度数据,再计算上覆岩层压力。如果有声波测井数据,可以通过Gardner模型计算上部地层密度:
ρ=A106/DTB
式中:ρ为上部地层密度,单位g/cm3;DT为地层声波时差,单位µs/ft(1 ft=0.304 8 m);A、B为经验系数,通常取A=0.250,B=0.245,可根据具体区块资料进行拟合。
在缺乏声波测井数据的情况下,可以通过建立在连续沉积压实假设的基础上,采用Power Law模型补全缺失密度数据。
ρ=ρ0+AzB
式中:ρ0为表层地层密度,单位g/cm3;z为泥面以下地层深度,单位m。
4) 模型系数确定方法
式(2)中有5个与区域密切相关的系数,这5个系数的确定直接影响着压力值计算的准确性,研究建立了多元非线性回归与最小二乘法相结合的求解思路来确定5个系数值,具体如下: ① 选取邻井或者同井实测压力数据,利用式(4)—式(7)分别求取对应的泥质含量、孔隙度、上覆岩层压力系数,实测压力数据点一般不少于5个。② 求取模型系数B0、B1、B2、B3、D,式(2)中有4个参数(Vp、Vsh、φ、pe),5个系数(B0、B1、B2、B3、D),是一个多元非线性方程,采用逐步向前回归方式,结合最小二乘法原理来循环求最优解。
求解模型系数代入式(2),即可建立该区域的纵波速度经验模型,利用陵水构造64/07区块L2-2井实钻样本数据(表1),依据上述思路,建立了陵水构造纵波速度计算公式:
Vp=4.91-2.31φ-0.48Vsh+1.88pe-e-2.15pe
在获取某一深度对应声波速度、孔隙度、泥质含量后,求解式(10)即可以获取垂直有效应力值,利用式(3)即可以得到对应的地层压力,该种方法不需要建立趋势线,但是泥质含量、孔隙度等很难在钻前获取,在实际分析过程中,可以针对不同泥质含量、孔隙度建立地层压力系数预测图版,作为钻井风险提示的一部分。
琼东南陵水构造64/07区块内及附近共有12口已钻井,完钻层位主要为黄流组、梅山组、三亚组和陵水组,研究共选择了6口井,建立了声波测井变化趋势线,见图3。从整体情况来看,乐东组、莺歌海组上部声波与趋势线变化规律一致,没有出现明显偏离,实钻也表明为常压;从莺歌海组中下部开始声波明显偏离了趋势线,压力开始逐渐抬升,从声波变化规律上可以初步判断该区域起压点位于莺歌海组中下部,压力整体呈现随井深增加逐渐变大,且无明显压力翻转迹象。
利用第二章节建立的耦合成因多机制复合压力预测方法,建立了该构造3口已钻井(L2-2井、L2W-2井、L2N-1井)的地层压力系数剖面,见图4,并利用实测地层压力数据与建立的地层压力系数剖面进行了对比(表2),从对比情况来看,预测精度达到97%以上,能够较好地表征实际地层压力规律。预测结果与声波测井体现出的规律一致,莺歌海组中下部开始起压,至黄流组底压力系数升至1.7以上,进入梅山组继续增加,梅山组底达到2.0左右,三亚组没有实测声波数据,但是从层速度的趋势来看,地层压力会继续抬升,超过梅山组的最高压力,达到2.0以上。
为了进一步摸清琼东南盆地陵水构造64/07区块下部梅山组高压区域分布规律,为后续该构造安全高效钻井提供支撑,在前文多参数有效应力法预测模型基础上,构建高精度三维地层压力体,分析了陵水低凸起区域地层压力分布规律。
高精度三维地层压力体的构建方法主要包括以下步骤[25-28]:首先,读取深度域层速度数据,构建区域三维层速度模型;然后,将每条测线上的一维速度数据视为一模拟井位的层速度数据,使用复合预测模型基于单井层速度计算该模拟井位地层压力剖面;最后,利用计算机分布式并行算法,计算所有模拟井位地层压力剖面,拼合数据得到该区域高精度三维地层压力体,该方法构建的三维地层压力相较于插值法具有不损失数据分辨率和精度更高的优势。同时,为了验证三维模型准确性,提取已钻井L2-2井对应点位的数据,对比钻后测井数据解释结果,对三维地层压力体精度进行了分析(图5),可以看出无论是整体趋势,还是实测点,其对应关系都较好,表明该三维地层压力数据体精度较高。
三维地层压力体模型较为直观地展示了陵水构造64/07区块的地层压力分布规律,可以看出:①区域地层压力整体呈现“西低东高”“北低南高”的特征(图6)。由西向东,图6a地震反射界面地层压力系数介于1.30~2.00,图6b地震反射界面地层压力系数介于1.40~2.05,图6c地震反射界面地层压力系数介于1.55~2.09。②地层压力起压点垂深介于2 000~3 000 m,见图7,与前文声波测井起压层位吻合,横向上呈现“西深东浅”“南深北浅”的分布规律,反映在地震层序上,陵水低凸起泥岩超压顶界面通常顺着位于T20(莺歌海组顶)与T30(黄流组顶)地震反射界面之间的构造层分布,即陵水低凸起超压顶界面分布受深度控制不显著,主要受层位控制。
根据多口井地层压力测试对比结果:L5-1井>L2-2井>L2W-1井>L2N-1井,满足区域分布规律“西低东高”“北低南高”,从而验证了该区块三维地层压力体模型的准确性。
2024年在陵水构造64/07区块部署钻探了L5-1井,该井位于琼东南盆地陵水凹陷北坡L5圈闭,设计井深为4 175 m,地层自下而上依次为:始新统岭头组、下渐新统崖城组、上渐新统陵水组、下中新统三亚组、中中新统梅山组、上中新统黄流组、上新统莺歌海组及第四系地层。该井采用钻前压力预测、随钻测井监测、测井约束地震层速度及MDT测压校正相结合的方式,全程实时跟踪监测压力变化趋势,图8为L5-1井钻前预测、随钻监测、MDT实测值及钻后解释结果对比图。整个压力监测分为4个阶段:①钻前预测:采用该文所述多机制复合压力预测方法,结合构造演化及成藏模式,确定起压层位为乐东组底部与莺歌海组顶部区域,预测下部砂体地层压力系数为1.97(3 910 m)。②三开监测:依据单根气求压及随钻压力监测剖面,调整起压深度由2 100 m至1 850 m,校正下部砂体地层压力系数为2.03(3 910 m)。③四开监测:四开完钻后做MDT测压,地层压力系数为1.63(2 851 m);利用电测声波约束重新校正提取层速度,结合MDT测压,修正预测模型参数,预测下部砂体地层压力系数为2.11(3 910 m)。④五开监测:五开完钻后做MDT测压,地层压力系数为2.10(3 910 m),与预测结果仅仅相差0.01。以该砂体地层压力分析上述3个阶段预测精度,可以看出钻前预测精度为93.7%,三开第1次校正提高至96.7%,四开第2次校正提高至99.6%,最终实现对下部主力砂体的精准预测,保障了该井安全完钻。
该井完钻之后进行了梅山组砂体测试,获取了梅山组砂体准确的泥质含量、孔隙度及地层压力等参数,测试结果如下:测试深度为3 910 m,测试层位为梅山组,声波时差为109.4 µs/ft,声波速度为2 786 m/s,泥质含量为23.3%,孔隙度为15.6%,MDT测压地层压力系数为2.10,多参数有效应力法地层压力系数为2.102,测试精度为99.5%。利用测试数据,结合多参数有效应力法,对该砂体地层压力进行钻后评价,评价结果与MDT测压结果吻合,进一步说明该方法能够准确预测多种耦合成因下的异常高压。
1) 琼东南陵水构造64/07区块异常压力主要机理:黄流组以上地层为欠压实成因,梅山组以下地层为欠压实与流体充注耦合成因。
2) 基于不同层位压力成因,优选了多成因机制复合压力预测方法。上部莺歌海组与黄流组欠压实采用常规Eaton法,下部梅山组与三亚组地层超压带,采用多参数有效应力法,克服常规方法不足,钻后压力评价结果表明下部梅山组高压层解释精度可达99%。
3) 构建了陵水构造64/07区块高精度三维地层压力体,揭示了该区块地层压力纵横向分布规律。地层压力纵向上从莺歌海组中下部开始起压,黄流组为压力过渡带,压力系数升至1.77,梅山组与三亚组进入超压带,最高压力系数可达2.10;横向上整体呈现“西低东高”“北低南高”特征,研究为该区域后续高效安全钻井提供了有力支撑。
4) 实际应用表明,该方法可以较好地应用于琼东南陵水构造64/07区块压力预测。在L5-1井采用钻前压力预测、随钻测井监测、测井约束地震层速度及MDT测压校正相结合的方式,全程实时跟踪监测压力变化趋势,预测平均精度由钻前87.1%最终提高至98.8%,钻后压力评价与MDT结果完全吻合,实现对下部主力砂体的精准预测,保障了该井安全完钻,为该区域后续钻井提供了借鉴。

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2026年第16卷第1期
32
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024561
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-20
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    1 中国石化上海海洋油气分公司,上海 200120
    2 中石化海洋石油工程有限公司,上海 200120
    3 长江大学石油工程学院,湖北   武汉 430100

通讯作者:

熊振宇(1992—),男,硕士,工程师,从事海洋钻井工程研究。地址:上海市浦东新区商城路1225号,邮政编码:200120。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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