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Article(id=1320423055097184688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423027695792874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761148800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-23, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742988608, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742988608, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742988608, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742988608, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320423027695792874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742982076, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745307038, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432779335156588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423027695792874, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432779335156589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320423027695792874, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423055327871409, articleId=1320423055097184688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Design of a pulsed electromagnet‑type electromagnetic acoustic transducer and detection method for near‑surface defects in ferromagnetic metals, columnId=1320423036898103434, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Inspection & Maintenance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the problems of strong magnetic force interference，low transduction efficiency，and poor detection performance existing in current electromagnetic acoustic surface wave transducers when detecting structural defects in ferromagnetic metals，a novel electromagnetic acoustic surface wave transducer based on a U‑type pulsed electromagnet with high conversion efficiency and strong adaptability，as well as a corresponding detection method，were designed and developed.Finite element numerical simulation was used to optimize the transducer configuration and verify the feasibility of the detection method.A pulsed electromagnet‑type electromagnetic acoustic testing system was established.The effects of pulse number，excitation voltage，and defect size on the transducer performance were analyzed，and the performance differences between this transducer and existing electromagnetic acoustic transducers were compared.The results show that the pulsed electromagnet‑type transducer has significantly better near‑surface defect detection capability in DH36 low‑alloy carbon steel compared to existing electromagnetic acoustic transducers.This study provides a new method for addressing near‑surface defects in ferromagnetic metals.

, authors=Peng HUO1, 3, Guodong MA2, Chongshun TIAN2, Chenxi XIE2, Cuixiang PEI2, authorsList=Peng HUO, Guodong MA, Chongshun TIAN, Chenxi XIE, Cuixiang PEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cuixiang PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423057487937990, articleId=1320423055097184688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=铁磁性金属近表面缺陷的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声传感器设计及检测方法, columnId=1320423037091041420, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=检验与维护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为克服现有电磁超声表面波传感器在检测铁磁性金属结构缺陷时存在的强磁力干扰、换能效率低及检测效果差等问题，设计和开发了一种基于U型脉冲电磁铁的高转换效率、强适应性新型电磁超声表面波传感器及检测方法。利用有限元数值模拟方法优化传感器构型，并验证检测方法的可行性，搭建脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声试验检测系统，分析脉冲个数、激励电压，以及缺陷尺寸对传感器性能的影响，并对比该传感器与现有电磁超声传感器性能差异。结果表明，该脉冲电磁铁式传感器在DH36低合金碳钢近表面缺陷检测能力显著优于现有电磁超声传感器。研究为解决铁磁性金属近表面缺陷提供了新的方法。

, authors=霍鹏1, 3, 马国栋2, 田崇顺2, 解晨曦2, 裴翠祥2, authorsList=霍鹏, 马国栋, 田崇顺, 解晨曦, 裴翠祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=裴翠祥, authorNote=

霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

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裴翠祥（1984），男，教授，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。
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霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

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霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

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数值模拟结果

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表面波检测试验结果

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Parameter settings for finite element numerical simulation

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参数数值
试件材料DH36
提离/mm1
正弦脉冲电流频率/kHz350
正弦脉冲电流/A50
脉冲长度/ms2
矩形脉冲电流/A20
饱和磁化强度/（A⋅m-1）2.0×105
初始磁化率400
饱和磁致伸缩系数4.0×105
杨氏模量/GPa20
泊松比0.3
试件尺寸/mm20×100
), ArticleFig(id=1320423064723112457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423055097184688, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有限元数值模拟参数设置

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参数数值
试件材料DH36
提离/mm1
正弦脉冲电流频率/kHz350
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脉冲长度/ms2
矩形脉冲电流/A20
饱和磁化强度/（A⋅m-1）2.0×105
初始磁化率400
饱和磁致伸缩系数4.0×105
杨氏模量/GPa20
泊松比0.3
试件尺寸/mm20×100
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铁磁性金属近表面缺陷的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声传感器设计及检测方法
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霍鹏 1, 3 , 马国栋 2 , 田崇顺 2 , 解晨曦 2 , 裴翠祥 2
压力容器 | 检验与维护 2026,43(2): 79-86
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压力容器 |检验与维护 2026 , 43 (2) : 79 -86
铁磁性金属近表面缺陷的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声传感器设计及检测方法
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霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

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霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

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霍鹏1, 3 , 马国栋2, 田崇顺2, 解晨曦2, 裴翠祥2
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电气工程学院 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室，西安 710049
  • 2西安交通大学 航天航空学院 复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室，西安 710049
  • 3龙源（北京）新能源工程技术有限公司，北京 100034
通讯作者:
裴翠祥（1984），男，教授，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。
作者简介:

霍鹏（1990），男，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。

Design of a pulsed electromagnet‑type electromagnetic acoustic transducer and detection method for near‑surface defects in ferromagnetic metals
Peng HUO1, 3 , Guodong MA2, Chongshun TIAN2, Chenxi XIE2, Cuixiang PEI2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering，Xi'an Jiaotong University，State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment，Xi'an 710049，China
  • 2School of Aerospace，Xi'an Jiaotong University，State Key Laboratory for Strength and Mechanical Structures，Xi'an 710049，China
  • 3Longyuan （Beijing） New Energy Engineering & Technology Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 100034，China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.02.008
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摘要
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为克服现有电磁超声表面波传感器在检测铁磁性金属结构缺陷时存在的强磁力干扰、换能效率低及检测效果差等问题，设计和开发了一种基于U型脉冲电磁铁的高转换效率、强适应性新型电磁超声表面波传感器及检测方法。利用有限元数值模拟方法优化传感器构型，并验证检测方法的可行性，搭建脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声试验检测系统，分析脉冲个数、激励电压，以及缺陷尺寸对传感器性能的影响，并对比该传感器与现有电磁超声传感器性能差异。结果表明，该脉冲电磁铁式传感器在DH36低合金碳钢近表面缺陷检测能力显著优于现有电磁超声传感器。研究为解决铁磁性金属近表面缺陷提供了新的方法。

铁磁性金属  /  电磁超声传感器  /  表面波  /  脉冲电磁铁  /  缺陷检测

To overcome the problems of strong magnetic force interference，low transduction efficiency，and poor detection performance existing in current electromagnetic acoustic surface wave transducers when detecting structural defects in ferromagnetic metals，a novel electromagnetic acoustic surface wave transducer based on a U‑type pulsed electromagnet with high conversion efficiency and strong adaptability，as well as a corresponding detection method，were designed and developed.Finite element numerical simulation was used to optimize the transducer configuration and verify the feasibility of the detection method.A pulsed electromagnet‑type electromagnetic acoustic testing system was established.The effects of pulse number，excitation voltage，and defect size on the transducer performance were analyzed，and the performance differences between this transducer and existing electromagnetic acoustic transducers were compared.The results show that the pulsed electromagnet‑type transducer has significantly better near‑surface defect detection capability in DH36 low‑alloy carbon steel compared to existing electromagnetic acoustic transducers.This study provides a new method for addressing near‑surface defects in ferromagnetic metals.

ferromagnetic metal  /  electromagnetic acoustic transducer  /  surface wave  /  pulsed electromagnet  /  defect detection
霍鹏, 马国栋, 田崇顺, 解晨曦, 裴翠祥. 铁磁性金属近表面缺陷的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声传感器设计及检测方法. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (2) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.02.008
Peng HUO, Guodong MA, Chongshun TIAN, Chenxi XIE, Cuixiang PEI. Design of a pulsed electromagnet‑type electromagnetic acoustic transducer and detection method for near‑surface defects in ferromagnetic metals[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (2) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.02.008
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0　引言
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在长时间服役过程中，压力容器等金属结构表面易产生腐蚀和裂纹等多种缺陷，对结构安全和服役寿命产生非常大的影响。因此，对压力容器等金属结构开展定期检验及基于风险的专项无损检测，对保障其长期可靠安全运行至关重要［1］。目前，常用的较成熟的检测方式主要有漏磁检测、涡流检测、压电超声检测及电磁超声检测。其中，电磁超声是一种非接触式超声检测方法，电磁超声传感器（EMAT）是一种利用电磁学原理激发和接收声波的非接触式传感器。由于EMAT检测时不需要与被测物体接触，因此对被测物体表面状态要求不高，可以进行快速扫描检查。此外，由于其不需要液体耦合剂，能够在恶劣环境（如高温、移动部件）中操作，且具有灵活选择激发和检测多种超声波模态的特性，得益于其具有表面波和导波等不同超声模态，特别适合板状和管状结构大面积快速检测，在工业领域具备极高的发展潜力与广阔的应用前景［2-4］。
相对于接触式压电超声传感器，非接触式EMAT也存在转换效率低、检测灵敏度不足等问题［5］。特别是对于铁磁材料金属，现有常规电磁超声表面波传感器由于磁铁与铁磁性金属间存在强磁吸力，造成其难以移动和操作。同时，由于铁磁材料中电磁超声磁致伸缩转换效率是磁场强度的非线性、非单调函数，而常规基于永磁体的EMAT由于难以调整磁场强度大小，且不同铁磁材料磁导率存在较大的差异，因此，常规永磁铁EMAT对于铁磁性被测材料存在转换效率低、甚至无法检测的问题。再者，针对金属近表面缺陷涡流检测方法研究也较多，但主要针对铝板等非铁磁性材料。铁磁性材料的高磁导率会导致涡流场的分布复杂化，并且磁导率本身受磁场强度影响，可能出现非线性现象，使得检测结果的解释和分析更加困难。此外，磁滞效应、趋肤效应也势必对检测精度造成影响，使得传统涡流检测方法难以进行复杂现场的精确检测［6］。LIU等［7-9］使用磁饱和的涡流方法检测碳钢-不锈钢复合钢管中的缺陷，但磁饱和的涡流方法对构件的尺寸大小、形状有所限制，不适用于大面积板材检测。为解决上述问题，近年来基于脉冲电磁铁的新型EMAT受到广泛关注。英国华威大学设计和开发了一种基于脉冲电磁铁的高温电磁超声体波传感器，利用脉冲电磁铁不但增大了磁场，提高了电磁超声转换效率，同时还可用于高温检测［10-13］。国内哈尔滨工业大学等也开发了脉冲电磁铁电磁超声体波传感器，相比常规永磁铁EMAT，其检测信噪比明显提高［14-15］。然而，现有脉冲电磁铁式EMAT主要用于超声体波检测，多见于金属壁厚和内部缺陷检测，且多针对非铁磁性材料。针对铁磁性金属近表面缺陷快速无损检测需求，亟需开发一种高性能、无强磁吸力且易于操作的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器及相应检测方法。
基于以上背景，为解决铁磁性金属材料近表面缺陷电磁超声检测难题，本文提出和开发一种新型电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器，并将其应用于铁磁性钢表面腐蚀缺陷的快速检测，有效解决了常规永磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器对铁磁性金属检测灵敏度低、信号弱，同时存在强磁吸力，难以移动和操作等难题。该探头可进一步通过调节脉冲电磁铁磁场强度，实现不同铁磁材料EMAT转换效率的最大化，具有更好的适用性。本文基于脉冲电磁铁和电磁超声工作原理设计新型脉冲电磁铁式换能器构型，同时建立有限元仿真模型验证该换能器及检测方法的可行性，并搭建试验系统，优化传感器性能参数，测试脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器的检测能力。该方法可为后续铁磁性材料近表面缺陷检测提供新思路。
1　脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器设计和数值模拟
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1.1　脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器设计及工作原理
与常规电磁超声表面波传感器的永磁体加回折线圈结构不同，铁磁性金属的脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器由脉冲偏置磁场线圈、磁芯、动态磁场线圈等组成，其中，脉冲偏置磁场线圈和磁芯组成脉冲电磁铁，动态磁场线圈为回折线圈结构。该波传感器基本结构和工作原理见图1（图中，ε为线应变，ε=∆L/L；H为磁场强度）。通过在偏置磁场线圈中通入长脉冲电流，即可在传感器下方的被测铁磁性金属近表面产生长水平方向的脉冲偏置磁场，在动态磁场线圈中通入高频交变电流后可叠加方向不一、周期分布的高频交变动态磁场，如图1（b）所示。由于动态磁场方向与偏置磁场方向平行，铁磁材料产生线磁致伸缩效应。同时，由图1（c）可以看出，可以通过调节脉冲电磁铁中长脉冲电流大小，调节偏置磁场大小到O′点，材料磁致伸缩效应达到最大，此时电磁超声表面波传感器具有最佳的转换效率。因此，相对于常规永磁体式EMAT，新型脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器由于是脉冲工作模式，不会对铁磁材料金属结构产生持久的强磁吸力，便于移动和布置，同时其可通过电流控制调整偏置磁场大小，从而大幅度提高其能量转换效率，提高检测灵敏度。
1.2　脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器检测数值模拟
结合上述脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器设计方案和工作原理，脉冲偏置磁场和动态磁场可用麦克斯韦电磁场方程表示：
∇⋅1μ∇⋅A+σ∂A∂t=J
式中，μ为材料磁导率，H/m；A为磁矢量，Wb/m；σ为材料电导率，S/m；J为电流密度矢量，A/m2。
对于铁磁性金属材料，新型电磁超声导波传感器基于磁致伸缩机理激发超声波，磁致伸缩力fm按下式计算：
fm=-12(3λ^+2γ^)(1-2ν)∂λ∂Mo∂m∂xi
式中，λ^，γ^为材料拉梅常数；ν为泊松比；λ为线磁致伸缩比；Mo为偏置磁场产生的磁化强度，A/m；m为动态磁场产生的磁化强度，A/m。
基于有限元数值模拟方法建立脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器有限元仿真模型，如图2所示。仿真模型尺寸参数：探头所在计算域高30 mm、长50 mm；传感器磁芯长度30 mm、厚度10 mm；偏置磁场线圈（位于磁芯上下）长20 mm、厚度4 mm；回折激励线圈单元宽度2 mm、间距4 mm。
电磁铁脉冲偏置磁场线圈中通入矩形脉冲电流，回折型动态磁场激励线圈中通入正弦脉冲电流，检测时将传感器置于试件中心，在试件表面设置长方形模拟腐蚀缺陷。有限元模拟中，除电磁超声表面波探头模型外，其他参数如表1所示。
图3示出脉冲电磁铁式EMAT偏置磁场和动态磁场分布数值模拟结果。从图3（a）可以看出，偏置磁场主要分布在传感器下方试件近表面区域，且分布较均匀；从图3（b）可以看出，动态磁场在传感器下方试件近表面呈周期分布状态，周期大小与回折线圈间距相对应。
图4示出脉冲电磁铁式EMAT激发的电磁超声声场和检测信号数值模拟结果。从图4（a）可以看出，该脉冲电磁铁式EMAT主要产生沿试件表面传播的超声表面波，表面波能量主要分布在试件近表面。同时也存在沿试件内部传播的少量体波成分，但相对于表面波，其信号强度非常小，可以忽略。从图4（b）可以看出，在70~80 μs时出现缺陷回波信号，该缺陷宽度0.5 mm、深度5 mm；同时，在约90 μs时出现试件右断面回波信号，初步验证该传感器可以用于铁磁性金属表面缺陷检测。
为了进一步研究该方法对缺陷检测和定量评价的能力，采用数值模拟计算了缺陷深度与缺陷检测信号幅值的关系，结果如图5所示。
随着缺陷深度（长度）的增加，缺陷回波信号幅值也逐渐增大，但两者并非简单线性关系。当缺陷深度低于2 mm时，缺陷回波信号幅值随缺陷深度增加而增大较快；但随着缺陷深度进一步增加，缺陷回波信号幅值增大趋势变缓；当缺陷深度接近和大于10 mm时，缺陷回波信号幅值几乎不再有变化。出现上述变化趋势的主要原因：超声表面波主要分布在试件近表面，存在趋肤效应，当缺陷深度小于超声表面波分布的深度时，缺陷对超声表面波的反射与其尺寸成正比关系；但当缺陷深度大于超声表面波的趋肤深度时，对超声表面几乎全反射，因此后期呈现饱和趋势。
2　脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器开发与试验验证
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2.1　脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器制作及试验系统搭建
基于上述脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器设计方案和工作原理，设计和搭建了脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器检测系统及其在试件上的布置，如图6所示。
其中，脉冲电磁铁由硅钢片磁芯和0.5 mm线径漆包铜线绕制而成，回折型动态磁场激励和信号接收线圈由0.2 mm线径漆包铜线绕制而成，回折间距约4 mm，约1/2超声表面波波长，线圈宽度1 mm。脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声检测试验系统如图6（a）所示，主要由PC端控制系统、双工器、脉冲电流源、高频信号发生器、信号放大器、滤波器、脉冲电磁铁电磁超声传感器及试件等组成。由于偏置磁场从产生到稳定存在一个滞后的时间段，同时激励线圈产生的磁场也存在滞后性，为使得声场信号能够在磁场信号到达最优工作强度时产生，须使用多通道延时触发。另外，试验中使用厚度2 cm、宽度20 cm、长度80 cm长条形DH36铁磁性碳钢钢板试件。
2.2　试验测试结果
基于上述脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器及试验系统设置，对钢板进行了脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波检测试验。同时，基于回折线圈间距、表面波波长与频率间的关系，试验中回折线圈激励信号频率为370 kHz，激励电压约1 000 V，激励脉冲信号个数由1个逐渐增大到10个，脉冲电磁铁激励信号电压为50~300 V，脉冲长度约2 ms。图7示出脉冲电磁铁式EMAT不同脉冲个数激励信号产生的超声表面波原始测量信号。可以看出，当激励信号脉冲个数低于4个时，电磁超声表面波信号较弱；随着激励信号脉冲数的增加，超声表面波信号幅值逐渐增大，但同时脉冲宽度也在逐渐增大，当脉冲个数增大到10个以后，信号幅值不再明显增加，达到相对稳定状态。因此，激励信号脉冲个数保持在4~10个较好。产生上述现象的主要原因是，电磁超声表面波传感器的激励线圈为回折多周期结构，当脉冲个数增加时，回折线圈下方激励的超声表面波能够产生叠加效应，从而使信号增强。当脉冲个数进一步增加到超过线圈回折数时，该叠加效应逐渐达到饱和。
为了比较所开发脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器与传统永磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器的性能，进一步制作了永磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器，并在与上述同样的检测试件上进行了对比试验测试，结果如图8所示。永磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器的外形和尺寸与脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器保持一致，但可以看出，检测信号除了噪声信号外，看不到明显的电磁超声表面波信号。产生这一结果的主要原因是永磁铁式电磁超声表面波传感器产生的磁场大小不在磁致伸缩最佳转换效率区间，因此其转换效率低。因此，从对比结果可以看出，脉冲电磁铁式表面波传感器不但可有效克服传统永磁铁式表面波传感器对于铁磁性金属的强磁吸力问题，还可有效克服其转换效率低、难以检测等问题。
基于磁致伸缩效应基本原理（见图1）可知，偏置磁场大小对电磁超声磁致伸缩效应转换效率有非常大的影响，进一步通过改变脉冲电磁铁中电压大小以改变偏置磁场强度，测试脉冲电磁铁式EMAT偏置磁场电压对检测信号幅值的影响，结果如图9所示。可以看出，脉冲电磁铁偏置磁场激励电压与电磁超声检测信号呈先上升后下降的非线性关系（图中曲线为试验数据测点拟合所得），当电压为150 V左右时，电磁超声信号幅值达到最大值。产生这一现象的主要原因是，电磁超声磁致伸缩转换效率与磁场强度存在非线性和非单调关系〔见1（b）〕，初期随着磁场强度的增加而增加并达到峰值，若磁场强度进一步增加，随着磁场饱和，其磁致伸缩效应会逐渐降低。因此，优化磁场强度对于提高磁致伸缩电磁超声转换效率具有重要作用。
为验证所开发传感器和系统对铁磁性钢板表面缺陷的检测能力，设计和制作了不同大小表面人工缺陷的检测试件。试件为800 mm×200 mm×20 mm钢板，缺陷加工于试件表面，位于试件中轴线上1/4板长位置，缺陷大小（长×宽×深）分别为10 mm×2 mm×1 mm，10 mm×2 mm×2 mm，10 mm×4 mm×2 mm，检测时EMAT与缺陷间的距离约为0.5 m。
图10示出不同大小表面人工缺陷脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声表面波检测试验结果。对比图10（a）和图10（b）可以看出，随着缺陷深度的增加，缺陷信号幅值也增加，与数值模拟结果变化趋势相符合。
对比图10（b）和图10（c）可以看出，随着缺陷宽度的增加，缺陷信号幅值没有明显地变化，但其脉冲宽度会增加。这主要是因为表面波传播方向与裂纹深度方向垂直，其信号幅值主要受裂纹深度的影响，而裂纹宽度主要影响表面波反射信号的持续时间。因此，后续可以研究通过缺陷信号幅值和脉冲宽度对缺陷深度和宽度进行定量评价。
3　结语
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本文提出一种针对铁磁性金属近表面缺陷检测的新型脉冲电磁铁式电磁超声传感器及检测方法，摆脱了永磁铁式超声换能器磁吸力大、灵活性差、效率低等缺点，基于U型磁厄式电磁铁产生近场水平磁场，可根据不同工况灵活调整脉冲电压强度，传感器适应性强、检测效率高。同时，通过数值模拟和试验验证，进一步验证了该传感器及检测方法的可行性，可以实现DH36低合金碳钢表面最小深度1 mm、距离0.5 m的缺陷的有效检测。需注意的是，本文研究的传感器易受到激励电压、脉冲个数、缺陷大小等因素影响，因此在应用不同材料或工况时，需先优化传感器参数，从而保证检测效果最佳。该研究对后续铁磁性金属近表面缺陷检测具有一定的借鉴意义。

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2026年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.02.008
  • 接收时间：2025-10-23
  • 首发时间：2026-10-23
  • 出版时间：2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2025-10-23
  • 修回日期：2025-12-26
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    1西安交通大学 电气工程学院 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室，西安 710049
    2西安交通大学 航天航空学院 复杂服役环境重大装备结构强度与寿命全国重点实验室，西安 710049
    3龙源（北京）新能源工程技术有限公司，北京 100034

通讯作者:

裴翠祥（1984），男，教授，研究方向为结构无损检测与评价，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学，E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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