Article(id=1322957386570413028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024488, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739203200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347220318, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347220318, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347220318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347220318, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=423, endPage=433, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957386767545317, articleId=1322957386570413028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Fracture characteristics and water invasion patterns of Dina-2 gas reservoir, Tarim Basin, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The Dina-2 gas reservoir is a large edge-water tight sandstone gas reservoir in the Tarim Basin, with strong reservoir heterogeneity. Natural fractures are key factors influencing its high production and water invasion. Investigating fractures is crucial for understanding the water invasion patterns and formulating water control strategies for the gas reservoir. Based on geological data including core samples, thin sections, and imaging logs, this study analyzed the static geological characteristics of natural fractures. By combining production dynamic characteristics including water production, gas production, and pressure, this study analyzed the influence of different factors on water invasion. The analytic hierarchy process was used to identify the controlling factors, and the influence of structural fractures with different morphologies on water invasion characteristics was studied, and water invasion patterns for the gas reservoir were established. The results showed that structural fractures in the study area were classified into shear fractures and tensile fractures, with filled fractures being dominant. The fillings were mainly calcite, followed by quartz and clay minerals, but the fracture apertures were relatively large. Based on production dynamic characteristics, the production wells were categorized into four types: early-stage violent water-flooded wells, late-stage violent water-flooded wells, water-producing wells, and water-free wells, each with significantly different production characteristics. Based on the production and geological characteristics, the main controlling factors for water invasion in the gas reservoir were analyzed considering five factors: structural position, faults, interlayers, formation coefficient, and fractures. Fractures were identified as the primary controlling factor, with faults, interlayers, and formation coefficient as secondary factors, and structural position as irrelevant. A comprehensive water invasion evaluation index was established using the analytic hierarchy process. By considering fracture morphology differences and production characteristics, this study clarified the influence of complex fractures on high gas production and water production in gas wells. Accordingly, three water invasion patterns were established: dominant fracture-controlled type, fault-fracture compartment-controlled type, and dominant fracture-fault-sandbody composite type, summarizing the water invasion patterns of the gas reservoir. These findings provide strategic guidance for the development of similar gas reservoirs and offer valuable insights for studying water invasion patterns and development evaluation in similar water-bearing gas reservoirs.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=JINXIN MAO1, XINHUI XIE2, HUCHENG DENG1, ZHIMIN WANG3, PENG LI1, YONGPING WU3, ZEHOU XIANG1, XIN ZHANG2, authorsList=JINXIN MAO, XINHUI XIE, HUCHENG DENG, ZHIMIN WANG, PENG LI, YONGPING WU, ZEHOU XIANG, XIN ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=HUCHENG DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957390118794229, articleId=1322957386570413028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=塔里木盆地迪那2气藏裂缝特征与水侵规律, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

迪那2气藏为塔里木盆地一大型边水致密砂岩气藏,储层非均质性强,天然裂缝是影响其高产和水侵的重要因素。裂缝研究对明确气藏水侵规律及防控水政策的制定意义重大。研究基于岩心、薄片、成像测井等地质资料,分析天然裂缝地质静态特征。结合产水、产气、压力等生产动态特征,分析不同因素对水侵的影响,利用层次分析法明确控制因素,研究不同形态构造裂缝对水侵特征影响,建立气藏水侵模式。研究结果表明:研究区构造裂缝分为剪切裂缝和张性裂缝,以充填裂缝为主,充填物主要为方解石,其次是石英和黏土等,但开度较大;根据生产动态特征可以分为早期暴性水淹井、晚期暴性水淹井、带水生产井和无水生产井,4种类型生产井生产特征明显不同;依据生产特征和地质特征,从构造位置、断层、隔层、地层系数和裂缝5个因素对研究区气藏主控因素分析,明确裂缝为主要因素,断层、隔层、地层系数为次要因素,构造位置为无关因素,利用层次分析法建立水侵综合评价指数;结合裂缝形态差异及生产特征,明确了复杂裂缝对气井高产及产水的影响。以此建立了优势裂缝型、断缝体局限型和优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型的3种水侵模式,总结气藏水侵规律。研究成果对类似气藏开发具有一定的指导意义,为同类型有水气藏水侵规律研究和开发评价提供借鉴。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=毛金昕1, 解馨慧2, 邓虎成1, 王志民3, 李朋1, 吴永平3, 相泽厚1, 张鑫2, authorsList=毛金昕, 解馨慧, 邓虎成, 王志民, 李朋, 吴永平, 相泽厚, 张鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓虎成, authorNote=

毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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邓虎成(1980—),男,博士,教授,从事天然裂缝形成演化与分布预测评价、地应力扰动机制与分区评价工作。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:
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毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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因素特征向量权重系数
裂缝1.9230.480 8
断层0.9590.239 8
地层系数0.6380.159 4
隔层0.4800.119 9
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主要参数的层次分析结果

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因素特征向量权重系数
裂缝1.9230.480 8
断层0.9590.239 8
地层系数0.6380.159 4
隔层0.4800.119 9
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井名主控因素U1U2U3U4U
W27断层0.070 24810.144 7370.408 3970.163 177
W13隔层0.028 9260.666 6670.263 0000.904 5800.117 322
W11地层系数0.049 5870.270 0000.223 6840.904 5800.030 235
W28裂缝0.111 5700.060 6060.783 1000.553 4350.293 064
W21隔层0.721 0000.709 0910.539 4740.461 8340.144 138
W16地层系数10.354 5450.244 7370.248 091-0.095 360
W34裂缝0.607 4380.878 7880.460 52600.215 836
W35断层0.256 1980.272 7270.421 0530.068 7020.176 241
W23裂缝00.242 4240.537 1000.683 2070.214 964
W10地层系数0.245 8680.515 1520.210 5260.683 2070.042 461
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水侵综合评价指数影响因素计算结果

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井名主控因素U1U2U3U4U
W27断层0.070 24810.144 7370.408 3970.163 177
W13隔层0.028 9260.666 6670.263 0000.904 5800.117 322
W11地层系数0.049 5870.270 0000.223 6840.904 5800.030 235
W28裂缝0.111 5700.060 6060.783 1000.553 4350.293 064
W21隔层0.721 0000.709 0910.539 4740.461 8340.144 138
W16地层系数10.354 5450.244 7370.248 091-0.095 360
W34裂缝0.607 4380.878 7880.460 52600.215 836
W35断层0.256 1980.272 7270.421 0530.068 7020.176 241
W23裂缝00.242 4240.537 1000.683 2070.214 964
W10地层系数0.245 8680.515 1520.210 5260.683 2070.042 461
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塔里木盆地迪那2气藏裂缝特征与水侵规律
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毛金昕 1 , 解馨慧 2 , 邓虎成 1 , 王志民 3 , 李朋 1 , 吴永平 3 , 相泽厚 1 , 张鑫 2
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(2): 423-433
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (2) : 423 -433
塔里木盆地迪那2气藏裂缝特征与水侵规律
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毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

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毛金昕1 , 解馨慧2, 邓虎成1, 王志民3, 李朋1, 吴永平3, 相泽厚1, 张鑫2
作者信息
  • 1 成都理工大学能源学院,四川   成都 610059
  • 2 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川   成都 610059
  • 3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   库尔勒 841000
通讯作者:
邓虎成(1980—),男,博士,教授,从事天然裂缝形成演化与分布预测评价、地应力扰动机制与分区评价工作。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:
作者简介:

毛金昕(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征研究。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:

Fracture characteristics and water invasion patterns of Dina-2 gas reservoir, Tarim Basin
JINXIN MAO1 , XINHUI XIE2, HUCHENG DENG1, ZHIMIN WANG3, PENG LI1, YONGPING WU3, ZEHOU XIANG1, XIN ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 2 College of Geophysics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 3 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024488
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塔里木盆地  /  库车坳陷  /  天然裂缝  /  水侵特征  /  水侵模式
Tarim Basin  /  Kuqa Depression  /  natural fractures  /  water invasion characteristics  /  water invasion patterns
毛金昕, 解馨慧, 邓虎成, 王志民, 李朋, 吴永平, 相泽厚, 张鑫. 塔里木盆地迪那2气藏裂缝特征与水侵规律. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 423 -433 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024488
JINXIN MAO, XINHUI XIE, HUCHENG DENG, ZHIMIN WANG, PENG LI, YONGPING WU, ZEHOU XIANG, XIN ZHANG. Fracture characteristics and water invasion patterns of Dina-2 gas reservoir, Tarim Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 423 -433 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024488
塔里木盆地天然气资源丰富,是“西气东输工程”的重要气源地,在塔里木盆地库车坳陷、准噶尔盆地南缘和河套盆地等都取得重大勘探效果[1-2],相继建成迪那、克深等大型超深层和深层天然气藏,累计探明天然气地质储量超万亿立方米[3]。迪那气藏位于塔里木盆地北部库车坳陷,其古近系蕴含着丰富的油气资源,截至2020年,累计产气量为480.55×108 m3,累计产油量为413.36×104 t[4]。研究区经历喜山期强烈的构造运动后发育不同类型裂缝[5-6],自2009年全面投产开发以来,生产实践表明天然裂缝是气藏高产的重要因素[7-10]。在气藏开发的前期天然裂缝是天然气高产的渗流通道,当气藏开发进入中后期时,天然裂缝则成为水体进入的渗流通道[11]。随着近几年气藏开发的深入,迪那、克深等大型超深层天然气藏水侵问题日渐突显。因此,明确构造裂缝特征及水侵规律,对于优化开发调整方案,提高气藏采收率具有重要意义[12-13]。
随着气藏开发的不断深入,地层压力不断降低导致边底水向气藏侵入。天然裂缝具有远大于地层孔隙的渗流能力,是水体快速侵入气藏的主要通道[14]。前人针对迪那气藏深层裂缝发育特征、主控因素等方面开展了大量的研究。袁静等[15]认为迪那气藏构造裂缝主要形成于喜山晚期。杨扬等[16]通过分析生烃、构造、储层和断裂对水侵的影响,认为生烃强度控制宏观气水分布格局。李明强等[17]通过分析裂缝、溶蚀、构造和滩体连通性对水侵的影响,认为不同类型产水井产水特征受裂缝和溶洞型储层发育程度主控。在气藏水侵方面,冯曦等[18]通过物理实验研究了不同地质因素对水侵特征的影响,认为裂缝是水侵影响的主要因素。冯异勇等[19]通过数值模拟总结了裂缝性底水气藏水侵有水锥型、纵窜型、横侵型和复合型4种模式。徐小童等[20]和LIU等[21]通过分析水侵特征与差异缝网的关系,认为裂缝的形态对气藏水侵有重要影响。前人针对不同地质因素对水侵影响的研究多为定性分析,这里采用层次分析法,在定性分析的基础上定量评价水侵影响程度,建立水侵综合评价指数模型,进而评价水侵主控因素。基于“动静结合”的思想,结合地质与生产资料,分析不同因素对水侵特征的影响,并总结气藏水侵模式与水侵规律。以期研究成果可为同类型气藏水侵规律研究和开发评价提供一定借鉴。
库车坳陷由北部单斜构造带、克拉苏-依奇克里克构造带、秋里塔格构造带和南部斜坡带4个构造带组成,迪那2气藏位于秋里塔格构造带东部(图1a)。该气藏为长轴背斜气藏,南北两侧发育迪北断裂和东秋里塔格断裂两条逆冲大断裂[22]。迪那地区自下而上发育白垩系、古近系、新近系和第四系。其古近系根据岩性组合特征可划分为库姆格列木群租和苏维依组,二者从上至下均细分为一、二、三岩性段。苏一段(苏维依组一段)、苏三段(苏维依组三段)、库二段(库姆格列木群组二段)以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,苏二段(苏维依组二段)以细砂岩为主,底部为一套较厚的泥岩,库三段(库姆格列木群组三段)顶部为粉砂岩,底部发育一套砾岩,库一段(库姆格列木群组一段)以褐色泥岩为主(图1b)。迪那地区古近系总体呈现西厚东薄的沉积特点,以大型扇三角洲前缘部分和滨浅湖环境,退积旋回为主[23-26];自东向西发育扇三角洲平原亚相、扇三角洲前缘亚相、砂滩和泥滩微相,其中扇三角洲平原亚相仅存在于东北部,西部主要为砂滩和泥滩微相。
三叠系和侏罗系为迪那2气藏主要的烃源岩地层,储层为新近系吉迪克组底砾岩段、古近系库姆格列木群组及苏维依组,盖层为吉迪克组膏泥岩段、泥岩段,它们形成了良好的生储盖组合,南北两条大断层是油气垂向运移的通道[27-29]。研究区在喜山期自北向南发生强烈的构造挤压,同时地层大规模抬升,产生强烈的构造活动,由此形成了大量的断裂。迪那2气藏属于低孔、低渗-特低渗致密砂岩储层。而天然裂缝能够很好地改善储层渗透率[30-31],与天然气的高产和气藏的水侵具有密不可分的关系。
根据岩心和薄片资料、按照地质成因分类,迪那地区致密砂岩储层发育构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和溶蚀缝3种类型天然裂缝[15],其中,构造裂缝为主要的裂缝类型,根据形成时受到的构造作用差异,又可以分为张性裂缝和剪切裂缝。
构造裂缝是指直接或间接受到构造作用影响形成的裂缝[32],研究区自上新世末期以来,自北向南发生强烈的构造挤压和大规模的断裂活动,7口井的岩心观察结果也表明研究区发育大量剪切裂缝和张性裂缝。剪切裂缝是指形成于剪切应力下的裂缝。通过岩心观察,剪切裂缝的缝面光滑,延伸长度较长,成平行组系,受岩层性质控制明显,基本发育在较厚的砂岩层内或者砂泥岩交互的薄层中,仅少数裂缝可以延伸至泥岩层内。在薄片上多表现为切割岩石和矿物颗粒。成像测井上多为相同走向平行组系或共轭相交的暗色正弦曲线。剪切裂缝的长度相对较长,多数介于20~<40 cm,而开度相对较小,集中介于1~<2 mm(图2)。张性裂缝是指岩石受到拉张应力大于其抗张强度时形成的裂缝。根据岩心观察与统计,张性裂缝的缝面粗糙不平整,延伸长度短,长度变化较剪切缝变化大,在薄片上多表现为绕过岩石和矿物颗粒。成像测井上表现为暗色高角度正弦曲线,无相交。张性裂缝开度主要介于2~<3 mm,其中开度介于1~<2 mm的裂缝也较多(图2),张性裂缝受到拉张应力的影响,裂缝开度明显大于剪切裂缝。
根据裂缝充填程度的不同可以分为全充填、半充填、未充填3类[33]。根据岩心裂缝充填情况统计:充填、半充填裂缝占70%以上,其中42.4%的裂缝全充填,未充填缝仅占25.7%,但开度较大。裂缝充填物主要为方解石,其次是石英和黏土等。研究区裂缝形成时期较晚,经历的流体活动和构造活动强度较大,增加了裂缝充填的几率,但研究区裂缝与现今水平最大主应力方向呈小夹角,裂缝受到的挤压应力小、开度大。
基于岩心、成像测井对研究区构造裂缝开展观察与识别,岩心和成像测井可以很好地反映出构造裂缝的走向、倾角等特征。从倾角来看,构造裂缝可以分为4类:水平缝(0°~<15°),低角度缝(15°~<45°),高角度缝(45°~<75°)和垂直缝(75°~90°)。按照以上标准统计,研究区主要以高角度缝和垂直缝为主,其中剪切裂缝集中介于60°~<75°,张性裂缝则介于60°~90°,垂直张性裂缝发育较多(图2)。针对研究区10口井成像资料,分别统计剪切裂缝和张性裂缝的走向,剪切裂缝受到北北西—南南东方向的挤压应力,产生北西—南东向与北东—南西向两组共轭剪切缝。在构造变形大的区域,受到北北西—南南东方向的挤压应力,岩石沿最小主应力发生张性破裂[34-37],产生北东东—南西西向张性裂缝。
统计古近系取心的18口井岩心裂缝数据并计算其岩心裂缝线密度(图3)。迪那2气藏天然裂缝在东西两侧分布较为均匀,但西部地区的非均质性明显要强于东部地区。裂缝线密度介于0.14~1.02条/m,平均为0.53条/m。其中,构造变形强度较大的位置裂缝较为发育,W10、W24、W5和W22井裂缝线密度较高。
水侵替换系数可以表征气藏的边底水活跃程度,依据中华人民共和国石油天然气行业标准《天然气可采储量计算方法》(SY/T 6098—2010),当水侵替换系数I≥0.40时,边底水为活跃;当0.15≤I<0.40时,为次活跃;当I<0.15时,为不活跃。
计算公式如下:
I=wR=We-WpBwGpBgi
式中:I为水侵替换系数;w为储容比;R为采出程度;We为累计水侵量,单位m3;Wp为累计产水量,单位m3;Bw为地层水体积系数,单位m3/m3;Gp为累计产气量,单位m3;Bgi为原始天然气体积系数,单位m3/m3。
采用物质平衡方法,结合压力和产量资料,计算得到迪那2气藏目前累计水侵量为3 732×104 m3,日水侵量为1.49×104 m3,水侵替换系数为0.36,水驱指数为0.31,动态水体倍数为2.68倍,迪那2气藏目前暂定性为次活跃水体。
前人对于迪那2气藏原始气水分布特征观点较为一致,即迪那2气藏是一个完整的受背斜构造控制的异常高压块状底水凝析气藏。纯气区位于背斜构造的高部位,确定白垩系原始气水界面为-3 600 m,古近系为-3 712 m,气水过渡带厚度主要介于150~270 m。
根据研究区33口井其产量、产水特征及压力特征的曲线特征差异[38],将其归纳为4种类型:早期暴性水淹井、晚期暴性水淹井、带水生产井、无水生产井。综合分析4种类型的生产动态特征(图4),总结出以下规律。
早期暴性水淹井。以W33井为例,自2021年11月发生水侵后仅40 d,气井即发生水淹。水侵发生后,油气日产量迅速下降,日产水量突然上升,日产水量突破300 t,氯根含量陡增,水气比与水油比高,油压、套压迅速下降,调小油嘴直径后压仍无法回升,气井发生早期暴性水淹。
晚期暴性水淹井。以W21井为例,自2018年9月发生水侵后仍带水生产了814 d后才发生水淹。水侵发生后,油气日产量迅速下降,日产水量上升,产气量稳产至25×104 m3/d,日产水量为10 t,氯根含量逐步上升,水气比与水油比极低,油压、套压下降后,调小油嘴直径后压力回升,气井发生晚期暴性水淹。
带水生产井。以W26井为例,自2023年5月发生水侵后至今仍未发生水淹,水侵发生后,油气日产量下降幅度较小,日产水量上升缓慢,氯根含量较为稳定,水气比与水油比极低,油压、套压没有下降,气井仍然保持稳定带水生产。
无水生产井。以W25井为例,自2009年6月投产以来至今,仍然保持持续稳定高产,氯根含量低,油压、套压稳定,气井仍然保持稳定无水生产。
研究区生产动态特征的差异化,是研究区不同地质特征差异的体现[39],迪那2气藏为非均质性较强的致密砂岩储层,其边底水易沿裂缝或物性较好的高渗条带进入气藏,产水量的变化幅度与产水量的大小就一定程度上反映了储层的均质性。产水量突然增加并迅速水淹说明该区域储层非均质性强;产水量逐步上升或上升缓慢即反映储层均质性较好。此外,砂体连通性、水体的性质、地层压力、生产制度等因素都会影响气藏水侵,由前文可知该气藏水量极大,前人研究水侵控制因素多为定性分析,这里重点利用层次分析法将定性与定量相结合研究不同地质因素对气藏水侵的影响,并建立水侵综合评价指数。
1) 构造位置
迪那2气藏为典型的背斜气藏,纵向上,气井位置的高低决定了气井避开底水的高度;平面上,距离气水边界的远近则决定了边水的侵入距离。随着气藏的逐渐开发,外部的水体逐渐侵入气藏。将研究区内21口见水气井见水时间与气井避水高度做散点图(图5a),发现气井见水时间与避水高度基本呈正相关,其中,不同类型的井分布无明显相关性。同时,分析见水时间与气井距气水边界平面距离的关系(图5b),得出气井的见水时间与气井距气水边界平面的距离呈正相关。在气井投产时间相差不大的条件下,气井构造位置越低,离气水边界越近,气井见水时间越早。而气井产水特征的差异性,与构造关系不大。
2) 断层
迪那2气藏按照一级控带、二级控制局部构造走向、三级为伴生断层的原则进行分级。苏一段共发育断层198条,其中一级逆断层2条,二级逆断层61条,二级正断层17条,三级逆断层96条,三级正断层22条。断层可能是水体入侵气藏的重要通道,而断层的封堵性评价就十分重要。断层封堵,也称断层封闭,是指对油气运移起阻挡作用的断层面或断裂带。
研究主要采用断层泥比率法(ESGR)对断层封堵性[40]进行评价。当断层泥比率小于14%时,断裂带内部主要发育碎裂岩;当断层泥比率大于等于14%小于等于40%时,断裂带内部主要发育类泥质砂岩;当断层泥比率大于40%时,主要发育泥岩涂抹。统计得出:迪那2气藏过断层共有11口井,其中0口发育碎裂岩,1口主要发育泥岩涂抹,10口发育类泥质砂岩,证明研究区内断层多数为部分有效,断层有效性较差。
3) 隔层
隔层的厚度与底水的水侵存在直接关系,位于气水边界之上的隔层能有效抑制底水锥进提高开采效果,随着隔层厚度的增加,气井的水侵速度显著下降[41-42]。当隔层较厚时,底水能量作用较弱,水侵速度较慢。相反,如果隔层较薄,底水能量作用较大,容易形成底水锥进现象。
根据前文对于生产井类型的划分将暴性水淹井与带水生产井进行分类,暴性水淹井整体裂缝线密度介于0.3~0.6 条/m,隔层厚度介于15~30 m;带水生产井裂缝线密度则均在0.4 条/m以下,隔层厚度普遍大于30 m(图5c)。故由于研究区底水能量较低,隔层又较厚,所以隔层在部分地区对底水起封堵作用,隔层对产水特征影响不大。
4) 地层系数
统计不同类型井带水生产时间与地层系数的关系(图5d),分析可以看出地层系数与带水生产时间存在一定关系但差异不明显。无水生产井与带水生产井的地层系数较高,地层物性较好;暴性水淹井的地层系数较低,其中晚期暴性水淹井的地层系数略好于早期暴性水淹井。统计11口井地层系数与带水生产时间,可以看出地层物性较好时,气井可以维持较长时间的带水生产。
5) 裂缝
由前文研究可知,迪那2气藏裂缝较发育,不同类型的裂缝由于有效性和发育规模的不同,对储渗性的贡献大小不一,对储渗性贡献较大的有效缝主要为构造裂缝。分析天然裂缝线密度与裂缝距断裂的距离、裂缝与断裂夹角的关系,距断裂距离越远,裂缝线密度越低,与断裂的夹角越大(图5e)。
6) 不同水侵因素定量评价
根据前文对构造、断层、隔层、地层系数和裂缝的定性分析,得出构造对于水侵特征无显著影响。将其余4个因素与产水量建立关系,产水量与距断层距离和隔层厚度成反比,与裂缝线密度和地层系数成正比。构建关于断层、隔层、裂缝和地层系数4方面的水侵综合评价指数,其模型如下:
U=aU1+bU2+cU3+dU4
式中:U为水侵综合评价指数;U1为经过正向归一化的距断层距离指数参数;U2为经过正向归一化的地层系数指数参数;U3为经过正向归一化的天然裂缝线密度指数参数;U4为经过正向归一化的隔层厚度指数参数;a、b、c和d分别为U1、U2、U3和U4的权重系数。
相较于其他计算权重系数的方法,层次分析法具有定性与定量相结合、逻辑性强且适用性广等优势[43]。因此,利用该方法构建判断矩阵,计算4个参数的权重系数,计算结果见表1。再对4个参数分别进行归一化处理,并最终得到水侵综合评价指数U模型:
U=-0.239 8U1+0.159 4U2+0.480 8U3-0.119 9U4
由水侵综合评价指数(U)模型计算结果可知(表2):U>0.20时,裂缝为水侵主控因素;0.15<U≤0.20时,断层为主控因素;0.10<U≤0.15时,隔层为主控因素;U≤0.10时,地层系数为水侵主控因素。
基于前文对研究区33口井天然裂缝特征、气井生产动态和气藏水侵特征影响因素的分析,认为构造裂缝是影响致密砂岩气藏水侵特征的主要影响因素。其中,天然裂缝的形态决定了致密砂岩储层的储渗能力,对天然气高产和水侵起重要作用。基于研究区裂缝力学性质和组系的差异,将其分为单一组系裂缝和复杂组系裂缝两类。
单一裂缝是指由地层中发育的单条裂缝或多条不相交的成组平行裂缝。单一组系裂缝中一种是由于受到区域构造应力的影响,发育多条平行构造剪切裂缝,缝面光滑、有效性较高;另一种则是受到构造变形产生的拉张应力影响形成的张性裂缝,缝面较为弯曲,但多为单条出现有效性较低,单一组系裂缝延伸长度较长多介于40~60 cm、开度较大多介于2~3 mm。复杂裂缝是指裂缝之间走向、角度复杂,多条裂缝相互交错,长短不一形成的裂缝,存在相互交切限制,所以裂缝长度普遍较短小于20 cm,开度主要分布在小于1 mm和1~2 mm。
以W4井例(图6),分析了构造裂缝形态对致密砂岩储层天然气高产的影响,将W4井测井资料与产气剖面进行匹配。由成像测井资料可知,苏一段产层受到小断层的影响,其天然裂缝发育密度相对较高,裂缝形态复杂,相互交错,呈现复杂裂缝模式,日产气量占比一般,但日产水量占比极高,水相对产出约50%;苏二段产层由于顶部有一套较厚的泥岩隔层的影响,断层未断穿至苏二段,受断层影响小,天然裂缝发育密度相对较低,裂缝形态简单,多为相互平行的剪切裂缝,呈现单一裂缝模式,其日产水量占比相对较低,其中有部分生产层段仍维持较高产能。
研究区水体侵入气藏共有3类通道:断层、裂缝、砂体,结合通道的成因、流体流动的方式、通道的分布、通道的渗透能力以及发挥的作用,总结出迪那2气藏3类水侵通道模式分别为:优势裂缝型、断缝体局限型、优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型(图6)。
优势裂缝型是指由相较于其他裂缝,具有更高的渗透率、流体运移能力和影响力的裂缝形成的运移通道,多为多组系网状裂缝。优势裂缝型水侵通道中裂缝提供了明显的流体运移路径,水体沿着裂缝流动,流速通常较快。
断缝体局限型为断层与单一组系裂缝组合形成水侵通道,正断层对于气藏底部水体其垂向运移与断层派生出的裂缝共同组成水体的渗透通道;逆断层与其派生出的裂缝组成的渗流通道,则对于水体的侧向运移起重要作用。
优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型作为水体的运移通道,其渗透性较强,同时分布范围广,在水体进入前是天然气的储存空间,当水体进入后天然气则被排出或者锁死。在储层砂体之中还发育大量裂缝,裂缝相对于砂体渗透率显著提升,可以作为沟通砂体与砂体之间以及砂体内部的运移通道。断层作为大的断裂,其有效性并不高,在研究区内仅有少量断层部分有效,对水体的垂向运移起作用。
随着开发进入中后期迪那2气藏气水界面上移侵入气藏内部,纯气区面积急剧缩减。构造裂缝与其他因素共同作用形成水侵通道、从而影响了气水分布。根据研究区原始气水分布状态、影响因素和水侵模式的差异划分了5个水侵方向,即构造西翼部向气藏内部、构造北翼部向气藏内部、构造东北部向气藏内部、构造东翼部向气藏内部及构造东南部向气藏内部。
由于不同井区主控因素及水侵模式不同,北部井区砂体厚度大,水侵通道主要表现为优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型,生产特征多表现为带水生产和晚期暴性水淹,气井见水后仍能保持一定产能继续生产一段时间;东北部井区优势裂缝较为发育且多发育复杂裂缝,主要表现为优势裂缝型水窜模式,气井见水后产水量大,且时间早;西部、东部和东南部井区则为断缝体局限型,也表现为裂缝水窜,但产水时间较晚。
迪那2气藏水侵形势日益严峻,针对不同类型产水井制定相应的开发技术政策是提高气藏采收率的关键。综合气藏地质背景、水侵主控因素以及开发实践分析认为:应动态调整北部气藏生产制度,降低东北部井区产能,重点开发西部井区剩余气。
1) 塔里木盆地迪那2气藏构造裂缝分为剪切裂缝和张性裂缝两类。剪切裂缝主要为受区域构造剪切应力和断层影响形成的天然裂缝,张性裂缝主要是受构造变形影响形成的。根据裂缝形态的不同可以分为单一裂缝和复杂裂缝两类,其中水体进入复杂缝网后,由于其储集性相对较好,相对更均质,所以往往表现为产水量逐渐上升,在初期部分气井产水量相对较低。
2) 塔里木盆地迪那2气藏气井根据其生产特征的差异可以分为早期暴性水淹井、晚期暴性水淹井、带水生产井和无水生产井4类。其中,水淹井主要表现为日产气量、日产油量高,初期峰值产量高,水侵发生后,油气日产量迅速下降,日产水量突然上升,氯根含量增加;带水生产井主要表现为油气产量下降幅度较小,产水量上升缓慢,氯根含量较为稳定,水气比与水油比极低,油压、套压没有下降;无水生产井主要表现为油气日产量高、氯根含量低,油压、套压稳定。
3) 研究区产水特征的差异性,裂缝为主要因素,断层、隔层、地层系数为次要因素,构造为无关因素,以此建立了水侵综合评价指数,并划分了优势裂缝型、断缝体局限型和优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型3种水侵模式。北部井区主要表现为优势裂缝-断层-砂体组合型,东北部井区优势裂缝较为发育且多发育复杂裂缝,西部、东部和东南部井区则为断缝体局限性。

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2026年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024488
  • 接收时间:2025-02-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-11
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    1 成都理工大学能源学院,四川   成都 610059
    2 成都理工大学地球物理学院,四川   成都 610059
    3 中国石油塔里木油田分公司勘探开发研究院,新疆   库尔勒 841000

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邓虎成(1980—),男,博士,教授,从事天然裂缝形成演化与分布预测评价、地应力扰动机制与分区评价工作。地址:四川省成都市成华区二仙桥东三路1号,邮政编码:610059。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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