Article(id=1322957470506811413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024543, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731513600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347240330, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347240330, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347240330, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347240330, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=469, endPage=478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957470699749398, articleId=1322957470506811413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects of self-suspending proppants, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Self-suspending proppants are innovative materials designed to address the limitations of conventional proppants in hydraulic fracturing, including rapid settling, uneven distribution, and poor fracture support. Through specialized design and preparation techniques, self-suspending proppants maintain their suspension in low-viscosity fluids, thereby enhancing their uniform distribution and fracture conductivity. Consequently, they significantly improve oil and gas well productivity while reducing reservoir damage. Based on the self-suspension mechanisms, self-suspending proppants are classified into three types: gas-assisted, density-controlled, and surface-modified self-suspending proppants. This review summarizes the preparation techniques for self-suspending proppants, including surface modification techniques, low-density proppant preparation methods, and functional coating technologies. The field application performance of self-suspending proppants is reviewed, and their prospects for green and efficient oil and gas exploitation are analyzed. Existing studies demonstrate that self-suspending proppants significantly enhance fracturing performance. Field applications in various oil and gas reservoirs show that using self-suspending proppants increases daily or cumulative production by approximately 2 to 7 times. Moreover, the application of self-suspending proppants in oil and gas development reduces the consumption of water and thickening agents, mitigates environmental pollution, and aligns with the principles of a green and circular economy. Despite the challenges of production costs and technological complexity, self-suspending proppants exhibit superior stimulation performance and significant production enhancement potential. Future research and development should focus on several key aspects to promote the widespread application of self-suspending proppants: first, improving material stability and environmental adaptability to ensure reliable performance under extreme conditions; second, reducing production costs of self-suspending proppants by optimizing preparation processes and raw material utilization; third, conducting long-term performance evaluation to ensure the sustained effectiveness of the proppants during extended field applications; and finally, developing multifunctional self-suspending proppants with additional capabilities, such as corrosion resistance, enhanced fracture complexity, or improved oil and gas flow behavior. Through continuous innovation and technological advancement, self-suspending proppants are expected to play an increasingly important role in future oil and gas field development, contributing to both oil and gas production enhancement and environmental protection.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=YADONG YANG1, LONGQING ZOU2, YIXUAN WANG2, JINGYUN HUANG2, ZHIMING ZHAO2, QIANG FENG2, CHUAN WANG3, YONGHUA SUN4, JINGYI ZHU3, authorsList=YADONG YANG, LONGQING ZOU, YIXUAN WANG, JINGYUN HUANG, ZHIMING ZHAO, QIANG FENG, CHUAN WANG, YONGHUA SUN, JINGYI ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=JINGYI ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957472788512801, articleId=1322957470506811413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=自悬浮支撑剂的研究进展与展望, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

自悬浮支撑剂是一种新型材料,用于解决传统支撑剂在水力压裂中沉降快、分布不均、裂缝支撑效果差等问题。通过特殊的设计与制备技术,自悬浮支撑剂能够在低黏度流体中保持悬浮性,提高自身在裂缝中的均匀分布程度和导流能力,从而显著提升油气井产量并减少储层损害。根据自悬浮机理,可将自悬浮支撑剂分为3种类型:气体自悬浮、密度自悬浮和表面自悬浮。通过对自悬浮支撑剂制备技术的综述,包括支撑剂表面改性技术、低密度支撑剂制备技术和功能性涂层技术,总结自悬浮支撑剂的现场应用效果,并分析其在绿色高效开采中的应用前景。研究表明,自悬浮支撑剂不仅能够提升压裂效果,在不同油气田中使用自悬浮支撑剂可以显著提升油气产量,日产量或累计产量增长幅度可达2~7倍。将自悬浮支撑剂应用于油气开采能减少水资源和稠化剂的使用,还能降低环境污染,符合绿色循环经济理念。尽管目前面临成本和技术复杂性等挑战,但在自悬浮支撑剂依然表现出较佳的油气增产效果。未来的研究和开发应聚焦于以下几个关键领域以实现自悬浮支撑剂的广泛应用:首先,提升材料的稳定性和环境适应性,确保在极端条件下的可靠性;其次,通过优化制备过程和原材料的使用,降低自悬浮支撑剂的生产成本;再次,开展长期性能评估,确保支撑剂在长期应用中的效果持续稳定;最后,开发具备多功能性的自悬浮支撑剂,如具有防腐蚀、增加裂缝复杂性或改善油气流动性的新型支撑剂。通过这些创新的研究和技术进步,自悬浮支撑剂有望在未来油气田开发中发挥更大的作用,为油气增产和环境保护贡献力量。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=杨亚东1, 邹龙庆2, 王一萱2, 黄静云2, 赵智鸣2, 冯强2, 王川3, 孙永华4, 朱静怡3, authorsList=杨亚东, 邹龙庆, 王一萱, 黄静云, 赵智鸣, 冯强, 王川, 孙永华, 朱静怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱静怡, authorNote=

杨亚东(1980—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事储层改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区猛追湾街6号,邮政编码:610051。Email:

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朱静怡(1991—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气资源的增产改造技术研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。Email:
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杨亚东(1980—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事储层改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区猛追湾街6号,邮政编码:610051。Email:

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Stimulation mechanism of self suspension proppant in sand-carrying fracturing by water[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2021, 11(3): 459-464., articleTitle=Stimulation mechanism of self suspension proppant in sand-carrying fracturing by water, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322957483794366651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957470506811413, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=553, pageEnd=556, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=75, authorNames=XU Q, FAN F, LU Z, journalName=Chinese Chemical Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Q, FAN F, LU Z, et al. Reversible adhesion surface coating proppant[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021, 32(1): 553-556., articleTitle=Reversible adhesion surface coating proppant, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322957473044365346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957470506811413, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957473052753955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957470506811413, companyId=1322957473044365346, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957473061142564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957470506811413, companyId=1322957473044365346, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 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注:图b白色箭头表示从箭头所指的颗粒可以看出颗粒发生了形变,但是并没有破碎也没有显著的细粒生成。

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地区井深/m压裂排量/(m3/min)支撑剂类型砂比/%施工井数应用效果评价
四川盆地川西坳陷合兴场1 219~1 2283~5膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10~351自悬浮支撑剂在水中易膨胀悬浮,携砂效果好,破胶后残渣少,活性水防膨及返排效果好,现场施工工艺简单[51]
山西省沁水盆地南部马必东区块西斜坡1 33318黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂122改造后2口井日产气量最高可达2 109、1 518 m3,未改造井日产气量仅有150~300 m3,为改造前的5~7倍[52]
东营凹陷牛庄洼陷南坡东段陈官庄地区东段3 43413~15膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10.711施工难度降低,砂比提高1倍,用液减少30%,日产油量高达16 t,为改造前的4倍以上[53]
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡区中部1 632、1 05510膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂20、30、402现场施工过程中实现清水连续携砂。1号井累产油量较对比1号井同期增产97.4%;2号井累产油量较对比2号井同期增产 614.8%[54]
苏北盆地溱潼凹陷陈家舍750~3 7501.8~2.6膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10~356减少胍胶用量,缩短压裂液配制时间,不会发生残渣伤害储层的问题。改造后日产油量达8.33 t,为改造前的2倍[55]
延长油田和辽河油田800~3 0001.5~3.2黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂10~405具有较好的悬浮稳定性能和耐温耐剪切性能,残渣含量低,增产效果显著,改造后初期为2.8 t/d,3个月内稳定在1.7 t/d,约邻井的2倍[56]
溱潼凹陷帅垛区块3 086~3 1374~5黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂18~382溶胀体积、液体黏度越大,则沉降速度越小,自悬浮性能越好。2口井压裂后稳产水平分别达到5.47、3.4 t/d,对比未改造井日产气量1.47 t,自悬浮支撑剂清水携砂井产量为对比井的2倍以上[57]
), ArticleFig(id=1322957477041537134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957470506811413, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自悬浮支撑剂在中国油田中的现场应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区井深/m压裂排量/(m3/min)支撑剂类型砂比/%施工井数应用效果评价
四川盆地川西坳陷合兴场1 219~1 2283~5膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10~351自悬浮支撑剂在水中易膨胀悬浮,携砂效果好,破胶后残渣少,活性水防膨及返排效果好,现场施工工艺简单[51]
山西省沁水盆地南部马必东区块西斜坡1 33318黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂122改造后2口井日产气量最高可达2 109、1 518 m3,未改造井日产气量仅有150~300 m3,为改造前的5~7倍[52]
东营凹陷牛庄洼陷南坡东段陈官庄地区东段3 43413~15膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10.711施工难度降低,砂比提高1倍,用液减少30%,日产油量高达16 t,为改造前的4倍以上[53]
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡区中部1 632、1 05510膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂20、30、402现场施工过程中实现清水连续携砂。1号井累产油量较对比1号井同期增产97.4%;2号井累产油量较对比2号井同期增产 614.8%[54]
苏北盆地溱潼凹陷陈家舍750~3 7501.8~2.6膨胀型自悬浮支撑剂10~356减少胍胶用量,缩短压裂液配制时间,不会发生残渣伤害储层的问题。改造后日产油量达8.33 t,为改造前的2倍[55]
延长油田和辽河油田800~3 0001.5~3.2黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂10~405具有较好的悬浮稳定性能和耐温耐剪切性能,残渣含量低,增产效果显著,改造后初期为2.8 t/d,3个月内稳定在1.7 t/d,约邻井的2倍[56]
溱潼凹陷帅垛区块3 086~3 1374~5黏弹型自悬浮支撑剂18~382溶胀体积、液体黏度越大,则沉降速度越小,自悬浮性能越好。2口井压裂后稳产水平分别达到5.47、3.4 t/d,对比未改造井日产气量1.47 t,自悬浮支撑剂清水携砂井产量为对比井的2倍以上[57]
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自悬浮支撑剂的研究进展与展望
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杨亚东 1 , 邹龙庆 2 , 王一萱 2 , 黄静云 2 , 赵智鸣 2 , 冯强 2 , 王川 3 , 孙永华 4 , 朱静怡 3
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(2): 469-478
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (2) : 469 -478
自悬浮支撑剂的研究进展与展望
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杨亚东(1980—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事储层改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区猛追湾街6号,邮政编码:610051。Email:

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杨亚东(1980—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事储层改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区猛追湾街6号,邮政编码:610051。Email:

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杨亚东1 , 邹龙庆2, 王一萱2, 黄静云2, 赵智鸣2, 冯强2, 王川3, 孙永华4, 朱静怡3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司地质勘探开发研究院,四川   成都 610051
  • 2 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司地川庆钻探页岩气勘探开发项目经理部,四川   成都 610051
  • 3 西南石油大学化学化工学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 4 成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610059
通讯作者:
朱静怡(1991—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气资源的增产改造技术研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。Email:
作者简介:

杨亚东(1980—),男,硕士,工程师,主要从事储层改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区猛追湾街6号,邮政编码:610051。Email:

Research progress and prospects of self-suspending proppants
YADONG YANG1 , LONGQING ZOU2, YIXUAN WANG2, JINGYUN HUANG2, ZHIMING ZHAO2, QIANG FENG2, CHUAN WANG3, YONGHUA SUN4, JINGYI ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
  • 2 Management Department, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Shale Gas Exploration and Development Project, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
  • 3 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 4 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024543
文章导航
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自悬浮支撑剂  /  自悬浮机理  /  化学涂层  /  低密度支撑剂  /  油气增产
self-suspending proppant  /  self-suspension mechanism  /  chemical coating  /  low-density proppant  /  oil and gas production enhancement
杨亚东, 邹龙庆, 王一萱, 黄静云, 赵智鸣, 冯强, 王川, 孙永华, 朱静怡. 自悬浮支撑剂的研究进展与展望. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 469 -478 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024543
YADONG YANG, LONGQING ZOU, YIXUAN WANG, JINGYUN HUANG, ZHIMING ZHAO, QIANG FENG, CHUAN WANG, YONGHUA SUN, JINGYI ZHU. Research progress and prospects of self-suspending proppants[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 469 -478 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024543
在石油和天然气开采过程中,水力压裂技术被广泛应用以提高油气井的产量。支撑剂作为水力压裂的重要材料,其在裂缝中的铺置状态直接决定了水力压裂的压裂效果。传统支撑剂以陶粒和石英砂为主。陶粒支撑剂具有密度高、圆球度高、导流能力好、耐高压等特点,可应用于深层低渗油气藏[1]。石英砂成本低、密度低,但承压能力有限,只能适用于浅层油气井[2]。2种传统支撑剂还存在沉降速度快、多尺度裂缝内分布不均、裂缝支撑效果不理想和支撑剂回流等问题,难以提高油气井产能[3]。而自悬浮支撑剂作为1种具备特殊功能的支撑剂,可应用于更广泛的场景。其密度比传统支撑剂更低,更容易泵送,能在低黏度的流体中保持悬浮状态,从而提高支撑剂在裂缝中的均匀分布和支撑效果,显著提高了油气勘探开发效益[4]。
目前关于传统支撑剂在水力压裂中应用的综述已经有很多,如:陶粒支撑剂研究进展、支撑剂表面改性等[5-8]。尽管自悬浮支撑剂已有较多研究,但其制备技术尚缺乏系统性综述。通过分析自悬浮支撑剂的3种自悬浮机理,系统综述了其最新制备技术,包括表面改性、超低密度制备与功能性涂层技术,总结了现场应用效果,并展望其发展前景与挑战。研究可促进自悬浮支撑剂在油气田的应用,为行业标准制定提供理论支撑,确保其安全、高效、环保。
自悬浮支撑剂是一种能够在压裂液中自行悬浮并均匀分布于裂缝中的支撑材料。其基本原理是通过特殊的材料设计或表面改性,减少了支撑剂对压裂液黏度的依赖,使其在油气井压裂过程中能够更加均匀地分布在地层裂缝中,从而提高裂缝的导流能力和油气产量。根据自悬浮机理的不同,可以将自悬浮支撑剂分为3种:气体自悬浮、密度自悬浮和表面自悬浮。
气悬浮支撑剂是1种在油气田增产改造过程中常用的材料,其作用是通过进入地层裂缝并维持裂缝张开来提高油气的采收率[9]。传统的支撑剂依赖于外部流体介质的携带和悬浮,而气悬浮支撑剂(Gas-Lifted Proppant)压裂技术主要是依靠气泡浮力来悬浮支撑剂。如图1所示,气悬浮支撑剂表面的涂层能够吸附气泡,使支撑剂呈现漂浮状态。而压裂过程中拌注的N2,正好给气悬浮支撑剂提供了气源,为其在井筒和裂缝紊流环境下的自悬浮能力提供了保障。
气悬浮支撑剂对微气泡吸附性和稳定性是影响自悬浮效果的重要因素,这个特性一般通过涂层材料控制。因此涂层材料的选择是气悬浮支撑剂的关键。MALEY等[12]研发了1种新型化学添加(Proppant Transport Modifier,简称PTM)。PTM可在支撑剂表面形成亲气疏水壳层,吸附气体(如N2、空气或CO2)生成气泡,从而降低支撑剂相对密度。该表面修饰显著增强了支撑剂浮力,提高其在水中的悬浮能力,优化裂缝内输送距离与分布范围。室内实验显示,在10% KCl溶液中,PTM处理支撑剂的悬浮率达90%;在含20 mg/L铁离子的淡水溶液中达100%;在40 mg/L Fe3+溶液中仍保持90%。此外,PTM处理的支撑剂在抗压测试中表现出更高抗压强度与更低破碎率。这是由于PTM在支撑剂表面形成疏水性涂层,减少颗粒间直接接触,在高压环境下提供缓冲作用,降低摩擦与碰撞,减少颗粒破碎风险。
李宪文等[13]也证明了气悬浮支撑剂的优势。室内实验表明,常温常压下,425~850 μm气悬浮石英砂在15 mPa·s滑溜水中实现100%悬浮,静置2 h无沉降,而普通425~850 μm石英砂30 s内完全沉降(大于0.36 m/min)。高温高压静态实验显示,气悬浮支撑剂在30 MPa压力下,N2气泡尺寸无明显压缩,仍稳固吸附于支撑剂表面,保持悬浮状态。现场试验中,该技术在长庆油田鄂尔多斯盆地东部7口井成功应用,采用低黏滑溜水连续加砂,施工顺利,无砂堵,展现良好携砂能力。7口试验井产量均超2×10⁴ m³/d,单井增产20%~90%,为邻井常规压裂的1.2~1.9倍。
石英砂是最常用的常规支撑剂,其密度通常在2.65 g/cm³左右。陶粒支撑剂的密度通常介于2.7~3.3 g/cm³,具体取决于所使用的材料和制造工艺。陶粒通常由铝硅酸盐高温烧结而成,这种较高密度的材料使得它在高压环境下具备较好的抗压性能。以上常规支撑剂的密度远大于水,因此,常规支撑剂在压裂液中沉降速度较快,需要高黏度的压裂液来维持其悬浮。低密度支撑剂的密度通常介于1.0~1.5 g/cm³,有些甚至可以低至0.8 g/cm³。这种显著低于常规支撑剂的密度赋予其更高的悬浮能力和更慢的沉降速度[14-16]。
为了实现支撑剂的低密度,通常采用空心结构设计[17-19]和复合材料应用[20-22],前者可通过在陶瓷材料中引入发泡剂形成微孔发泡陶瓷,或在烧结过程中加入成孔剂以构建多孔结构。后者则通过将聚合物、玻璃微球与高强度材料复合,制备兼具低密度与高强度的支撑剂,或在低密度支撑剂中引入碳纳米管、石墨烯等纳米填料,以提升机械强度和耐腐蚀性,满足高温高压环境需求。
为了提高低密度支撑剂的悬浮性能,研究者们进行了大量的实验[23-24]和模拟工作[25-27]。例如,通过优化颗粒的形状和尺寸分布,可以显著提升其在流体中的稳定悬浮能力。此外,研究者们还使用数值模拟方法,通过建立流体动力学模型,研究流体的黏度、流速和流型对支撑剂悬浮行为的影响。这些模拟通常利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD)技术[28]来精确预测支撑剂在不同流体条件下的悬浮和沉降特性。通过实验与模拟结果的对比分析,研究者可以优化低密度支撑剂的设计和选择,以提高其在实际应用中的悬浮性能。
水凝胶是1种能够吸收大量水分并膨胀的三维网状结构聚合物,其独特的物理化学性质使其成为自悬浮支撑剂的理想材料[29-31]。ZHANG等[32]发现,改性聚丙烯酰胺包覆的陶粒支撑剂在100 ℃以下可稳定悬浮,并提出相应标准与实验方法。水凝胶吸水后显著膨胀,体积增大数倍至数十倍,密度降低至接近或低于携带流体,使支撑剂实现自悬浮(图2)。这一低密度特性确保其在低黏度流体中的悬浮性。此外,水凝胶亲水性强,润湿性优良,与水基流体兼容,不仅减少颗粒聚集,还可增强压裂液黏弹性,提升悬浮效果。
CAO等[33]通过实验测量不同砂比下自悬浮支撑剂在水中的悬浮时间和沉降时间,发现当砂比大于10%时,自悬浮支撑剂在2 min内完全悬浮,且在200 min内没有沉降。在中国沁水盆地南部H油田M区块进行现场应用,结果表明,使用自悬浮支撑剂的2口井M13-X和M13-Y的压裂施工效率显著提高,施工时间分别减少了53.4 min和88.2 min,且煤层气的产量分别增加了286 m3和320 m3。
支撑剂化学涂层技术通过在支撑剂颗粒表面施加一层化学涂层,以增强支撑剂的性能。其中自悬浮性能中的气体自悬浮和吸水自悬浮皆可通过化学涂层实现。
张浩等[34]通过对支撑剂颗粒表面进行粗糙化处理和改性处理,制备了一种气悬浮支撑剂。他们首先通过使用硅酸盐溶液、无机纳米颗粒缓冲溶液等对支撑剂颗粒表面进行粗糙化处理,显著增加了气泡与支撑剂颗粒表面的接触面积。然后利用改性剂例如十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三乙氧基硅烷、十八烷基酰氯等,进一步提高支撑剂的亲气性,使其在液相中能够吸附更多气泡并保持悬浮。王历历等[35]利用支撑剂外层的泡腾膜与滑溜水反应生成自生气泡,实现了支撑剂的气悬浮。这一技术不需要额外的气源或高压注气设备,降低了作业风险和成本。该材料的核心关键是疏水亲气的内层和泡腾膜外层。其中内层由包含氟聚合单体、高分子黏合剂、硅烷偶联剂和表面活性剂制备而成,而外层由泡腾剂喷涂制得。泡腾剂的成分包括碳酸氢钠、柠檬酸等碱性剂与酸性剂,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮等黏合剂等。
气悬浮支撑剂的表面化学特性对其吸附气体过程中的性能具有重要影响。由于其极高的比表面积,气悬浮支撑剂的表面极易与环境中的化学物质发生反应,可能导致支撑剂表面发生化学变化,从而影响其与活性组分或吸附分子的相互作用。因此,需要深入研究气悬浮支撑剂的表面化学稳定性,以及通过表面修饰或掺杂等方法来改善其表面性能。
FAN等[36]在陶粒支撑剂表面包裹环氧树脂,显著提升了支撑剂的悬浮能力,对比传统陶粒支撑剂和自悬浮支撑剂在瓜尔胶中的沉降能力发现,90 ℃时悬浮在溶液表面的自悬浮支撑剂质量分数高达60.24%,而传统陶粒支撑剂仅有3.56%。同时该类型支撑剂还具备较好的疏水性,可以最大程度地抑制水相的流动,且不影响油相和气相的流动,从而降低油井产生的流体的含水量。
水凝胶不仅可以包覆在陶粒支撑剂的表面,石英砂支撑剂也同样适用。GOL等[37]将可膨胀的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEG-DA)水凝胶层共价键聚合到SiO2颗粒表面,并通过红外光谱实验验证了水凝胶的成功包覆。该自悬浮支撑剂在清水条件下通过水凝胶层的膨胀,颗粒密度降低了约33%,沉降速度从12.3 cm/s降至10.9 cm/s。此外他们发现,附着1层水凝胶后,颗粒的表面积增加了约16%,而附着2层水凝胶后,表面积增加了约35%。这表明水凝胶层的膨胀对颗粒表面特性有显著影响。
在水凝胶支撑剂设计中,吸水膨胀机制的深入研究是优化其性能的关键。膨胀过程主要受物理吸附(如范德华力)和化学键合(如氢键、离子键)控制。在微观尺度上,材料的吸水膨胀性能取决于分子间相互作用,尤其是氢键与范德华力在水分子与高分子链间的作用。这些相互作用影响水分子扩散速率和高分子链的松弛和膨胀程度。量化其强度与动态变化,可更准确地预测支撑剂的吸水能力与膨胀行为。
通过引入中空结构、使用低密度材料(如树脂、玻璃微珠、聚合物等)或复合材料,支撑剂的总体密度得以显著降低。这使得支撑剂能够在密度相对较低的流体中实现悬浮,即便是在低黏度流体环境中,亦可达到较好的分散效果。
为了实现支撑剂内部的孔隙化,物理发泡是目前应用最为广泛的方法。该方法通过引入气体使物料内部形呈均匀的微孔结构,这些气体可以是N2、空气或CO2等,从而减轻陶粒的密度并改善其性能。郭宗艳等[38]在制备多孔陶瓷基体时,加入了熟铝矾土和粉煤灰。这些原料中的某些成分在1 400 ℃高温煅烧过程中会发生分解或相变,释放出气体如CO2、NH3等。这些气体无法快速逸出材料内部,最终在陶粒中形成了孔隙结构。然而多孔颗粒虽然能实现低密度,但其自身的脆性和易碎性使得在高应力条件下易产生细颗粒,进而影响裂缝的导流能力。为了解决这个问题,研究人员开发了树脂包覆技术,通过在陶瓷颗粒的表面包覆一层树脂,能够有效地提高颗粒的抗压能力,减少细颗粒的生成。RICKARDS等[39]在多孔陶粒支撑剂的表面包覆了一层树脂,不仅保持了颗粒的轻质特性,同时还提高了支撑剂的抗压强度。该材料在孔隙度50%,体积密度为1.1 g/cm3的条件下,其导流能力可以在55.2 MPa闭合压力下维持在14.63 μm²·cm。孙婉莹等[40]采用固体废渣为基体材料,通过树脂包覆技术制备免烧超低密度压裂支撑剂。所制备出的复合支撑剂在35 MPa和52 MPa闭合压力下的破碎率分别为7.3%和9.0%,显著提高了支撑剂的抗破碎能力和致密性。
孔隙结构的设计是多孔支撑剂性能的核心。制备过程中需要控制孔隙的大小、分布和连通性,以确保支撑剂具备抗压能力。然而室内实验通常难以精确控制孔径和孔隙率等参数。数值模拟可以快速评估不同孔隙结构对支撑剂性能的影响,从而节省了实验成本和时间。LIAO等[41]采用有限元与离散元相结合的方法(FDEM)来模拟多孔支撑剂的破裂行为,探讨了不同孔径、孔隙率和孔隙分布对支撑剂裂纹形态和力学性能的影响(图3)。研究发现:孔隙存在改变了裂纹的传播路径,导致裂纹形态复杂化。增加孔隙率会显著降低支撑剂的抗压强度,但当孔隙率超过10%后,强度变化趋于平缓,这对低密度多孔类支撑剂的优化设计具有指导意义。
通过数值模拟,研究者能够深入探讨孔隙微观结构如何影响支撑剂的抗压强度,特别是裂纹的产生和传播路径。这些微观机制在实验中难以直接观察和测量,而数值模拟可以通过详细的模型展现材料内部的应力分布,为理解支撑剂的力学行为提供了新的视角。
随着油气资源的开采逐渐向深层和非常规资源发展,传统支撑剂的性能逐渐难以满足需求,聚合物类支撑剂因其低密度、力学性能和可定制性,成为近年来研究的热点。HUANG等[42]以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)作为疏水单体,二乙烯基苯(DVB)作为交联剂,乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(A-151)作为添加剂成功制备出了表观密度为1.075 g/cm的超低密度支撑剂,该支撑剂在69 MPa压力下,破碎率仅为6.3%。这是因为聚合物类支撑剂在闭合压力下所表现出的形状响应并不是破碎,而是扁平,因此导流能力是更能反映聚合物类支撑剂性能的评价指标。
为了进一步提高聚合物类支撑剂的力学性能,研究者们通常会加入无机填料来提高支撑剂的抗压强度和耐磨性,包括添加石墨烯[43]、炭黑[44]、粉煤灰[45]、碳纳米管等。TASQUE等[46]将苯乙烯(Sty)和二乙烯基苯(DVB)作为单体,碳黑和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)作为无机填料,采用悬浮聚合的方法来合成了超低密度支撑剂。该支撑剂不仅密度接近于水,138 MPa下破碎率最低为1.7%,且长期在60 MPa闭合压力的作用下表现出较好的抗塑性变形能力,没有显著的细粒生成(图4)。CHEN等[47]通过原位悬浮聚合的方法制备了聚(苯乙烯-co-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)/粉煤灰(Poly(St-co-MMA)/FA)复合微球作为支撑剂。该复合支撑剂的表观密度仅为1.0~1.3 g/cm³,当粉煤灰的质量分数为30 %时,在52 MPa压力下的破碎率为0.92%,表现出良好的力学性能,适合作为超低密度支撑剂应用于非常规油气藏的压裂行业。该方法简单易行,适合工业化生产,为低密度支撑剂的设计提供了一种新途径。
聚合物支撑剂在石油和天然气开采中的应用展现了巨大的潜力,其独特的性能使其成为深层和非常规油气资源开发的重要材料。然而,聚合物支撑剂的成本相对较高,这限制了其大规模的工业化应用。未来的研究应着重于开发低成本、高性能的聚合物支撑剂,并探索其在不同类型油气藏中的适用性。
自悬浮支撑剂[48]作为创新性的压裂新材料,在室内实验展示出了优异的自悬浮特性,并在国内外压裂现场展现出较大应用潜力。2013年,美国马拉松石油公司对比传统300~600 μm石英砂与自悬浮支撑剂的悬浮性能,结果表明,自悬浮支撑剂可在非增稠流体中完全悬浮,而传统砂子则快速沉降,体现出更优的输送能力并减少沉降问题。Fairmount Santrol Holdings Inc.[49]在2015年将自悬浮支撑剂应用到了俄克拉何马州和得克萨斯州的2口试验井中,测试发现2口井的产量分别比对照井高出45%和55%以上。GU等[50]讨论了超低密度自悬浮支撑剂的现场应用前景,提出少量混合传统砂子的策略。研究表明,该方法可在支撑缝底部形成高导流区,同时在上部及更深部位保持较低导流能力,实现短期与长期的经济效益优化。
自悬浮支撑剂在国内油田中的现场应用同样取得了一定的成效(表1),应用效果表明油气产量都有不同程度的提升。从储层保护的角度来看,使用自悬浮支撑剂以后可以减少稠化剂用量,降低高分子聚合物对储层的损害;从环境保护的角度来看,相较于传统材料自悬浮支撑剂减少了约30%的用水量,且其环保型配方降低了土壤和水体的污染风险;这些数据表明,自悬浮支撑剂在提升油气产量、渗透率、经济效益等方面表现出显著的效果。
尽管面临成本和技术复杂性等挑战,自悬浮支撑剂因其在提高产量、降低成本和减少环境影响方面的优势,正逐渐成为油气田压裂作业中的重要工具。未来,随着技术的进一步成熟和成本的降低,自悬浮支撑剂有望在全球范围内得到更为广泛的应用。
导流能力作为支撑剂性能评价的重要指标,直接影响油气增产效果。经过自悬浮支撑剂导流能力测试发现,其表现出优异的导流能力。XU等[58]发现在13.8 MPa时,多孔树脂覆膜自悬浮支撑剂的导流能力比陶粒高60%。当闭合应力达到26 MPa左右时,自悬浮支撑剂的导流能力与陶粒相似。FAN等[36]利用环氧树脂包裹制备的自悬浮支撑剂导流能力在40 MPa时比陶粒支撑剂高16.71%。王磊[53]和张龙胜等[55]研究发现当闭合压力从10 MPa增加到70 MPa过程中,虽然导流能力在逐渐降低,但自悬浮支撑剂的导流能力与陶粒支撑剂相当。自悬浮支撑剂不仅在短期导流能力方面表现出优异效果,还在长期导流能力实验中展现出良好的稳定性,能够在长时间内保持较高的导流性能[57]。
自悬浮支撑剂在导流能力方面具有显著优势,是提升油气增产的重要因素。研究表明,其在中低闭合压力下的导流能力可接近甚至优于传统陶粒支撑剂,并在高闭合压力条件下表现出良好适应性。未来,可通过优化材料设计和性能提升技术,进一步增强导流能力,拓展在复杂地层的应用,同时降低制备成本,推动其在油气田开发中的广泛应用,为油气增产与绿色开采提供有力支持。
自悬浮支撑剂作为新型压裂材料,旨在解决传统支撑剂沉降快、分布不均、裂缝支撑效果差等问题。其设计降低对压裂液黏度的依赖,使其在低黏度流体中保持悬浮,并提升裂缝内的均匀分布和导流能力。通过综述自悬浮支撑剂的制备技术、机理分类与现场应用,重点分析其在低黏度流体中实现悬浮的关键技术和优势。通过气体、密度与表面自悬浮机理,自悬浮支撑剂优化裂缝内分布与导流能力,有效解决传统支撑剂沉降问题。现场试验表明,其在提升油气产量、降低环境影响方面具有显著成效,展现出广阔应用前景。然而,高成本与技术复杂性仍是主要挑战,未来研究应聚焦以下关键问题:
1)材料稳定性与环境适应性:自悬浮支撑剂在高温高压等极端环境中的稳定性直接影响其在复杂地层中的应用效果。当前研究主要聚焦于优化材料的物理化学特性,例如通过调整成分或引入添加剂提升耐高温高压性能。然而,未来研究需进一步探索其在多变地质条件下的行为,如应对地层酸碱度变化与不同流体介质的侵蚀等,此外,还需要开发更精确的测试方法和模拟技术,以准确预测自悬浮支撑剂在极端条件下的性能表现。
2)成本控制:自悬浮支撑剂的高成本限制了其大规模商业化应用。目前,陶粒支撑剂市场价约1 600~4 000元/t,石英砂450~700元/t,而自悬浮支撑剂因表面处理工艺成本较高,价格亦高于传统支撑剂。然而,其增产效果显著,表1数据显示,油气日产量与累计产量增长可达2~7倍。未来研究应聚焦于降低制备成本,如优化原材料、简化生产流程、提高设备效率等。此外,循环利用技术可进一步降低成本,尤其针对性能优良的支撑剂,回收再利用可减少材料消耗,提升经济性。
3)长效性能评估:自悬浮支撑剂在压裂作业中的长期效能是评估其应用价值的关键因素。现有的研究多集中于短期性能的测试,如材料的抗压强度、悬浮时间等。但在实际应用中,支撑剂需要在地层中长期维持其功能,因此,研究其在长时间作业中的稳定性和耐久性至关重要。未来的研究应通过长期实验和现场试验,评估自悬浮支撑剂在不同环境下的性能衰减情况,明确其使用寿命,并针对发现的问题进行改进。
4)多功能性开发:赋予自悬浮支撑剂更多功能将进一步提升其应用价值。目前的自悬浮支撑剂主要功能是提高裂缝导流能力,但未来可以通过材料改性或表面功能化的方式,使其具备更多的功能。例如,开发具有防腐蚀性能的自悬浮支撑剂,可有效延长设备和管道的使用寿命;引入增产增效功能,如携带化学试剂或纳米催化剂,以促进油气的流动性和采收率。这些多功能性的开发不仅能提升支撑剂的应用效果,还可能为油气开采带来新的技术突破。
自悬浮支撑剂作为压裂技术中的一种创新材料,未来的研究方向应集中在提升其材料稳定性、降低制备成本、开展长效性能评估与开发多功能性等方面。这些研究将为自悬浮支撑剂的广泛应用奠定坚实基础,并可能引领压裂技术的新一轮革新。在此过程中,跨学科的协作和创新将是关键,尤其是在材料科学、化学工程和石油工程领域的交叉研究,有望为解决这些挑战提供新的思路和方法。

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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024543
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
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    1 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司地质勘探开发研究院,四川   成都 610051
    2 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司地川庆钻探页岩气勘探开发项目经理部,四川   成都 610051
    3 西南石油大学化学化工学院,四川   成都 610500
    4 成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610059

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朱静怡(1991—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事非常规油气资源的增产改造技术研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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