Article(id=1171165158249381967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)03-0136-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.03.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757157132922, onlineDateStr=2025-09-06, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757157132922, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757157132922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757157132922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1171165154017321083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757157131914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757582122913, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1171165158895304791, articleId=1171165158249381967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Backfilling and Safe Disposal Technology of Uranium Tailings (Slag), columnId=null, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the global growth in demand for clean energy, the development of uranium ore resources and its environmental impact increasingly have raised concerns. Uranium tailings (slag), as the main by-product of uranium mining and processing, are an urgent environmental concern requiring safe disposal. This study systematically summarized the research progress of uranium tailings backfilling and safe disposal technology, and focuses on the paste filling process optimization and nano material solidification mechanism, in order to provide theoretical support for the green development of uranium resources and the safe disposal of radioactive waste.

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随着全球清洁能源需求的持续攀升,铀矿资源开发规模也相应扩大,铀尾矿(渣)的安全处置已成为环境保护与核能可持续发展的关键问题。系统综述了铀尾矿(渣)回填与安全处置技术的研究进展,重点探讨了膏体充填工艺优化与纳米材料固化机制,旨在为铀矿资源绿色开发与放射性废物安全处置提供理论支撑。

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牛洁(1983—),女,山东烟台人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶环境保护与辐射防护工作。
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多彤欣(2001—),女,天津人,在读硕士,主要从事核燃料循环与材料研究。

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多彤欣(2001—),女,天津人,在读硕士,主要从事核燃料循环与材料研究。

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多彤欣(2001—),女,天津人,在读硕士,主要从事核燃料循环与材料研究。

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Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2024, 41(12):117-125 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Performance evaluation and driving mechanisms of synergistic solidification with nano-SiO2-MICP for sludge, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171206344708243599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171206344716632208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, companyId=1171206344708243599, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171206344725020817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, companyId=1171206344708243599, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171206346604069067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effect of particle size of covering material on radon exhalation rate on beach surface of uranium tailings pond, figureFileSmall=JToKxqSMQaiz7Tc9+KLltQ==, figureFileBig=NnHuP5VSsloj0Vab1/vdyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171206346704732365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=图1, caption=覆盖材料粒径对铀尾矿库滩面氡析出率的影响, figureFileSmall=JToKxqSMQaiz7Tc9+KLltQ==, figureFileBig=NnHuP5VSsloj0Vab1/vdyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171206346784424142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Potential hazards of uranium tailings pond, figureFileSmall=GwWqRaMrAnWydV1Vsvf2XA==, figureFileBig=QKxBK0RrY/hd74DmjP6+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171206346855727310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=图2, caption=铀尾矿库潜在危害示意图, figureFileSmall=GwWqRaMrAnWydV1Vsvf2XA==, figureFileBig=QKxBK0RrY/hd74DmjP6+1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171206346918641872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of different types of uranium tailings ponds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 特点 优势 劣势 案例
山谷型 山谷谷口处筑坝 初期坝较短,坝体工程量小;库容潜力较大;澄清距离及干滩长度满足设计要求 排洪系统工程量大;抬升坝体浸润线 俄罗斯普瑞阿古恩斯基铀尾矿库;捷克内代克铀尾矿库;中国韶关铀尾矿库、赣州铀尾矿库
平地型 地势相对平缓 地形适应性较好,靠近水冶厂 工程量大;管理维护复杂;堆积坝高度及库容受限 美国霍姆斯特克、克尔·麦基、安布罗西亚铀尾矿库;澳大利亚罗杰、奥林匹克大坝;加拿大基湖铀尾矿库;中国衡阳铀尾矿库
傍山型 山坡脚下依山筑坝 汇水面积较小,工程量较平地型尾矿库小 初期坝相对较长;库区纵深较短,库容受限 中国国内丘陵地区中小矿山
截河型 宽浅式河床上留出一定的流水宽度,三面筑坝围成尾矿库 保留农田,库区汇水面积小 需要设置复杂的排水系统,工作量复杂 中国云南菲莫铜矿尾矿库
), ArticleFig(id=1171206346989945042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型铀尾矿库特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 特点 优势 劣势 案例
山谷型 山谷谷口处筑坝 初期坝较短,坝体工程量小;库容潜力较大;澄清距离及干滩长度满足设计要求 排洪系统工程量大;抬升坝体浸润线 俄罗斯普瑞阿古恩斯基铀尾矿库;捷克内代克铀尾矿库;中国韶关铀尾矿库、赣州铀尾矿库
平地型 地势相对平缓 地形适应性较好,靠近水冶厂 工程量大;管理维护复杂;堆积坝高度及库容受限 美国霍姆斯特克、克尔·麦基、安布罗西亚铀尾矿库;澳大利亚罗杰、奥林匹克大坝;加拿大基湖铀尾矿库;中国衡阳铀尾矿库
傍山型 山坡脚下依山筑坝 汇水面积较小,工程量较平地型尾矿库小 初期坝相对较长;库区纵深较短,库容受限 中国国内丘陵地区中小矿山
截河型 宽浅式河床上留出一定的流水宽度,三面筑坝围成尾矿库 保留农田,库区汇水面积小 需要设置复杂的排水系统,工作量复杂 中国云南菲莫铜矿尾矿库
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347107385557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Different filling methods and functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填方式 方法 优点 缺点
尾砂充填
(水砂充填)
直接使用湿式尾矿作为充填材料,通过管道输送至矿井下进行充填 较干式充填环节简化,污染小 会对地下水造成污染
干式充填 使用干式尾矿或废石作为充填材料,通过卡车或其他运输方式直接运送到采空区 利用矿井空间,减少土地占用,成本低 井下氡活度浓度严重超标,达不到预期目标
胶结充填 在充填材料中加入适量的胶凝材料(如水泥、石灰等),通过化学反应使材料硬化,增加充填体的强度 提前固化铀尾矿,减少污染 工艺复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347245797592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同充填方式及作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填方式 方法 优点 缺点
尾砂充填
(水砂充填)
直接使用湿式尾矿作为充填材料,通过管道输送至矿井下进行充填 较干式充填环节简化,污染小 会对地下水造成污染
干式充填 使用干式尾矿或废石作为充填材料,通过卡车或其他运输方式直接运送到采空区 利用矿井空间,减少土地占用,成本低 井下氡活度浓度严重超标,达不到预期目标
胶结充填 在充填材料中加入适量的胶凝材料(如水泥、石灰等),通过化学反应使材料硬化,增加充填体的强度 提前固化铀尾矿,减少污染 工艺复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347308712156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of tailings filling and paste filling technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填
方式
材料浓度 工艺流程 环境影响 充填体强度和稳定性 应用场景 单位成本/
(元/m3)
经济性
评价
尾砂
充填
使用较低浓度的尾矿浆体(固体含量≤60%),直接将尾矿浆体输送到矿井下进行充填 工艺简单,涉及尾矿的收集、输送和直接充填 尾矿浆体浓度较低,可能会有更多的水(60%~85%)参与充填,这可能会对地下水系统产生影响 充填体强度和稳定性低(3 d强度<1 MPa),需要较长的固结时间 适用于多种矿山条件,尤其是在水资源充足、对充填体强度要求不高的场景 150~250(水泥用量少,能耗低) 短期成本低,但长期稳定性差导致维护成本增加
膏体
充填
使用高浓度的尾矿浆体(固体含量为70%~75%),需要更多的脱水和混合工艺 工艺复杂,需要尾矿的浓缩、混合和膏体的制备,以及输送和充填 膏体浓度高,使用的水量较少(<40%),对地下水的影响相对较小 充填体强度和稳定性较高(≥7 MPa),更快提供矿山支撑 适用于对充填体强度和稳定性要求较高的场景,尤其是在深部开采和高应力条件下 350~500(浓度高,需更多的胶凝材料和能耗) 初期投资高,但长期稳定性好,减少二次治理费用
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347417764060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

尾砂充填与膏体充填技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
充填
方式
材料浓度 工艺流程 环境影响 充填体强度和稳定性 应用场景 单位成本/
(元/m3)
经济性
评价
尾砂
充填
使用较低浓度的尾矿浆体(固体含量≤60%),直接将尾矿浆体输送到矿井下进行充填 工艺简单,涉及尾矿的收集、输送和直接充填 尾矿浆体浓度较低,可能会有更多的水(60%~85%)参与充填,这可能会对地下水系统产生影响 充填体强度和稳定性低(3 d强度<1 MPa),需要较长的固结时间 适用于多种矿山条件,尤其是在水资源充足、对充填体强度要求不高的场景 150~250(水泥用量少,能耗低) 短期成本低,但长期稳定性差导致维护成本增加
膏体
充填
使用高浓度的尾矿浆体(固体含量为70%~75%),需要更多的脱水和混合工艺 工艺复杂,需要尾矿的浓缩、混合和膏体的制备,以及输送和充填 膏体浓度高,使用的水量较少(<40%),对地下水的影响相对较小 充填体强度和稳定性较高(≥7 MPa),更快提供矿山支撑 适用于对充填体强度和稳定性要求较高的场景,尤其是在深部开采和高应力条件下 350~500(浓度高,需更多的胶凝材料和能耗) 初期投资高,但长期稳定性好,减少二次治理费用
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347585536221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison on technical routes of surface treatment and underground filling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标 地表处置 地下充填
技术核心 尾矿在地表尾矿库中堆存,依赖坝体、防渗层等工程措施隔离污染物 尾矿经脱水或固化后回填至井下采空区,利用地质体封闭污染物
使用尾矿类型 适合各类铀尾矿,尤其粗颗粒、渗透性好的尾矿 需尾矿流动性好(膏体或浆体),适合全尾矿或经固化处理的细颗粒尾矿
工程复杂度 需建设坝体、排洪系统、防渗层,工程量大但技术成熟 需配套脱水/固化系统、管道输送设施,技术要求高,但可复用采矿设施
长期维护需求 需持续监测坝体稳定性、渗漏风险,维护成本较高 充填后维护需求较低,但需长期监测地下水污染
成本 初期投资较低,但长期维护及土地占用成本高 初期投资高(如固化剂、输送系统),但长期成本低且节省土地资源
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347656839391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

地表处理与地下充填技术路线对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术指标 地表处置 地下充填
技术核心 尾矿在地表尾矿库中堆存,依赖坝体、防渗层等工程措施隔离污染物 尾矿经脱水或固化后回填至井下采空区,利用地质体封闭污染物
使用尾矿类型 适合各类铀尾矿,尤其粗颗粒、渗透性好的尾矿 需尾矿流动性好(膏体或浆体),适合全尾矿或经固化处理的细颗粒尾矿
工程复杂度 需建设坝体、排洪系统、防渗层,工程量大但技术成熟 需配套脱水/固化系统、管道输送设施,技术要求高,但可复用采矿设施
长期维护需求 需持续监测坝体稳定性、渗漏风险,维护成本较高 充填后维护需求较低,但需长期监测地下水污染
成本 初期投资较低,但长期维护及土地占用成本高 初期投资高(如固化剂、输送系统),但长期成本低且节省土地资源
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347761696993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of various curing technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 优点 缺点
水泥基固化技术 操作简单,成本低,处理效果好,普适性强,可协同利用工业固体废物 普通硅酸盐水泥环保性不足,碳排放量高,能耗高,长期稳定性存在风险,固化体抗裂性较差
碱激发固化技术 机械强度高,耐久性好,环保性优于普通水泥,重金属固定效率高 长期稳定性存在不确定性,工艺要求较高,成本较水泥高
生物材料固化技术 环境友好,成本较低(MICP技术),增强材料耐久性 MICP技术释放氨氮,加剧水体富营养化,菌种培养条件苛刻,成本较高,工艺参数优化难度大,环境因素对效果影响较大,实际工程案例少
纳米材料固化技术 增强机械性能,改善耐久性,环保性好,可对材料微观结构调控 纳米材料制备成本高,工艺复杂,纳米颗粒可能迁移造成二次污染
), ArticleFig(id=1171206347921080547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165158249381967, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各类固化技术优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 优点 缺点
水泥基固化技术 操作简单,成本低,处理效果好,普适性强,可协同利用工业固体废物 普通硅酸盐水泥环保性不足,碳排放量高,能耗高,长期稳定性存在风险,固化体抗裂性较差
碱激发固化技术 机械强度高,耐久性好,环保性优于普通水泥,重金属固定效率高 长期稳定性存在不确定性,工艺要求较高,成本较水泥高
生物材料固化技术 环境友好,成本较低(MICP技术),增强材料耐久性 MICP技术释放氨氮,加剧水体富营养化,菌种培养条件苛刻,成本较高,工艺参数优化难度大,环境因素对效果影响较大,实际工程案例少
纳米材料固化技术 增强机械性能,改善耐久性,环保性好,可对材料微观结构调控 纳米材料制备成本高,工艺复杂,纳米颗粒可能迁移造成二次污染
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铀尾矿(渣)的回填及安全处置技术
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多彤欣 , 牛洁 , 王扬 , 何叶
铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025,44(3): 136-146
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025, 44(3): 136-146
铀尾矿(渣)的回填及安全处置技术
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多彤欣, 牛洁, 王扬, 何叶
作者信息
  • 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 多彤欣(2001—),女,天津人,在读硕士,主要从事核燃料循环与材料研究。

通讯作者:

牛洁(1983—),女,山东烟台人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶环境保护与辐射防护工作。
Backfilling and Safe Disposal Technology of Uranium Tailings (Slag)
Tongxin DUO, Jie NIU, Yang WANG, Ye HE
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.03.06
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随着全球清洁能源需求的持续攀升,铀矿资源开发规模也相应扩大,铀尾矿(渣)的安全处置已成为环境保护与核能可持续发展的关键问题。系统综述了铀尾矿(渣)回填与安全处置技术的研究进展,重点探讨了膏体充填工艺优化与纳米材料固化机制,旨在为铀矿资源绿色开发与放射性废物安全处置提供理论支撑。

铀尾矿  /  固化  /  安全处置  /  膏体充填  /  放射性污染  /  长期稳定性

With the global growth in demand for clean energy, the development of uranium ore resources and its environmental impact increasingly have raised concerns. Uranium tailings (slag), as the main by-product of uranium mining and processing, are an urgent environmental concern requiring safe disposal. This study systematically summarized the research progress of uranium tailings backfilling and safe disposal technology, and focuses on the paste filling process optimization and nano material solidification mechanism, in order to provide theoretical support for the green development of uranium resources and the safe disposal of radioactive waste.

uranium tailings  /  solidification  /  safe disposal  /  paste filling  /  radioactive contamination  /  long term stability
多彤欣, 牛洁, 王扬, 何叶. 铀尾矿(渣)的回填及安全处置技术. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.03.06
Tongxin DUO, Jie NIU, Yang WANG, Ye HE. Backfilling and Safe Disposal Technology of Uranium Tailings (Slag)[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.03.06
铀的安全开发及其生产过程中产生的铀尾矿(渣)等废料处置始终是全球关注的核心议题。2021年8月国际原子能机构(IAEA)发布的《铀生产和其他活动中含天然放射性物质(NORM)的残留物管理》(No.SSG—60)[1],是目前国际上包括铀矿冶放射性废物在内的NORM残留物管理的最新进展和要求。其中提出:优先利用采矿遗留空间(采空区、地下矿坑等)实施原位回填,通过尾矿-混凝土复合材料增强矿体结构稳定性,但必须严格评估固结体与围岩的化学相容性,避免污染物迁移对矿山作业和环境介质造成二次污染。这一技术路径与中国生态环境部最新修订的《铀矿冶放射性废物辐射环境管理技术规定》(GB 14585—2024)[2]和《铀矿冶辐射防护和辐射环境保护规定》(GB 23727—2020)[3]管理理念基本一致,二者均明确鼓励将铀尾矿回填于矿井采空区,同时强化了对地下水保护与辐射防护的约束条件。
目前,随着铀尾矿回填技术的不断发展和完善,更多国家和地区采纳这类先进的管理策略和技术手段,将更有效地控制和减少铀尾矿(渣)及NORM残留物对环境的潜在危害,促进自然资源开发与环境保护之间的平衡发展。
铀尾矿(渣)是硬岩铀矿采冶过程中产生的天然放射性废物,具有放射性污染与重金属污染双重环境风险。铀尾矿(渣)一般采用露天堆置,易受风蚀和降雨冲刷的影响[4],酸性雨水通过孔隙渗入可加速污染物的迁移,造成土壤-地下水系统污染及生物累积效应。目前,国际上对铀尾矿(渣)的处置技术主要有地表处置、地下隔离等。地表处置技术一般通过建设尾矿库、滩面治理等方式实现风险隔离;地下隔离技术主要通过井下充填、废弃矿井封存等方式降低污染物迁移风险。
地表建设尾矿库是通过建造坝体或其他类型的围挡结构,将铀尾矿贮存在地表上的特定设施内。按照地形条件不同,地表处置尾矿库可分为山谷型尾矿库、平地型尾矿库、傍山型尾矿库、截河型尾矿库等(表1)。其中,山谷型尾矿库应用最广[5],山谷型尾矿库和平地型尾矿库分别适用于大型和小型矿山,但均面临渗漏和地质灾害的挑战。
对铀尾矿库进行滩面覆盖可降低氡的析出,退役治理后铀尾矿库滩面氡的析出率应不大于0.74 Bq/(m2·s)[6]16。由于各国执行的标准和地质环境条件不同,因此采用的防氡层也存在一定差异[7]4
近年来,改性材料在覆盖层中的应用显著提升了控氡效果。李军达利用滩面覆盖方法处理铀尾矿,通过在多层覆盖层中加入改性材料(膨润土),增强铀尾矿库滩面的稳定性和控氡效果[6]33。Chen等证实了覆盖层粒径对控氡效果的影响,在华南湿润地区,与粗砂与纯土覆盖层相比,中粒径砂覆盖层在高温条件下的控氡效果最好,其形成的致密孔隙结构可有效阻断氡的迁移路径,降低氡析出率[8]。Zhang等通过自制模拟实验装置进行了研究,结果表明当干湿交替幅度达到(30±20)%时,覆盖土层表面裂纹率与氡析出率呈指数正相关性;该传统覆盖体系在动态水-热耦合作用下存在失效风险,该实验装置可有效控制铀尾矿库滩面的氡释放量,并为相关环境评估提供技术支持[9]
基于上述研究,在覆盖层厚度100 mm、压实度90%、常温25 ℃条件下,进行室内模拟试验,找出覆盖材料粒径对铀尾矿库滩面氡析出率的影响,结果见图1。可以看出,粗砂孔隙率较大,氡气释放速率较高,控氡效果较差;中砂的结构较致密,有效阻断了氡气的迁移路径,控氡性能更优;细砂的控氡效果较好,但其过小的颗粒可能导致渗透性低,影响长期稳定性。级配良好的混合砂可形成有效的防氡屏障,并具有较好的稳定性和渗透性。综上所述,覆盖材料粒径对有效降低铀尾矿库滩面氡析出至关重要。
铀尾矿(渣)含有铀、钍、镭等放射性核素和锰、镉、锌等重金属污染物,是典型的多组分污染源。其放射性活度水平较低,但堆存体量大,对公众的辐射剂量贡献不容忽视。这些污染物可通过降水淋溶、风力扩散等途径发生迁移。在干旱多风季节,尾矿颗粒物易受风力作用形成扬尘,导致下风向区域出现地表水体污染、土壤重金属累积,及放射性气溶胶释放等复合性环境问题;在雨季,尾矿颗粒物可通过地表径流和渗滤液造成污染物扩散。从坝体或库底渗出的尾矿库废水易造成地表水或地下水污染。铀尾矿(渣)造成的γ辐射剂量率可达(309~848)×10-8 Gy/h。另外,铀尾矿(渣)采用堆存处置时需占用大量土地,受放射性等因素限制,铀尾矿库闭库后,仍无法完全开放利用,导致土地长期闲置。铀尾矿库潜在安全及环境危害见图2[10]424
因此,铀尾矿的环境危害具有多介质、长周期的特点,危害途径主要有:1)地下水污染。硫化物氧化产生的酸性渗滤液(pH 2~4)可溶解铀、镭等放射性物质,污染地下水。美国亚利桑那州Church Rock矿区[11]曾因渗滤液泄漏污染了约379×104 m3地下水,通过管道排放了约36×104 m3的高酸性液体和1 100 t铀尾矿,这些液体含有约1.36 t铀和1.702×1012 Bq的总α放射性。2)放射性气体释放。铀矿渣中铀衰变产生的氡(半衰期3.8 d)易通过粉尘或地下水逸散,长期暴露可能引发肺癌。3)生态破坏。尾矿库占地面积大(单个矿区可达数平方公里),且表面覆盖层破损可能导致重金属粉尘扩散,危害周边生态系统。4)事故风险不可承受。地表尾矿库的重大安全隐患通常具有滞后性(数十年至百年),其显现速度取决于尾矿成分、气候条件、设计标准及管理措施。根据国际案例,事故模式可分为两类。第一类是突发型事故,由极端天气、地质活动或结构性缺陷(如排水不足、地基不稳)触发,具有瞬时破坏性。如美国Church Rock铀矿(1979年)因地基沉降导致3.7×105 m3含铀废水泄漏至Rio Puerco河,污染超110 km,引发长达30年的环境诉讼[11];南非Harmony金矿(1994年)因暴雨冲毁尾矿坝,6.0×105 m3尾矿与酸性废水泄漏,造成17人死亡及周边社区持续性污染[12]。第二类是缓发型事故。澳大利亚Rum Jungle铀矿因渗滤液污染,运行仅10年即被迫启动耗资2.8亿澳元的修复工程[13];德国Wismut矿区因黏土覆盖层失效,地下水铀浓度超标,最终需投入15亿欧元实施“地下淹没”封闭工程[14];美国Grand Junction尾矿库因放射性粉尘扩散致居民氡暴露超标,政府强制搬迁居民并采用湿法固化整改[15]。两类事故模式均对人类健康(肺癌风险上升、重金属中毒)、生态环境(水体污染、土壤酸化)及经济社会(土地废弃、治理成本攀升)造成复合性损害,凸显铀尾矿库风险管理的重要性。
与传统地表处理方法相比,“地下隔离”方法具有环境友好性和长期可持续性优势,用于处置铀尾矿(渣)在国际上的认可度较高,已逐步成为放射性废物长期安全管理的关键路径。
目前,铀尾矿(渣)地下充填方式主要有尾砂充填(水砂充填)、干式充填、胶结充填(表2)。几种方法在铀矿山得到了初步应用,但井下氡及地下水污染问题还未得到根本解决[16]。近年来,干式充填技术的应用实例较少,因此,主要讨论尾砂充填和胶结充填。
尾砂充填是井下充填的手段之一。通过地面搅拌槽混匀的尾渣,经注砂斜井和平巷管路输送系统直接注入采空区进行充填作业,有效避免了尾矿(渣)在地下的二次转运环节[17]。该法显著降低矿石贫化率与损失率、有效控制地压活动及地表沉降、促进矿山绿色开采体系构建[18]
中国有色金属矿山采用分级利用方式,将粗砂用于制砖,细尾砂用于充填,应用效果较好。胡松涛等使用新型胶凝材料制备细尾砂充填料,验证了胶东地区黄金矿山细尾砂充填的可行性[19]。董国强等进行配比试验,当细颗粒尾砂灰砂比控制在1∶7~1∶8,充填能力≥60%时,充填体3 d强度≥1 MPa,满足夏甸金矿开采要求,解决了细颗粒尾砂排放问题,提高了矿山尾砂利用率[20]。何信等在某非金属萤石矿山利用分级粗尾砂制砖和细尾砂井下充填的方案,优化聚合剂与絮凝剂的用量,采用新型胶凝材料作为细尾砂胶固材料,在充填浓度56%~60%、灰砂比1∶6~1∶10条件下,配制高质量的充填料浆,减少了水泥消耗量、降低了充填成本,提高了充填体质量,满足矿山采矿要求[21]。刘新宇等通过坍落度试验和L管半工业试验对充填料浆输送性能进行分析,优化本溪某铁矿尾砂充填配比[22]。孙铭骏等发现料浆浓度是影响充填料浆扩展度的主要因素,养护龄期和灰砂比是影响充填体质量的主要因素,试验得到了适合于三山岛金矿井下充填料浆的浓度[23]
胶结充填以固体废料为骨料,通过添加胶凝材料来增强充填体的强度和稳定性。膏体充填是一种特殊的胶结充填方法,以膏状料浆为充填介质,其流动性低,但早期强度较高,适用于对充填体强度要求较高、地质条件复杂的区域。20世纪80年代,德国Bad Grund 铅锌矿研究了膏体泵压输送充填系统,该系统安全环保、经济高效,已在多个非铀矿井中应用。该技术通过高浓度浆体泵送、强力活化搅拌及计算机在线控制等方式,显著提升了充填作业的机械化与自动化水平;通过固化基体对有害元素及放射性核素的稳定化作用,有效解决了黄金尾矿中氰化物毒性和铀矿尾渣放射性核素迁移的问题。弗鲁塔北Fruta del Norte矿山采用“尾矿压滤—滤饼称重—浆液重构”工艺,通过精确控制固化剂流体与重构浆液的动态混合,使充填体性能达标[24]。张金坤等在塞尔维亚佩吉铜金矿二采区通过控制灰砂比与质量浓度,在保证充填体强度的同时降低了成本[25]。张培森等通过RSM-CCD法设计充填材料配比试验,确定了满足工程实际的最低成本配比方案[26]。徐亮等以煤矸石、粉煤灰、硫铝酸盐水泥、过硫酸盐水泥为原料,制备了煤矸石基快硬膏体,通过水胶比与骨胶比的参数优化,使工业固废利用和充填体性能提升[27]。王鑫等引入超塑化强化剂后,充填骨料的浓度、流变性及早期强度均获得显著改善。随着绿色矿山建设需求的日益迫切,膏体充填技术正在全球矿业固废处置与资源循环领域发挥着不可替代的作用[28]
尾砂充填技术成本低、适用性广,应用较多;膏体充填技术稳定性好、强度高,在深部开采和高应力环境中越来越受到重视。两项技术的横向对比结果见表3
地表处置和地下充填是铀尾矿(渣)安全处置的主要方式,其技术路线对比见表4[10]428
地表处置适用于山谷、平地等地形开阔、尾矿(渣)量大且需长期堆存的场景,尤其适合远离人口密集区的铀矿项目(如捷克内代克铀尾矿库),处置风险集中于工程稳定性。地下充填适用于具备稳定采空区的矿山(如加拿大比弗洛奇铀矿),一般通过尾矿(渣)脱水或固化实现资源化回填,可减少生态破坏和土地占用,降低长期维护成本,但需重点关注地下水保护。
地表处置风险集中且易于监测,但需永久占用土地资源;其短期风险主要防范溃坝、尾矿粉尘扩散及渗滤液污染地表水体,长期风险应防范放射性核素通过雨水淋溶迁移污染土壤和地下水。地下充填风险相对分散且潜伏期长,但更符合"最小化地表扰动"的环保理念;其短期风险主要是管道泄漏和充填体坍塌,长期风险需防范固化体失效导致的核素缓慢释放,从而污染地下水。
分析可知,固化基体的长期稳定性是污染物迁移控制的关键。为此,探讨固化材料的作用机制与创新方向,为开发高性能、低成本的固化剂体系提供支撑。
硅酸盐水泥成本低,已成为固定放射性废物的固化介质[7]7。水泥基固化技术的固化机理主要依赖于水合反应生成的水化硅酸钙,该物质可包裹放射性核素和重金属,是决定固化体强度的关键组分[29]。该技术的处理效果好、普适性强,已广泛应用于土壤修复、废弃物处置及矿山/水处理等领域[30-32]。但普通硅酸盐水泥的环保性能存在局限性,研究人员开发出硫铝酸钙-白石水泥(CSAB)新材料,该材料具有二氧化碳排放量低、能耗较低、凝结速度快、机械强度高、耐腐蚀性好等优势。Kiventera等采用CSAB固化金矿尾矿,当尾矿质量分数不超过50%时,固化体强度保持率达70%,硫酸盐固化率超过60%,该技术的可行性较好[33]
工业固体废物的协同利用进一步提升了水泥基固化技术的可持续性。采用粉煤灰、矿渣、煤矸石等废料部分代替水泥,减少了原材料消耗量,实现了固体废物资源化,形成了“以废治废”的良性循环[34]。Zhang等使用细磨的高炉矿渣-转炉钢渣-烟气脱硫石膏的混合物替代普通硅酸盐水泥,提升了固化体力学性能和砷固定效率[35]。Jouini等使用波特兰水泥(GU)与矿渣/粉煤灰替代普通硅酸盐水泥,有效固定了有害元素,且其强度符合美国环保署(USEPA)所需的强度标准要求[36]。通过材料创新与循环利用,水泥基固化技术在保证处理效能的同时,推动铀尾矿管理向低碳化、资源化方向发展。
碱激发固化技术通过强碱性激发剂激活富含硅铝酸盐原料,形成三维网络结构的胶凝体。碱激发胶凝材料的反应过程可分为溶解、解聚、缩聚和固化等主要阶段。该材料具有良好的机械性、耐久性、环保特性,是普通硅酸盐水泥的理想替代品[37]
在放射性废物和重金属固定领域,碱激发固化技术应用广泛。Bai等研究发现,碱激发赤泥-粉煤灰水泥基材料对重金属具有双重作用机制:适量掺入重金属可提升材料抗压强度;在中性和碱性环境下,该材料对铜、镉等重金属的固定效率超过99%[38]。沸石比表面积大、孔隙结构较好,成核位点多,在碱激发体系中添加沸石有助于提高聚合物的机械强度和其他物理性能;增强对污染物的固定能力。袁正平等通过优化质量配比(冶炼铅渣∶偏高岭土∶铀尾渣=3∶7∶4)和激发剂用量(1.4%~1.5%NaOH-水玻璃),并添加12%沸石,采用沸石协同碱激发体系固化铀尾渣,将铀浸出液浓度控制在国家标准限值以下[39]。Wang等将碱活化渣与天然沸石协同使用,在添加12%沸石条件下,固化体强度提升至8.95 MPa,铀浸出质量浓度从11.36 mg/L降至0.28~8.07 mg/L,充分验证了沸石离子交换功能与碱激发凝胶固化作用的协同增效机制[40]。牛前进等利用Ca(OH)2注浆协同技术固化铀尾渣,当添加15% Ca(OH)2时,固化体28 d抗压强度提升4.4倍至6.8 MPa,同时铀浸出率和氡析出率分别下降89%与52%[41]
生物材料固化技术主要利用微生物代谢产物或生物矿化作用实现污染物固定与基质强化。20世纪80年代,该技术从环境修复领域延伸至放射性废物治理领域[42]。微生物诱导碳酸钙技术(MICP)成本较低、效果较好,是目前研究最广泛的微生物岩土技术[43]。MICP技术的主要原理是自然界中很多微生物可在细胞外完成方解石(自然界中最稳定的材料之一)的矿化,具体过程是通过微生物产生的脲酶将尿素水解为$\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$,不断吸附环境中的钙离子,在碱性条件下形成碳酸钙沉淀的同时也释放大量的氨。
pH在微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀过程中起着关键作用。研究发现,细菌生长过程中菌液的pH从7.0升至8.3,为碳酸钙的形成提供了必要条件。pH的变化分为几个阶段:初始阶段因细菌繁殖产生OH-而使pH上升;随后因矿化反应消耗OH-而使pH下降;最终在稳定阶段达到动态平衡。当初始pH较低(<5.0)时,细菌生长缓慢,矿化反应延迟;当初始pH较高(>9.0)时,矿化反应迅速启动。碱性环境促进CO2与OH-反应生成$mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$,进而与Ca2+结合形成方解石沉淀。因此,pH影响细菌的活性和代谢过程,直接调控碳酸钙的成核与沉淀速率[44]
近年来,MICP技术逐渐被应用到充填采矿领域。张文卿等通过接种微生物促使充填体内生成碳酸钙晶体,这些晶体能够有效填充材料内部孔隙和微裂隙,有效提高了充填体的抗压强度,证明了MICP技术在充填采矿中的可行性[45]。Qin等发现MICP技术对Cr(Ⅲ)的去除率可达100%[46]。李揽月等采用巴氏芽孢杆菌与地衣芽孢杆菌的协同作用,使铀去除效率达到74.58%,较单一菌种(巴氏芽孢杆菌)处理效率提升约3倍[47]。Tang等通过芽孢杆菌处理铀尾矿渗滤液,可将铀质量浓度从433.28 μg/L降低至17.25 μg/L,铀去除率高达95.99%[48]
微生物诱导磷酸盐沉淀(MIPP)技术是重金属固化领域的重要创新之一。该技术利用微生物分泌的磷酸酶或者植酸酶等分解外源磷,释放$\mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-}$与重金属离子形成化学稳定性更高的沉淀物,实现了重金属的固化,降低了重金属二次迁移的风险[49-50]。Han等通过优化反应条件(相对密度90%、反应物浓度1.5 mol/L),使铅锌尾矿固化体无侧限抗压强度达到2.7 MPa。在模拟酸雨环境下的测试结果显示,铅浸出质量浓度从0.86 mg/L降至0.02 mg/L,此浓度远远低于《地表水环境质量标准》中V类水域对铅的规定限值(0.1 mg/L),充分展现了化学沉淀与生物催化的协同效应[51]。但受菌种培养环境因素、培养成本、稳定性等限制,MICP技术的工程应用案例较少,不同因素对加固效果的影响规律需进一步考察。
传统水泥基材料抗拉强度低、易开裂,其性能提升主要依靠宏观结构复合与单一性能优化的传统改性方法[52]。纳米材料为水泥基材料改性提供了新途径。纳米零价铁(NZVI)与水泥的结合展现了其还原固化能力,通过Fe(0)/Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化作用,可将U(Ⅵ)还原为更稳定的U(Ⅳ),并实现其在材料表面的均匀分布[53]。Muhammad F等将硫酸亚铁溶液添加到绿茶提取液中,在pH=6时,合成了纳米零价铁颗粒(GT-NZVI),将GT-NZVI与复合碱激发水泥(GCM)协同用于铬铁矿渣(COPR)的固化处理,结果表明含有GT-NZVI的GCM样品的抗压强度达到了33 MPa,纯GCM样品的抗压强度达到了47 MPa,均满足建筑和填埋要求;GT-NZVI的加入使总铬浸出量降低38.9%,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出量减少56.8%[54]。但NZVI老化会在基体表面形成铁氧化物(钝化层),使反应活性位点减少,还原能力下降[55]。NZVI粒径小、有磁性、易发生团聚。老化后,颗粒间相互作用增强,团聚现象加剧,从而导致反应活性急剧下降和迁移性差等问题[56]
此外,纳米SiO2作为特殊的无机非金属纳米材料,其具有粒径小、比表面大、化学纯度高和吸附性强等特点,被广泛用于材料增强领域。陈浩将活性纳米SiO2联合微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(MICP)技术相结合,用于淤泥固化。结果表明,与未添加纳米SiO2的MICP固化试样相比,添加质量分数不高于0.1%的纳米SiO2的MICP固化试样在Ca2+浓度为0.5、1、2 mol/L下的力学性能分别提高了64.21%、10.28%和75.98%[57]
各类固化技术的的优缺点见表5。可以看出,水泥基固化技术成熟度高,适合大规模应用,但需通过材料创新降低碳排放及能耗;碱激发固化技术环保性好,但需解决激发剂腐蚀性与工艺复杂性问题;生物材料固化技术生态友好,但规模化应用受微生物活性控制;纳米材料固化技术性能好,但成本与安全性问题制约其推广。
铀尾矿(渣)的稳定化固化处理及地下充填技术的发展亟需技术创新。开发磷酸盐、铁氧化物等低成本稳定剂的放射性核素固定技术,着力突破工业副产物(粉煤灰、钢渣、膨润土)替代水泥的关键技术,通过优化固化材料配比实现固化体的稳定性和环境安全性的协同提升。固化材料需要具备长期的化学稳定性,防止放射性物质释放到环境中。未来应建立更科学的固化体长期稳定性评价体系,结合实验室模拟与现场监测数据,评估固化体在不同环境条件下的稳定性。此外,利用先进的传感器技术实时监测固化体的物理和化学变化,也是重要的发展方向。
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.03.06
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149

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牛洁(1983—),女,山东烟台人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶环境保护与辐射防护工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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