Article(id=1320422992262317019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792742973628, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792742973628, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792742973628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792742973628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320422991322796787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, year='2026', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='86', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792742973404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792745324599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320432853012304549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320432853016498854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, issueId=1320422991322796787, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320422992589472733, articleId=1320422992262317019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=EN, title=Study on the room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of 23Cr2Ni4MoV high‑strength steel forgings, columnId=1320422992476226524, journalTitle=Pressure Vessel Technology, columnName=Experimental Researches, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging as the research object,long‑term hydrogen charging tests were conducted at room temperature under different hydrogen pressures.The hydrogen concentration in the test steel was measured using the thermal desorption method,its hydrogen trap types and binding energies were analyzed,and its resistance to hydrogen‑induced cracking was evaluated using modified wedge open loading(WOL) specimens.The results show that under a room temperature,35 MPa hydrogen environment,hydrogen penetration into the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging is difficult;when the pressure is increased to 70 MPa,the hydrogen permeation amount is approximately 3.41×10-6;further increasing to 110 MPa,the hydrogen permeation amount increases to 4.45×10-6.Thermal desorption analysis reveals that three types of hydrogen traps exist in the test steel,with binding energies of 10.24,19.93,59.88 kJ/mol in ascending order.The hydrogen that penetrates under the room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen environment is mainly captured by the shallow traps with a binding energy of 10.24 kJ/mol.Under a room temperature,110 MPa hydrogen environment,the hydrogen‑induced cracking stress intensity factor threshold value of the material is relatively low;when the applied stress intensity factor exceeds 58 MPa·m1/2,the WOL specimens all exhibit significant cracking.Based on a comprehensive assessment,the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging is not suitable for use as a forging for ultra‑high‑pressure hydrogen storage vessels.

, authors=Hao YANG, Yu ZHOU, Xuedong CHEN, Shuangqing XU, Qiang ZHANG, Heng JIANG, Yue LI, authorsList=Hao YANG, Yu ZHOU, Xuedong CHEN, Shuangqing XU, Qiang ZHANG, Heng JIANG, Yue LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320422996355957748, articleId=1320422992262317019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, language=CN, title=23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的常温高压氢脆敏感性研究, columnId=1320422992698524638, journalTitle=压力容器, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件为研究对象,开展常温、不同氢气压力下的长时充氢试验。采用热脱附法测试试验钢中的氢浓度,分析其氢陷阱类型与结合能,并结合改进楔型张开加载(WOL)试样评估其抗氢致开裂性能。结果表明,在常温、35 MPa氢气环境下,氢难以侵入23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件;当压力升高至70 MPa时,氢渗透量约为3.41×10-6;进一步升高至110 MPa,氢渗透量增至4.45×10-6。热脱附分析显示,试验钢中存在3种氢陷阱,其结合能由低到高依次为10.24,19.93,59.88 kJ/mol,常温高压氢环境下侵入的氢主要被结合能为10.24 kJ/mol的浅陷阱捕获。在常温、110 MPa氢气环境下,材料的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值较低;当施加的应力强度因子超过58 MPa·m1/2时,WOL试样均发生明显开裂。综合判断,23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件不适宜用作超高压储氢容器锻件。

, authors=杨浩, 周煜, 陈学东, 徐双庆, 张强, 姜恒, 李月, authorsList=杨浩, 周煜, 陈学东, 徐双庆, 张强, 姜恒, 李月, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过因特网进行网络出版或提供信息服务(包括印刷版、光盘版和网络版等各种使用方式)。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9CWKhNX6fT+XPPq1Q+VQMA==, magXml=2FsPLT/OfM9adsk9npSL5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JWRPa+3sOhNijUPa25ffoQ==, pdfFileSize=19507448, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EjMiIsA6XgyKFF20iG6Xmw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DuvXmMOIMNmh1p1MAgN9Qg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320422996959937529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320422992262317019, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=swordyh1992@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320422997027046395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320422992262317019, authorId=1320422996959937529, language=EN, stringName=Hao YANG, firstName=Hao, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320422997253538813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319355204128309394, articleId=1320422992262317019, authorId=1320422996959937529, language=CN, stringName=杨浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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Hydrogen‑induced cracking test results of 23Cr2Ni4MoV high‑strength steel forgings in a room temperature,110 MPa hydrogen environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号初始应力强度因子/(MPa·m1/2)放置时间/h是否开裂
1664 500是
2624 500是
3584 500是
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常温、110 MPa氢气环境下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件氢致开裂测试结果

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编号初始应力强度因子/(MPa·m1/2)放置时间/h是否开裂
1664 500是
2624 500是
3584 500是
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23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的常温高压氢脆敏感性研究
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杨浩 , 周煜 , 陈学东 , 徐双庆 , 张强 , 姜恒 , 李月
压力容器 | 试验研究 2026,43(1): 1-8
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压力容器 |试验研究 2026 , 43 (1) : 1 -8
23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的常温高压氢脆敏感性研究
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杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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杨浩 , 周煜, 陈学东, 徐双庆, 张强, 姜恒, 李月
作者信息
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
作者简介:

杨浩(1992),男,高级工程师,主要从事金属材料常温高压氢脆与塑性成形研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Study on the room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of 23Cr2Ni4MoV high‑strength steel forgings
Hao YANG , Yu ZHOU, Xuedong CHEN, Shuangqing XU, Qiang ZHANG, Heng JIANG, Yue LI
Affiliations
  • Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.001
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以23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件为研究对象,开展常温、不同氢气压力下的长时充氢试验。采用热脱附法测试试验钢中的氢浓度,分析其氢陷阱类型与结合能,并结合改进楔型张开加载(WOL)试样评估其抗氢致开裂性能。结果表明,在常温、35 MPa氢气环境下,氢难以侵入23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件;当压力升高至70 MPa时,氢渗透量约为3.41×10-6;进一步升高至110 MPa,氢渗透量增至4.45×10-6。热脱附分析显示,试验钢中存在3种氢陷阱,其结合能由低到高依次为10.24,19.93,59.88 kJ/mol,常温高压氢环境下侵入的氢主要被结合能为10.24 kJ/mol的浅陷阱捕获。在常温、110 MPa氢气环境下,材料的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值较低;当施加的应力强度因子超过58 MPa·m1/2时,WOL试样均发生明显开裂。综合判断,23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件不适宜用作超高压储氢容器锻件。

常温高压氢  /  高强钢锻件  /  氢脆敏感性  /  热脱附法  /  氢浓度

Taking the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging as the research object,long‑term hydrogen charging tests were conducted at room temperature under different hydrogen pressures.The hydrogen concentration in the test steel was measured using the thermal desorption method,its hydrogen trap types and binding energies were analyzed,and its resistance to hydrogen‑induced cracking was evaluated using modified wedge open loading(WOL) specimens.The results show that under a room temperature,35 MPa hydrogen environment,hydrogen penetration into the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging is difficult;when the pressure is increased to 70 MPa,the hydrogen permeation amount is approximately 3.41×10-6;further increasing to 110 MPa,the hydrogen permeation amount increases to 4.45×10-6.Thermal desorption analysis reveals that three types of hydrogen traps exist in the test steel,with binding energies of 10.24,19.93,59.88 kJ/mol in ascending order.The hydrogen that penetrates under the room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen environment is mainly captured by the shallow traps with a binding energy of 10.24 kJ/mol.Under a room temperature,110 MPa hydrogen environment,the hydrogen‑induced cracking stress intensity factor threshold value of the material is relatively low;when the applied stress intensity factor exceeds 58 MPa·m1/2,the WOL specimens all exhibit significant cracking.Based on a comprehensive assessment,the 23Cr2Ni4MoV steel forging is not suitable for use as a forging for ultra‑high‑pressure hydrogen storage vessels.

room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen  /  high‑strength steel forging  /  hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility  /  thermal desorption method  /  hydrogen concentration
杨浩, 周煜, 陈学东, 徐双庆, 张强, 姜恒, 李月. 23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的常温高压氢脆敏感性研究. 压力容器, 2026 , 43 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.001
Hao YANG, Yu ZHOU, Xuedong CHEN, Shuangqing XU, Qiang ZHANG, Heng JIANG, Yue LI. Study on the room‑temperature high‑pressure hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of 23Cr2Ni4MoV high‑strength steel forgings[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2026 , 43 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.001
氢能安全高效储运是氢能产业规模化发展的关键,常温高压气态氢仍是当前氢能储运的主流技术路线。储氢效率与安全性是人们关注的两个重要问题。高压储氢的效率与PV值相关:在体积V不变的情况下,压力P越高,储存效率就越高;但P值的升高会带来潜在的氢脆问题。国内外针对氢能储运装备用钢,如SA372[1-2],4130X[3-5],SCM435[6-7],Q345R[8-9],X70[10-12]及X80[13-14]等,开展了大量研究,以明确不同材料的氢脆敏感性程度。
近年来,合肥通用机械研究院有限公司针对我国氢能储运装备常用钢(如30CrMo,Q345R和X80等)开展了系列常温高压氢脆敏感性研究[15-19],包括常温高压充氢及氢浓度测量、改进型慢应变速率拉伸试验、氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值试验等,研究结果表明,在常温高压氢气环境下,Q345R,X80及30CrMo钢等材料均表现出良好的抗氢脆性能。
针对更高的压力条件,学者们研究尝试采用更高强度的材料制造储氢容器,以降低容器壁厚。例如,23Cr2Ni4MoV调质态高强钢锻件抗拉强度达1 000 MPa,空气环境下断裂韧性超过200 MPa·m1/2,目前已成功用于制造超高压聚乙烯反应釜。但其是否适用于常温超高压储氢场景,亟需明确其氢脆敏感性[20-22]。
为此,本文以23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件为研究对象,开展常温、不同氢气压力下的充氢试验,采用热脱附法测量钢中的氢浓度,分析其氢陷阱种类与结合能;同时,利用改进楔型张开加载(wedge open loading,WOL)试样,进行常温超高压氢气环境下的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值试验,研究其抗氢致开裂性能,并评估23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件用作常温超高压储氢容器用钢的适用性。
试验采用的23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件由二重(德阳)重型装备有限公司提供,该材料主要用于制造超高压容器。锻件经淬火加高温回火处理后,其显微组织以回火索氏体为主,并含有少量回火贝氏体。为评估该材料是否适用于制造高压/超高压储氢容器,需进一步明确其在常温超高压氢环境下的氢脆敏感性。
为研究常温高压氢环境下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢侵入行为,采用超高压充氢装置开展常温充氢试验,如图1所示。充氢试样为尺寸⌀7 mm×25 mm的圆柱试样,机加工后抛光至表面粗糙度Ra=0.4,经丙酮超声清洗后吹干,随后放入超高压充氢装置中。充氢前,依次用0.2 MPa、纯度为99.999%的氮气和氢气对装置内腔各吹扫5次,以确保内腔氢气纯度。随后对充氢装置逐级加压充氢,直至压力达到设定值后保持稳定。为研究充氢压力对氢侵入的影响,文中设置3种不同的氢气压力(35,70,110 MPa),充氢时间恒定(480 h)。充氢结束后,将样品快速取出并置于液氮中保存。
基于热脱附(thermal desorption spectroscopy,TDS)原理,采用氢含量分析仪HTDS-004(见图2)测量23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件在充氢前后的氢浓度。
在进行TDS分析前,使用LECO公司提供的316L标准充氢试样〔(2.2±0.7)×10-6〕对HTDS-004分析仪的测试稳定性与准确性进行评估。测试时,将待测试样从常温开始,以100 ℃/h的升温速率[23]加热至600 ℃(该温度区间内600~1 000 ℃无氢释放),使样品中的氢逐渐脱附。通过四级杆质谱仪每隔5 s进行一次采样分析,获得氢脱附速率随温度变化的曲线,即TDS曲线。依据升温速率将温度转换为时间,进而通过积分(计算曲线面积)得到试样中的氢含量。
根据GB/T 15970.6—2007《金属和合金的腐蚀 应力腐蚀试验 第6部分:恒载荷或恒位移下的预裂纹试样的制备和应用》,采用WOL试样和恒位移加载方法开展了23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件在常温、110 MPa超高压氢气环境下的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值测试,取样方法及WOL试样尺寸如图3所示。在预制疲劳裂纹后,采用螺栓对试样施加不同的张开位移,然后根据线性载荷-位移曲线得到不同张开位移对应的载荷水平,并通过式(1)计算得到对应的应力强度因子KⅠAPP。最后,将恒位移加载的WOL试样放置在图3(c)所示的超高压储氢容器中4 500 h,观察裂纹是否发生扩展。
KⅠAPP=YPBa
其中,
Y=30.96 (aW)-195.8 (aW)2+730.6 (aW)3-1 186.3 (aW)4+754.6 (aW)5
式中,P为施加载荷,N;a,B,W为WOL试样尺寸参数,mm。
图4示出采用标准LECO试样测得的热脱附曲线。可以看出,3个标准LECO试样的氢浓度测试结果非常接近,均在标准值(2.2±0.7)×10-6范围内,标准差仅为3×10-8,表明氢含量分析仪HTDS-004测试结果准确;同时,在升温速率为300 ℃/h的测试条件下获得的两条TDS曲线基本重合,表明该设备测试稳定性好。
图5示出充氢前23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的TDS曲线及各脱附峰对应的氢浓度。由图5(a)可以看出,随着温度的升高,被氢陷阱捕获的氢逐渐脱附;当温度达到311 ℃时,出现第一个脱附峰Peak1,积分计算得到对应的氢浓度约为2.4×10-7;当温度升至413 ℃时,出现第二个脱附峰Peak2,但该峰强度较弱,积分得到的氢浓度仅为2×10-8。因此,充氢前23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的初始氢浓度约为2.6×10-7。
图6(a)示出常温下35,70,110 MPa氢气压力充氢后,23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件试样的热脱附曲线。可以看出,尽管充氢压力不同,但经充氢处理后试样的脱附峰值温度较为接近,均在300 ℃左右。随着氢气压力的升高,氢的热脱附速率相应增大,氢脱附峰的面积也随之增加,这表明常温充氢条件下侵入23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中的氢浓度有所增加。
图6(b)示出不同充氢压力下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中的氢浓度。与2.6×10-7的初始氢浓度相比,当充氢压力为35 MPa时,氢浓度仅增加7×10-8,增幅较小,表明此时氢难以侵入材料内部;当充氢压力升高至70 MPa时,氢侵入量增至3.41×10-6;进一步升高至110 MPa时,氢侵入量继续增加至4.45×10-6,但增幅明显减缓。
图7示出23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件在常温、110 MPa氢气环境下放置4 500 h后的抗氢致开裂性能测试结果。可以看出,当施加的应力强度因子达到58 MPa·m1/2及以上时,WOL试样均在超高压氢气环境下发生了裂纹扩展,表明常温高压氢环境会显著促进23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的裂纹扩展,如表1所示。
如前文所述,在常温、110 MPa氢气条件下,测得约4.45×10-6的氢渗透进入23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件材料,这些氢原子往往会被位错、晶界等氢陷阱捕获。同时,这些被捕获的氢原子可以在外界能量输入条件下挣脱氢陷阱的束缚,并发生迁移和扩散。其中,氢原子挣脱氢陷阱所需的能量称为氢陷阱结合能Eb,挣脱氢陷阱束缚的氢原子在晶格间隙之间迁移所需的能量称为迁移能Em。氢陷阱结合能与迁移能共同组成了氢原子脱附所需的能量,即脱附能Ed[24],如图8所示。
氢陷阱的脱附能可通过不同升温速率下的热脱附峰值温度来确定[25]:
∂ ln (Φ/Tp2)∂ (1/Tp)=-EdR
式中,Φ为加热速率,K/s;Tp为热脱附峰值温度,K;R为气体常数,R=8.314 J/(mol∙K)。
图9(a)示出不同升温速率(50,75,100,125,150 ℃/h)下经充氢处理的23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的热脱附曲线,充氢条件为常温、110 MPa、持续480 h。由图可见,随着升温速率的增加,热脱附峰的宽度相应增大,最大氢脱附速率所对应的温度也随之升高,即在TDS曲线上表现为峰位逐渐向高温侧偏移。当温度升高至一定值后,陷阱中的氢获得足够能量,挣脱束缚并扩散溢出金属,因此尽管升温速率不同,氢脱附的起始温度基本相同(约100 ℃)。最大氢脱附速率随升温速率的增加而增大,如图9(b)所示。图9(c)示出不同升温速率下TDS曲线的峰值温度,可见ln (Φ/Tp2)与1/Tp之间近似呈线性关系。根据式(2),计算得到该氢陷阱的脱附能Ed约为15.93 kJ/mol。由于氢在α铁中的迁移能约为5.69 kJ/mol[26],因此该氢陷阱的结合能Eb为10.24 kJ/mol。
对于23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件,常温超高压条件下侵入材料中的氢含量远高于未充氢前的初始氢含量,因此图9(a)中氢的热脱附峰掩盖了材料固有氢的热脱附信号。为明确23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中固有氢所处氢陷阱的结合能,对未充氢试样开展不同升温速率下的热脱附分析,TDS结果如图10(a)所示。可以看出,尽管升温速率不同,未充氢试样的热脱附曲线均存在两个脱附峰,分别记为Peak1和Peak2。其中,Peak2的最大氢脱附速率比Peak1小1~2个数量级;且在相同升温速率条件下,Peak1的峰值温度高于图9(a)所示的脱附峰值温度。未充氢试样的TDS测试结果表明,23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中还存在另外两种类型的氢陷阱。
对Peak1和Peak2的TDS曲线进行积分,计算得到其氢含量分别为2.4×10-7和2×10-8。无论是Peak1还是Peak2,最大氢脱附速率均随升温速率的增加而逐渐增大,且近似呈线性关系,如图10(b)所示。根据不同升温速率下Peak1和Peak2热脱附曲线的峰值温度,分别得到Peak1和Peak2的ln (Φ/Tp2)与1/Tp关系曲线,均近似呈线性关系,如图10(c)所示。根据式(2)计算可得,Peak1对应陷阱的结合能约为19.93 kJ/mol,Peak2对应陷阱的结合能约为59.88 kJ/mol。综上所述,23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中存在3种氢陷阱,其陷阱特征仍有待进一步深入研究。
对比充氢前后的TDS测试结果可以看出,在常温高压充氢条件下进入23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢,主要被结合能为10.24 kJ/mol的氢陷阱所捕获。研究表明,结合能<30 kJ/mol的陷阱属于可逆氢陷阱,氢易挣脱此类陷阱的束缚并在材料中迁移[27-28]。在常温、110 MPa氢气环境下,30CrMo钢的氢侵入量不足4×10-7[15],而相同条件下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢侵入量达4.45×10-6,是前者的10倍以上。相比之下,23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件更易发生常温高压氢损伤。
另一方面,常温、110 MPa氢气压力下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的WOL试验结果表明,当施加的应力强度因子为58 MPa·m1/2时,裂纹发生明显扩展。根据ASME BPVC VIII-3 KD-10的规定,采用恒位移法测得的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值取为50%KⅠAPP。由此可见,常温、110 MPa氢气环境下23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值小于29 MPa·m1/2,低于ASME规范要求。
此外,前期采用改进型慢拉伸试验方法开展23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件在常温高压氢气环境下的抗氢脆性能研究时也发现,其慢拉伸断口呈现脆性断裂特征[22],且试样表面出现环向开裂现象[29]。而在相同常温充氢条件下,氢难以进入30CrMo钢,在常温高压氢环境下其拉伸断口呈现延性断裂特征,常温、110 MPa氢气环境下也表现出优良的抗氢致开裂性能[15]。
在中低压条件下,采用23Cr2Ni4MoV这种不具备可焊性的锻件材料制造压力容器并无必要;在超高压力条件下,该材料在氢气环境下的适应性更差。综上所述,23Cr2Ni4MoV钢锻件不适宜作为常温超高压储氢容器用钢。
文中采用与高压氢储运装备实际服役工况相符的常温高压预充氢方法及氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值测试方法,评估了1 000 MPa级调质高强钢锻件23Cr2Ni4MoV的常温高压氢脆敏感性,得到如下结论。
(1)在常温35 MPa氢气压力下,氢难以侵入23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件;当氢气压力增至70 MPa时,氢侵入量增加至3.41×10-6;进一步将氢气压力提高至110 MPa时,氢侵入量继续增加至4.45×10-6,但增速明显减缓。
(2)23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件中存在3种类型的氢陷阱,其结合能分别为10.24,19.93,59.88 kJ/mol;在常温高压氢气环境下,侵入23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢主要被结合能为10.24 kJ/mol的较浅氢陷阱捕获。
(3)在常温110 MPa氢气环境下,23Cr2Ni4MoV高强钢锻件的氢致开裂应力强度因子门槛值低于ASME标准要求。综上所述,该材料不适宜用作常温超高压储氢容器。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4837.2026.01.001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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    合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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