Article(id=1320423006397125469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=1762963200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742976998, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742976998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742976998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742976998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320422991322796787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742973404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745324599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432853012304549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432853016498854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=9, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320423006598452062, articleId=1320423006397125469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Effect of short‑term overtemperature service on microstructure and properties of 30CrNiMo8 steel, columnId=1320422992476226524, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Experimental Researches, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the short‑term overtemperature issues during service of ultra‑high‑pressure polyethylene tubular reactors,optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (EDS),Vickers hardness testing,and nanoindentation were employed to systematically investigate the effects of overtemperature temperature,duration,and overtemperature cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of key material 30CrNiMo8 steel.Results show that during overtemperature for approximately 30 s,the primary effect on 30CrNiMo8 steel shifts from phase transformation to changes in grain size and morphology,manifested as enhanced brittleness and reduced hardness.When overtemperature exceeds the complete austenitization temperature Ac3 to 860 ℃,material hardness first sharply increases then decreases due to massive martensite precipitation,carbide formation,and segregation of C,Cr,and Mo elements at grain boundaries.After 6 overtemperature cycles,martensite laths significantly widen with altered bundle orientations,causing grain structure coarsening and mechanical property degradation.This study provides data support and design references for safe operation of ultra‑high‑pressure polyethylene tubular reactors.

, authors=Ruomeng YAN1, Qifei HUANG2, Ying ZHANG3, Shouguang JI4, Tianxue YANG5, Kanglin LIU2, authorsList=Ruomeng YAN, Qifei HUANG, Ying ZHANG, Shouguang JI, Tianxue YANG, Kanglin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kanglin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320423010440434546, articleId=1320423006397125469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=30CrNiMo8钢短时超温服役对组织和性能的影响, columnId=1320422992698524638, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对超高压聚乙烯管式反应器服役中面临的短时超温问题,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)、维氏硬度计和纳米压痕等表征方法,系统研究短时超温温度、时间及超温次数对关键材料30CrNiMo8钢显微组织与力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:超温约30 s时,对30CrNiMo8钢的主要影响由组织相变转变为晶粒尺寸及形态改变,表现为脆性增强和硬度下降;当超温温度超过完全奥氏体化温度Ac3至860 ℃时,因大量马氏体析出、碳化物形成及晶界处C,Cr和Mo元素偏析,材料硬度陡升后降低;超温次数达6次后,马氏体板条显著变宽、板条束取向改变,导致晶粒结构粗化和力学性能劣化。研究可为超高压聚乙烯管式反应器的安全运行提供数据支撑和设计参考。

, authors=严若梦1, 黄齐飞2, 张颖3, 汲寿广4, 杨天雪5, 刘康林2, authorsList=严若梦, 黄齐飞, 张颖, 汲寿广, 杨天雪, 刘康林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘康林, authorNote=

严若梦(2000),女,主要研究方向为化工装备与控制工程,通信地址:050021河北省石家庄市体育南大街261号中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘康林(1964),男,教授,主要从事过程装备的教学和研究工作,通信地址:350116福建省福州市福州大学城乌龙江北大道2号福州大学化工学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过因特网进行网络出版或提供信息服务(包括印刷版、光盘版和网络版等各种使用方式)。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XxJ5Pf3VgOYpymXvuI6mzA==, magXml=afPVT42ye+yog7YScfHD9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FMXCPNa5UZuHpn6FAJ2zyA==, pdfFileSize=4757513, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=814yQSdw3IBNihMzagyJaw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XBAR9X3UNBhUl/7cLhL4gQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320423011145077635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423006397125469, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=daisyrm1126@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320423011233158021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423006397125469, authorId=1320423011145077635, language=EN, stringName=Ruomeng YAN, firstName=Ruomeng, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation of CNNC,Shijiazhuang 050021,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320423011296072582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423006397125469, authorId=1320423011145077635, language=CN, stringName=严若梦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,石家庄 050021, bio={"content":"

严若梦(2000),女,主要研究方向为化工装备与控制工程,通信地址:050021河北省石家庄市体育南大街261号中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,E-mail:。

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严若梦(2000),女,主要研究方向为化工装备与控制工程,通信地址:050021河北省石家庄市体育南大街261号中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,E-mail:。

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s处理后马氏体晶粒的平均载荷-位移曲线, figureFileSmall=oY4npIfqNORBjMCU54Iivw==, figureFileBig=yg7Zxms3gjWsnWUL+SahwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320423018199897022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320423006397125469, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of 30CrNiMo8 steel

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元素CMnNiCrMoSiPS
实测值0.290.431.921.980.330.270.0130.001
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30CrNiMo8钢的化学成分

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元素CMnNiCrMoSiPS
实测值0.290.431.921.980.330.270.0130.001
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Nanoindentation hardness of martensitic grains and elastic modulus of the material after short‑term overheating at 950 ℃ for 20 s and 30 s

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超温条件纳米硬度平均值/GPa弹性模量/GPa
950 ℃超温20 s317.75126.58
950 ℃超温30 s333.76156.67
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950 ℃短时超温处理20 s与30 s后马氏体晶粒的纳米压痕硬度及材料弹性模量

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超温条件纳米硬度平均值/GPa弹性模量/GPa
950 ℃超温20 s317.75126.58
950 ℃超温30 s333.76156.67
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30CrNiMo8钢短时超温服役对组织和性能的影响
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严若梦 1 , 黄齐飞 2 , 张颖 3 , 汲寿广 4 , 杨天雪 5 , 刘康林 2
压力容器 | 试验研究 2026,43(1): 9-16
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压力容器 |试验研究 2026 , 43 (1) : 9 -16
30CrNiMo8钢短时超温服役对组织和性能的影响
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严若梦1 , 黄齐飞2, 张颖3, 汲寿广4, 杨天雪5, 刘康林2
作者信息
  • 1中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,石家庄 050021
  • 2福州大学 化工学院,福州 350116
  • 3常州大学,江苏 常州 213164
  • 4中国石油大庆石化公司,黑龙江 大庆 163714
  • 5福建省特种设备检验研究院,福州 350008
通讯作者:
刘康林(1964),男,教授,主要从事过程装备的教学和研究工作,通信地址:350116福建省福州市福州大学城乌龙江北大道2号福州大学化工学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

严若梦(2000),女,主要研究方向为化工装备与控制工程,通信地址:050021河北省石家庄市体育南大街261号中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,E-mail:。

Effect of short‑term overtemperature service on microstructure and properties of 30CrNiMo8 steel
Ruomeng YAN1 , Qifei HUANG2, Ying ZHANG3, Shouguang JI4, Tianxue YANG5, Kanglin LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation of CNNC,Shijiazhuang 050021,China
  • 2College of Chemical Engineering,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350116,China
  • 3Changzhou University,Changzhou 213164,China
  • 4PetroChina Daqing Petrochemical Company,Daqing 163714,China
  • 5Fujian Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute,Fuzhou 350008,China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.002
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针对超高压聚乙烯管式反应器服役中面临的短时超温问题,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)、维氏硬度计和纳米压痕等表征方法,系统研究短时超温温度、时间及超温次数对关键材料30CrNiMo8钢显微组织与力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:超温约30 s时,对30CrNiMo8钢的主要影响由组织相变转变为晶粒尺寸及形态改变,表现为脆性增强和硬度下降;当超温温度超过完全奥氏体化温度Ac3至860 ℃时,因大量马氏体析出、碳化物形成及晶界处C,Cr和Mo元素偏析,材料硬度陡升后降低;超温次数达6次后,马氏体板条显著变宽、板条束取向改变,导致晶粒结构粗化和力学性能劣化。研究可为超高压聚乙烯管式反应器的安全运行提供数据支撑和设计参考。

30CrNiMo8  /  短时超温  /  显微组织  /  力学性能  /  相变  /  晶界偏析

To address the short‑term overtemperature issues during service of ultra‑high‑pressure polyethylene tubular reactors,optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy‑dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy (EDS),Vickers hardness testing,and nanoindentation were employed to systematically investigate the effects of overtemperature temperature,duration,and overtemperature cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of key material 30CrNiMo8 steel.Results show that during overtemperature for approximately 30 s,the primary effect on 30CrNiMo8 steel shifts from phase transformation to changes in grain size and morphology,manifested as enhanced brittleness and reduced hardness.When overtemperature exceeds the complete austenitization temperature Ac3 to 860 ℃,material hardness first sharply increases then decreases due to massive martensite precipitation,carbide formation,and segregation of C,Cr,and Mo elements at grain boundaries.After 6 overtemperature cycles,martensite laths significantly widen with altered bundle orientations,causing grain structure coarsening and mechanical property degradation.This study provides data support and design references for safe operation of ultra‑high‑pressure polyethylene tubular reactors.

30CrNiMo8  /  short‑term overtemperature  /  microstructure  /  mechanical properties  /  phase transformation  /  grain boundary segregation
严若梦, 黄齐飞, 张颖, 汲寿广, 杨天雪, 刘康林. 30CrNiMo8钢短时超温服役对组织和性能的影响. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (1) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.002
Ruomeng YAN, Qifei HUANG, Ying ZHANG, Shouguang JI, Tianxue YANG, Kanglin LIU. Effect of short‑term overtemperature service on microstructure and properties of 30CrNiMo8 steel[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (1) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.002
高压聚乙烯是目前世界上产量大、价格低廉且用途广泛的塑料之一。生产高压聚乙烯使用的反应器,按形式划分为管式反应器和釜式反应器两大类。其中,管式反应器内压力梯度大、温度分布宽、反应时间短且经济指标优越,得到大规模应用。随着聚乙烯生产行业的发展,超高压聚乙烯管式反应器逐渐向大型化、高压化方向发展,其服役环境面临高温高压、循环载荷、脉冲振动、内外壁温差热应力及介质腐蚀等多重因素作用[1]。特别是当反应管内介质发生分解反应时,反应管不仅会承受短时超温超压作用,加入冷料时还需经受降温系统的热冲击。这一系列工况严重影响反应管材料的组织与性能,可能导致材料金相组织改变、力学性能下降、表面脱碳及裂纹萌生扩展等问题,为超高压聚乙烯反应器的安全运行埋下隐患。因此,深入研究高压聚乙烯反应管材料在短时超温条件下的损伤规律,对提高反应器服役寿命、保障装置“安、满、稳”生产具有重要意义[2]。
金属材料的短时超温及其引发的危害是工业生产装置中普遍面临的关键问题,已成为业界研究的热点。例如,文献[3]针对某电厂锅炉包墙过热爆管事故开展取样试验,通过宏微观形貌分析及力学性能测试,证实爆管泄漏的直接原因为锅炉短时超温。文献[4]对GH4033合金进行短时超温热处理研究发现,超温会导致碳化物形态改变,进而引发组织损伤、硬度波动及材料寿命缩短。文献[5-6]关于短时超温对加氢反应器材料的研究表明,当温度超过Ac1相变点后,材料组织发生显著转变,伴随强度提升但韧性下降的现象。
高压聚乙烯反应器的超温问题早在20世纪80年代就已引起国内外广泛关注。日本三菱油化公司的测试数据显示,反应管损伤程度随超温次数增加呈非线性加剧,当超温次数达8次时需进行二次自增强处理[1];而我国某企业与德国伍德公司的联合检测则指出,超高压聚乙烯反应管的超温分解次数与残余应力松弛量之间并非简单的正相关关系[7]。实际上,超温对反应管的损伤效应及残余应力松弛程度,还显著依赖于超温温度阈值和持续时间。
因此,本文以某公司超高压聚乙烯反应管所用30CrNiMo8钢为对象,综合运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、维氏硬度计及纳米压痕等表征手段,系统探究不同超温温度、持温时间和循环次数条件下的材料组织损伤演化规律,明确其超温临界参数,为超高压聚乙烯管式反应器的安全运行提供量化依据。
文中试验材料取自某公司进口超高压聚乙烯反应器配套的反应管,材料为30CrNiMo8钢。该反应管设计压力320 MPa、设计温度340 ℃、规格为⌀86.24 mm×24.12 mm。采用FOUNDRY-MASTER PRO型牛津落地式全谱直读光谱仪对试样原始化学成分进行测定,结果如表1所示。
根据GB/T 2975—2018《钢及钢产品 力学性能试验取样位置及试样制备》标准,采用线切割工艺沿反应管轴向制取5 mm×5 mm×10 mm的试样,其中轴向长度为5 mm。结合超高压聚乙烯管式反应器实际生产工况,确定超温温度、超温持续时间和超温循环次数为试验变量。具体参数设置如下:超温温度梯度为700,800,830,860,950 ℃;超温时间为10,15,18,20,30,60 s;超温次数设计为1,2,4,6,8次。试验在SG-QF1400箱式气氛炉中进行,将处于工作温度的材料以恒定速率升温至设定温度并开始计时,保温相应时间后取出试样。鉴于石化厂采用德国伊姆豪逊专利技术中冷料通入温度为68~75 ℃,故对试样实施70 ℃油淬处理。
对超温处理后的试样进行打磨抛光,并采用4%硝酸-酒精溶液对试样进行金相腐蚀。使用蔡司Axiovert200 MAT金相显微镜,分析不同超温时间下的显微组织。借助蔡司Evo-18扫描电子显微镜的SE模式和EDS模式,分别观察碳化物及相的形貌,以及碳元素和合金元素的分布。采用401MVA型台式数显显微维氏硬度计测试试样硬度,取6次测试平均值作为30CrNiMo8材料的硬度值。通过纳米压痕测试的恒载荷加载模式,探究结构中单个晶粒的硬化响应。
30CrNiMo8钢是一种重要的合金结构调质钢,其原始组织为回火索氏体(见图1),属于铁素体与粒状渗碳体的机械混合物。由于铁素体基体几乎无碳过饱和度,且碳化物相稳定性高[8]。该材料兼具高强度与良好韧塑性,展现出优异的综合力学性能。
选取5个试样分别进行不同温度下的20 s短时超温处理,利用显微镜观察碳化物形貌及分布如图2所示。
由图2(a)可知,700 ℃时材料组织未发生明显相变,由于该温度低于Ac1相变点,此条件下的短时超温等效于高温回火过程,仅析出少量碳化物颗粒。图2(b)~(d)示出温度高于Ac3相变点时,试样组织逐渐奥氏体化,经油淬快速冷却后,大量碳元素以过饱和状态固溶于原奥氏体中,其余碳元素则以碳化物形式在原奥氏体晶界处析出并沿晶界连续分布。随着温度升高,碳化物数量增多且形态发生演变,一次碳化物由细小颗粒状,合并长大为尺寸不一的粗化块状。此过程伴随大量位错产生,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸显著增大,导致淬火后形成的板条马氏体发生粗化。当温度升至950 ℃时,试样显微组织如图2(e)所示。此时已无明显碳化物,表明高温下铁素体向奥氏体转变过程中,绝大多数碳化物已溶解于原奥氏体基体中,仅残留少量未溶的粒状碳化物[9]。且加热温度越高,碳化物固溶越充分,越不易发生碳化物析出。
需要强调的是,高温合金中碳化物的转变行为对材料组织稳定性及服役性能具有显著影响[10]。当温度超过相变临界点时,金属内部会发生位错攀移现象,进而导致自增强残余应力衰减;与此同时,晶界碳化物的析出与晶粒尺寸的改变会促使晶格缺陷空位增多。上述两方面因素的协同作用,将对金属材料造成累积损伤。
在860 ℃超温条件下(高于Ac3相变温度),30CrNiMo8钢经不同时间处理后的显微组织演变如图3所示。
研究表明,超温时间越长,材料组织相变程度越显著,损伤效应随之加剧[11]。合金元素的存在阻碍了碳化物的聚集长大,促使形成弥散分布且不易粗化的碳化物颗粒,并夹杂少量氧化物。当超温时间为10 s时〔见图3(a)〕,升温过程中回火索氏体开始分解为细微粒状珠光体,相界面增多并伴随初始奥氏体化。此时材料组织仍保持致密状态,淬火后主要为回火索氏体组织。超温时间18 s时〔见图3(b)〕,组织发生明显相变。珠光体分解导致铁素体含量减少,渗碳体出现粗化,马氏体组织数量显著增加。超温20 s时〔见图3(c)〕,材料发生相变强化,板条马氏体(位错马氏体)数量持续增多。由于板条马氏体形成温度较高,冷却过程中会发生自回火现象,促使马氏体内部析出碳化物。尺寸相近的细马氏体条定向平行排列形成马氏体束,由于不同马氏体领域之间的位向差大,一颗原始奥氏体晶粒内可以形成几个不同取向的马氏体领域,进一步加剧了相变强化效应。超温30 s时〔见图3(d)〕,板条马氏体束变宽,数量及排列密度均明显增加。伴随板条马氏体位错的聚集合并,以及其他显微缺陷的协同作用,金属微裂纹的萌生与扩展倾向显著增大。当超温时间达到60 s时〔见图3(e)〕,组织中除大尺寸板条马氏体束外,还出现少量片状马氏体。由于碳化物固溶程度加深,其数量大幅减 少,组织晶粒尺寸达到最大值。相比板条马氏体,片状马氏体因厚度大且内部孪晶取向一致,等效于粗大晶粒,导致金属韧性显著劣化。
将试样在860 ℃下分别进行2,4,6,8次短时超温循环处理。每次超温处理时,当超温时间达20 s时,立即对试样进行油淬冷却,随后重复超温-冷却工艺直至完成设定循环次数。不同超温次数下的试样显微组织如图4所示。对比图3(c)与图4(a)(b)可知,超温4次以内时晶粒尺寸及显微组织变化幅度较小,表明此阶段30CrNiMo8钢的力学性能受显微组织影响不显著。当超温次数增至6次和8次时,试样显微组织如图4(c)(d)所示。马氏体晶粒显著粗化,同一晶粒内因相变程度差异形成不同位向的马氏体板条束,马氏体晶粒的数量与尺寸均明显增加,板条束宽度显著增大,晶粒结构尺寸发生显著改变,最终导致材料韧性劣化。
为深入探究不同超温温度下样品相变后碳元素及合金元素的分布规律,选取2个关键温度节点的样品进行EDS线扫描分析。图5示出800 ℃和860 ℃下超温20 s处理后试样的碳元素与合金元素EDS分析结果。可以看出,在组织相变过程中,过饱和马氏体向原奥氏体晶界区域排碳,导致碳化物在晶界处析出并附着;从800 ℃升至860 ℃时,碳化物析出趋势增强,马氏体晶粒内碳含量降低,而晶界处碳含量相应增加。
EDS碳化学分析结果显示,相变过程中马氏体区域(尤其是α/γ界面附近)存在显著的碳浓度不均匀性现象。此外,晶粒内与晶界处的碳浓度呈现相反的变化趋势。随温度升高,晶粒内碳浓度逐渐降低,而晶界处碳化物析出量相应增加。这表明温度升高会促进马氏体形成,进而引发明显的碳分配行为。
采用与碳浓度测量相同的试验步骤,将EDS分析扩展到对合金元素的分析,获得Ni,Cr,Mo原子在铁素体及原奥氏体区域的分布数据,结果如图6所示。结果表明,当Cr,Mo元素从晶粒内部向晶界迁移时,其浓度变化幅度显著大于Ni元素的小幅波动。该现象的成因在于:与Cr,Mo不同,Ni元素若在α/γ界面发生明显偏析,虽可降低局部应变能,但无法抵消碳与合金元素间排斥作用导致的局部自由能增量,故α/γ界面附近难以形成Ni元素的显著聚集[12-13]。上述结果表明,随着温度从800 ℃升至860 ℃,Cr,Mo元素的偏聚趋势增强,合金元素分布的不均匀性加剧,而这种硬化不均匀性与合金元素的固溶硬化效应密切相关[14]。
由图5和图6可以看出,马氏体晶粒内碳元素的分布均匀性显著高于合金元素。这是因为碳元素的扩散系数远大于合金元素[15],在马氏体晶粒中,碳原子扩散达到平衡状态所需时间远小于合金原子,从而使得碳元素分布更为均匀。
不同超温温度和时间处理的30CrNiMo8钢硬度测试结果如图7所示(超温次数均为1次)。当超温时间固定时,硬度值随温度升高呈现“下降-上升-下降”的变化趋势。温度低于800 ℃时,试件表面硬度随温度的升高而递减;超温温度在800~860 ℃范围内时,硬度持续递增并于860 ℃达到峰值;超过860 ℃后硬度迅速下降。而当超温温度固定时,硬度的变化规律为:10~18 s内随时间延长降低;18~30 s区间硬度增加并于30 s时达到最大值;超过30 s后硬度降低。
图8示出30CrNiMo8钢在860℃、每次超温20 s条件下,不同超温次数对应的维氏硬度变化曲线。结果表明,随超温次数增至6次,维氏硬度从363.5 HV1升高至417.9 HV1;超温次数达8次时,硬度降至396.7 HV1。结合图4的试验结果,硬度变化与相变后的组织演变密切相关。超温4次以内,随次数增加,马氏体含量增多、碳化物弥散强化及晶粒细化强化效应叠加,促使硬度持续上升;超温6次时,出现马氏体分解、碳化物粗化及晶粒长大现象,导致硬度下降;超温8次后,上述组织劣化程度加剧,硬度降低趋势更为显著。
纳米压痕技术(又称深度敏感压痕技术)是测试材料力学性能的常用方法。该技术通过计算机控制压头压入被测材料,实时记录载荷变化并在线监测压入深度,进而获得载荷-深度曲线。为探究微结构中马氏体晶粒的硬化响应,绘制施加载荷时的加载/卸载-位移曲线,压痕过程包含加载与卸载阶段,载荷最大值设定为5 mN。采用纳米压痕技术中常用的Oliver-Pharr(O&P)方法,根据实测载荷-深度曲线,得到950 ℃下超温20 s和30 s试样的弹性模量及平均压痕硬度值(见表2),马氏体晶粒的平均加载/卸载-位移曲线如图9所示。
试验结果表明,在相同最大施加载荷条件下,马氏体晶粒的变形抗力随超温时间延长而变化。当超温时间从20 s延长至30 s时,材料的弹性模量及纳米硬度平均值显著提高,表面呈现硬化现象[16-17]。值得注意的是,高温持续时间增加,导致晶粒尺寸增大,进而引发材质脆化。因此,实际应用中应尽可能缩短超温时间。
(1)当超温温度达到材料完全奥氏体化相变温度Ac3时,随着超温时间的延长,硬度呈现先增大后减小的变化规律;板条马氏体数量增多并逐渐向片状转变;性能表现为脆性增强,开裂风险显著上升。值得注意的是,超温30 s前的损伤机制以组织相变为主,而30 s后的损伤则主要由晶粒尺寸与形态变化主导。
(2)当超温时间固定,超温温度低于材料相变温度,30CrNiMo8钢的组织与抗拉强度基本无变化;而700 ℃超温处理等效于高温回火,可改善材料的综合力学性能。若超温温度高于相变温度,例如800~860 ℃超温油淬后,会出现铁素体含量减少、大量渗碳体与马氏体析出及晶界元素偏聚现象;950 ℃超温油淬后,马氏体晶粒显著粗化且碳化物完全固溶,导致材料硬度大幅降低、性能劣化。结果表明,860 ℃是30CrNiMo8钢性能劣化的超温临界温度。
(3)在固定超温温度条件下(每次超温时间20 s),当超温次数累积至6次时,30CrNiMo8钢的组织晶粒尺寸显著增大,马氏体板条束宽度明显增加,导致材料劣化。
(4)30CrNiMo8钢在短时超温服役过程中,其性能受超温温度、超温时间及超温次数等因素显著影响。服役期间会伴随组织相变,表现为马氏体数量增多且形态转变、晶粒尺寸增大、晶内碳化物析出与固溶,以及碳元素和合金元素在晶界处的偏聚。因此,为确保生产安全,应尽可能避免超温工况的出现。

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2026年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.002
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:2025-11-13
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    1中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,石家庄 050021
    2福州大学 化工学院,福州 350116
    3常州大学,江苏 常州 213164
    4中国石油大庆石化公司,黑龙江 大庆 163714
    5福建省特种设备检验研究院,福州 350008

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刘康林(1964),男,教授,主要从事过程装备的教学和研究工作,通信地址:350116福建省福州市福州大学城乌龙江北大道2号福州大学化工学院,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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