Article(id=1320423022532613088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=1762358400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742980845, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742980845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742980845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742980845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320422991322796787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742973404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745324599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432853012304549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432853016498854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423022738133985, articleId=1320423022532613088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Shakedown,ratcheting and low‑cycle fatigue behavior analysis of pressure‑bearing structures with pit defects, columnId=1320422992044217077, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Designs & Analyses, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing the critical issue that defects such as pits and cracks significantly reduce the load‑bearing capacity of pressure vessels and lead to safety accidents under harsh operating conditions involving high temperature,high pressure,and corrosive media,this study employs the linear matching method(LMM) to systematically analyze the influence mechanism of geometric characteristics of pitting defects on the fatigue behavior of high‑temperature pressure‑bearing structures.The results indicate that local thinned pits significantly reduce the reverse plastic limit,with the axial local thinned pit having the most significant impact,while the limit load of elliptical pits is largely unaffected by pit size.Under high‑temperature environments,the axial local thinned pit increases the total strain range by 53.8%,whereas the circumferential local thinned pit increases it by only 18.1%.The total strain range of elliptical pits is significantly influenced by pit size,increasing with the short axis(axial dimension) and decreasing with the long axis(circumferential dimension).This study provides a theoretical reference for extending equipment service life and improving production efficiency.

, authors=Jialin LI, Xiaoxiao WANG, Haofeng CHEN, authorsList=Jialin LI, Xiaoxiao WANG, Haofeng CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haofeng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423026970185745, articleId=1320423022532613088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=含凹坑缺陷承压结构的安定、棘轮及低周疲劳行为分析, columnId=1320422992211989239, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对压力容器常在高温、高压及腐蚀性介质等恶劣工况下运行时,凹坑、裂纹等缺陷显著降低其承载能力并引发安全事故的关键问题,采用线性匹配法(LMM)系统分析了高温承压结构中凹坑缺陷的几何特征对疲劳行为的影响机制。研究结果表明,局部减薄凹坑会显著降低反向塑性极限,其中沿容器轴向的局部减薄凹坑影响程度最大,而椭圆形凹坑的极限载荷基本不受凹坑尺寸的影响;在高温环境下,轴向局部减薄凹坑使总应变范围增加53.8%,周向局部减薄凹坑仅使总应变范围增加18.1%;椭圆形凹坑的总应变范围受凹坑尺寸影响显著,其随短轴(轴向尺寸)增大而增大,随长轴(周向尺寸)增大而减小。研究可为延长设备使用寿命、提高生产效率提供理论参考。

, authors=李佳琳, 王骁晓, 陈浩峰, authorsList=李佳琳, 王骁晓, 陈浩峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈浩峰, authorNote=

李佳琳(2001),女,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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陈浩峰(1972),男,教授,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
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李佳琳(2001),女,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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李佳琳(2001),女,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Locally thinned pit model, figureFileSmall=Tq3EzLnhcWPI2z0ojrAAtA==, figureFileBig=fVvS1Ib8ZLGKW2OpNN/N3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320423029566459961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423022532613088, language=CN, label=图7, caption=局部减薄凹坑模型

(a)小面积槽  (b)轴向槽  (c)周向槽  (d)大面积槽

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(a)小面积槽  (b)轴向槽  (c)周向槽  (d)大面积槽

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(a)小面积槽  (b)轴向槽  (c)周向槽  (d)大面积槽

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(a)小面积槽  (b)轴向槽  (c)周向槽  (d)大面积槽

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Q345R material property parameters

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参数泊松比膨胀系数/℃-1导热率/(W⋅mm-1⋅℃-1)比热容/(J⋅kg-1⋅℃-1)密度/(t-1⋅mm-3)
数值0.31.1×10-50.0485007.85×10-9
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Q345R材料性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数泊松比膨胀系数/℃-1导热率/(W⋅mm-1⋅℃-1)比热容/(J⋅kg-1⋅℃-1)密度/(t-1⋅mm-3)
数值0.31.1×10-50.0485007.85×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1320423032657662046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423022532613088, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Geometric parameters of locally thinned pit

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参数X/mmY/mmR/mm(浅槽/深槽)
小面积槽1005010/15
轴向槽6005010/15
周向槽10030010/15
大面积槽60030010/15
), ArticleFig(id=1320423032737353823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423022532613088, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

局部减薄凹坑几何参数

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参数X/mmY/mmR/mm(浅槽/深槽)
小面积槽1005010/15
轴向槽6005010/15
周向槽10030010/15
大面积槽60030010/15
), ArticleFig(id=1320423032804462688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423022532613088, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Limit load of locally thinned pit

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项目浅槽深槽
极限载荷/MPa失效位置极限载荷/MPa失效位置
小面积槽4.61下接管几何不连续处4.61下接管几何不连续处
轴向槽4.13凹坑3.17凹坑
周向槽4.67下接管几何不连续处4.63凹坑
大面积槽2.98凹坑1.39凹坑
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局部减薄凹坑极限载荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目浅槽深槽
极限载荷/MPa失效位置极限载荷/MPa失效位置
小面积槽4.61下接管几何不连续处4.61下接管几何不连续处
轴向槽4.13凹坑3.17凹坑
周向槽4.67下接管几何不连续处4.63凹坑
大面积槽2.98凹坑1.39凹坑
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含凹坑缺陷承压结构的安定、棘轮及低周疲劳行为分析
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李佳琳 , 王骁晓 , 陈浩峰
压力容器 | 设计计算 2026,43(1): 43-55
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压力容器 |设计计算 2026 , 43 (1) : 43 -55
含凹坑缺陷承压结构的安定、棘轮及低周疲劳行为分析
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李佳琳 , 王骁晓, 陈浩峰
作者信息
  • 华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237
通讯作者:
陈浩峰(1972),男,教授,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李佳琳(2001),女,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

Shakedown,ratcheting and low‑cycle fatigue behavior analysis of pressure‑bearing structures with pit defects
Jialin LI , Xiaoxiao WANG, Haofeng CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.006
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针对压力容器常在高温、高压及腐蚀性介质等恶劣工况下运行时,凹坑、裂纹等缺陷显著降低其承载能力并引发安全事故的关键问题,采用线性匹配法(LMM)系统分析了高温承压结构中凹坑缺陷的几何特征对疲劳行为的影响机制。研究结果表明,局部减薄凹坑会显著降低反向塑性极限,其中沿容器轴向的局部减薄凹坑影响程度最大,而椭圆形凹坑的极限载荷基本不受凹坑尺寸的影响;在高温环境下,轴向局部减薄凹坑使总应变范围增加53.8%,周向局部减薄凹坑仅使总应变范围增加18.1%;椭圆形凹坑的总应变范围受凹坑尺寸影响显著,其随短轴(轴向尺寸)增大而增大,随长轴(周向尺寸)增大而减小。研究可为延长设备使用寿命、提高生产效率提供理论参考。

压力容器  /  凹坑缺陷  /  线性匹配法  /  疲劳寿命

Addressing the critical issue that defects such as pits and cracks significantly reduce the load‑bearing capacity of pressure vessels and lead to safety accidents under harsh operating conditions involving high temperature,high pressure,and corrosive media,this study employs the linear matching method(LMM) to systematically analyze the influence mechanism of geometric characteristics of pitting defects on the fatigue behavior of high‑temperature pressure‑bearing structures.The results indicate that local thinned pits significantly reduce the reverse plastic limit,with the axial local thinned pit having the most significant impact,while the limit load of elliptical pits is largely unaffected by pit size.Under high‑temperature environments,the axial local thinned pit increases the total strain range by 53.8%,whereas the circumferential local thinned pit increases it by only 18.1%.The total strain range of elliptical pits is significantly influenced by pit size,increasing with the short axis(axial dimension) and decreasing with the long axis(circumferential dimension).This study provides a theoretical reference for extending equipment service life and improving production efficiency.

pressure vessel  /  pit defect  /  linear matching method(LMM)  /  fatigue life
李佳琳, 王骁晓, 陈浩峰. 含凹坑缺陷承压结构的安定、棘轮及低周疲劳行为分析. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (1) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.006
Jialin LI, Xiaoxiao WANG, Haofeng CHEN. Shakedown,ratcheting and low‑cycle fatigue behavior analysis of pressure‑bearing structures with pit defects[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (1) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.006
压力容器是石油化工领域的关键设备,其结构完整性对系统安全稳定运行至关重要。在制造与使用过程中,容器易产生裂纹、腐蚀等缺陷[1-4]。出于经济性考虑,通常采用补焊、打磨等方式修复,但常会导致局部壁厚减薄,引起应力集中,高温下热应力更会加剧该效应。因此,对含缺陷压力容器进行结构完整性评定具有重要的理论与工程意义。
近年来,国内外学者在含缺陷压力容器结构完整性评定方面取得了丰硕成果,并建立了如ASME,BSI及GB/T 19624—2019等安全评定规范体系。于磊等[5-6]指出,缺陷深度、长度等参数均会降低其极限载荷;刘宗虎等[7]发现凹坑或槽口会导致应力集中,且不同方向的缺陷对安定与棘轮极限影响各异;WEI等[8]采用线性匹配方法研究发现,含内槽缺陷管道的安定极限和棘轮极限随缺陷形状显著变化。此外,韩英杰等[9-10]通过有限元分析表明,凹坑尺寸与应力集中系数及疲劳寿命显著相关,是影响剩余寿命的关键因素。
对于同时承受恒定机械载荷与循环热载荷的压力容器,其响应可归纳为4种典型形式:安定、交变塑性、棘轮效应及塑性垮塌。BREE[11-12]提出了Bree图及其承载能力边界的解析解,涵盖上述四类响应。在缺乏对结构安定、棘轮及塑性垮塌行为的精确评估手段的情况下,工程实践中往往易对Bree条件下结构的力学行为作出偏向危险的预测。近几十年来,众多直接法被提出以求解Bree问题及其变体[13-15],其中,线性匹配法(linear matching method,LMM)[16-17]被广泛应用于安定分析[18]、棘轮极限及塑性应变范围的评估[19-23]。
为评估凹坑缺陷对压力容器结构完整性的影响,本文建立包含筒体、封头及接管的有限元模型,采用LMM分析含凹坑压力容器在循环载荷下的安定极限、棘轮极限及极限载荷,并探讨高温下凹坑几何特征对低周疲劳的影响机理,为该类缺陷容器的安全评估提供一种新的定量分析方法。
为评估在役高温承压设备的安全性,文中采用LMM对含凹坑缺陷的高温承压结构进行分析。该方法作为一种成熟的直接分析手段,能够高效求解非线性材料及结构响应问题,并已被纳入英国R5高温结构评估规程,用于高温工况下的稳态响应分析。基于CHEN等[16-17,24-25]建立的LMM数值框架,重点阐述该框架下循环塑性响应的数值分析程序。
在任何给定时间t,当应力响应中的机械载荷P(x,t)和热载荷θ(x,t)随周期T变化时,变形必须满足相容性条件,以确保残余应力Δσijr变化为零:
Δσijr=0
该残余应力指在所有外部载荷移除后,由于不均匀塑性变形而存在于结构内部并保持自平衡的应力场。因此,在循环载荷分析中,收敛的残余应力场是结构达到安定状态的重要标志。在这种循环过程中,塑性应变增量Δεijp是对应于零位移边界条件的兼容应变场。为了构建变形容许塑性应变率,需要满足位移条件和相容性条件:
Δεijp=12(∂Δuip∂xj+∂Δujp∂xi)
则由安定上限定理知,结构内部塑性耗散功Win可表示如下:
Win=∫0Δtdt∫Vσijε˙ijpdv=λUB∫V∫0Δt(σ^ijε˙ijp)dtdV
式中,σij为一般循环载荷下应力;ε˙ijp为塑性应变率;λUB为极限和安定载荷乘子的上边界,即结构不安定的载荷乘子的最小值;σ^ij为线弹性应力。
循环载荷作用下,外载在结构运动过程中所作的功(Wout):
Wout=∫0ΔtPtu˙tdt=∫V∫0Δtσijpε˙ijpdtdV
式中,σijp为与塑性应变增量做功相对应的应力张量。
在安定上限定理(Koiter定理)的推导中,通常仅需考虑塑性耗散功[17]。基于此,在用于界定结构安定极限的虚功方程中,外功率与内部塑性耗散功率相平衡,弹性功不予计入。则依据上述加载历史,结构安定的临界条件可表示如下:
λUB∫V∫0Δt(σ^ijε˙ijp)dtdV=∫V∫0Δtσijpε˙ijpdtdV
式中,λUBσ^ij为缩放过的弹性应力。
在安定分析中,塑性应变增量Δεijp是通过迭代匹配线性材料响应与屈服条件,基于收敛的残余应力场,并根据流动法则反演得到的直接结果。
结合Mises屈服准则和相关联的塑性流动法则,上式可变成:
λUB=∫V∫0Δtσsε˙¯(ε˙ijp)dtdV∫V∫0Δt(σ^ijε˙ijp)dtdV
式中,σs为材料屈服应力;ε˙为应变率。
通过迭代,载荷乘子最终收敛于λUBf,则极限和安定上限载荷乘子λs=λUBf。若将交变载荷简化为单调载荷进行处理,则将极限载荷乘子与载荷乘子相乘,即可得到极限载荷的数值。LMM安定分析计算流程如图1所示。
LMM中棘轮分析包含两个阶段:(1)通过直接稳态循环分析(DSCA)获得与循环载荷相关的残余应力;(2)棘轮极限乘数可以通过上述完整的安定程序给出。一旦给出Mises屈服准则和流动法则,应变能可以改写如下:
∫0Δt ∫V σijcεijcdtdV=∫VN ∑n=1N σijcnΔεijndV=∫V ∑n=1N σyε¯ΔεijndV
式中,σijc为用于推导最小定理的屈服状态应力;εijc为运动容许应变;σy为修正屈服应力;ε¯为等效应变。
最终,通过一系列单调递减的上限棘轮乘子〔由式(8)定义〕迭代表达出上限棘轮极限乘子,用于预测收敛的棘轮极限。
λ=∫V ∑n=1N σyε¯(∆εijn)dV-∫V ∑n=1N σ^ij∆(tn)+ρij(tn)∆εijndV∫V σ^ijF¯∑n=1N∆εijn dV
式中,λ为棘轮乘子;σ^ij∆为时间依赖的弹性应力;ρij为残余应力;σ^ijF¯为恒定弹性应力。
在第一个加载点t1处,迭代计算弹性解σ^ij∆t1对应的随时间变化的残余应力场∆ρij1。考虑第m个周期中第n个加载点的时变残余应力场∆ρijmn(其中,n=1,2,...,N,m=1,2,...,M)。计算每个循环下各荷载点的时变残余应力场,满足收敛后,各荷载点的时变残余应力场之和为零。同时,恒定残余应力场(ρ¯ij)计算公式如下:
ρ¯ij=∑n=1N∆ρij1n+∑n=1N∆ρij2n+…+∑n=1N∆ρijMn
因此,载荷点n的塑性应变幅值∆εijp(tn)计算如下:
∆εijp(tn)=12μ¯n[σ^ij∆'(tn)+ρij'(tn)]
式中,μ¯n为循环过程中匹配条件参数的平均值;'表示偏分量。
当应变硬化模型涉及材料性能时,在每次迭代结束时,需要重新计算与当前塑性应变相关的加载实例tn下的后续屈服强度σ0m(tn)。同时,线性匹配条件可以在每次迭代过程的最后一步由下式更新:
μ¯m+1(tn)=μ¯m(tn)σ0m(tn)σ¯[σ^ij∆(tn)+ρijm(tn)]
式中,σ0m为塑性屈服应力;σ¯为等效应力。
LMM低周疲劳分析计算流程如图2所示。
采用理想弹塑性模型(杨氏模量E=2.1×10⁵ MPa,屈服极限σs=345 MPa)进行分析,其结构如图3所示,主要由上接管、上封头、筒体、下封头、下接管和裙座组成。设备筒体内径3 000 mm,筒体长度8 100 mm,筒体壁厚20 mm,封头壁厚22 mm,上接管壁厚50 mm,下接管壁厚22 mm。设备材料均使用Q345R,其性能参数见表1。
该压力容器为对称结构,故将其一分为二,按照图样尺寸建立压力容器的三维物理模型,忽略对分析结果影响不大的螺栓孔。其工作压力为1.03 MPa,在壁面上施加第一类热边界条件,以模拟其与恒温热源接触的工况。其中,在工质(如燃料气缓冲罐中的合成气[26])温度恒定的条件下,内壁面温度保持为80 ℃,外壁面无保温层,其温度场如图4所示。
本研究首先在常规温度参数下对容器的安定与棘轮行为进行基础评估;在此基准上,进一步考察极端高温工况对结构低周疲劳行为的影响,以系统分析更为恶劣工况下的失效机理。压力容器的载荷历史曲线如图5所示。在整个循环过程中,机械载荷持续存在,热载荷仅在每个半循环中出现。在此需要说明,由于工作温度不足以引发显著的蠕变,本次分析忽略其影响。
该压力容器的边界条件如图6所示。其内表面承受垂直于表面的1.03 MPa内压,而上接管端面Ⅰ和下接管端面Ⅱ则受到垂直于端面方向的外拉力。压力容器的中间剖面被定义为对称边界条件(无摩擦支撑),裙座端面Ⅲ则施加了全位移约束(固定支撑)。
上接管端面Ⅰ和下接管端面Ⅱ的外拉力可通过Lame方程〔见式(12)〕计算[27]。
p2=pk2-1
式中,p2为上、下接管端面受到的压力;p为工作压力;k为端面处管外径与管内径之比。
在实际工程中,压力容器凹坑缺陷主要来源于机械损伤、局部腐蚀或制造缺陷等不同成因,导致凹坑在几何形貌上呈现显著差异,从而对设备安全性能产生不同程度的影响。因此,文中考虑了2种类型的凹坑缺陷:局部减薄凹坑和椭圆形凹坑。4种不同类型的局部减薄有限元模型如图7所示,其具体几何参数如表2所示,参数化的几何形状如图8所示。
椭圆形凹坑以200 mm×200 mm×10 mm的圆形凹坑为基准,在深度相同的基础上,通过改变其短轴(轴向)或长轴(周向)长度使其成为不同尺寸的椭圆形凹坑,其有限元模型如图9所示。为获得清晰的结果趋势,仅考虑凹坑缺陷单一参数对整体极限载荷及疲劳寿命的影响,不考虑多个参数的共同作用。椭圆形凹坑深度C均为10 mm,分别选取短轴A、长轴B为300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1 000 mm的16组凹坑进行比较,其参数化的几何形状如图10所示。
无缺陷压力容器和不同类型局部减薄浅槽的安定和棘轮极限相互作用曲线如图11所示,浅槽和深槽的相互作用曲线如图12所示。图中,横坐标上施加的压力相对于参考内部压力进行归一化,而纵坐标上的热载荷通过使用参考温差进行归一化;水平虚线及其下方折线构成安定极限边界,而整条折线则为棘轮极限边界;安定极限所包围的区域为安定区,安定极限与棘轮极限共同包围的区域(即水平虚线上方区域)为交变塑性区。
安定极限指结构在循环载荷下经初始塑性行为能进入纯弹性响应的最高载荷水平,是保证长期循环安全的核心指标;反向塑性极限则是循环中拉压应力均达到屈服、引发交变塑性的载荷阈值,代表了塑性安定状态中“低周疲劳”失效的边界。
从图11可以看出,由于槽的存在引起的应力集中,任何类型的槽都会显著降低压力容器的反向塑性极限。对于具有小面积槽和周向槽的压力容器,其反向塑性极限下降幅度小于大面积槽。具体而言,小面积槽和周向槽的反向塑性极限与无缺陷状态相比下降约17.0%,而大面积槽则下降约25.9%。由于轴向槽对局部环向应力的影响比周向槽大,因此,轴向槽反向塑性极限的降低幅度最大,与无缺陷相比下降约36.9%。从图12可以看出,当槽变深时,反向塑性极限均降低,这是由于在槽变深的情况下,局部应力集中现象会更明显。
棘轮极限特指防止结构发生渐进塑性变形的最高载荷水平。当载荷超过此极限时,结构在每个载荷循环中都会积累同方向的净塑性应变,导致非弹性变形持续单向增长,直至失效。从图11可以看出,在相同水平的循环热载荷下,与无缺陷压力容器相比,具有轴向槽和大面积槽压力容器的棘轮极限边界急剧减小,而对于小面积槽和周向槽,棘轮极限边界变化幅度较小,且二者边界几乎相同。这是由于轴向槽和大面积槽应力集中现象更显著,压力容器承载能力较弱,从而更容易发生塑性垮塌。从图12(a)(c)可以看出,由于小面积槽尺寸较小,且周向槽对环向应力的影响较小,即使槽深度增加,应力集中的范围仍然有限,因此对整体棘轮极限边界的影响较小。当考虑轴向槽和大面积槽时〔见图12(b)(d)〕,由于大面积槽尺寸较大,且轴向槽对环向应力的影响较大,因此,槽深度增加会显著降低棘轮极限边界。
基于图11所示曲线,提取y=0处的数值点,并乘以压力容器的设计内压1.03 MPa,可得到含局部减薄浅槽结构在恒定内压作用下的塑性垮塌极限载荷,具体数值见表3(无缺陷吸附器的极限载荷为5.26 MPa),其等效应变增量云图及失效位置如图13所示。
从图13可以看出,小面积槽和周向槽的失效位置位于下接管几何不连续处,其余都在凹坑处。所有类型的槽都会导致极限载荷降低,小面积槽的极限载荷与周向槽的极限载荷相近,与无缺陷相比下降约11.5%,轴向槽比周向槽更显著地降低极限载荷,与无缺陷相比下降约21.5%,这使得轴向槽比周向槽更危险,对于具有大面积槽的压力容器,计算出的极限载荷值最小,与无缺陷相比下降约43.3%。当槽变深时,极限载荷都有不同程度的降低。值得注意的是,当周向槽深度增加时,凹坑区域的应力集中效应显著增强,该结构的极限承载能力由下接管几何不连续区控制转变为凹坑区控制。
200 mm×200 mm×10 mm基准模型的等效应变增量如图14所示,其失效位置在下接管几何不连续处。通过改变基准圆形凹坑的短轴(轴向)或长轴(周向)尺寸,可在深度不变的条件下,形成各类尺寸不同的椭圆形凹坑。
图15示出压力容器凹坑缺陷尺寸长度变化时,其极限载荷及失效位置的变化规律。可以看出,无论是短轴还是长轴变化,对压力容器的极限载荷影响均微乎其微,其值几乎保持在4.12 MPa。当短轴长度逐渐增大(A=800,900,1 000 mm),失效位置才从原先的下接管几何不连续处转移至凹坑的最低点;短轴长度为1 000 mm时,其极限载荷值最小(4.02 MPa)。根源在于,相较于整个压力容器模型的宏观尺寸,凹坑缺陷的尺寸相对较小,对压力容器整体的极限承载能力影响有限。
此外,由于轴向方向上对环向应力的影响比周向方向更为显著,因此,随着凹坑尺寸的增大,短轴相对于长轴对结构极限载荷的影响更为不利。这不仅表现为极限载荷的轻微下降,更关键的是结构塑性垮塌的临界区域转移至凹坑位置,充分表明短轴尺寸的增大会显著改变结构的失效机制,进而对压力容器安全性产生影响。
为深入研究压力容器在极端高温环境下的服役行为,文中针对内压1.03 MPa、内壁面温度400 ℃的高温工况(材料本构关系基于高温参数设定,包括杨氏模量与屈服极限),系统考察了不同几何特征凹坑缺陷对结构低周疲劳性能的影响机制。
4种不同类型局部减薄浅槽在高温工况下的塑性应变分布特征如图16所示,总应变范围分布如图17所示。
通过对比分析可以发现,所有类型的缺陷其应变极值均出现在凹坑拐角区域,这一现象与应力集中效应密切相关。进一步地,总应变范围分布(见图17)同样验证了拐角区域为关键危险部位。基于塑性应变与总应变的对应关系,绘制了无缺陷压力容器及4种局部减薄浅槽的滞回曲线,以及P=0.515 MPa,T=360 ℃工况下浅槽和深槽的滞回曲线,分别如图18、图19所示。
从图18可以看出,所有类型的局部减薄凹坑均会导致压力容器总应变范围的显著增大,但不同缺陷类型的影响程度存在明显差异:周向槽的影响相对较小,仅使总应变范围增大约18.1%;而轴向槽的影响最为显著,导致总应变范围增幅高达53.8%,这一现象与图11所示的反向塑性极限变化规律具有良好的一致性。从图19可以看出,对于具有不同局部减薄类型(浅槽和深槽)的压力容器,其失效位置均位于凹坑处。随着槽深的增加,总应变范围均呈现增大趋势,这意味着疲劳寿命相应降低。值得注意的是,两种槽的影响程度存在显著差异:加深周向槽对总应变范围的提升作用相对有限;相比之下,当加深大面积槽时,总应变范围则会显著增加,对疲劳寿命的削弱更为明显。
与无缺陷容器相比,含周向浅槽压力容器的总应变范围基本无变化,而含轴向浅槽压力容器的总应变范围增幅高达50%,这一结果凸显了轴向槽缺陷对压力容器在极端高温工况下服役寿命的显著危害,后续可根据该材料的E-N曲线(应变-寿命曲线)计算其疲劳寿命具体数值。
图20、图21分别示出尺寸200 mm×200 mm×10 mm的基准模型在高温环境下的塑性应变分布、总应变范围特征。可以看出,其应变极值均出现在凹坑最低点对应的外壁面区域,这一现象与局部几何不连续导致的应力集中效应密切相关。
椭圆形凹坑几何参数变化对塑性应变的影响规律如图22、图23所示。可以看出,凹坑几何尺寸在不同方向上的塑性响应具有显著差异性;在轴向(短轴)方向上,塑性应变幅值随尺寸增大而单调递增;而在周向(长轴)方向上,塑性应变幅值则随尺寸增大而单调递减。
图24示出椭圆形凹坑缺陷尺寸长度变化时,其总应变范围及失效位置的变化规律。可以看出,凹坑几何尺寸变化对压力容器总应变范围的影响显著强于对极限载荷的影响。
通过系统的参数化分析发现,其总应变范围的最大值始终位于凹坑最低点外壁面区域,不受短轴(轴向)或长轴(周向)尺寸变化的影响,这一现象进一步证实该区域是后续压力容器疲劳裂纹萌生的关键位置。深入分析显示,不同方向的尺寸变化呈现出截然不同的影响规律:短轴长度的增加会显著加剧应变集中效应,使总应变范围最大增加约42.7%,对压力容器服役性能产生明显的负面影响;相反,长轴尺寸的增大则表现出有利的作用,总应变范围最大降低约23.1%。
(1)局部减薄凹坑显著降低反向塑性极限,轴向槽降幅最大(约36.9%),大面积槽次之,周向与小面积槽影响较小。轴向和大面积槽均显著降低容器棘轮极限,周向与小面积槽变化甚微。
(2)局部减薄凹坑会降低容器极限载荷,大面积槽影响最大(极限载荷下降约43.3%),轴向槽次之,周向和小面积槽的影响最小。椭圆形凹坑的尺寸变化对极限载荷的影响并不显著,短轴长度增至1 000 mm仅引起微小变化,但塑性垮塌临界区发生转移。
(3)高温工况下,轴向槽使低周疲劳总应变增加53.8%,周向槽影响较小。椭圆形凹坑不同方向的尺寸变化对其总应变范围的影响规律不同,短轴增大使总应变增加约42.7%,长轴则降低23.1%。
基于凹坑尺寸对极限载荷与疲劳寿命影响规律的显著差异,工程实践中可依此制定针对性的修复策略,该研究成果对提升压力容器服役性能具有重要指导意义。然而,本研究未考虑多缺陷间的相互作用。后续研究可采用多尺度模拟分析缺陷间的应力耦合效应,并结合机器学习建立复杂缺陷的失效预测模型,以进一步完善评估体系,为核电、化工等领域压力容器的安全评估与寿命预测提供新支撑。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.006
  • 接收时间:2025-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22
  • 修回日期:2025-11-06
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    华东理工大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200237

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陈浩峰(1972),男,教授,主要从事核电装备高温结构完整性研究工作,通信地址:200237上海市徐汇区凌云路街道梅陇路130号华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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