Article(id=1320423102312469146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767456000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-04, revisedDate=1770912000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742999865, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742999865, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742999865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742999865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320423063842304050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742990694, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745289363, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432705251165019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432705251165020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423063842304050, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423102719316635, articleId=1320423102312469146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Comparative study on compressive buckling performance and overall formability of ellipsoidal heads with different internal ribs, columnId=1320422992476226524, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Experimental Researches, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To meet the lightweight requirements of deep‑sea vehicles and address the issues of high residual stress and poor reliability associated with traditional welded internal ribbed heads,a new configuration of spiral‑ribbed ellipsoidal head suitable for integrated manufacturing is proposed.Through axial compression tests and finite element simulations,the compressive and buckling performance of four types of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy heads,namely without ribs,with transverse ribs,with longitudinal ribs,and with spiral ribs,was systematically compared.The overall formability was verified by spinning simulation and trial production.The results show that the structure with longitudinal internal ribs exhibits the best mechanical performance,with its ultimate compressive strength and critical buckling pressure increased by 8.7% and 5%,respectively,compared to the structure without ribs.The structure with spiral internal ribs,while maintaining good mechanical performance,can achieve overall forming with non‑deformed internal ribs and high filling quality by means of the spinning process.In contrast,structures with transverse internal ribs and longitudinal internal ribs are prone to forming defects.The structure with longitudinal internal ribs has the most outstanding load‑bearing capacity,while the structure with spiral internal ribs has a significant advantage in integrated forming,balancing mechanical performance and forming feasibility.This study provides new ideas for high‑performance design and integrated manufacturing of pressure components for deep‑sea equipment.

, authors=Guoqi YU1, 2, Rui LI1, 2, Tao ZHAO3, Jiuzhi DONG1, 2, Yunjun CHEN1, 2, Hongrui ZHANG4, authorsList=Guoqi YU, Rui LI, Tao ZHAO, Jiuzhi DONG, Yunjun CHEN, Hongrui ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rui LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423110176789194, articleId=1320423102312469146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=不同内筋椭球封头抗压屈曲性能及整体成形对比研究, columnId=1320422992698524638, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足深海运载装备轻量化需求,针对传统焊接内筋封头残余应力高、可靠性差等问题,提出一种适用于一体化制造的螺旋筋椭球封头新构型。通过轴向压缩试验与有限元模拟,系统对比了无筋、横筋、纵筋及螺旋筋共4种6061-T6铝合金封头的抗压及屈曲性能,并借助旋压仿真与试制验证其整体成形性。结果表明,带纵向内筋结构力学性能最优,其极限抗压强度、屈曲临界压力较无筋结构分别提升8.7%,5%;带螺旋内筋结构在保持优良力学性能的同时,借助旋压成形工艺可实现内筋无畸变、高填充质量的整体成形,而带横向内筋与带纵向内筋结构易出现成形缺陷;带纵向内筋结构的承载能力最为突出,而带螺旋内筋结构在一体化成形方面具有显著优势,其兼顾力学性能与成形可行性。研究为深海装备耐压部件的高性能设计与一体化制造提供新思路。

, authors=余国旗1, 2, 李锐1, 2, 赵淘3, 董九志1, 2, 陈云军1, 2, 张洪瑞4, authorsList=余国旗, 李锐, 赵淘, 董九志, 陈云军, 张洪瑞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李锐, authorNote=

余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李锐(1989),男,讲师,研究方向为压力容器结构设计及金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过因特网进行网络出版或提供信息服务(包括印刷版、光盘版和网络版等各种使用方式)。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=V6WTg5cIZLV7XMuPP3WvYg==, magXml=ITPrFK3ko1ZbbSTk5NIeUw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hTyIL0Z6OlaXJUEdiEhuAw==, pdfFileSize=11397548, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4J1avFqf1YJmUa719q0YDQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/uDieAOSvJhu5QoKOl6jeA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320423111024038616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ygqopp@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320423111250531035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, authorId=1320423111024038616, language=EN, stringName=Guoqi YU, firstName=Guoqi, middleName=null, lastName=YU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mechanical Engineering,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
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余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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ArticleFig(id=1320423120087929640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=图19, caption=试验与有限元模拟封头壁厚对比, figureFileSmall=3kPU5GdFcsx8hcaxUbnjfw==, figureFileBig=8jbccxx3FJihSbyO1ZXJ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320423120163427113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of ellipsoidal heads with different internal ribs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样壁厚te/mm最大外径Da/mm高度hb/mm上端面直径Dc/mm质量/kg内筋关键参数
无筋615036.74300.358—
横筋615036.74300.368筋高3 mm,筋宽3 mm,纬线均布,3道。
纵筋615036.74300.362筋高3 mm,筋宽3 mm,经线均布,6道。
螺旋筋615036.74300.369螺旋角25°;筋高(2~4 mm,线性渐变);筋宽(4~8 mm,线性渐变);螺距(7 mm)。
), ArticleFig(id=1320423120272479018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同内筋椭球封头设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样壁厚te/mm最大外径Da/mm高度hb/mm上端面直径Dc/mm质量/kg内筋关键参数
无筋615036.74300.358—
横筋615036.74300.368筋高3 mm,筋宽3 mm,纬线均布,3道。
纵筋615036.74300.362筋高3 mm,筋宽3 mm,经线均布,6道。
螺旋筋615036.74300.369螺旋角25°;筋高(2~4 mm,线性渐变);筋宽(4~8 mm,线性渐变);螺距(7 mm)。
), ArticleFig(id=1320423120339587883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material parameters of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa断后伸长率/%An
数值68.80.3330834110.6781.9215.74
), ArticleFig(id=1320423120436056876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

6061-T6铝合金材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa断后伸长率/%An
数值68.80.3330834110.6781.9215.74
), ArticleFig(id=1320423120524137261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Different mesh partitioning strategies for the finite element model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格划分策略网格类型网格尺寸/mm网格数量计算时间/s
1C3D8R1.0106 30297 179
2C3D8R1.531 67414 262
3C3D8R2.013 6322 495.5
4C3D8R3.03 8401 380.3
), ArticleFig(id=1320423122210247470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有限元模型不同网格划分策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格划分策略网格类型网格尺寸/mm网格数量计算时间/s
1C3D8R1.0106 30297 179
2C3D8R1.531 67414 262
3C3D8R2.013 6322 495.5
4C3D8R3.03 8401 380.3
), ArticleFig(id=1320423122373825327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of maximum compressive force betweenexperiment and numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
内筋类型Fa/kNFb/kN相对误差/%
无筋144.07140.08-2.76
横筋147.08143.21-2.63
纵筋156.59157.35+0.49
螺旋筋145.06142.11-2.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320423122461905712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验和数值模拟最大压缩力比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
内筋类型Fa/kNFb/kN相对误差/%
无筋144.07140.08-2.76
横筋147.08143.21-2.63
纵筋156.59157.35+0.49
螺旋筋145.06142.11-2.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320423122533208881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Buckling modes and critical pressures of fourellipsoidal heads with different internal ribs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

内筋

类型

一阶屈曲模态R0/mmPA/MPaPB/MPaPC/MPa
无筋135.00164.00180.6025.15
横筋135.00164.00187.5725.31
纵筋135.00164.00199.1426.32
螺旋筋135.00164.00184.7925.28
), ArticleFig(id=1320423122608706354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423102312469146, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

4种带不同内筋椭球封头屈曲模态及临界压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

内筋

类型

一阶屈曲模态R0/mmPA/MPaPB/MPaPC/MPa
无筋135.00164.00180.6025.15
横筋135.00164.00187.5725.31
纵筋135.00164.00199.1426.32
螺旋筋135.00164.00184.7925.28
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不同内筋椭球封头抗压屈曲性能及整体成形对比研究
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余国旗 1, 2 , 李锐 1, 2 , 赵淘 3 , 董九志 1, 2 , 陈云军 1, 2 , 张洪瑞 4
压力容器 | 试验研究 2026,43(3): 1-14
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压力容器 |试验研究 2026 , 43 (3) : 1 -14
不同内筋椭球封头抗压屈曲性能及整体成形对比研究
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余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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余国旗1, 2 , 李锐1, 2 , 赵淘3, 董九志1, 2, 陈云军1, 2, 张洪瑞4
作者信息
  • 1天津工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300387
  • 2天津工业大学 天津市现代机电装备技术重点试验室,天津 300387
  • 3上海航天精密机械研究所,上海 201600
  • 4中国科学院 西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710072
通讯作者:
李锐(1989),男,讲师,研究方向为压力容器结构设计及金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

余国旗(1999),男,研究方向为金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

Comparative study on compressive buckling performance and overall formability of ellipsoidal heads with different internal ribs
Guoqi YU1, 2 , Rui LI1, 2 , Tao ZHAO3, Jiuzhi DONG1, 2, Yunjun CHEN1, 2, Hongrui ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
  • 2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,China
  • 3Shanghai Spaceflight Precision Machinery Institute,Shanghai 201600,China
  • 4Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS,Xi'an 710072,China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.001
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为满足深海运载装备轻量化需求,针对传统焊接内筋封头残余应力高、可靠性差等问题,提出一种适用于一体化制造的螺旋筋椭球封头新构型。通过轴向压缩试验与有限元模拟,系统对比了无筋、横筋、纵筋及螺旋筋共4种6061-T6铝合金封头的抗压及屈曲性能,并借助旋压仿真与试制验证其整体成形性。结果表明,带纵向内筋结构力学性能最优,其极限抗压强度、屈曲临界压力较无筋结构分别提升8.7%,5%;带螺旋内筋结构在保持优良力学性能的同时,借助旋压成形工艺可实现内筋无畸变、高填充质量的整体成形,而带横向内筋与带纵向内筋结构易出现成形缺陷;带纵向内筋结构的承载能力最为突出,而带螺旋内筋结构在一体化成形方面具有显著优势,其兼顾力学性能与成形可行性。研究为深海装备耐压部件的高性能设计与一体化制造提供新思路。

椭球封头  /  内筋  /  抗压分析  /  屈曲分析  /  旋压成形

To meet the lightweight requirements of deep‑sea vehicles and address the issues of high residual stress and poor reliability associated with traditional welded internal ribbed heads,a new configuration of spiral‑ribbed ellipsoidal head suitable for integrated manufacturing is proposed.Through axial compression tests and finite element simulations,the compressive and buckling performance of four types of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy heads,namely without ribs,with transverse ribs,with longitudinal ribs,and with spiral ribs,was systematically compared.The overall formability was verified by spinning simulation and trial production.The results show that the structure with longitudinal internal ribs exhibits the best mechanical performance,with its ultimate compressive strength and critical buckling pressure increased by 8.7% and 5%,respectively,compared to the structure without ribs.The structure with spiral internal ribs,while maintaining good mechanical performance,can achieve overall forming with non‑deformed internal ribs and high filling quality by means of the spinning process.In contrast,structures with transverse internal ribs and longitudinal internal ribs are prone to forming defects.The structure with longitudinal internal ribs has the most outstanding load‑bearing capacity,while the structure with spiral internal ribs has a significant advantage in integrated forming,balancing mechanical performance and forming feasibility.This study provides new ideas for high‑performance design and integrated manufacturing of pressure components for deep‑sea equipment.

ellipsoidal head  /  internal rib  /  compression analysis  /  buckling analysis  /  spinning forming
余国旗, 李锐, 赵淘, 董九志, 陈云军, 张洪瑞. 不同内筋椭球封头抗压屈曲性能及整体成形对比研究. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.001
Guoqi YU, Rui LI, Tao ZHAO, Jiuzhi DONG, Yunjun CHEN, Hongrui ZHANG. Comparative study on compressive buckling performance and overall formability of ellipsoidal heads with different internal ribs[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.001
随着海洋资源开发与深海探测活动的日益频繁,深海运载装备正朝着大深度、轻量化与高可靠性的方向发展[1-3]。椭球封头因其优异的流体力学性能和空间利用率,常作为耐压壳体的端部密封部件(见图1),广泛应用于潜水器、水下工作站等深海装备中[4-8]。在该类承压设备中,封头不仅承受均匀外压作用,还可能遭遇碰撞等非对称载荷引起的局部压缩,其力学性能与成形质量直接影响装备的整体安全与服役寿命[9-11]。为提升薄壁封头的承载能力,内筋加强结构被广泛采用。然而,传统带筋封头多采用“分段成形+焊接”工艺,焊接残余应力高、易引发应力腐蚀,且筋-壳界面易成为疲劳裂纹萌生区,严重制约其在深海高压、腐蚀耦合环境下长期服役的可靠性[12]。
近年来,围绕封头结构的力学性能与稳定性,国内外学者开展了系列研究。在几何参数影响方面,MA等[13]通过有限元分析发现,封头形状偏离球形会显著降低其屈曲强度;YANG等[14]基于等强度原理设计的变壁厚椭球封头,使屈曲载荷提升16.79%。在缺陷敏感性方面,初始几何缺陷和厚度不均被证实会显著降低封头的屈曲临界压力[15-17]。在载荷类型方面,PAN等[18]研究表明,封头在外压作用下易发生弹性或弹塑性屈曲,因此需要进行弹塑性分析以确定具体失效形式。封头在轴向压缩下,则可能出现局部凹陷或非对称失稳[19-20]。此外,为提升壳体承载效率,加强筋结构被引入耐压设计中。横向与纵向加强筋已被证实能有效提升圆柱壳或球壳的稳定性[21-22],中国船级社(CCS)基于大量试验数据和工程实践,制定了相应设计规范[23]。然而,现有研究多集中于传统横、纵内筋布局,针对螺旋筋在椭球封头中的应用研究,目前暂无相关报告,缺乏对其在整体成形工艺方面的系统研究。
本文提出一种带螺旋内筋椭球封头新结构,并将其力学性能与横向、纵筋椭球封头进行对比。制备4种6061-T6铝合金椭球封头试样,即无筋、横筋、纵筋及螺旋筋椭球封头,通过轴向压缩试验与有限元模拟,系统对比不同内筋结构椭球封头的抗压与屈曲性能。同时,进一步结合旋压仿真与试制,对比分析不同内筋结构的整体成形性差异,为深海潜水器耐压舱段等承压设备端部密封部件的轻量化、一体化制造提供新思路。
水下耐压壳体设计的主要材料通常是高强钢、铝合金、钛合金和复合材料等[24]。铝合金6061-T6作为成熟的商用合金,成本远低于其他几种材料,且兼具高强度和良好的耐腐蚀性,因此文中采用厚度为40 mm的铝合金6061-T6轧制板材,通过数控铣削的加工工艺,制备了4种不同形式(无筋、横筋、纵筋及螺旋筋)的椭球封头,具体结构见图2。
此外,文中内筋设计遵循轻量化与工艺兼容性双重约束:横筋、纵筋均采用筋高3 mm、筋宽3 mm的尺寸,分别沿纬线、经线分布。螺旋筋的变参数设计来源于海螺壳的天然螺旋加筋结构。海螺壳在生长过程中,其螺旋肋条随壳体曲率变化而自适应调整截面尺寸,从而在整体壳体中形成梯度刚度分布,既能有效抵抗外部水压,又实现了优异的轻量化性能。本研究借鉴该仿生原理,在椭球封头内表面布置变截面螺旋筋,使筋条截面沿封头母线方向渐变,以更好地适应封头在轴向压缩与外压作用下的非均匀应力分布,提升结构的承载效率与轻量化水平。因此,螺旋筋为直径渐变设计,选取顶部、中部、底部特征截面S1~S3,筋高2~4 mm、筋宽4~8 mm线性渐变,螺旋角保持25°,所有带内筋封头质量较无筋封头增量均≤3%,契合深海装备轻量化需求,具体参数如表1所示。考虑到封头实物试制需大型专用设备,因此对试样1∶5等比例缩比模型(实物最大外径750 mm、壁厚30 mm),几何参数均按相似原理缩放,材料与载荷工况满足应力等效,可准确反映实物力学响应。
6061-T6铝合金单轴拉伸试样尺寸及工程应力-应变曲线如图3所示。采用线切割技术,依据图3(a)所示几何尺寸,从制备封头的同一批次厚度为2 mm的6061-T6铝合金轧制板材上沿平行于板材轧制方向截取拉伸试样。试样加工完成后,经砂纸逐级打磨去除表面划痕与应力集中点,并用无水乙醇清洁试样。待试样表面处理后,将其安装在德国Zwick/Roell Z1.0万能试验机上进行单轴拉伸测试。为了精确测量试样的变形响应,试验采用Zwick/Roell 2-120 HP TZ激光引伸计实时追踪试样标距段的变形量。通过标准单轴拉伸试验,获取材料基础力学性能参数见表2。
为准确表征材料的力学性能,采用Hooke定律描述材料的弹性阶段特性,并运用Voce硬化模型[25]来表征材料的塑性变形行为。其中,Voce硬化模型表达式如下:
σ¯=σ0+A1-exp-nεP
式中,σ¯,εP分别为应力、应变;σ0为初始屈服应力;A,n为材料常数(见表2)。
为了获取带不同内筋椭球封头抗压强度,在YAW-400/150数字伺服压力试验机上开展抗压试验。将椭球封头试样水平放置于Cr12模具钢制成的专用工作平台上,并将工作平台与YAW-400/150数字伺服压力试验机进行刚性连接,如图4所示。
通过控制伺服电机驱动压力机,以3 mm/min的恒定加载速率对椭球封头上端施加垂直向下的压缩载荷。在试验装与所设计工装的极限安全下压距离范围内,为确保试验安全性和封头从弹性变形至塑性失稳的完整失效过程,轴向下压17.88 mm。加载过程中,通过压力传感器实时记录压力数据,并反馈至计算机接口。图5示出完成抗压试验的带不同内筋椭球封头。可以看出,封头下压至17.88 mm后,封头Ⅰ~Ⅳ从上端面开始向内产生不同程度凹陷。
考虑到抗压试验所需构件的复杂性,对试验工装进行简化处理,建立了带不同内筋椭球封头抗压有限元模型,如图6所示。
封头在抗压过程是准静态的,试验结束后会产生明显的塑性变形。因此,模型采用Abaqus/Dynamic Implicit算法来准确描述其非线性变形。在建模过程中,将封头定义为变形体,并采用八节点六面体线性减缩积分单元(C3D8R)进行精细化网格划分。由于工作平台材料刚度远高于封头材料,故将其简化为离散刚体。边界条件设置方面,对与椭球封头下端面接触的工作台完全固定约束所有自由度,而在上端面的工作台给定U2方向(有限元模型轴向,见图6)的位移载荷约束。为准确模拟试验过程中的接触行为,工作台/封头下端面和工作台/封头外表面2个接触对均采用罚函数定义摩擦接触,摩擦系数设为0.2[26]。
需说明的是,抗压有限元模型基于以下理想假设:几何参数为设计值,未考虑加工误差和初始缺陷;材料性能均匀,采用单轴拉伸式验测定参数,未计入微观不均匀性;加载约束为完全刚性,未考虑试验中可能的接触不均和摩擦波动。采用的铝合金6061-T6材料,其力学性能参数通过标准单轴拉伸试验测定,具体性能指标见表2。
为明确深海环境下带内筋椭球封头的承载能力,采用有限元方法分析均布压强作用下的屈曲特性,重点探究内筋结构的影响规律。Abaqus软件中,实体单元临界屈曲预测采用线性屈曲分析与非线性屈曲分析结合的方式。
线性屈曲分析基于结构线性行为的理想化假设,不考虑初始几何缺陷和材料非线性。同时,线性屈曲分析以小变形线弹性理论为基础,在外载荷作用下,在结构的初始构型上建立平衡方程,不考虑加载过程中结构构型的变化,其依据的平衡方程如下[27]:
k0+λkσvi=0
式中,k0为基于初始构型的线性刚度矩阵;λ为特征值;kσ为初始应力矩阵;vi为模态特征向量。
将某一阶屈曲模态特征值λ与施加的载荷相乘,得到该阶模态下结构的线性屈曲临界压力。这个值往往要高于结构实际的临界失稳压力,但可以作为结构承载力的初步预估。
首先需建立椭球封头的线性屈曲分析有限元模型。模型设置中,材料属性方面线性屈曲分析及后续非线性屈曲分析,均采用第1.2节单轴拉伸试验所测定材料力学参数。对封头下端面施加完全固定约束所有自由度,并在外表面施加Pe=1 MPa的均布压强。采用C3D8R单元进行网格划分,其边界条件与网格设置如下:U1=U2=U3=UR1=UR2=UR3=0,网格尺寸1.5 mm,如图7所示。
弧长法(riks method)是一种稳定高效计算结构非线性分析问题的数值方法,通过跟踪位移-载荷路径来分析结构非线性前后屈曲特性。当结构失稳,位移-载荷曲线相应出现负刚度,在分析时弧长法常用的迭代平衡方程如下[28]:
ke∆u=λiFn-Fr
式中,ke为切线刚度矩阵;∆u为位移增量;λi为载荷比例因子;Fn为外部施加的节点载荷向量;Fr为节点内力向量。
椭球封头的屈曲属于极值点失稳问题,其平衡状态逐渐变化,无分叉失稳,失稳载荷即为封头的极限载荷。而弧长法可很好地处理结构的极值点失稳问题,适用于求解非线性屈曲问题。
参考欧洲钢结构设计规范EN 1993-1-6:2007 Eurocode 3:Design of Steel Structures-Part 1-6:Strength and Stability of Shell Structures,在工程应用中,通常取结构的一阶线性屈曲模态作为等效几何缺陷,引入非线性屈曲分析的计算。然而,非线性屈曲分析有限元计算耗时。尺寸较大网格的使用可以提高计算效率,但不能保证计算精度。因此,考虑到计算效率和精度,在非线性屈曲分析中确定合适的网格尺寸很重要。以标准无筋椭球封头为例,在非线性屈曲分析中,采用了4种网格划分策略进行对比分析,如表3所示。
标准无筋椭球封头的非线性屈曲临界压力及相应的计算时间如图8所示。可以看出,当单元数量从31 674增加到106 302时,临界压力预测值的增幅小于1%,但计算量却显著增加了85%以上。基于这一分析,本研究在综合考虑计算精度和效率的基础上,最终选择了表3中的网格划分策略2。
非线性屈曲分析采用Riks弧长法进行求解时,为充分考虑几何非线性,将最大增量步长设置为600,初始弧长增量设为0.01,最小弧长增量为1×10-15,最大弧长增量设为1。载荷和边界条件的设置与线性屈曲分析保持一致。
单轴压缩试验的位移-载荷曲线如图9(a)所示,可清晰反映内筋结构对椭球封头试样抗压特性的影响。初始加载阶段(封头变形位移小于3 mm),结构处于弹性变形阶段,内筋类型对整体刚度无显著影响;当位移增至4~10 mm的中间变形阶段,试样开始进入塑性变形阶段,此时内筋结构的强化效应呈现差异化特征,纵筋的载荷增长趋势显著高于无筋、横筋及螺旋筋结构。这归因于纵筋独特的安装位置与尺寸设计,实现了封头应力场的最优重分布;当位移超过10 mm,曲线出现明显的峰值点,随后载荷开始平缓下降,表明构件已发生屈曲失稳。其中,无筋结构的屈曲峰值出现最早(位移约10 mm,载荷144.07 kN),纵筋结构的屈曲峰值最晚且最高(位移约12 mm,载荷156.59 kN),充分体现内筋对屈曲的抑制作用。屈曲发生时,构件会出现不可逆的局部失稳变形,而非均匀压缩。且试验中观察到,当位移达到曲线峰值对应的临界值后,封头上端面开始出现明显的局部凹陷变形(见图5),且凹陷区域随位移增加持续扩大,这是薄壁封头抗压屈曲的典型宏观特征,证明结构已从承载强化阶段进入屈曲失稳阶段。
表4列出不同内筋结构封头的试验最大压缩力(Fa)、有限元模拟最大压缩力(Fb)及二者相对误差。从试验数据可看出,横筋与螺旋筋试样的载荷趋于接近,分别为147.08,145.06 kN,而无筋试样的极限承载能力仅为144.07 kN,这与内筋抑制局部屈曲的能力直接相关;纵筋结构通过形成多级应力缓冲带,最终失效载荷可达156.59 kN,较传统无筋结构提高约8.7%,显著提升了薄壁结构的承载能力。同时,提取相应的有限元计算位移-载荷曲线,如图9(b)所示,其与图9(a)中的试验测试结果高度吻合:在0~3 mm弹性变形阶段,4种内筋结构的数值模拟与试验测量最大偏差仅为2.1 kN;当位移超过10 mm,纵筋结构的数值曲线持续保持在较高水平,位移为16.43 mm时,其有限元预测值达157.35 kN,较无筋结构(140.08 kN)提高约12.3%。
同时,表4中数据验证了试验与模拟的相关性:有限元模型成功再现纵筋结构的实测极限载荷(156.59 kN),相对误差仅为0.49%,且准确捕捉了各结构承载能力的排序。尽管在局部塑性变形阶段存在4%~6%的瞬时载荷偏差,但全局最大相对误差控制在±3%以内。值得注意的是,有限元模型对无筋、横筋及螺旋筋试样的预测呈现2.2%~2.8%的保守趋势,而纵筋试样由于加强筋的耦合约束效应,有限元计算值略高于试验值。这一现象表明,传统J2塑性模型低估了变截面筋的多轴硬化响应。此外,有限元计算是基于理想状态建模,未计入封头试样的加工误差和初始缺陷;同时,试验中加载工作台的微小接触不均会降低纵筋的协同承载效应,而有限元模型的绑定约束则充分发挥纵筋的强化作用。上述因素共同导致纵筋结构的有限元计算值略高于试验值,但全局最大相对误差控制在±3%以内,表明模型仍具备良好的工程适用性。
内部加强筋通过几何约束效应显著增强椭球封头的结构强度,其拓扑构型直接主导应力演化路径。压缩载荷作用下,加强筋与封头的连接区域呈现显著的应力梯度特征。单轴载荷压缩下封头上端产生凹陷,因此,沿母线方向将封头分为凹陷区、过渡区与非凹陷区,并提取不同内筋与封头上端面连接部位的节点应力变化趋势,如图10所示。初始屈服发生时,凹陷区在单轴压缩下优先发生塑性变形,由于内筋协同承载作用,该区域呈现较高且分布均匀的周向-径向复合应力场;随着载荷增大,变形边界向过渡区扩展,该区域因内筋的协同承载作用,同样呈现较高且相对均匀的周向-径向组合应力场。纵筋与载荷方向一致,产生显著的约束反力,将集中载荷转化为沿壳体母线方向的梯度载荷,在筋-壳连接区域形成高应力区;而带横向内筋与带螺旋内筋的应力扩散路径存在明显各向异性,封头轴向压缩时几何约束效应相对较弱,筋-壳连接区域的应力也相对较小。非凹陷区未发生较大变形,但脱离加强筋约束的壳体仍承受较高的拉压应力,其应力状态受边界摩擦约束与弯矩耦合作用影响。
图11示出相同截面下不同内筋椭球封头外表面的应力分布曲线。纵筋结构的上表面整体应力在4种封头中最低,这是因为纵筋沿着封头母线方向均匀分布,单轴压缩时其拓扑布局可通过内筋路径将载荷传递至封头各部位,使应力分布更均匀,减少局部应力集中,从而提升封头整体承载能力。横筋沿着封头纬线方向均匀分布,主要对封头周向起到强化作用,对轴向变形的抑制效果相对较弱,其整体应力仅低于无筋结构,高于纵筋与螺旋筋结构。螺旋筋既不沿母线方向、也不沿纬线方向分布,但其单轴压缩时对应力分布的调控效果仅次于纵筋,可有效提升封头抗塑性变形能力。同时,潜水器通常在深海环境中服役,易受海水侵蚀与应力耦合作用引发腐蚀损伤,封头在服役过程中承受外压时的表面工作应力较低,可有效降低应力腐蚀开裂风险,大幅延长服役寿命。从图11可以看出,相同截面下带纵向内筋与带螺旋内筋椭球封头的外表面工作应力相对更低,表明二者在深海外压工况下具备更优的抗应力腐蚀潜力。
轴向压缩/均布外压条件下,封头的失效形式主要是薄壁屈曲,而失稳临界载荷与截面的抗弯刚度正相关,其公式如下:
K=EII=∫y2dA
式中,K为结构抗弯刚度;E为材料弹性模量;I为截面惯性矩;y为微元面积到中性轴的距离;dA为微元面积。
由式(4)可知,在材料弹性模量相同的情况下,结构抗弯刚度与截面惯性矩呈正相关。以纵筋为例,图12示出带纵向内筋椭球封头径向截面惯性矩分析。纵筋沿着径向均匀分布在封头内表面,其微元面积到中性轴的距离y较横筋和螺旋筋更大,相应地,整个纵筋截面的惯性矩I在三者之间也是最大,这也是纵筋封头抗失稳能力更强的核心原因之一。
球形封头在均匀外压作用下会发生结构屈曲失稳,其理论屈曲临界压力PA公式如下[11]:
PA=2EtR(1-ν2)(1-v23tR-vt22R2)
式中,E,ν分别为材料的弹性模量、泊松比;R为球壳半径;t为球壳厚度。
对于椭球封头,参考GB/T 150.3—2024《压力容器 第3部分:设计》中当量球壳半径计算公式,先求得4种结构的当量球壳半径R0=135 mm,再代入式(5)计算出PA=164 MPa,具体见表5。
通过提取线性屈曲分析的一阶模态特征及线性屈曲临界压力PB​(见表5)可知,4种结构的PB均高于理论值PA,其中,无筋、横筋、纵筋、螺旋筋结构的PB较PA分别提升10.1%,14.4%,21.4%,12.7%,内筋结构对线性屈曲承载能力的强化效应显著。从一阶屈曲模态可见,均布外压作用下,4种封头均从上端面开始径向收缩变形,表现为单一轴对称凹陷波,无多波分裂现象。这是因为均匀外压下,对称结构的失稳模态需保持对称性,单波是能量最低的对称失稳形式;内筋结构仅增强了局部刚度,但未改变结构的中心对称特性与载荷的均匀性,因此未改变一阶模态的单波本质。将该单波模态作为特征缺陷引入非线性屈曲计算,可精准模拟结构从起始失稳到临界失效的全过程,确保计算结果的工程可靠性。纵筋结构的PB=199.14 MPa,较无筋(180.60 MPa)、横筋(187.57 MPa)、螺旋筋(184.79 MPa)分别提升10.3%,6.2%,7.8%,展现出最优的线性屈曲抗失稳能力。
图13示出4种内筋结构椭球封头的非线性屈曲平衡路径曲线。曲线峰值点对应的压力即为非线性屈曲临界压力PC,是表征结构抗外压失稳能力的核心指标。可以看出,屈曲初始阶段,4种结构的压力均随位移呈近似线性增长,此阶段材料以弹性变形为主,结构承载能力稳定提升;当压力达到峰值时,结构达到临界失稳状态(即PC),此后曲线平缓下降,且未出现分支屈曲现象,说明4种结构封头均表现为峰值型屈曲失效模式,失效过程稳定、无突发失稳风险。对比4条平衡路径的峰值差异可直观发现,纵筋结构的PC显著高于其他三种结构;横筋与螺旋筋的曲线峰值相差小于0.1%,表明两者的承载能力相近;无筋结构的峰值最低,这与表5中量化的PC数据(纵筋26.32 MPa、横筋25.31 MPa、螺旋筋25.28 MPa、无筋25.15MPa)完全一致,进一步验证了内筋结构对提升封头非线性屈曲承载能力的作用,且不同内筋拓扑构型的强化效果存在显著差异。
对于薄壳结构,如球壳、圆柱壳等,受到压力时,结构在达到临界压力时失去稳定性,即使材料本身尚未达到强度极限,结构也可能失效。为了确定封头屈曲失效发生阶段,以无筋椭球封头为例,其在非线性屈曲过程中应力与非线性临界压力变化曲线如图14所示。在均布外压下,当封头应力达到材料的屈服强度308 MPa时,封头尚未达到屈曲压力的临界值25.15 MPa。这一发现表明封头的屈曲破坏发生在材料屈服阶段。
线性屈曲分析基于小变形与线弹性假设,预测的是理想完善结构在弹性失稳时的理论临界压力。而非线性屈曲分析则同时考虑了几何非线性、材料非线性,以及初始几何缺陷。对于薄壁椭球封头,在接近临界压力时,材料已进入塑性阶段,其承载能力不再仅由弹性刚度决定,而是受到屈服强度与塑性流动的制约。此外,几何缺陷会显著降低薄壳的实际稳定性。因此,非线性分析得到的临界压力(PC)远低于线性分析结果(PB),更贴近工程实际中的失稳行为,也为压力容器外压设计提供了更为保守且可靠的安全依据。
将线性屈曲临界压力PB与非线性屈曲临界压力PC进行直观对比,如图15所示。可以看出,PC约为PB的1/7。这种差异表明,在考虑材料非线性效应后,椭球封头的耐压特性明显降低。由于非线性屈曲计算得到的临界失稳压力更接近实验值,因此在工程实践中,通常采用弧长法计算结果作为压力容器外压失稳设计的依据[29-30],以确保结构的安全性和可靠性。
研究采用的轴向压缩试验与封头实际承受的均匀外压在载荷分布上存在差异。轴向压缩载荷主要通过上端面传递,在封头内部产生不均匀的应力分布:加载点附近存在局部高压应力区,并沿母线向赤道区域传递,最终在赤道附近引发以弯曲应力为主导的凹陷失稳(见图5)。而深海环境中的均匀外压则在封头外表面施加均布的径向压力,其失稳由薄膜压应力控制,通常表现为屈曲失稳(见表5)。
这种载荷差异导致不同内筋结构的效率在均布外压和轴向压缩两种工况下排序一致,但强化机理和程度有所不同:纵筋在轴向压缩下,其筋条方向与载荷传递路径高度一致,能最有效地分担轴向力、抑制弯曲变形,因此表现出最强的强化效果(提升8.7%);在均匀外压下,纵筋结构通过增加截面惯性矩来抵抗屈曲失稳,强化效果(提升5%)虽仍为最优,但相对于轴向压缩工况有所减弱;横筋在轴向压缩下,其周向增强作用对抑制非对称屈曲有一定效果,但弱于纵向筋。在均匀外压下,横筋对提高周向刚度和抑制轴对称收缩变形有积极作用,其效果与螺旋筋接近;螺旋筋优势在于在两种载荷形式下均表现稳定,其介于纵筋与横筋之间。螺旋走向使其在轴向压缩和均匀外压变形下均能提供连续支撑,表现出良好的载荷适应性。
尽管存在载荷形式差异,但椭球封头通常与圆柱筒体焊接为整体耐压舱段(见图1),在深海环境中主要承受沿筒体轴线(即封头短轴方向)传递的轴向压力与外部均匀压力。因此,轴向压缩试验作为一种对比性研究方法,能清晰地区分不同拓扑构型在抵抗集中载荷引发的失稳方面的能力,而这种失稳模式在装备安装、对接或承受非均匀载荷时同样可能发生[31]。文中通过结合轴向压缩试验与均匀外压数值模拟,可实现对带内筋椭球封头性能更全面的评估。
目前,带内筋椭球封头多采用分段成形+内筋焊接工艺制造,该工艺存在焊接残余应力高、性能可靠性差等缺点,而带内筋椭球封头的整体成形可有效避免此类问题。旋压成形技术具有材料利用率高、加工成本低、整体成形质量优良等特点,已成为此类带内筋薄壁构件整体成形的有效方法[32]。
为研究不同内筋类型(横向、螺旋、纵向)椭球封头的整体成形可行性,借助旋压工艺,并建立响应有限元模型。考虑到构件形状复杂,有限元模型计算耗时较长。文中重点研究带内筋椭球封头旋压内筋成形阶段有限元分析,因此对模型进行一定程度简化,以提高计算效率。其旋压成形结果如图16所示。
因旋轮材料刚度远高于坯料,故将其设置为解析刚体,带筋槽芯模设为离散刚体。模型采用Abaqus,Dynamic/Explicit算法来准确描述其几何非线性变形。在建模过程中,将厚度6 mm的坯料定义为变形体,并采用网格尺寸1 mm的C3D8R单元进行精细化网格划分。由于芯模具有较为复杂的筋槽结构,Abaqus自带网格划分模块难以对其进行精准网格划分,因此,借助HyperMesh对芯模进行四面体网格划分。对坯料和芯模施加绑定约束使二者能同步转动,芯模/坯料和坯料/旋轮两个接触对均采用罚函数定义摩擦接触,将芯模/坯料摩擦系数设为0.02,坯料/旋轮摩擦系数设为0.2[33],并通过位移约束来控制旋轮的进给运动。
数值模拟结果表明(见图16),相同成形条件下,横筋椭球封头在横筋成形中后期出现明显畸变,整体成形质量较差;螺旋筋椭球封头的内筋轮廓清晰,筋区无畸变;纵筋椭球封头成形后的纵筋轮廓模糊,成形质量最差,且内筋畸变较严重。3种内筋封头的综合性能对比显示:纵筋椭球封头虽表现出优异的抗压与非线性屈曲承载性能,但整体成形性最差,难以实现高质量整体成形;横筋椭球封头的综合力学性能与螺旋筋椭球封头相近,但整体成形过程中存在筋部畸变;本研究提出的带螺旋内筋椭球封头,不仅具备优异的抗压与非线性屈曲承载性能,还具备易于实现高质量整体成形的优势,在海洋领域高性能服役方面具有巨大潜力。
带内筋构件的旋压成形中,螺旋筋的成形效果优于横向筋与纵向筋,核心原因在于其形态与旋压成形旋转+轴向进给的工艺特性具有高度兼容性。众所周知,旋压成形过程中,在芯模旋转与旋轮挤压的共同作用下,材料沿母线方向与周向同步流动。螺旋筋的走向与这一自然流动轨迹完全一致,无需强制转向,材料即可顺利填充筋槽,不易出现因流动受阻导致的材料填充不足、边缘不清等问题,如图17(a)所示。相比之下,横筋在封头经线方向上、纵筋在纬线方向上均与材料流动方向相冲突,易阻碍材料流动,导致流动路径突变,从而产生堆积皱曲或内筋填充不足等缺陷。
结合等效塑性应变场可以看出,带横筋封头除了网格畸变外,局部应变也较高,说明横筋方向与旋压的螺旋进给运动不匹配,材料流动受阻,局部变形过度,易出现筋部变形不均的缺陷,如图17(b)所示;纵筋的等效塑性应变呈现条带状集中分布,其线性方向与旋压的螺旋运动轨迹冲突,材料塑性流动被打断,局部应变过高,成形后筋的形状易出现凹凸、不饱满,如图17(c)所示;螺旋筋的等效塑性应变过渡平缓,其走向与旋压的自转+进给螺旋运动完全匹配,材料变形均匀,避免了局部过度变形的风险,如图17(d)所示。
本研究在PS-CNCSXY1200HD卧式多轮强力旋压机上进行试验,采用直径400 mm、壁厚6 mm的6061-T6铝合金薄壁坯料,通过尾顶将其固定在芯模上,并与旋压机主轴刚性连接,使坯料、芯模与旋压机主轴保持同步转速,同时在坯料/芯模表面涂有MoS2作为润滑剂。旋压试验采用的工艺参数与有限元模型保持一致:旋轮安装角β=40°,旋轮圆角R=12 mm,旋轮进给速度f=0.6 mm/r。在此参数基础上,旋压成形出质量较好的带螺旋内筋椭球封头,如图18所示。需说明的是,旋压成形中所采用的带螺旋筋槽芯模,其筋槽宽度沿母线方向仍保持渐变设计(筋宽为8~12 mm)。在实际芯模加工中,为兼顾旋压工艺的可行性与筋槽填充质量,对筋宽绝对值进行了小幅调整,但渐变趋势与变参数设计原则保持不变,仍属于变参数螺旋筋结构。
对成形后的封头沿母线方向的一条路径选取5个不同位置节点(见图18),同时采用COY超声波测厚仪对不同节点处的壁厚进行测量,并将试验测量所得壁厚数据与旋压有限元模拟所得壁厚数据进行比对,结果如图19所示。可以看出,试验所得封头构件与有限元模型最大壁厚差不超过2.1%,验证了模型的可靠性,也表明建立的旋压有限元模型能够较好地揭示螺旋筋成形的特点和规律。
鉴于带内筋的高强轻质铝合金椭球封头部件在无人深海装备中的广泛应用,目前关于内筋几何形态对此类部件抗压承载能力的影响研究尚显不足。文中结合试验研究与数值模拟方法,系统探究了不同内筋结构的6061-T6铝合金椭球封头的抗压性能与屈曲特征,得到主要结论如下。
(1)内筋构型可有效提升封头承载性能,不同内筋构型强化效果存在明显差异。综合抗压性能分析与屈曲特征研究表明,纵筋结构的力学性能最优,其极限抗压强度达156.59 kN,较无筋结构提升8.7%;非线性屈曲临界压力达26.32 MPa,较无筋结构提升5%;线性屈曲临界压力达199.14 MPa,较无筋、横筋、螺旋筋结构分别提升10.3%,6.2%,7.8%。横筋与螺旋筋结构力学性能相近,极限抗压强度分别为147.08,145.06 kN;非线性屈曲临界压力分别为25.31,25.28 MPa,较无筋结构均实现稳定的承载性能提升。
(2)内筋拓扑构型通过调控应力分布与截面抗弯刚度,实现封头承载性能与抗失稳能力的优化。抗压试验分析表明,纵筋走向与载荷传递路径高度契合,可有效降低局部应力集中,使封头外表面工作应力低于其余3种结构,降低深海服役环境下的应力腐蚀开裂风险;螺旋筋对应力分布的调控效果仅次于纵筋,在轴向压缩与均布外压两种典型工况下均表现出稳定的承载能力,具备良好的多载荷适应性。
(3)不同内筋构型与旋压一体化成形工艺的适配性存在差异。文中提出的带螺旋内筋椭球封头可实现内筋无畸变、高填充质量的整体成形,试制件实测壁厚与有限元仿真结果的最大偏差不超过2.1%;而横向、纵筋结构易出现筋部畸变、填充不足等成形缺陷,难以通过旋压工艺实现高质量一体化制造。
(4)文中提出的带螺旋内筋椭球封头新构型,兼顾优良力学性能与整体成形可行性,可有效规避传统焊接内筋的残余应力大、抗腐蚀性差的风险,为深海耐压装备的轻量化、一体化制造提供新思路。未来可围绕深海实际服役的多轴复杂载荷工况进行试验与仿真分析,并系统优化内筋高度梯度、分布密度、空间走向及截面形态等工艺参数,以实现内筋在应力集中区域精准分配,最大化外压承载能力提升效果。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.03.001
  • 接收时间:2026-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-04
  • 修回日期:2026-02-13
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    1天津工业大学 机械工程学院,天津 300387
    2天津工业大学 天津市现代机电装备技术重点试验室,天津 300387
    3上海航天精密机械研究所,上海 201600
    4中国科学院 西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710072

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李锐(1989),男,讲师,研究方向为压力容器结构设计及金属塑性成形及仿真,通信地址:300387天津市西青区宾水西道399号天津工业大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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