Article(id=1320423027859374300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742982114, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742982114, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742982114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742982114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320422991322796787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742973404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745324599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432853012304549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432853016498854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423028052312285, articleId=1320423027859374300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=A comparative analysis of errors between three analytical methods and finite element method for D‑shaped flanged convex head structures, columnId=1320422992044217077, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Designs & Analyses, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the mechanical analysis of the D‑shaped flanged convex head structure,three analytical methods are adopted in this paper:GB 150/ASME Ⅷ-1(Method 1),the method from ASME Ⅷ-2 based on the improved approximate solution theory for spherical shells approximated as cylindrical shells(Method 2),and the proposed method based on the approximate solution theory for spherical shells approximated as shallow shells(Method 3).A comparative study is carried out among the three analytical solutions and the finite element analysis(FEA) results.The results show that for flange stress,the errors between Method 1 and FEA range from 82.32% to 130.73%,those between Method 2 and FEA range from 3.99% to 5.19%,and those between Method 3 and FEA range from 7.09% to 9.21%.For the edge stress of the spherical head(not calculated by Method 1),the errors relative to FEA range from 3.16% to 7.73% for Method 2 and from 0.4% to 6.24% for Method 3.

, authors=Chao LI, Yongdong CHEN, Xiaohong WU, authorsList=Chao LI, Yongdong CHEN, Xiaohong WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423030451454196, articleId=1320423027859374300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=D型带法兰凸形封头结构三种解析方法与有限元方法误差对比及分析, columnId=1320422992211989239, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对D型带法兰凸形封头结构的力学求解问题,采用了三种解析方法:GB 150/ASME Ⅷ-1(方法1)、依据球壳按柱壳改进近似解理论的ASME Ⅷ-2的另一方法(方法2)和本文提出的依据球壳按扁壳近似解理论的计算方法(方法3),并对三种解析方法与有限元分析计算结果进行比较。结果表明,法兰应力方面,方法1与有限元的误差为82.32%~130.73%,方法2与有限元的误差为3.99%~5.19%,方法3与有限元的误差为7.09%~9.21%;球形封头边缘应力方面(方法1未计算),方法2与有限元的误差为3.16%~7.73%,方法3与有限元的误差为0.4%~6.24%。

, authors=李超, 陈永东, 吴晓红, authorsList=李超, 陈永东, 吴晓红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李超(1988),女,工程师,主要从事化工设备的数值模拟和预测工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司传热技术与装备研究所,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过因特网进行网络出版或提供信息服务(包括印刷版、光盘版和网络版等各种使用方式)。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Xh97NVXr3Ss381pZCwpguw==, magXml=+Jltubxoacf2qNBQtY/9Ug==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ol/Ih5M3TRXSsK7CKf3k6A==, pdfFileSize=2033161, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3fp6BEQAeR1dI5KcCCk6bw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FxusV+fyaoMnfbmaJ8wZKQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320423030862495993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lichao_post@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320423030942187771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, authorId=1320423030862495993, language=EN, stringName=Chao LI, firstName=Chao, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Heat Transfer Technology and Equipment,Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320423031005102332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, authorId=1320423030862495993, language=CN, stringName=李超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司 传热技术与装备研究所,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

李超(1988),女,工程师,主要从事化工设备的数值模拟和预测工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司传热技术与装备研究所,E-mail:。

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李超(1988),女,工程师,主要从事化工设备的数值模拟和预测工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司传热技术与装备研究所,E-mail:。

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refType=null, unstructuredReference=陶钧,张运强,李小梅,等.人孔的标准化设计及工程应用研究[J].压力容器,2025,42(1):61-68., articleTitle=人孔的标准化设计及工程应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320423034763198766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=61, pageEnd=68, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=11, authorNames=TAO J, ZHANG Y Q, LI X M, journalName=Pressure Vessel Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAO J,ZHANG Y Q,LI X M,et al.Research on standardized design and engineering application of manhole[J].Pressure Vessel Technology,2025,42(1):61-68., articleTitle=Research on standardized design and engineering application of manhole, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320423030761832693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320423030774415606, 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Comparison of theoretical versus Finite Element results for moments and forces at the head-flange junction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 πDiM(Mdo)/(kN⋅mm) πDiQ(Vdo)/kN
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1————
2-228 88116.9-547.024.3
3-247 92710.0-636.244.6
4-275 3650-439.90
3 000
(34.52)
1————
280 562.047.92 552.03.1
371 100.430.52 586.01.9
454 490.702 633.80
4 000
(25.15)
1————
2305 446.011.85 947.31.1
3299 879.09.86 068.71.0
4273 176.806 011.50
5 000
(19.88)
1————
2499 0508.59 659.30.5
3494 9177.69 855.81.6
4459 87909 705.20
), ArticleFig(id=1320423033400049950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几种理论计算方法与有限元封头与法兰连接处弯矩、径向力值的比较及误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 πDiM(Mdo)/(kN⋅mm) πDiQ(Vdo)/kN
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1————
2-228 88116.9-547.024.3
3-247 92710.0-636.244.6
4-275 3650-439.90
3 000
(34.52)
1————
280 562.047.92 552.03.1
371 100.430.52 586.01.9
454 490.702 633.80
4 000
(25.15)
1————
2305 446.011.85 947.31.1
3299 879.09.86 068.71.0
4273 176.806 011.50
5 000
(19.88)
1————
2499 0508.59 659.30.5
3494 9177.69 855.81.6
4459 87909 705.20
), ArticleFig(id=1320423033471353119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of theoretical versus Finite Element Methods for flange stress calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 σfm/MPa σfb/MPa σf/MPa
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1-47.0173.2-86.061.4133.088.4
2-19.312.2-55.94.975.26.5
3-19.614.0-59.611.879.312.3
4-17.20-53.3070.60
3 000
(34.52)
1-110.4177.642.2-0.4152.682.3
2-40.92.844.62.185.44.0
3-40.72.548.911.389.67.1
4-39.8043.9083.70
4 000
(25.15)
1-161.7196.78.6-77.2170.284.7
2-56.13.039.86.596.04.1
3-55.72.344.618.3100.38.8
4-54.5037.7092.20
5 000
(19.88)
1-209.9215.222.6-33.4232.5130.7
2-68.93.436.98.7105.75.2
3-68.22.441.922.5110.19.2
4-66.6034.20100.80
), ArticleFig(id=1320423033546850592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

几种理论计算方法与有限元计算法兰应力值的比较及误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 σfm/MPa σfb/MPa σf/MPa
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1-47.0173.2-86.061.4133.088.4
2-19.312.2-55.94.975.26.5
3-19.614.0-59.611.879.312.3
4-17.20-53.3070.60
3 000
(34.52)
1-110.4177.642.2-0.4152.682.3
2-40.92.844.62.185.44.0
3-40.72.548.911.389.67.1
4-39.8043.9083.70
4 000
(25.15)
1-161.7196.78.6-77.2170.284.7
2-56.13.039.86.596.04.1
3-55.72.344.618.3100.38.8
4-54.5037.7092.20
5 000
(19.88)
1-209.9215.222.6-33.4232.5130.7
2-68.93.436.98.7105.75.2
3-68.22.441.922.5110.19.2
4-66.6034.20100.80
), ArticleFig(id=1320423033630736673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of theoretical versus Finite Element Methods for stresses at the head edge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 σhm/MPa σhb/MPa σh/MPa
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1——————
233.20.680.416.9113.612.4
333.30.987.010.0120.37.2
433.0096.70129.70
3 000
(34.52)
1——————
243.813.728.347.872.13.2
343.813.825.030.568.70.4
450.8019.1069.90
4 000
(25.15)
1——————
252.40.3107.211.8159.67.7
352.10.3105.39.8157.46.2
452.3095.90148.20
5 000
(19.88)
1——————
256.00.2175.28.5235.26.3
359.60.5173.87.6233.35.4
459.90161.50221.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320423033752371490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423027859374300, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

几种理论计算方法与有限元计算封头边缘处应力的比较及误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
R/mm
〔β1/(°)〕
计算方法 σhm/MPa σhb/MPa σh/MPa
计算值误差/%计算值误差/%计算值误差/%
2 000
(58.21)
1——————
233.20.680.416.9113.612.4
333.30.987.010.0120.37.2
433.0096.70129.70
3 000
(34.52)
1——————
243.813.728.347.872.13.2
343.813.825.030.568.70.4
450.8019.1069.90
4 000
(25.15)
1——————
252.40.3107.211.8159.67.7
352.10.3105.39.8157.46.2
452.3095.90148.20
5 000
(19.88)
1——————
256.00.2175.28.5235.26.3
359.60.5173.87.6233.35.4
459.90161.50221.30
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D型带法兰凸形封头结构三种解析方法与有限元方法误差对比及分析
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李超 , 陈永东 , 吴晓红
压力容器 | 设计计算 2026,43(1): 56-66
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压力容器 |设计计算 2026 , 43 (1) : 56 -66
D型带法兰凸形封头结构三种解析方法与有限元方法误差对比及分析
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李超 , 陈永东, 吴晓红
作者信息
  • 1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司 传热技术与装备研究所,合肥 230031
作者简介:

李超(1988),女,工程师,主要从事化工设备的数值模拟和预测工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司传热技术与装备研究所,E-mail:。

A comparative analysis of errors between three analytical methods and finite element method for D‑shaped flanged convex head structures
Chao LI , Yongdong CHEN, Xiaohong WU
Affiliations
  • Institute of Heat Transfer Technology and Equipment,Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.007
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针对D型带法兰凸形封头结构的力学求解问题,采用了三种解析方法:GB 150/ASME Ⅷ-1(方法1)、依据球壳按柱壳改进近似解理论的ASME Ⅷ-2的另一方法(方法2)和本文提出的依据球壳按扁壳近似解理论的计算方法(方法3),并对三种解析方法与有限元分析计算结果进行比较。结果表明,法兰应力方面,方法1与有限元的误差为82.32%~130.73%,方法2与有限元的误差为3.99%~5.19%,方法3与有限元的误差为7.09%~9.21%;球形封头边缘应力方面(方法1未计算),方法2与有限元的误差为3.16%~7.73%,方法3与有限元的误差为0.4%~6.24%。

带法兰凸形球形封头  /  柱壳理论改进近似解  /  扁壳理论近似解  /  法兰应力  /  球形封头边缘应力

For the mechanical analysis of the D‑shaped flanged convex head structure,three analytical methods are adopted in this paper:GB 150/ASME Ⅷ-1(Method 1),the method from ASME Ⅷ-2 based on the improved approximate solution theory for spherical shells approximated as cylindrical shells(Method 2),and the proposed method based on the approximate solution theory for spherical shells approximated as shallow shells(Method 3).A comparative study is carried out among the three analytical solutions and the finite element analysis(FEA) results.The results show that for flange stress,the errors between Method 1 and FEA range from 82.32% to 130.73%,those between Method 2 and FEA range from 3.99% to 5.19%,and those between Method 3 and FEA range from 7.09% to 9.21%.For the edge stress of the spherical head(not calculated by Method 1),the errors relative to FEA range from 3.16% to 7.73% for Method 2 and from 0.4% to 6.24% for Method 3.

flanged convex spherical head  /  improved approximate solution of cylindrical shell theory  /  approximate solution of shallow shell theory  /  flange stress  /  the edge stress of the spherical head
李超, 陈永东, 吴晓红. D型带法兰凸形封头结构三种解析方法与有限元方法误差对比及分析. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (1) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.007
Chao LI, Yongdong CHEN, Xiaohong WU. A comparative analysis of errors between three analytical methods and finite element method for D‑shaped flanged convex head structures[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (1) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.007
在现代工业体系中,压力容器作为关键设备广泛应用于化工、能源、航空航天等领域,其安全性与可靠性直接关系到工业生产的安全稳定运行。D型带法兰球形凸封头作为一种特殊结构形式的封头连接部件,因其具有结构紧凑、装拆便捷和密封可靠等突出优点,特别适用于需要频繁启闭的高压、超高压工作环境。我国对D型球形法兰螺栓连接封头的研究始于20世纪90年代,丁伯民[1]阐述了对ASME Ⅷ-1 BPVCSectionⅧ-Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1中带法兰凸形封头设计公式和使用范围的理解,化工部第三设计院[2]编制了带法兰凸形封头的计算表,然而,对于该结构的各类解析方法,近年来尚未建立系统性的对比分析框架。
本文系统研究了D型带法兰球形凸封头结构形式和受力,法兰处理为弹性圆环,球形封头分别处理为无矩球壳、近似的有矩柱壳和有矩扁壳,采用三种解析方法对D型带法兰球形封头结构进行理论分析研究。方法1(见GB 150《压力容器》中表7~12和ASME Ⅷ-1中Mandatory Appendix 1-6)将球形封头处理为无矩球壳,忽略法兰和封头的变形协调条件及由此产生的弯矩和径向力,法兰环环向膜应力加弯曲应力控制在许用应力之内,推导出法兰厚度计算公式。方法2中,球形封头半顶角β1(Φ2)≥π/6时,封头按有矩柱壳改进近似理论(参见文献[3]和GB/T 4732.3《压力容器分析设计 第3部分:公式法》)考虑,考虑法兰和封头的变形协调条件及由此产生的弯矩和径向力,推导出ASME Ⅷ-2 BPVC SectionⅧ-Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 2中4.7.5 Type D Head Geometry for Alternative Design Procedure。方法3中,球形封头半顶角β1(Φ2)≤π/6时,封头按扁壳近似理论(参见文献[4]和GB/T 4732.3)考虑,推导出β1(Φ2)≤π/6,即本文提出的计算方法。
为评估和比较现有解析方法的计算精度,并探索更优的设计方案,有限元分析作为一种成熟的数值模拟技术[5-6],提供了进行对比验证的有力工具。鉴于此,本文系统性地针对D型带法兰凸形封头结构,分别采用上述三种解析方法进行力学建模与公式推导。通过一个典型实例结构,将三种方法的计算结果与详尽的二维轴对称有限元分析结果进行定量对比,重点考察法兰环向应力与封头边缘应力的计算误差,旨在明确各种方法的适用条件与计算精度,为工程设计的优化与相关标准的修订提供理论依据和参考。
D型带法兰凸形球形封头结构示意见图1,力学分析模型见图2。
法兰处理为弹性圆环,力学分析模型如图2所示(见GB/T 4732.3附录A图A-7),考虑压力对法兰作用产生的位移和转角(GB 150和ASME Ⅷ-1 Mandatory Appendix 1-6中均未考虑),依据GB/T 4732.3 A3.6(文中用直径,标准中用半径)轴对称圆环分析可得下列计算式。
压力在法兰环内表面作用产生的单位弧长径向力(用ASME Ⅷ-2中尺寸q表示QP=qP):
QP=(δf-l-δh/cosβ1)P
压力在法兰环内表面作用产生的单位弧长弯矩〔逆时针方向,用ASME中尺寸q表示MP=0.5q(T-q)P〕:
MP=0.5(δf-l-δh/cosβ1)(l+δh/cosβ1)P
法兰环截面形心径向位移:
uRPQ=(Do+Di)(QP+Q-Q1)4Efδfln(K)
〔K-1≪1,
窄圆环,uRPQ=(Do+Di)2(QP+Q-Q1)8Ef(Do-Di)δf〕
法兰环最大环向膜应力:
σfθm=(QP+Q-Q1)δfK2+1K2-1
〔K-1≪1,
窄圆环, σfθm=(Do+Di)(QP+Q-Q1)2(Do-Di)δf〕
法兰环截面转角(Q1的力矩表示在Mp中):
θRPM=3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3
〔K-1≪1,窄圆环,θRPM=3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](Do+Di)22Ef(Do-Di)δf3〕
Mp/πDi=(FDLD+FGLG+FTLT-FrLr)/πDi=[DG2(2Db-DG-Di)+Di2(DG-Di)+16mbDG(Db-DG)-4Di2Lrcotβ1]P/(16Di)=[(DG2+8mbDG)(Db-DG)+Di2(DG-Di)-4Di2Lrcotβ1]P/(8Di)   (ASME规范中)
最大环向弯曲应力:
σfθb=±3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](K+1)ln(K)δf2
〔K-1≪1,窄圆环,σfθb=±3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](K+1)(K-1)δf2〕
其中,+为下表面环向弯曲应力;-为上表面环向弯曲应力。
法兰环与封头连接处径向位移:
uPMQ=uRPQ-LrθRPM=(Do+Di)(QP+Q-Q1)/[4Efδfln(K)]-3Lr[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](Do+Di)/[Efln(K)δf3]=[-12LrMP+(12Lr2+δf2)Q-Q1δf2+12LrM+δf2QP+12LrMp/(πDi)](Do+Di)/[4Efln(K)δf3]
其中,窄圆环适用于方法1,其他情况适用于方法2或方法3。
封头为球壳,力学分析模型见图2(GB/T 4732.3中图A-4中封头半顶角由f表示,文中为β),依据GB/T 4732.3附录A3.4轴对称载荷作用下球壳分析,压力作用下封头周边径向位移计算式如下:
uhp=1-νh2EhδhPRi2sinβ1
封头的经向和环向膜应力计算式如下:
σhxp=σhθp=12δhPRi
球形封头边缘变形协调引起的径向力Q,弯矩M,径向位移uhQM和转角βhQM,当β1≤π/6时,采用扁壳理论[4]求近似解,令:λ=3(1-νh2)4Ri/δh,ξ=2λβ,ξ1=2λβ1,即GB/T 4732.3中ξ2。
系数计算式如下:
B0=bei'(ξ1)[ber(ξ1)-1-νhξ1bei'(ξ1)]-ber'(ξ1)[bei(ξ1)+1-νhξ1ber'(ξ1)]
其中,GB/T 4732.3中第二个中括号前ber'印刷误写为bei',JB 4732—1995(2005)《钢制压力容器——分析设计标准》正确。
g11=-12(1-νh2)4RB0Riδh×{[ber(ξ1)-1-νhξ1bei'(ξ1)]×[ber(ξ1)-1+νhξ1bei'(ξ1)]+[bei(ξ1)+1-νhξ1ber'(ξ1)]×[bei(ξ1)+1+νhξ1ber'(ξ1)]}
g12=g21=12(1-νh2)1B0[ber(ξ1)ber'(ξ1)+bei(ξ1)bei'(ξ1)]
g22=[12(1-νh2)]34RiδhB0R{[ber'(ξ1)]2+[bei'(ξ1)]2}
边缘位移和转角计算式如下:
uhQM=Risinβ1Ehδh(g11Q+g12Mδh)
βhQM=Risinβ1Ehδh2(-g21Q+g22Mδh)
当β1>π/6时,采用有矩柱壳渐近改进近似解,系数计算式如下:
k21=1-1-2νhλcotβ1
k22=1-1+2νhλcotβ1
γ2=π-tan-1(k21)
边缘位移和转角计算式如下:
uhQM=RiEhδhsinβ1[-λsinβ1(1k21+k22)Q+2λ2k21MRi]
βhQM=2λ2Ehδh1k21(-Qsinβ1+2λMRi)
将法兰处理为窄弹性圆环,不考虑压力作用对法兰产生的位移和转角,封头处理为无矩球壳,不考虑法兰与封头连接处的变形连续条件,忽略边缘力矩,法兰按第2节式(4)括号内窄圆环分析(σfθm计算公式,即式(4)中Do+Di取2Di,Q,QP取0)计算可得下列公式。
法兰环向膜应力〔满足式(4)括号内条件时〕:
σfθm=DiQ1(Do-Di)δf=DiP44Ri2-Di2(Do-Di)δf
法兰环向弯曲应力〔满足式(7)括号内条件时〕:
σfθb=∓3Mp(Do+Di)πDi(Do-Di)δf2
法兰最大环向膜加弯曲应力:
σfθ=σfθm+σfθb=DiP44Ri2-Di2(Do-Di)δf+3Mp(Do+Di)πDi(Do-Di)δf2≤[σ]ft
式(24)中,3/π取1,≤号取=号,方程两边乘以δf2得式(25)所示一元二次方程,求解得式(26),如下所示:
[σ]ftδf2-DiP44Ri2-Di2(Do-Di)δf-Mp(Do+Di)Di(Do-Di)=0
    δf=DiP84Ri2-Di2(Do-Di)[σ]ft + DiP84Ri2-Di2(Do-Di)[σ]ft2+Mp(Do+Di)Di(Do-Di)[σ]ft12
式(26)为GB 150表7-12中法兰厚度计算公式,其中,Mp=FDLD+FGLG+FTLT-FrLr。
将法兰处理为弹性圆环,球形封头采用有矩柱壳渐近改进近似解,力学分析模型如图2所示,按第2节和第3节(GB/T 4732.3附录A3.6轴对称圆环分析和A3.4轴对称载荷作用下球壳的分析中β1>π/6的有矩柱壳渐近改进近似解分析)的计算,考虑连接处边缘力和力矩,由法兰和封头连接处的变形连续条件,将式(1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(8)(9)(20)(21)代入连接处变形连续条件。
由βRPM=βhQM得:
  3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3=2λ2Ehδh1k21(-Qsinβ1+2λMRi)[3Lr(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3   -2λ2Ehδhsinβ1k21]Q+[3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3+4λ3EhRiδh1k21]M=3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3[MP-Mp/(πDi)]
由uRPQ=uhp+uhQM+LrβqQM(uRPQ-LrβRPM=uhp+uhQM,法兰采用窄圆环),uRPQ计算式中(Do+Di)2取4Di2得:
Di2(QP+Q-Q1)2Ef(Do-Di)δf=1-νh2EhδhPRi2sinβ1  +RiEhδhsinβ1[-λsinβ1(1k21+k22)Q+2λ2k21MRi]  +2λ2EhδhLrk21(-Qsinβ1+2λMRi)-[Di22Efδf(Do-Di)  +2λ2LrEhδhsinβ1k21+λRisin2β1Ehδh(1k21+k22)]Q  +[4λ3EhRiδhLrk21+2λ2sinβ1Ehδhk21]M=Di2(QP-Q1)2Efδf(Do-Di)-1-νh2EhδhRi2sinβ1P
采用ASME规范中符号,Do+Di改为B(K+1),k21改为k1,k22改为k2,β1改为ϕ,Ri改为R,δh改为t,法兰和封头材料弹性模量取相同值,式(27)(28)两式两边同时乘以弹性模量和π,边缘力、力矩前的系数除以B。MP=0.5q(T-q)P,QP=qP,Q1=0.25BPcotϕ,2d=(Do-Di)=(A-B),Vdo=πDiQ=πBQ,Mdo=πDiM=πBM,由式(27)得式(29),式(28)得式(30)。
[3e(K+1)ln(K)T3-2λ2Btsinϕk1]Vdo+[3(K+1)ln(K)T3+4λ3BRt1k1]Mdo=3π(K+1)Pln(K)T3{[0.5Bq(T-q)+0.5B2ecotϕ]   -0.125[(DG2+8mbDG)(Db-DG)+Di2(DG-Di)]}
  -[B4Td+2λ2eBtsinϕk1+λRsin2ϕBt(1k1+k2)]Vdo  +[4λ3BRtek1+2λ2sinϕBtk1]Mdo=[πB2(q-0.25Bcotϕ)4Td-1-νh2tπR2sinϕ]P
封头材料泊松比νh取0.3,λ2=3(1-νh2)R/t=1.652 3R/t,式(29)两边同乘以ln(K)T3/[3(K+1)]得式(31)〔Woh1操作工况式(6)去掉最后一项〕,式(30)两边同时乘以t得式(32)。
             [e-1.652 3T3ln(K)(2R)sinϕ3(K+1)Bt2k1]Vdo            +[1+6.609 1λT3ln(K)3(K+1)Bt2k1]Mdo         =πB2P4[ecotϕ+2q(T-q)B-h2]-Woh1
  -[Bt4Td+1.652 3e(2Rsinϕ)Bk1t+λRsin2ϕB  ×(1k1+k2)]Vdo+1.652 3Rk1t(4λeBR+2sinϕB)Mdo=π4[B24q-Bcotϕ4dtT-0.35×4×R2sin2ϕsinϕ]P
其中,B=2Rsinϕ,引入参数n=T/t,Q(Vdo)的方向取与图2方向相反,其系数取反号,经整理得式(33)(34)。
  (1.652 3n3tln(K)3(K+1)k1-e)Vdo  +(1+6.609 1λn3tln(K)3(K+1)Bk1)Mdo=πB2P4[ecotϕ+2q(T-q)B-h2]-Woh1
  [B4nd+1.652 3ek1t+λsinϕ2(1k1+k2)]Vdo  +1.652 3tk1(4λeB+1)Mdo=πB2P4[4q-Bcotβ)4nd-0.35sinϕ]
式(33)中分母K取1,可得方法2中系数C1,C2,C3o,由式(34)可得系数C4,C5,C6o。
C1=0.275n3tln(K)k1-e
C2=1+1.1λn3tln(K)Bk1
C3o=πB2P4[ecotϕ+2q(T-q)B-h2]-Woh1
C4=B4nd+1.652 3ek1t+λsinϕ2(1k1+k2)
C5=1.652 3tk1(4λeB+1)
C6o=πB2P4[4q-Bcotβ)4nd-0.35sinϕ]
联立式(33)(34)求解,得式(41)Vdo和式(42)Mdo计算式。
Vdo=C5C3o-C2C6oC1C5-C2C4=C2C6o-C5C3oC2C4-C1C5
Mdo=C1C6o-C4C3oC1C5-C2C4=C4C3o-C1C6oC2C4-C1C5
Shm=PR2t≤Sho
Shl=PR2t+VdocosϕπBt≤1.5Sho
Shl±Shb=PR2t+VdocosϕπBt±6MdoπBt2≤1.5Sho
Sfm=πB(QP-Q1)-VdoπBT(K2+1)(K2-1)=0.25πB(4q/B-cotϕ)P-VdoπBT(K2+1)(K2-1)≤Sfo
Sfb=-βqQMTBEf=-TEfB2λ2Eht1k1(VdoπBsinϕ+2λMdoπBR)=-1.652 3πnBtk1(Vdo+4λMdoB)=-0.525 9nBtk1(Vdo+4λMdoB)
式(47)中,ASME Ⅷ-2中内正、外负,Vdo取反向,Vdo前为正、Mdo前为负。
Sfm±Sfb
≤1.5Sfo
同样是将法兰处理为弹性圆环、球形封头采用扁壳近似解,力学分析模型如图2所示,按第2节和第3节(GB/T 4732.3附录A3.6轴对称圆环分析和A3.4轴对称载荷作用下球壳的分析中β1≤π/6的分析)进行计算,考虑连接处边缘力矩,考虑法兰和封头连接处的变形连续条件,将式(1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(8)(9)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)代入连接处变形连续条件(R=Risinβ1)。
由βRPM=βqQM得:
  3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3=REhδh2(-g21Q+g22Mδh)[3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3+Rg22Ehδh3]M  +[3Lr(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3-Rg21Ehδh2]Q=3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3[MP-Mp/(πDi)]
由uPMQ=uhp+uhQM得:
[-12LrMP+(12Lr2+δf2)Q-Q1δf2+12LrM+δf2QP+12LrMp/(πDi)](Do+Di)/[4Efln(K)δf3]=1-νh2EhδhPRi2sinβ1+REhδh(g11Q+g12Mδh)  ×[-3Lr(Do+Di)Efδf3ln(K)+Rg12Ehδh2]M  +[-(δf2+12Lr2)(Do+Di)4Efδf3ln(K)+Rg11Ehδh]Q=[-12LrMP-δf2Q1+δf2QP+12LrMp/(πDi)]  ×(Do+Di)/[4Efln(K)δf3]-1-νh2EhδhRi2sinβ1P
令C1,C2,C3,C4为方程组系数,D1,D2为右端项,可得下列公式。
C1=3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3+Rg22Ehδh3
C2=-C3=3Lr(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3-Rg21Ehδh2
C4=-(δf2+12Lr2)(Do+Di)4Efδf3ln(K)+Rg11Ehδh
D1=3(Do+Di)Efln(K)δf3[MP-Mp/(πDi)]
D2={[-6Lrq(δf-q)-0.25Diδf2cotβ1+δf2q]P+12LrMpπDi}(Do+Di)/[4Efln(K)δf3]-1-νh2EhδhRi2sinβ1P
联立式(49)(50)可求解式(56)M计算式和式(57)Q计算式。
M=D1C4-C2D2C1C4-C2C3
Q=C1D2-C3D1C1C4-C2C3
σhm=PR2δh≤[σ]ht
σhl=PR2δh-Qcos(β1)δh≤1.5[σ]ht
σh=σhl±σhb=σhl=PR2δh-Qcos(β1)δh±6Mδh2≤1.5[σ]ht
σfm=(QP-Q1+Q)δf(K2+1)(K2-1)≤[σ]ft
σfb=±3[MP-QLr-M-Mp/(πDi)](K+1)ln(K)δf2
σf=σfm±σfb
≤1.5[σ]ft
设备设计压力P=1.3 MPa,设计温度50 ℃,法兰材料为16Mn锻件,封头材料为Q345R,垫片材料为丁晴橡胶,法兰内直径Di=3 400 mm,法兰外直径Do=3 730 mm,螺栓圆直径⌀3 650 mm,法兰有效厚度δf=300 mm,100个M36的螺栓,垫片内直径⌀3 528 mm,垫片外直径Db=3 568 mm,球形封头内半径R=2 000,3 000,4 000,5 000 mm,封头半顶角β1=58.21°,34.52°,25.15°,19.88°,封头有效厚度δh=40 mm,封头与法兰连接处封头外表面至法兰上表面距离l=70 mm,封头内表面至法兰下表面距离q=154.07,181.45,185.81,187.47 mm。法兰材料许用应力[σ]ft=174 MPa,封头材料许用应力[σ]ht=181 MPa,垫片系数m=1,Fr=πDiQ1=FDcotβ1=0.25πDi2Pcotβ1=7 314 811,17 160 583,25 139 496,32 640 922 N。
为了与理论分析计算进行比较,进行二维轴对称有限元分析计算,封头和法兰内壁及法兰垫片内侧表面作用1.3 MPa的设计压力,垫片密封面作用密封压力,螺栓横截面积等值的环面上作用螺栓力,分析计算四种封头内半径的结构,分别给出四种封头和法兰结构的应力,提取封头与法兰连接处相互作用力和力矩,经过处理给出法兰环向膜应力、弯曲应力、膜加弯曲应力及封头边缘的经向膜应力、弯曲应力、膜加弯曲应力与理论分析计算结果进行对比。
内半径R=2 000 mm的封头法兰结构封头经向应力和法兰环向应力分布如图3所示。
封头经向应力最大值321.8 MPa,位置在封头和法兰连接处;法兰环向压应力最大值为75.15 MPa,位置在法兰下边内侧。经过对封头和法兰连接处单元节点力进行数据处理,得到封头与法兰连接处法兰对封头作用的总力矩:πDiM=Mdo=-2.753 654×108 N⋅mm。相互作用总径向力:πDi(-Q+Q1)=7.754 72×106N。其中,πDiQ=Vdo=7.314 811×106-7.754 72 ×106=-4.399 09 ×105 N(封头推法兰)。
内半径R=3 000 mm的封头法兰结构封头经向应力和法兰环向应力分布如图4所示。封头经向应力最大值225.34 MPa,位置在封头和法兰连接处;法兰环向压应力最大值为87.48 MPa,位置在法兰下边内侧。经过对封头和法兰连接处单元节点力数据进行处理,得到封头与法兰连接处法兰对封头作用总力矩:πDiM=Mdo=5.449 07×107 N⋅mm,相互作用总径向力:πDi(-Q+Q1)=1.452 674×107 N。其中,πDiQ=Vdo=πDiQ1-1.452 674×107=1.716 058 3×107-1.452 674×107=2.633 84×106 N(封头拉法兰)。
内半径R=4 000 mm的封头法兰结构封头经向应力和法兰环向应力分布如图5所示。封头经向应力最大值为412.81 MPa,位置在封头和法兰连接处;法兰环向压应力最大值97.78 MPa,位置在法兰下边内侧。经过对封头和法兰连接处单元节点力进行数据处理,得到封头与法兰连接处法兰对封头作用总力矩:πDiM=Mdo=2.731 768×108 N⋅mm,相互作用总径向力:πDi(-Q+Q1)=1.912 801×107 N。其中,πDiQ=Vdo=πDiQ1-1.912 801×107=2.513 949 6×107-1.912 801×107=6.011 486×106 N(封头拉法兰)。
内半径R=5 000 mm的封头法兰结构经向应力和法兰环向应力分布如图6所示。封头经向应力最大值590.31 MPa,位置在封头和法兰连接处;法兰环向压应力最大值107.21 MPa,位置在法兰下边内侧。经过对封头和法兰连接处单元节点力进行数据处理,封头与法兰连接处法兰对封头作用总力矩:πDiM=Mdo=4.598 79×108 N⋅mm,法兰对封头作用总径向力:πDi(-Q+Q1)=2.293 569×107N。其中,πDiQ=Vdo=πDiQ1-2.293 569×107=3.264 092 2×107-2.293 569×107=9.705 232×106 N(封头拉法兰)。
对四种封头内半径的法兰结构按GB 150(ASME Ⅷ-1规则设计)和ASME Ⅷ-2规则及本文提出的方法进行编程计算,得到封头与法兰连接处弯矩、径向力,法兰环向和封头边缘径向膜应力、弯曲应力、膜加弯曲应应力。表1~3分别列出四种结构四种计算方法连接处径向力和力矩、法兰应力和封头边缘应力,对三种理论计算与有限元计算值进行比较,给出各种计算方法的误差。对于此结构进一步计算分析,当封头半径为2 182 mm(封头半顶角51.18°),封头与法兰连接处径向力Vdo几乎为0,半径小于该值时,Vdo为负,大于该值时,Vdo为正;封头半径偏离该值越远,Vdo绝对值越大。当封头半径为2 693 mm(封头半顶角39.14°),封头与法兰连接处径向力Mdo几乎为0,半径小于该值时,Mdo为负,大于该值时,Mdo为正;封头半径偏离该值越远,Vdo绝对值越大。即封头半径大于2 693 mm时,随着内半径的增加(封头半顶角减小),封头与法兰连接处弯矩增加,封头半径大于2 182 mm时,随着内半径的增加(封头半顶角减小),径向力增加,封头半径小于以上临界值时,与以上变化趋势相反。定义GB 150(ASME Ⅷ-1规则设计)计算方法为方法1,ASME Ⅷ-2规则计算方法为方法2,本文提出的计算方法为方法3,有限元计算方法为方法4。
封头内半径R=2 000~5 000mm(半顶角β1=58.21°~19.88°),封头与法兰连接处弯矩方法2与方法4计算误差为8.52%~47.9%,径向力方法2与方法4计算误差为0.5%~24.3%。封头与法兰连接处弯矩方法3与方法4计算误差为7.6%~30.5%,径向力方法2与方法4计算误差为1%~44.6%。
法兰环向膜应力方法1与方法4计算误差为173.2%~215.2%,法兰环向弯曲应力方法1与方法4计算误差为-0.4%~77.2%,法兰环向膜加弯曲应力方法1与方法4计算误差为82.3%~130.7%。方法1计算法兰环向膜压应力是有限元计算方法的三倍左右,膜加弯曲应力是有限元计算的两倍左右。主要有两方面的原因,一是没有考虑法兰环内侧受压力引起的拉应力;二是没有考虑法兰和封头变形协调,因法兰环向内侧变形,封头对法兰环的拉力大幅减小,封头内半径越大(半顶角越小),结果偏差越大。
法兰环向膜应力方法2与方法4计算误差为2.8%~12.2%,法兰环向弯曲应力方法2与方法4计算误差为2.1%~8.7%,法兰环向膜加弯曲应力方法2与方法4计算误差为4%~6.5%。封头边缘径向膜应力方法2与方法4计算误差为0.2%~13.7%,封头边缘径向弯曲应力方法2与方法4计算误差为8.5%~47.8%,封头边缘径向膜加弯曲应力方法2与方法4计算误差为3.2%~12.4%。方法2计算的法兰环向膜应力、弯曲应力、膜加弯曲应力与有限元计算相比误差基本在12.2%以内。
法兰环向膜应力方法3与方法4计算误差为2.3%~14%,法兰环向弯曲应力方法3与方法4计算误差为11.3%~22.5%,法兰环向膜加弯曲应力方法3与方法4计算误差为7.1%~12.3%。封头边缘径向膜应力方法3与方法4计算误差为0.3%~13.8%,封头边缘径向弯曲应力方法3与方法4计算误差为7.6%~30.5%,封头边缘径向膜加弯曲应力方法3与方法4计算误差为0.4%~7.2%。本文提出方法计算的法兰环向膜应力、弯曲应力、膜加弯曲应力与有限元计算相比误差同样基本在20%以内。
(1)基于GB 150/ASME Ⅷ-1标准的设计方法(方法1),在分析D型带法兰球形封头结构时,未充分考虑法兰环在内压作用下的径向位移与转角效应,同时忽略了封头与法兰连接处的变形协调条件及其引发的边缘力与弯矩。计算结果表明,该方法在封头半顶角20°~35°范围内,法兰环向薄膜应力的计算结果较有限元基准值高出177.6%~215.21%,薄膜加弯曲应力亦高出82.32%~130.73%,反映出其计算模型存在显著偏差,一般情况难以满足高精度设计与评估的需求。但对于该结构,当封头半顶角在39.14°~51.18°范围附近时,封头与法兰连接处的边缘力和弯矩比较小,误差较小(GB/T 151—2014《热交换器》表7-4给出的数字基本在区间附近)。
(2)ASME Ⅷ-2中基于柱壳改进近似解的另一设计方法(方法2),通过合理考虑封头-法兰系统的变形协调与边缘效应,显著提升了应力预测精度。其在法兰环向薄膜加弯曲应力方面的计算误差为4%~6.5%,封头边缘局部应力的计算误差为3.1%~12.4%,均在12.4%以内。该方法在封头半顶角大于20°时表现出良好的工程适用性(也说明ASME规则中没有提适用范围是合理的),具备被国内相关标准采纳的技术条件。
(3)本文基于扁壳近似解提出的解析方法(方法3),该方法在封头半顶角小于60°时表现出良好的工程适用性。进一步优化了浅球壳封头(半顶角≤60°)条件下的力学模型。其计算结果与有限元分析吻合良好:法兰环向薄膜加弯曲应力的误差为7.1%~12.3%,封头边缘局部应力的误差为0.4%~7.2%,所有应力项的预测误差均控制在12.3%以内,为该类结构在常用几何范围内的设计与校核提供了又一有效工具。
综上所述,本研究通过系统的误差对比分析,明晰了三种解析方法在D型带法兰凸形封头结构应力计算中的精度与适用范围,为工程设计的精细化与相关标准的修订提供了定量依据。

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2026年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.007
  • 接收时间:2025-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-21
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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