Article(id=1320423141986390989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=1772467200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792743009324, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792743009324, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792743009324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792743009324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320423063842304050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742990694, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745289363, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432705251165019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432705251165020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=78, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423142187717582, articleId=1320423141986390989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Research on data transmission design for ultrasonic monitoring based on inductive coupling, columnId=1320423036898103434, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Inspection & Maintenance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the difficulty in accurately obtaining electrical parameters of key components for the inductive coupling wireless ultrasonic monitoring systems,the accuracy of existing coil inductance calculation methods and piezoelectric transducer impedance modeling techniques were compared.Taking planar spiral coils as the research objects,the filament method,area integral method,and finite element simulation were used to calculate self‑inductance and mutual inductance,with results compared against experimental values.A finite element model of the piezoelectric transducer and workpiece coupling system was established to obtain the impedance spectrum,which was compared with experimental values.The component parameters were incorporated into a three‑coil coupling circuit model to construct an monitoring system and conduct thickness inspection verification.The results indicate that the filament method is suitable for self‑inductance calculation,with a self‑inductance calculation error of less than 3%.The area integral method is appropriate for mutual inductance calculation,with a mutual inductance calculation error of less than 5% within a lift‑off distance range of 2 to 10 mm.The finite element simulation accurately predicts the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric transducer.The constructed monitoring system successfully achieveds thickness detection.This study provides methodological references and experimental basis for component selection and parameter design in inductive coupling wireless ultrasonic inspection systems.

, authors=Tian JI1, Jingwei CHENG1, Zhe WANG1, Yao YU1, Tao CAI1, Kaichao LU2, Shuhao MA1, authorsList=Tian JI, Jingwei CHENG, Zhe WANG, Yao YU, Tao CAI, Kaichao LU, Shuhao MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423149808767985, articleId=1320423141986390989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=基于电感耦合的超声监测数据传输设计研究, columnId=1320423037091041420, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=检验与维护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对电感耦合无线超声监测系统关键部件电参数难以精确获取的问题,对比现有线圈电感计算方法和压电换能器阻抗建模技术的准确性。以平面螺旋线圈为对象,采用细丝法、面积分法和有限元仿真计算自感与互感,并与试验值对比;建立压电换能器与工件耦合系统有限元模型,获取阻抗谱并进行试验对比;将部件参数代入三线圈耦合电路模型,构建监测系统并进行厚度检测验证。结果表明,细丝法适用于自感计算,计算自感的误差小于3%;面积分法适用于互感计算,在提离距离2~10 mm范围内,计算互感的误差小于5%;有限元仿真能准确预测压电换能器的谐振频率;所构建的监测系统成功实现厚度检测。研究可为电感耦合无线超声监测系统部件选型与参数设计提供方法参考和试验依据。

, authors=吉田1, 程经纬1, 王哲1, 虞耀1, 蔡涛1, 鲁凯超2, 马书豪1, authorsList=吉田, 程经纬, 王哲, 虞耀, 蔡涛, 鲁凯超, 马书豪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

吉田(1998),女,助理工程师,主要从事超声无损检测技术研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过因特网进行网络出版或提供信息服务(包括印刷版、光盘版和网络版等各种使用方式)。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8C0KJ5qTqSZyi0slv6hgFQ==, magXml=76zBzLJwycTWFkDF3SqMrw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8XDCUFu9kqv9ip9ykVK4Sw==, pdfFileSize=8078592, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=giHqtsMGCRbElnT1jg6fBw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=iVQWWnf6Y9+S+AaPkwworg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320423150190449657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423141986390989, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jitiant@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320423150278530043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423141986390989, authorId=1320423150190449657, language=EN, stringName=Tian JI, firstName=Tian, middleName=null, lastName=JI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320423150333055996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423141986390989, authorId=1320423150190449657, language=CN, stringName=吉田, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

吉田(1998),女,助理工程师,主要从事超声无损检测技术研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

吉田(1998),女,助理工程师,主要从事超声无损检测技术研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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注:Vij为线圈i在线圈j上产生的感应电动势;Zpzt为压电换能器阻抗;Ci,Ri,Li分别为线圈i的寄生电容、寄生电阻和电感;Rin为信号源内阻;Rout,Cout分别为采集器输入电阻和电容;Rsd,Rrt,Cpt,Crt为电路调谐元件的电阻和电容。

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预测回波和实测回波

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Coil parameters

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参数线圈1线圈2线圈3
匝数346
最大直径/mm404450
最小直径/mm525052
导线宽度/mm0.20.20.3
导线高度/mm0.0250.0250.025
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线圈参数

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参数线圈1线圈2线圈3
匝数346
最大直径/mm404450
最小直径/mm525052
导线宽度/mm0.20.20.3
导线高度/mm0.0250.0250.025
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Comparison of results of self‑inductance calculation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数线圈1误差/%线圈2误差/%线圈3误差/%
基于细丝法计算电感/μH0.977 3-0.381.896 50.483.240 22.99
基于面积分法计算电感/μH0.761 6-22.361.719 2-8.913.046 4-3.08
模拟电感/μH0.878 2-10.481.768 5-6.303.148 30.16
测量电感/μH0.981 0—1.887 4—3.143 2—
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自感计算方法结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数线圈1误差/%线圈2误差/%线圈3误差/%
基于细丝法计算电感/μH0.977 3-0.381.896 50.483.240 22.99
基于面积分法计算电感/μH0.761 6-22.361.719 2-8.913.046 4-3.08
模拟电感/μH0.878 2-10.481.768 5-6.303.148 30.16
测量电感/μH0.981 0—1.887 4—3.143 2—
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基于电感耦合的超声监测数据传输设计研究
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吉田 1 , 程经纬 1 , 王哲 1 , 虞耀 1 , 蔡涛 1 , 鲁凯超 2 , 马书豪 1
压力容器 | 检验与维护 2026,43(3): 78-86
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压力容器 |检验与维护 2026 , 43 (3) : 78 -86
基于电感耦合的超声监测数据传输设计研究
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吉田1 , 程经纬1, 王哲1, 虞耀1, 蔡涛1, 鲁凯超2, 马书豪1
作者信息
  • 1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
  • 2浙江工业大学 机械工程学院,杭州 310023
作者简介:

吉田(1998),女,助理工程师,主要从事超声无损检测技术研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Research on data transmission design for ultrasonic monitoring based on inductive coupling
Tian JI1 , Jingwei CHENG1, Zhe WANG1, Yao YU1, Tao CAI1, Kaichao LU2, Shuhao MA1
Affiliations
  • 1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
  • 2College of Mechanical Engineering,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310023,China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.008
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针对电感耦合无线超声监测系统关键部件电参数难以精确获取的问题,对比现有线圈电感计算方法和压电换能器阻抗建模技术的准确性。以平面螺旋线圈为对象,采用细丝法、面积分法和有限元仿真计算自感与互感,并与试验值对比;建立压电换能器与工件耦合系统有限元模型,获取阻抗谱并进行试验对比;将部件参数代入三线圈耦合电路模型,构建监测系统并进行厚度检测验证。结果表明,细丝法适用于自感计算,计算自感的误差小于3%;面积分法适用于互感计算,在提离距离2~10 mm范围内,计算互感的误差小于5%;有限元仿真能准确预测压电换能器的谐振频率;所构建的监测系统成功实现厚度检测。研究可为电感耦合无线超声监测系统部件选型与参数设计提供方法参考和试验依据。

电感耦合  /  无线超声检测  /  阻抗谱  /  电感计算

To address the difficulty in accurately obtaining electrical parameters of key components for the inductive coupling wireless ultrasonic monitoring systems,the accuracy of existing coil inductance calculation methods and piezoelectric transducer impedance modeling techniques were compared.Taking planar spiral coils as the research objects,the filament method,area integral method,and finite element simulation were used to calculate self‑inductance and mutual inductance,with results compared against experimental values.A finite element model of the piezoelectric transducer and workpiece coupling system was established to obtain the impedance spectrum,which was compared with experimental values.The component parameters were incorporated into a three‑coil coupling circuit model to construct an monitoring system and conduct thickness inspection verification.The results indicate that the filament method is suitable for self‑inductance calculation,with a self‑inductance calculation error of less than 3%.The area integral method is appropriate for mutual inductance calculation,with a mutual inductance calculation error of less than 5% within a lift‑off distance range of 2 to 10 mm.The finite element simulation accurately predicts the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric transducer.The constructed monitoring system successfully achieveds thickness detection.This study provides methodological references and experimental basis for component selection and parameter design in inductive coupling wireless ultrasonic inspection systems.

inductive coupling  /  wireless ultrasonic inspection  /  impedance spectrum  /  inductance calculation
吉田, 程经纬, 王哲, 虞耀, 蔡涛, 鲁凯超, 马书豪. 基于电感耦合的超声监测数据传输设计研究. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (3) : 78 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.008
Tian JI, Jingwei CHENG, Zhe WANG, Yao YU, Tao CAI, Kaichao LU, Shuhao MA. Research on data transmission design for ultrasonic monitoring based on inductive coupling[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (3) : 78 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.008
超声检测作为一种非破坏性检测手段,已在工业领域广泛应用[1-3]。然而,传感器通常为有线数据传输,长期监测时布线的安全性和可靠性仍然是一个重要挑战。因此,亟需开发一种无线、紧凑、轻量、永久附着或嵌入式的超声换能器。
将无线通信和无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)技术相结合,实现传感器和电源分离,使传感器成为无源器件,可提升其在长期监测时的安全性和稳定性。电感耦合无线电能传输(inductive coupled wireless power transfer,ICWPT)是无线电能传输的一种方式,因其具有结构简单、传输效率高、易于维护等优点,应用最为广泛[4]。COURTNEY等[5]基于电感耦合原理,提出在控制器和传感器端分别设置线圈,通过线圈之间电磁感应无线传输交流电信号驱动超声换能器工作,并确定了电感耦合超声监测系统的基本结构。ZHONG等[6]通过线圈优化和电路匹配设计,去除了磁芯,实现传感器小型化,并提升了系统检测性能。CHEN等[7]探究了线圈相对位置对检测效果的影响,以及系统延迟的校准方法。
然而,现有研究多集中在系统结构的可行性验证与整体优化方面,对关键部件电参数的精确建模关注较少。电感耦合无线超声监测系统中,线圈的自感、互感,以及压电换能器的阻抗特性,直接影响系统的谐振状态与信号传输效率。因此,需对电参数计算预测方法进行比较和筛选,并结合仿真与试验进行交叉验证,以实现系统性能的可控设计与优化。
本文围绕电感耦合无线超声监测系统中的关键部件进行建模与验证。首先,基于Neumann公式推导线圈自感与互感的解析计算方法,并结合细丝法与面积分法进行数值计算与有限元仿真验证;其次,建立压电换能器与工件耦合系统的多物理场仿真模型,获取其阻抗谱特性;最后,将部件模型集成至系统电路模型中,推导传递函数和预测回波信号,并通过试验验证模型的准确性与系统的可行性。研究结果可为无线超声监测系统的设计与优化提供支撑。
基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统,由可长期部署的贴片式传感器和可近距离无线感应监测的控制器组成。该系统具有可隔包覆层定点快速测量的优势,可用于压力管道、大型储罐等结构的长期壁厚监测与腐蚀评估,在布线困难或对安全性要求较高的工业现场中具有独特优势。系统典型结构如图1所示。在自发自收超声监测系统的基础上,增加了3个用于信号和无线电能传输的线圈,分别连接压电换能器、信号发射器、信号接收器。通过对线圈和压电换能器进行合理设计,信号发生器产生的交流电信号能够在传感器线圈上产生感应电,激励压电换能器产生超声波;同样地,传感器回路中的回波信号在信号采集器线圈产生感应电,实现回波检测。
监测系统中的线圈通过材料选择、几何结构设计和增加调谐元件等方法,形成串联谐振来提升信号强度;同时,线圈之间信号耦合传输效率的提升,依赖系统电路参数的匹配设计。为实现系统电参数的高效设计与精确调控,需建立线圈自感、互感和压电换能器电阻抗预测方法。无线超声监测系统模型如图2所示。比较并选取基于线圈互感、自感和压电换能器阻抗计算/模拟方法,构建系统传递函数,最终实现监测系统的回波预测。
线圈互感的计算以Neumann公式为核心,通过在线圈截面方向上进行积分或叠加,将空间回路的电感理论计算扩展到线圈实体。根据Neumann公式,空间中2个电流微元dl1,dl2之间的互感M12:
M12=μ04π∮L1∮L2dl1dl2r⃗1-r⃗2=μ04π∮L1∮L2cosθdl1dl2R
式中,μ0为真空磁导率,H/m;L1,L2分别为电流微元dl1,dl2所在回路;r⃗1,r⃗2分别为电流微元dl1,dl2在其对应回路上的位置矢量,m;θ为r⃗1,r⃗2之间的夹角,rad;R为电流微元dl1,dl2之间的距离,m。
当L1,L2为圆形回路且共轴时(见图3),互感M12可简化如下:
M12(r1,r2,h)=μ02∫02πr1r2cosφ1dφ1r12+r22+h2-2r1r2cosφ1
式中,r1,r2分别为电流微元dl1,dl2所在圆形回路的半径,m;φ1,φ2分别为电流微元dl1,dl2在其对应回路上的位置角,rad。
图4示出空间中的2个共轴线圈Ⅰ,Ⅱ。假设其截面为矩形,且截面方向上电流均匀分布,则电流密度J1,J2分别为:
J1=N1I1(R1-R2)(Z1-0)
J2=N2I2(R3-R4)(Z3-Z2)
式中,N1,N2分别为线圈Ⅰ,Ⅱ的匝数;I1,I2分别为线圈Ⅰ,Ⅱ的电流,A。
线圈Ⅰ,Ⅱ的互感M可视为M12在线圈截面上的积分,其公式如下。
M=J1J2I1I2∫R2R1∫0Z1∫R4R3∫Z2Z3M12=μ0N1N2(R1-R2)(Z1-0)(R3-R4)(Z3-Z2)∫R2R1∫0Z1∫R4R3
∫Z2Z3∫0πr1r2cosφdφdr1dr2dz1dz2(z2-z1)2+r12+r22-2r1r2cosφ
特别地,对于平面圆形螺旋线圈,认为Z1→0,Z3-Z2→0,式(5)可化简:
M=μ0N1N2(R1-R2)(R3-R4)
    ×∫R4R3∫R2R1∫0πr1r2cosφdφdr1dr2r12+r22-2r1r2cosφ
为实现计算机程序求解,采用文献[8]中推导的显示表达式进行互感计算。
细丝法(filament method)将线圈视为一组共轴的圆形电流回路,分别计算所有等效回路之间互感,再进行累加,如图5所示。对空间中的2个匝数分别为N1,N2的圆形共轴线圈Ⅰ,Ⅱ,互感M为:
M=∑i=1N1∑j=1N2M12(rIi,rⅡj,hij)
式中,rIi为线圈Ⅰ中第i匝螺旋线等效半径,m;rIIj为线圈Ⅱ中第j匝螺旋线等效半径,m;hij为线圈Ⅰ中第i匝螺旋线和线圈Ⅱ中第j匝螺旋线的中心距,m。
基于式(2),可推导空间中2个圆形电流回路之间的互感M12解析表达式[9]。
由于Neumann公式在,r⃗2-r⃗1→0时发散,不能直接用于回路自感计算。工程上单匝圆形线圈的自感,常采用简化公式计算:
L=μ0R[ln(8Ra)-2]
式中,R为线圈直径,m;a为线圈线径,m,a<<R。
式(8)是基于细导线近似得到的渐进解析解,其对数项来源于导线附近磁场的奇异行为,而常数项由整体几何决定。对于不同截面形状,可通过引入几何平均半径统一处理。
对于不满足a<<R的单匝圆形线圈,计算时需要考虑截面尺寸。可将自感的积分过程视为一种特殊情况,即2个线圈完全重合时的互感计算。采用Neumann公式积分计算自感,并通过解析积分处理积分微元重合时出现的被积函数发散。对于矩形截面的环形线圈,假设截面上电流均匀分布,则可通过面积分法计算电感:
       L=μ0N24(R1-R2)2Z2
∫R2R1∫R2R1∫0Z∫0Z∫0π
              cosθr1r2dθdr1dr2dz1dz2r12+r22-2r1r2cosθ+(z2-z1)2
式中,R1,R2分别为考虑截面尺寸时,线圈的最大半径和最小半径,m;Z为线圈厚度,m。
采用细丝法时,电感L则为每匝自感L(rimax,rimin,h)和所有匝间互感M(ri,rj,0)的叠加:
L=∑i=1N∑j=1,j≠iNM(ri,rj,0)+∑i=1NL(rimax,rimin,h)rimax=ri+w2ri mix=ri-w2
式中,ri,rj分别为线圈中第i,j匝导线所对应的等效圆半径,m;w,h分别为线圈导线宽度和高度,m。
对于其中一匝电感L(rimax,rimin,h),需借助面积分法,即式(9)计算。其多重积分可借助级数展开、贝塞尔函数、椭圆积分等方法[10-13]简化,得到解析解或半解析解,以采用计算机程序高效计算。本文基于文献[14]中的显示表达式进行求解。
由于精确到线圈中一匝的电感和互感难以测量,为验证电感计算结果的准确性,建立如图6所示的有限元模型。
在二维轴对称模型中建立空气域,并在外层设置无限元域来模拟无限大空间中线圈的磁场分布。按照实物线圈线宽、厚度和每匝的几何平均半径绘制截面,设置磁场物理场计算线圈电感和2个线圈之间的互感。
压电换能器在安装到待测物体表面后,其阻抗性能会发生变化,对系统信号传输效果产生显著影响。因此,直接针对安装后的换能器进行建模来获取压电换能器及工件耦合系统的阻抗[15]。建立的二维多物理场仿真模型如图7所示。在固体力学物理场中模拟超声波传播,在静电物理场中模拟换能器的能量转换过程;换能器和待测工件之间的耦合层厚度远小于横向尺寸,采用弹性薄层边界条件替代实体建模。换能器按照翻边电极形状设置终端及接地边界,并加载1 V正弦激励信号,通过频域扫描求解阻抗谱。
建立基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统电路模型,推导系统传递函数,建立线圈、压电换能器性能与回波信号之间的联系。
图8示出基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统电路模型。其中,发射线圈、接收线圈和传感器线圈之间相互耦合。
系统中V1,V2,V3的关系式如下:
V1V2V3=Z11Z12Z13Z21Z22Z23Z31Z32Z33I1I2I3=R1+jwL1jwM12jwM13jwM12R2+jwL2jwM23jwM13jwM23R3+jwL3I1I2I3
对于每个线圈所在电路:
V2I2=-11/ZC2+1/ZRsd+1/Zpzt
V3I3=-11/ZC3+1/ZRrd+1/ZCrt+1/(ZRoutZCout)
V1I1=Zin-11/Zp+1/ZCpt+1/ZC1
基于式(11)~(14)求得整个系统的阻抗特性,即Vout和Vin之间的关系如式(15)所示,各符号的具体定义及推导过程见文献[6]。
G=VoutVin=A+BZin
基于式(15)得到的传递函数G(f)是关于频率的复函数。对一段已知的输入信号x(t),其对应的输出如下:
y(t)=F-1{G(f)F[x(t)]}
首先,将线圈电感计算和仿真值与试验值进行对比;然后,将压电换能器和工件耦合系统的阻抗谱与试验值进行对比,验证关键部件模型的可靠性;最后,搭建试验系统进行检测验证。
基于第2.2节中的传递函数编写计算机程序。假设3个线圈共轴,信号发射和接收线圈无间隙(距离为线圈的厚度),且与传感器线圈之间的距离为5 mm。激励信号均为Hanning窗函数调制的6周期正弦信号。程序依据线圈参数、距离和换能器阻抗,计算系统传递函数,并根据设置的激励信号计算回波。
采用柔性印刷电路板(FPC)工艺加工线圈,其中铜厚17.5 μm,成品板厚0.12 mm。
采用IM3536 LCR测试仪测量线圈在5 MHz频率下的自感和互感。线圈互感采用串联顺接-反接差分法测量,如图9(a)所示:将2个线圈同向正对粘贴在平整亚克力板的正反两面,并分别以串联顺接和串联反接方式连接后,测量其整体电感值,分别得到L顺、L反,测量亚克力板厚度d板和线圈厚度dFPC,则此时2个线圈互感[16-17]:
M=(L顺-L反)/4
2个线圈之间的提离距离:
d=d板+dFPC
采用TE3001单端口网络分析仪,测量压电换能器及工件耦合系统的阻抗。其中,工件尺寸为50 mm×50 mm×20 mm,压电换能器通过301-2环氧树脂粘贴在低碳钢工件上表面中间位置,压电换能器2个电极通过同轴线缆连接到测试仪器,如图9(b)所示。
采用HS5 Handyscope进行激励和数据采集。搭建的基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统如图10所示,并进行厚度检测试验。其中,发射线圈、接收线圈采用常规印刷电路板(PCB)工艺制作,基底材料为FR4,如图10(a)所示;传感器线圈采用FPC工艺制作,基底材料为聚酰亚胺(PI),如图10(b)所示。监测系统采集压电换能器发出的超声波经底面反射后的回波,声程即为试块厚度的2倍。
为验证所提出的电感计算方法在不同几何参数下的适用性,设计并加工了3种不同参数的线圈,如表1所示。线圈的匝数、最大/小直径及导线宽度有所差异。
基于细丝法和面积分法分别计算其电感数值,并与模拟值和试验值比较。由表2可知,细丝法计算线圈电感的准确性更好,相对误差绝对值小于3%。随着线圈由稀疏变为密集,面积分法计算电感准确性逐渐提高,这可能与面积分法中截面区域内电流均匀分布假设,在线圈密度较低时的失真有关。
基于细丝法和面积分法分别计算其电感数值,并与模拟值和试验值比较。由图11可以看出,2种计算方法在提离距离较小(<2 mm)时误差更大;面积分法的准确性相比细丝法更高,当提离距离在2~10 mm范围内,面积分法的互感计算相对误差绝对值小于5%。这可能是因为提离距离较小时,线圈附近电磁场的非均匀分布特性更显著,而在计算过程中假设电流分布理想且均匀,未充分考虑导体截面电流分布及邻近效应等因素。此外,小提离距离下的计算对间隙测量误差更为敏感,也可能对结果产生一定影响。
基于有限元仿真得到0.3~10 MHz换能器及工件耦合系统的阻抗谱,并与试验值对比。图12(a)示出阻抗谱的模拟和试验结果,谐振频率、反谐振频率准确,但峰值有差异。采用第3.2节中线圈3参数,将换能器模拟和试验阻抗分别作为计算机程序输入,得到预测的回波信号,如图12(b)所示。回波信号的时间位置相同,但波形存在差异。
第3.2节中线圈3的电感与换能器等效电容Cₛ(将换能器阻抗谱按串联模型简化估算所得)最接近LC(电感-电容)谐振条件,因而在3种线圈中能量传输效率最高。
采用线圈3作为传感器和信号收发线圈,并与第3.3节中换能器及工件耦合系统组成无线超声监测系统,设置信号收发线圈和传感器线圈之间的距离为5 mm。用单端口网络分析仪测量得到整个系统在0.3~10 MHz范围内的阻抗。该阻抗谱能够表征系统的频率响应特性,并用于构建系统等效传递函数。基于该频率响应计算得到预测回波信号,并用Handyscope控制器测试系统的实际测量回波。
图13(a)示出基于系统传递函数计算得到的预测回波和实测回波;图13(b)示出基于第3.3节中换能器测量阻抗谱重构传递函数的预测回波和实测回波。图中的模拟值均已作归一化处理。观察到模拟和试验波形一致性较好,其中相位差可能由测量系统延时引起。
图14示出基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统,对厚度20 mm低碳钢试块的测量结果。图中距离根据(声速×时间)/2进行计算。通过提取包络线的一次、二次回波峰值点,相减得到试块厚度为19.83 mm,测量误差小于1%。
本文围绕基于电感耦合的无线超声监测系统,开展关键部件建模、系统集成与试验验证,系统比较了细丝法与面积分法在自感、互感计算中的适用条件与精度差异,给出定量误差范围与工程选用建议。将线圈电感计算与换能器-工件耦合系统阻抗谱建模相结合,实现从基础部件参数到最终检测回波预测的系统级建模。
(1)对于平面螺旋线圈的自感计算,细丝法精度更高,与试验值相比误差小于3%;对于互感计算,在提离距离2~10 mm范围内,面积分法更优,误差小于5%。
(2)有限元模型可有效预测换能器阻抗特性。建立的换能器-工件耦合系统多物理场模型,能够准确预测谐振频率和反谐振频率,仿真与实测阻抗谱在频域特征上吻合良好,验证了建模方法的有效性。
(3)系统传递函数模型具备回波预测能力。基于三线圈耦合电路模型推导的系统传递函数,能够有效预测超声回波信号。预测波形与实测波形在时间位置和包络结构上一致性良好,验证了系统级建模方法的可行性与准确性。
(4)所建系统成功实现厚度监测。基于本文方法搭建的无线超声监测系统,对厚度20 mm低碳钢试块的厚度测量结果为19.83 mm,测量误差小于1%。
本文提出的建模与验证方法可为电感耦合无线超声监测系统的参数设计、性能优化和工程应用提供理论支持。未来可进一步探索系统在高温、高压等极端环境下的适应性,以及多通道、多传感器协同监测的扩展应用。

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2026年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.008
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 修回日期:2026-03-03
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    1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
    2浙江工业大学 机械工程学院,杭州 310023
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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