Article(id=1322957412830945948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024454, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347226579, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347226579, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347226579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347226579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=458, endPage=468, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957413124547229, articleId=1322957412830945948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Study on rock mechanics characteristics and fracture conductivity of shale reservoirs in Chang 7 member of Ordos Basin, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Shale oil, as an unconventional oil and gas resource, has become a global hotspot for energy extraction. However, shale oil reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and low permeability, making it difficult for traditional extraction technologies to achieve efficient production, and hydraulic fracturing technology is required for development. The mechanical characteristics of shale significantly influence the fracturing effectiveness. Through rock mechanics experiments and X-ray diffraction whole-rock analysis, the mechanical parameters, such as elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and in-situ stress variations of three different types of shale (laminated, bedded, and interbedded) in the Chang 7 Member of the Ordos Basin, were compared and analyzed, clarifying the mechanical properties and reservoir characteristics of different shale types and establishing the relationship between mineral composition and rock mechanical characteristics. Additionally, the variation patterns of fracture conductivity were revealed through proppant conductivity experiments and embedding experiments, providing guidance for proppant selection. The results showed that: (1) interbedded shale had a high elastic modulus and a small Poisson’s ratio, making it easy to create fractures, while laminated and bedded shales had higher in-situ stress gradients, making fracture propagation more difficult. (2) The higher the content of rigid minerals in the rock, the larger the elastic modulus and the smaller the Poisson’s ratio. The higher the content of brittle minerals, the larger the brittleness index. Compared with bedded and laminated shales, interbedded shale was hard and brittle, making it easier to generate fractures and effectively maintain fracture opening during fracturing. (3) Based on the mechanical properties of interbedded shale, it had the smallest proppant embedment depth and the highest conductivity, which facilitated fluid flow. According to the proppant selection experiments, it is recommended to use 10-20 mesh quartz sand as the proppant under low confining pressure, with a proppant packing density of 14 kg/m2.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=ZHICHAO LIU1, FENGPENG LAI1, 2, LIANGBIN DOU3, LINLIN ZHANG1, 4, authorsList=ZHICHAO LIU, FENGPENG LAI, LIANGBIN DOU, LINLIN ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=FENGPENG LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957420129034935, articleId=1322957412830945948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩储层岩石力学特征及裂缝导流能力研究, columnId=1322941621964243813, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=工程工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=

页岩油作为非常规油气资源,已成为全球能源开采的热点。然而,页岩油储层具有低孔低渗的特点,传统开采技术难以实现高效产出,需采用水力压裂技术进行开发。页岩岩石力学特征显著影响压裂效果。通过岩石力学实验和X射线衍射全岩心实验,对比分析了鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页理型、纹层型和夹层型3种不同类型页岩的弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数及地应力变化,明确了不同类型页岩的力学性质与储层特征,并建立了矿物成分与岩石力学特征的关联性。同时,通过支撑剂导流能力实验和嵌入实验,揭示了压裂裂缝导流能力的变化规律,为支撑剂选择提供指导。结果表明:①夹层型页岩弹性模量大、泊松比小,易于造缝;页理型和纹层型页岩地应力梯度大,裂缝扩展难度较高。②岩石中刚性矿物含量越高,弹性模量越大、泊松比越小;脆性矿物含量越高,脆性指数越大。相较于纹层型和页理型页岩,夹层型页岩性质硬脆,压裂时更易产生裂缝且能有效保持裂缝张开。③基于夹层型页岩的力学性质,其支撑剂嵌入深度最小,导流能力最强,有利于流体流动。根据支撑剂选择实验,建议低围压下采用10~20目石英砂作为支撑剂,支撑剂填充密度宜为14 kg/m²。

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柳智超(2001—),女,在读博士研究生,主要从事非常规油气开发研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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赖枫鹏(1981—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究油气田开发理论与方法、非常规油气开发方法与技术、碳封存与利用协同优化及监测。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Rock mechanics parameters of different types of shale, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
页岩类型井号深度/m围压/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g/cm3)质量/g
页理型L2872030.52030.5230.2852.410851.63
2037.81023.4350.2082.467161.24
L181720.52031.5130.2552.614264.90
1720.62021.6020.2722.585763.46
纹层型M1382323.22031.8360.2632.540560.34
2324.52032.7750.1962.568560.39
2325.81024.5140.2552.527859.46
L2262162.31025.1990.2312.534860.18
2163.42026.6810.2722.536256.66
2163.22028.6260.2312.559260.61
夹层型Q1461646.91537.9200.2132.623765.11
1646.81524.4450.2022.623765.96
G842005.32042.2160.2242.639662.19
2005.62036.6580.2372.641261.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322957430828704514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同页岩岩石力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
页岩类型井号深度/m围压/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g/cm3)质量/g
页理型L2872030.52030.5230.2852.410851.63
2037.81023.4350.2082.467161.24
L181720.52031.5130.2552.614264.90
1720.62021.6020.2722.585763.46
纹层型M1382323.22031.8360.2632.540560.34
2324.52032.7750.1962.568560.39
2325.81024.5140.2552.527859.46
L2262162.31025.1990.2312.534860.18
2163.42026.6810.2722.536256.66
2163.22028.6260.2312.559260.61
夹层型Q1461646.91537.9200.2132.623765.11
1646.81524.4450.2022.623765.96
G842005.32042.2160.2242.639662.19
2005.62036.6580.2372.641261.82
), ArticleFig(id=1322957430908396291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Horizontal in-situ stress results of different shales, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
页岩类型深度范围/m井号围压均值/MPa最小水平地应力均值/MPa最大水平地应力均值/MPa最小水平地应力梯度均值/(MPa/hm)最大水平地应力梯度均值/(MPa/hm)
页理型2 000.000~2 099.900L28722.34836.00939.3521.7571.920
1 700.120~1 799.990L1818.97925.64131.8891.4651.794
纹层型2 033.035~2 399.910M13824.87240.53243.1241.7251.835
2 100.100~2 199.970L22623.28637.61441.1131.7491.912
夹层型1 600.000~1 699.880Q14615.51526.51131.0131.6071.879
2 000.000~2 099.870G8415.61329.27435.9611.4281.754
), ArticleFig(id=1322957430975505156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同页岩水平地应力结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
页岩类型深度范围/m井号围压均值/MPa最小水平地应力均值/MPa最大水平地应力均值/MPa最小水平地应力梯度均值/(MPa/hm)最大水平地应力梯度均值/(MPa/hm)
页理型2 000.000~2 099.900L28722.34836.00939.3521.7571.920
1 700.120~1 799.990L1818.97925.64131.8891.4651.794
纹层型2 033.035~2 399.910M13824.87240.53243.1241.7251.835
2 100.100~2 199.970L22623.28637.61441.1131.7491.912
夹层型1 600.000~1 699.880Q14615.51526.51131.0131.6071.879
2 000.000~2 099.870G8415.61329.27435.9611.4281.754
), ArticleFig(id=1322957431067779845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Analysis of brittleness index of different types of shale, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试类型页岩类型最大值最小值均值
脆性指数Brit夹层型0.8520.0410.646
纹层型0.7960.0380.581
页理型0.7740.0410.504
), ArticleFig(id=1322957431139083014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型页岩脆性指数分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试类型页岩类型最大值最小值均值
脆性指数Brit夹层型0.8520.0410.646
纹层型0.7960.0380.581
页理型0.7740.0410.504
), ArticleFig(id=1322957431210386183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Statistics of proppant conductivity test results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
闭合压力/MPa支撑剂类型导流能力/(μm2∙cm)

铺砂质量浓度

6 kg/m2

铺砂质量浓度8 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度10 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度12 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度14 kg/m2
2010/20目石英砂180220180330380
20/40目石英砂80150140160165
40/70目石英砂2431374050
20/40目陶粒180270300320400
2510/20目石英砂100150210230270
20/40目石英砂7090100140140
40/70目石英砂1824273240
20/40目陶粒150250270300370
3010/20目石英砂80110140160180
20/40目石英砂608090120110
40/70目石英砂1520242732
20/40目陶粒150230260290350
), ArticleFig(id=1322957431277495048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957412830945948, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

支撑剂导流能力测试结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
闭合压力/MPa支撑剂类型导流能力/(μm2∙cm)

铺砂质量浓度

6 kg/m2

铺砂质量浓度8 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度10 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度12 kg/m2铺砂质量浓度14 kg/m2
2010/20目石英砂180220180330380
20/40目石英砂80150140160165
40/70目石英砂2431374050
20/40目陶粒180270300320400
2510/20目石英砂100150210230270
20/40目石英砂7090100140140
40/70目石英砂1824273240
20/40目陶粒150250270300370
3010/20目石英砂80110140160180
20/40目石英砂608090120110
40/70目石英砂1520242732
20/40目陶粒150230260290350
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鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩储层岩石力学特征及裂缝导流能力研究
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柳智超 1 , 赖枫鹏 1, 2 , 窦亮彬 3 , 张琳琳 1, 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(2): 458-468
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (2) : 458 -468
鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩储层岩石力学特征及裂缝导流能力研究
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柳智超(2001—),女,在读博士研究生,主要从事非常规油气开发研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

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柳智超1 , 赖枫鹏1, 2, 窦亮彬3, 张琳琳1, 4
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京   100083
  • 2 非常规天然气能源地质评价与开发工程北京市重点实验室,北京   100083
  • 3 西安石油大学石油工程学院,陕西   西安   710065
  • 4 中国石油长庆油田分公司物资供应处,陕西   西安   710016
通讯作者:
赖枫鹏(1981—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究油气田开发理论与方法、非常规油气开发方法与技术、碳封存与利用协同优化及监测。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
作者简介:

柳智超(2001—),女,在读博士研究生,主要从事非常规油气开发研究。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:

Study on rock mechanics characteristics and fracture conductivity of shale reservoirs in Chang 7 member of Ordos Basin
ZHICHAO LIU1 , FENGPENG LAI1, 2, LIANGBIN DOU3, LINLIN ZHANG1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Unconventional Natural Gas Geology Evaluation and Development Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 4 Supplies Department, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710016, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024454
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鄂尔多斯盆地  /  页岩油  /  岩石力学参数  /  三轴压缩实验  /  嵌入实验  /  导流能力
Ordos Basin  /  shale oil  /  rock mechanics parameters  /  triaxial compression experiment  /  embedding experiments  /  conductivity
柳智超, 赖枫鹏, 窦亮彬, 张琳琳. 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩储层岩石力学特征及裂缝导流能力研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 458 -468 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024454
ZHICHAO LIU, FENGPENG LAI, LIANGBIN DOU, LINLIN ZHANG. Study on rock mechanics characteristics and fracture conductivity of shale reservoirs in Chang 7 member of Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 458 -468 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024454
页岩油是赋存于页岩层系中的有机质,通常以吸附态或游离态形式存在[1],作为非常规油气的重要接替能源,其开发对保障能源安全具有重要意义。页岩油储层具有低孔低渗特性,需通过水力压裂技术进行储层改造以实现经济产能,而水力压裂效果受岩石力学参数的影响很大。中国陆相页岩的沉积环境多样,导致岩石类型复杂、储层非均质性强,形成类型多样的储集层[2-4]。不同类型页岩储集层的岩石力学性质存在一定的差异,这就需要正确评价不同类型页岩的岩石力学性质。因此,开展不同类型页岩的岩石力学特征分析及其对压裂效果影响的研究,对提升页岩油开发效率具有重要意义。
关于岩石力学特征的研究,目前国内外主要采用室内实验与理论计算相结合的方法。室内实验测定岩石力学参数主要包括常规单轴抗拉试验[5-7]、抗压试验[8-11]、压缩试验[12-14]、岩体弱面直剪试验[15-17]及三轴压缩试验[18-21]等;理论计算则通常基于测井资料间接获取岩石力学参数。页岩主要由黏土矿物、石英、长石和碳酸盐等矿物和微孔隙组成[22-23],有学者认为页岩中这些矿物所形成的黏结作用会对岩石的弹性模量、泊松比等岩石力学参数产生一定的影响。研究表明,岩石力学参数与岩石脆性指数存在相关性,脆性指数可表示弹性模量和泊松比的二元函数[24-25]。一般而言,脆性指数越大,对应的弹性模量越高、泊松比越低,压裂过程中越容易形成复杂的裂缝网络[26-28]。
除了岩石力学性质对水力压裂的影响外,压裂施工过程中,裂缝中支撑剂的支撑效果对人工裂缝的导流能力具有直接影响。ZHANG等[29]通过室内实验研究了不同压力条件下支撑剂的导流能力变化规律,发现随着闭合压力升高,导流能力呈下降趋势。COOKE[30]指出,在低黏度压裂液中,支撑剂易沉积于裂缝底部;而在高黏度压裂液中,支撑剂更易被带入裂缝内部。WEAVER等[31]发现支撑剂嵌入深度与闭合压力成正比。WARPINSKI等[32]则认为小粒径支撑剂运移距离大,而大粒径支撑剂运移距离小。
针对现有研究的不足,本研究聚焦鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩储层,系统开展页理型、纹层型和夹层型[33-34]3种不同类型页岩的对比分析。通过岩石力学实验,测定并对比弹性模量、泊松比、最小水平主应力及岩石脆性指数等关键参数;结合X射线衍射实验与压裂相关室内实验,深入解析矿物组成对岩石力学参数的影响机制,揭示不同类型页岩压裂裂缝导流能力的动态变化规律,最终建立岩石力学参数与裂缝导流能力的定量关联模型。研究成果可为页岩储层可压性评价、支撑剂优选及高效开发提供理论依据与实践指导。
鄂尔多斯盆地长7段沉积期处于湖盆发育鼎盛阶段,主要发育夹层型、纹层型及页理型3种类型页岩。夹层型页岩油储层由暗色厚层泥页岩与薄层碳酸盐岩或粉砂岩互层构成,泥页岩生成的烃类通过侧向运移聚集于相邻碳酸盐岩或粉砂岩中,形成富含页岩油的层段[35],以长71、长72亚段为主,长73亚段局部发育;纹层型页岩油储集层岩相以半深湖—深湖厚层泥页岩、夹薄层粉-细砂岩为主,集中分布于长73亚段;页理型页岩发育有明显的页理结构且富含有机质,其砂体发育程度较低,主要赋存于长73亚段底部区域[36]。
实验样品采自鄂尔多斯盆地长7层段(图1),其中夹层型页岩取自陕北志丹G62区块,其特征主要表现为厚层段泥岩和细粉砂岩互层发育,对取芯层段岩心盒内砂岩和泥岩厚度统计发现,泥岩段厚度较薄,介于0.20~0.60 m,泥岩段在观察岩心盒长度范围内占比介于11.11%~33.35%。纹层型页岩取自陇东合水N244区块,以泥页岩中层页理缝发育为主,页理缝密度最高可达81条/m,页理缝宽度介于0.1~0.5 mm,页理缝长度介于1.0~9.6 cm。页理型页岩取自陇东地区L57区块,以厚层状泥页岩发育为主,岩心盒范围内少见粉砂岩等其他岩性。
岩石三轴压缩实验依据中华人民国和国地质矿产行业标准《岩石物理力学性质试验规程第20部分:岩石三轴压缩强度试验》(DZ/T 0276.20—2015)[37]来测定页岩的泊松比和弹性模量,采用ϕ2.5 cm×5 cm圆柱体岩样,并针对页岩样品力学特性,将加载速率设为0.02 mm/min以更真实地模拟页岩的实际加载条件。实验的仪器如图2所示,具体实验步骤为:①对三轴室内的液压油加热,通过热传导将温度传递至岩样,模拟地下温度环境;②通过液压系统,对实验岩样在横向上施加5、10、15、20 MPa的围压;③逐步增加轴向载荷,通过与岩样直接接触的传感器实时监测应力-应变关系曲线,并记录数据,最终提取杨氏模量、泊松比等静态岩石力学特性参数。
岩石的矿物组分分析是确定岩石物理力学性质的关键手段之一。通过X射线衍射(XRD)实验,可获取不同区块页岩的矿物组成数据,进而揭示矿物组成与岩石力学参数的内在关联。实验原理基于布拉格衍射定律:当单色X射线照射至晶体时,由于晶体内部晶胞由原子按规则周期排列构成,且原子间距与入射X射线波长相近,不同原子散射的X射线会产生相干干涉,在特定方向形成强衍射峰。衍射线在空间的分布方位及强度,由物质组成、分子内成键方式、晶型结构及构象等微观特性共同决定。
实验采用了YST-I型X射线衍射仪,具体操作步骤为:①向振动样品池中装入样品;②利用具有特定波长的X射线穿透岩层中的矿物晶体;③在记录装置上显示出所测样品的XRD图谱;④在软件参数设定好的情况下,将所得图谱与囊括了常用岩石样品矿物的标准图谱进行对比,若二者特征峰的出峰角度、峰的强度等衍射信息相一致,则表明样品中的这种矿物与该标准矿物相同,从而对矿物的所属种类和岩层性质进行鉴定。
压裂实验包括支撑剂导流能力实验和支撑剂嵌入实验,前者用于筛选不同工况下的最优支撑剂类型,后者则研究闭合压力与支撑剂填充密度对嵌入深度的定量影响。
支撑剂导流能力实验通过气体渗流流量间接表征裂缝渗透率。实验时,将适量支撑剂均匀铺设在缠有铜网的岩心表面,确保单层分布并计算铺砂质量浓度,随后采用岩心加压法开展实验。具体步骤如下:
1)将岩心放置在下承压板上,准备进行加载。
2)使用送油阀缓慢加压,当主动指针转到1.5 T或1 kN时,调节定值器旋钮,使浮子指示至流量计刻度的最高值。
3)当指针加至规定吨数时,记录流量数值Q和对应的压力p。
4)测量闭合压力分别为10、20、30、40、50 MPa,铺设量为6、8、10、12、14 kg/m2时的情况,记录相应的压力和流量数值,并应用达西公式进行计算。
支撑剂嵌入实验通过测量支撑剂嵌入深度,定量反映不同类型页岩导流能力的差异。实验步骤如下:
1)采用线切割的方式,从露头岩心钻取直径2.54
cm、高度2.5~3.0 cm的圆柱体样品,将2块页岩样品叠置并稳固放置在加载系统中央。
2)利用GCTSRTR-500实验平台的单轴/三轴压缩测试模块开展实验,将支撑剂均匀铺设在2块页岩样品之间。
3)在闭合应力分别为10、20、30、40和50 MPa条件下,记录相应的应力、位移等参数。
经过支撑剂嵌入实验,试件端面在实验后变得光滑,表面可清晰观察到支撑剂嵌入痕迹(图3)。通过分析轴向位移与页岩弹性模量的关系,可计算不同闭合应力下支撑剂的嵌入量,进而评估页岩导流能力的差异。
通过三轴岩石力学实验得到不同类型页岩的应力-应变曲线,如图4所示。
根据应力-应变曲线,通过以下的表达式可以确定岩样的弹性模量及泊松比[37]:
αEs=∆σ∆ε
vs=∆ε2∆ε1
式中:α为修正系数;Es为岩样的弹性模量,单位GPa; ∆σ为轴向应力增量,单位MPa;∆ε为应变增量;vs为岩样的泊松比;∆ε2为轴向应变增量;∆ε1为径向应变增量。
根据实验与计算结果可知,研究区不同类型页岩的岩石力学参数存在显著差异。泊松比体现了岩石在受力时破裂的能力,弹性模量表示岩石在破裂后支撑裂缝的能力[38]。如表1所示,夹层型页岩的弹性模量较大,页理型和纹层型页岩的泊松比较大,所以夹层型页岩易产生压裂缝。
国内外多名学者利用岩石力学参数对地应力进行表征,鄂尔多斯盆地储层处于正常压实状态,因此,采用黄荣樽等[39]提出的地应力计算模型:
σh=ν1-ν+γσν-αpp+αpp
σH=ν1-ν+βσν-αpp+αpp
式中:ν为泊松比;γ为水平最小地应对应的构造应力系数;β为水平最大地应对应的构造应力系数;σv为上覆地层应力,单位MPa;α为Biot有效应力系数;σh、σH分别为最大、最小水平主地应力,单位MPa;pp为地层压力,单位MPa。
有效应力系数表达式:
α=1-2ν1-ν
最大、最小水平主地应力梯度表达式如下:
∆σH=σHH×100
∆σh=σhH×100
式中:H为地层深度,单位m。
通过上面的公式计算可以得到不同类型页岩水平地应力以及最大、最小水平主地应力梯度(表2)。3种类型页岩相比之下,页理型和纹层型页岩的地应力、地应力梯度和围压均偏大;由于最小水平地应力梯度越小,岩石越易压裂,因此夹层型页岩易于造缝。研究表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,随着地应力的增加,水力压裂就会越困难[40];同时,随着围压上升,压裂裂缝宽度会下降,渗流阻力持续增大,渗流量相应下降[41],裂缝扩展难度随之增大。因此,相较于夹层型页岩,页理型和纹层型页岩起裂和裂缝扩展难度大,压后导流能力小。
根据X射线衍射实验结果,页理型页岩由石英、长石(钾长石、斜长石)、碳酸盐(方解石、白云石、菱铁矿)、黄铁矿和黏土矿物(伊利石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层)构成,矿物含量由高到低依次为石英、黏土矿物、长石、碳酸盐、黄铁矿,其平均值依次为39.93%、31.52%、19.80%、8.03%、0.72%;纹层型页岩组成矿物含量由高到低为石英、黏土矿物、长石、碳酸盐、黄铁矿,其平均值依次为49.40%、21.28%、19.77%、9.50%、0.05%;夹层型页岩组成矿物含量由高到低依次为石英、长石、黏土矿物、碳酸盐,其平均值依次为40.45%、28.48%、17.99%、13.08%。
刚性矿物主要包括石英、长石等,其含量越高,岩石抗压实作用越强[42],在压裂后裂缝保持张开的能力越好。脆性矿物主要包括黄铁矿、碳酸盐等,其含量越高、岩石的脆性越强,容易形成裂缝。从图5可知,夹层型页岩的脆性矿物和刚性矿物含量高于纹层型和页理型页岩;因此,夹层型页岩压裂易产生裂缝,且裂缝保持张开的能力更好。
页岩矿物组成含量对弹性模量和泊松比的影响分别如图6和图7所示,对于不同类型的页岩,刚性矿物和脆性矿物的含量越多,弹性模量数值越大、泊松比数值越小。RICKMAN等[43]认为弹性模量越大、泊松比越小,脆性越强,相应岩石的可压性越强,越有利于缝网的延伸。从图6a和图7a折线图趋势可看出,夹层型的刚性矿物和脆性矿物含量最高,其弹性模量最大、泊松比最小,因此具有最优的可压性,造缝能力突出,开采效率显著高于其他类型页岩。
水力压裂页岩储层的主要目的在于形成具备高导流能力的人工裂缝。而裂缝导流能力的维持情况,直接受到支撑剂能否有效支撑的影响。研究通过开展支撑剂导流能力实验,对支撑剂进行优选;同时,依据支撑剂嵌入实验,探究不同类型页岩的岩石力学参数对裂缝导流能力的影响。
RICKMAN等[43]脆性指数作为评估页岩脆性的常用手段已被广泛应用,李庆辉等[28]通过对比中国黑色页岩与北美页岩的杨氏模量与泊松比数据,证实了中国页岩同样展现出RICKMAN所述的脆性特征变化,因此,选择0.5作为权重系数,通过以下公式来计算页岩储层的脆性指数:
Brit=0.5E-EminEmax-Emin+0.5μmax-μμmax-μmin
式中:Brit为脆性指数;E为归一化弹性模量,单位GPa;μ为归一化泊松比;Emin,Emax分别为为最小弹性模量、最大弹性模量,单位GPa;μmax,μmin分别为最大泊松比、最小泊松比。
通过上面的公式计算可以得到不同类型页岩的脆性指数(表3)。
以页岩脆性指数的平均值作为分析对比基准,可直观得出一下结论:最高,地层可压性最优,对压裂作业的反应灵敏,能够迅速形成复杂的网状裂缝,进而提高页岩油气的采收效率;页理型页岩脆性指数最低,压裂时仅产生简单的双翼型裂缝[44-45]。根据支撑剂导流能力实验数据(表4),在20、25、30 MPa闭合压力下,随着填充密度增加,各类支撑剂导流能力均呈上升趋势。
在20、25、30 MPa闭合压力条件下,不同类型支撑剂的导流能力随填充密度的变化规律,如图8—图10所示。随着支撑剂填充密度和粒径的增加,导流能力呈增大趋势。在20 MPa闭合压力下,20/40目石英砂和40/70目石英砂导流能力较低,而10/20目石英砂与20/40目陶粒导流能力接近;在25 MPa和30 MPa闭合压力下,20/40目陶粒导流能力显著高于10/20目石英砂、20/40目石英砂和40/70目石英砂(图8—图10)。考虑到支撑剂材料的成本问题,研究区低围压环境可采用10/20目石英砂作为支撑剂,并推荐填充密度为14 kg/m²。实际应用中需结合储层地质条件,动态优化支撑剂类型、粒径及填充密度。此外,可通过引入微地震监测与声发射监测等实时技术,精准评估压裂效果,为压裂工艺的动态调整提供数据支撑。
通过支撑剂嵌入实验,研究了闭合压力与支撑剂填充密度对嵌入深度的影响规律,实验结果如图11和图12所示。实验表明:当闭合压力升高或支撑剂填充密度降低时,支撑剂嵌入深度显著增大;在相同闭合压力或填充密度条件下,夹层型页岩的嵌入深度最小,导流能力最强。深入分析发现,这一现象与夹层型页岩的高弹性模量、低泊松比特性密切相关,其力学性质有利于降低支撑剂嵌入效应;而页理型和纹层型页岩因存在较大的地应力梯度及较高的地应力与围压,导致裂缝扩展阻力显著增加,从而加剧了支撑剂嵌入深度。
此外,岩石中的脆性矿物含量与脆性指数、刚性矿物含量与弹性模量均呈显著正相关关系,这一规律进一步揭示了夹层型页岩在压裂过程中形成复杂裂缝网络的优势。结合鄂尔多斯盆地长7段的地质背景分析,夹层型页岩形成于半深湖—深湖相沉积环境,沉积速率较低且成岩压实作用较强,导致刚性矿物含量显著提升、孔隙率显著降低,进而表现出硬脆的力学特性。
1)基于三轴岩石力学实验结果,夹层型页岩呈现出泊松比相对较小、弹性模量相对较大的力学特征,这种特性使其在压裂过程中更易于形成有效裂缝;而页理型和纹层型页岩因存在较大的地应力梯度,且地应力与围压水平相对偏高,导致裂缝扩展阻力显著增加。
2)与纹层型和页理型页岩相比,夹层型页岩的脆性指数较高,且刚性矿物与脆性矿物含量更为丰富。这表明夹层型页岩具有硬脆性,在压裂过程中能迅速形成复杂网状裂缝,并保持裂缝张开状态的能力较强。
3)页岩压裂后,裂缝的导流能力会随支撑剂填充密度及粒径增大而提升。综合考虑成本因素,在低围压条件下,建议选用10~20目石英砂作为支撑剂,并采用14 kg/m²的填充密度。实际应用中需结合储层条件动态调整参数。实验表明,夹层型页岩的支撑剂嵌入深度最小、导流能力最强,这主要归因于其较大的弹性模量、较小的泊松比及较高的脆性指数。
4)现场施工中,裂缝导流能力受多种因素综合影响。若资料充足,可进一步纳入更多变量分析。建议将有利压裂段设在低应力、高脆性、可压性好的夹层型页岩油储层区域。鉴于中国页岩储层埋藏深且地质条件复杂,其他区块在借鉴经验时需结合当地地质特征和工程技术水平进行优化调整。

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2026年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024454
  • 接收时间:2025-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-07
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    1 中国地质大学(北京)能源学院,北京   100083
    2 非常规天然气能源地质评价与开发工程北京市重点实验室,北京   100083
    3 西安石油大学石油工程学院,陕西   西安   710065
    4 中国石油长庆油田分公司物资供应处,陕西   西安   710016

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赖枫鹏(1981—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究油气田开发理论与方法、非常规油气开发方法与技术、碳封存与利用协同优化及监测。地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号,邮政编码:100083。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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