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In order to cope with the rising cost of truck haulage due to the rising price of diesel fuel, this thesis focuses on the existing trolley line in the Husab uranium mine in Namibia, the “Field two-time refueling method” was designed to measure the oil consumption and power consumption on the slope under the condition of pure oil and the auxiliary condition of trolley line. By disassembling the cost and benefit factors related to the operation of trolley line, this thesis put forward the reasonable value method of each factor, constructed the economic analysis frame and completed the economic feasibility calculation of the operation of trolley line. The results show that the truck with 330 t rated load in Husab is driven up the slope by trolley line at a speed of 550 m, consumes 62.65 kW·h of electricity, saves 11.25 liters of fuel consumption than the truck with pure oil, and the climbing speed is 24 km/h, which is twice as fast as that of the truck with pure oil. According to the calculation, the total dynamic income of the test section in Husab is 70.47 million N$\$$ during its whole life, and the static payback period of the technical renovation investment is less than 2 years. The static payback period of the investment is less than 5 years considering the construction cost. The investment sensitivity analysis shows that the project is most sensitive to the oil price, followed by electricity price and operating cost, and the project is least sensitive to the capital input, but even when the oil price is reduced by 50%, the dynamic income of the whole life of the project can still reach 22.09 million N$\$$, indicating that the project has strong risk resistance.

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为应对柴油价格上涨带来的矿卡运输成本攀升,以纳米比亚湖山铀矿现有电架线为研究对象,设计“现场两次加油法”,并利用该法测定了矿卡纯油工况和电架线辅助工况下的上坡油耗及电耗。通过系统拆解电架线运行相关成本和收益要素,提出了各要素的合理取值方法;并构建了经济性分析框架,对电架线运行经济可行性进行测算。研究表明,湖山额定载重330 t矿卡在电架线辅助工况下上坡行驶550 m,电耗为62.65 kW·h,爬坡速度为24 km/h;比纯油卡车节省油耗11.25 L,爬坡速度是纯油卡车的2倍。湖山测试段电架线全寿期累计动态收益7 047万纳元,技改投资静态投资回收期小于2年;考虑建造成本情形下,静态投资回收期小于5年。投资敏感性分析显示,项目对油价变化最为敏感,其次为电价和运行成本,项目对资本投入变化最不敏感;但即使当油价降低50%,项目全寿期动态收益仍可达到2 209万纳元,项目具有较强抗风险能力。

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刘玉龙(1983—),男,陕西延安人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破和露天采矿技术研究。
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黄磊(1987—),男,四川内江人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿技术和工程技术经济研究。

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黄磊(1987—),男,四川内江人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿技术和工程技术经济研究。

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黄磊(1987—),男,四川内江人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿技术和工程技术经济研究。

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Open-pit Mining Technology, 2008(3):42-44 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Discussion on the application of trolley assist power supply system in Baorixile open-pit coal mine, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172949357973352517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172949357990129734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, companyId=1172949357973352517, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=CGNPC Uranium Resources Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100142, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172949357998518343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, companyId=1172949357973352517, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100142)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172949359747543144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Layout of Husab uranium mine, figureFileSmall=+yS4cHzR5z5r0kPiNAxDNQ==, figureFileBig=fut8Tef5x/7DaCN2hTNwig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949359806263401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图1, caption=湖山铀矿整体布局, figureFileSmall=+yS4cHzR5z5r0kPiNAxDNQ==, figureFileBig=fut8Tef5x/7DaCN2hTNwig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949359856595050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Structure of trolley assist system, figureFileSmall=6m4/RtbGGxFxJA/Wk4GEhQ==, figureFileBig=Hxdebh4CA4KJpIE+oIwnJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949359936286827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电架线系统结构, figureFileSmall=6m4/RtbGGxFxJA/Wk4GEhQ==, figureFileBig=Hxdebh4CA4KJpIE+oIwnJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949359999201388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Economic analysis elements of trolley assist for Husab uranium mine, figureFileSmall=E2CJzc9HOMNutBzduzQazw==, figureFileBig=pfkZDYVH45rq+V0t2WjSEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360074698861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图3, caption=湖山铀矿电架线经济分析要素框架, figureFileSmall=E2CJzc9HOMNutBzduzQazw==, figureFileBig=pfkZDYVH45rq+V0t2WjSEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360133419118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution law of profit in life cycle of trolley, figureFileSmall=Xu6Z1jFGyhvTMETJtp/BtA==, figureFileBig=mG4PplIxNzdTFVrY1vvGtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360192139375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电架线全寿期收益分布规律, figureFileSmall=Xu6Z1jFGyhvTMETJtp/BtA==, figureFileBig=mG4PplIxNzdTFVrY1vvGtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360250859632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Investment payback period analysis, figureFileSmall=gh4fLh9cLcNTtMq45Jn3/Q==, figureFileBig=7oR9Q0A41hAzR/iVA1iLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360334745713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图5, caption=投资回收期分析, figureFileSmall=gh4fLh9cLcNTtMq45Jn3/Q==, figureFileBig=7oR9Q0A41hAzR/iVA1iLDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360414437490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Investment sensitivity analysis, figureFileSmall=o/UQjzSOwg1nR3LJe7jF5Q==, figureFileBig=gz/WaP4SJIArNWSrMH+i/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360477352051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=图6, caption=投资敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=o/UQjzSOwg1nR3LJe7jF5Q==, figureFileBig=gz/WaP4SJIArNWSrMH+i/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172949360540266612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test results of fuel and power consumption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 总油耗/L 单趟油耗/L 总电耗/(kW·h) 单趟电耗/(kW/h) 平均行驶速度/(km/h)
电架线辅助工况(工况1) 136.80 17.10 501.20 62.65 24
纯油工况(工况2) 226.80 28.35 12
差值 -90 -11.25 501.20 62.65 12
), ArticleFig(id=1172949360598986869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿卡油耗、电耗测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 总油耗/L 单趟油耗/L 总电耗/(kW·h) 单趟电耗/(kW/h) 平均行驶速度/(km/h)
电架线辅助工况(工况1) 136.80 17.10 501.20 62.65 24
纯油工况(工况2) 226.80 28.35 12
差值 -90 -11.25 501.20 62.65 12
), ArticleFig(id=1172949360666095734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation parameters of Husab trolley reuse project

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素名称 符号 取值 备注
建造成本/万纳元 CC 0 对已经建成的电架线,建造成本可视为沉没成本
受电弓检修设施建造/万纳元 CSP 40 参考类似矿山数据
调度系统软硬件改造/万纳元 CSD 130 供应商询价
电桩移设及线路曲度改造/万纳元 CSE 1 150 供应商询价
外部电网改造/万纳元 CSG 0 经技术分析,本项目无需新增电网容量
电架线退役时残值率/% VR 5 参考类似矿山数据
额外资本投入折旧年限/年 K 5 参考类似矿山数据
电架线维修成本/(万纳元/年) Ca 36 参考类似矿山数据
矿卡额外维修成本/(万纳元/年) Cm 130(第1年)
50(除第1年)
供应商询价
额外道路维护/(万纳元/年) Cr 140 按式(6)计算
运行电架线额外人工成本/(万纳元/年) Ch 2024年140万纳元,每年递增3% 使用人力部门提供的电气类技术员平均工资
电架线矿卡操作员额外补贴/(万纳元/年) Cb 38.4 按1 000纳元/(人·月)
矿卡单趟运输平均载重/吨 Zt 315 根据历史调度数据
可使用电架线矿卡台数/台 Tp 8 根据现场实际评估
单台矿卡平均运输趟数/(趟/天) Nt 32-0.2(t-1) 根据历史调度数据
电架线可用率/% At 90 参考类似矿山数据
受点弓可用率/% Ap 90 参考类似矿山数据
经电架线运输的矿岩量/(百万吨/年) Mt 19.44 按式(8)计算并取整
电价/[纳元/(kW·h)] Et 1.20 根据历史数据预测
柴油价格/(纳元/升) Pt 20.60 根据历史数据预测
采矿相关直接岗位人均产量/(万吨/年) Qp 10.4 2023年预测产量/采矿部和采矿维修部总人数
单位人工成本/[万纳元/(年·人)] Sp 2024年60万纳元/人,每年递增3% 根据历史数据预测
矿卡不使用电架线单个运输循环时间/min Td 25+0.5(t-1) 根据全寿期规划,统计待运物料各年度平均运距
矿卡使用电架线单个运输循环时间/min Te 23.6+0.5(t-1) 根据全寿期规划,统计待运物料各年度平均运距
运行年限/年 10
贴现率/% 10
), ArticleFig(id=1172949360741593207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165157465038995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

湖山电架线经济性测算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素名称 符号 取值 备注
建造成本/万纳元 CC 0 对已经建成的电架线,建造成本可视为沉没成本
受电弓检修设施建造/万纳元 CSP 40 参考类似矿山数据
调度系统软硬件改造/万纳元 CSD 130 供应商询价
电桩移设及线路曲度改造/万纳元 CSE 1 150 供应商询价
外部电网改造/万纳元 CSG 0 经技术分析,本项目无需新增电网容量
电架线退役时残值率/% VR 5 参考类似矿山数据
额外资本投入折旧年限/年 K 5 参考类似矿山数据
电架线维修成本/(万纳元/年) Ca 36 参考类似矿山数据
矿卡额外维修成本/(万纳元/年) Cm 130(第1年)
50(除第1年)
供应商询价
额外道路维护/(万纳元/年) Cr 140 按式(6)计算
运行电架线额外人工成本/(万纳元/年) Ch 2024年140万纳元,每年递增3% 使用人力部门提供的电气类技术员平均工资
电架线矿卡操作员额外补贴/(万纳元/年) Cb 38.4 按1 000纳元/(人·月)
矿卡单趟运输平均载重/吨 Zt 315 根据历史调度数据
可使用电架线矿卡台数/台 Tp 8 根据现场实际评估
单台矿卡平均运输趟数/(趟/天) Nt 32-0.2(t-1) 根据历史调度数据
电架线可用率/% At 90 参考类似矿山数据
受点弓可用率/% Ap 90 参考类似矿山数据
经电架线运输的矿岩量/(百万吨/年) Mt 19.44 按式(8)计算并取整
电价/[纳元/(kW·h)] Et 1.20 根据历史数据预测
柴油价格/(纳元/升) Pt 20.60 根据历史数据预测
采矿相关直接岗位人均产量/(万吨/年) Qp 10.4 2023年预测产量/采矿部和采矿维修部总人数
单位人工成本/[万纳元/(年·人)] Sp 2024年60万纳元/人,每年递增3% 根据历史数据预测
矿卡不使用电架线单个运输循环时间/min Td 25+0.5(t-1) 根据全寿期规划,统计待运物料各年度平均运距
矿卡使用电架线单个运输循环时间/min Te 23.6+0.5(t-1) 根据全寿期规划,统计待运物料各年度平均运距
运行年限/年 10
贴现率/% 10
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大型矿卡电架线辅助工况下油耗测试与经济性分析
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黄磊 , 刘玉龙 , 王文韬 , 李甫
铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025,44(3): 147-154
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025, 44(3): 147-154
大型矿卡电架线辅助工况下油耗测试与经济性分析
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黄磊, 刘玉龙, 王文韬, 李甫
作者信息
  • 中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100142
  • 黄磊(1987—),男,四川内江人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事露天采矿技术和工程技术经济研究。

通讯作者:

刘玉龙(1983—),男,陕西延安人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破和露天采矿技术研究。
Fuel Consumption Test and Economic Analysis of Large-scale Haul Truck under the Condition of Trolley Assist System
Lei HUANG, Yulong LIU, Wentao WANG, Fu LI
Affiliations
  • CGNPC Uranium Resources Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.11.04
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为应对柴油价格上涨带来的矿卡运输成本攀升,以纳米比亚湖山铀矿现有电架线为研究对象,设计“现场两次加油法”,并利用该法测定了矿卡纯油工况和电架线辅助工况下的上坡油耗及电耗。通过系统拆解电架线运行相关成本和收益要素,提出了各要素的合理取值方法;并构建了经济性分析框架,对电架线运行经济可行性进行测算。研究表明,湖山额定载重330 t矿卡在电架线辅助工况下上坡行驶550 m,电耗为62.65 kW·h,爬坡速度为24 km/h;比纯油卡车节省油耗11.25 L,爬坡速度是纯油卡车的2倍。湖山测试段电架线全寿期累计动态收益7 047万纳元,技改投资静态投资回收期小于2年;考虑建造成本情形下,静态投资回收期小于5年。投资敏感性分析显示,项目对油价变化最为敏感,其次为电价和运行成本,项目对资本投入变化最不敏感;但即使当油价降低50%,项目全寿期动态收益仍可达到2 209万纳元,项目具有较强抗风险能力。

大型露天矿  /  矿卡运输  /  电架线  /  油耗测试  /  经济性分析  /  湖山铀矿

In order to cope with the rising cost of truck haulage due to the rising price of diesel fuel, this thesis focuses on the existing trolley line in the Husab uranium mine in Namibia, the “Field two-time refueling method” was designed to measure the oil consumption and power consumption on the slope under the condition of pure oil and the auxiliary condition of trolley line. By disassembling the cost and benefit factors related to the operation of trolley line, this thesis put forward the reasonable value method of each factor, constructed the economic analysis frame and completed the economic feasibility calculation of the operation of trolley line. The results show that the truck with 330 t rated load in Husab is driven up the slope by trolley line at a speed of 550 m, consumes 62.65 kW·h of electricity, saves 11.25 liters of fuel consumption than the truck with pure oil, and the climbing speed is 24 km/h, which is twice as fast as that of the truck with pure oil. According to the calculation, the total dynamic income of the test section in Husab is 70.47 million N$\$$ during its whole life, and the static payback period of the technical renovation investment is less than 2 years. The static payback period of the investment is less than 5 years considering the construction cost. The investment sensitivity analysis shows that the project is most sensitive to the oil price, followed by electricity price and operating cost, and the project is least sensitive to the capital input, but even when the oil price is reduced by 50%, the dynamic income of the whole life of the project can still reach 22.09 million N$\$$, indicating that the project has strong risk resistance.

large-scale open pit mine  /  haul truck haulage  /  trolley assist  /  fuel consumption test  /  economic analysis  /  Husab uranium mine
黄磊, 刘玉龙, 王文韬, 李甫. 大型矿卡电架线辅助工况下油耗测试与经济性分析. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.11.04
Lei HUANG, Yulong LIU, Wentao WANG, Fu LI. Fuel Consumption Test and Economic Analysis of Large-scale Haul Truck under the Condition of Trolley Assist System[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.11.04
在20世纪70年代石油供应危机后,国内外学者开始研究和设计露天矿卡电架线辅助系统(简称电架线)。Vorster等分析南非某铁矿电架线技改,预计该矿每年节省柴油1 200万升,项目贴现收益增加50%[1]。Freeman等分析澳大利亚某露天矿电架线应用前景,该矿剥离量4 000万吨/年,矿卡载重185吨,测算发现当油价与电价比值大于6时,电架线经济可行[2]。Taylor等报道美国古德斯特克金矿载重170吨矿卡在纯油动力下爬坡速度为13 km/h,改为电架线后速度升至22.5 km/h[3]57。目前,电架线在欧洲、澳洲、北美和南部非洲的露天矿山中有广泛应用[4-9]
电架线可节约燃油,实现节能减排,但初期投资大[10-11]。目前,电架线在中国应用较少。王君分析了内蒙古长山壕金矿电架线应用效果,该矿借助4.3 km长电架线每年运输9 020万吨矿岩,矿卡载重220吨,新增投资7 510万元,每年节约运输成本逾1亿元[12]46。王忠鑫等介绍了油-电双能源矿卡各要素成本计算方法,案例矿山采用电架线后能源消耗降低60%,成本降低15%[13]。此外,中煤平朔的安太堡、安家岭、神华宝日希勒等露天矿也对电架线开展了相关研究[14-16]
为应对持续攀升的国际油价,助力湖山降本增效,笔者提出一种矿卡电架线工况下油耗和电耗的测试方法,构建了电架线应用经济性分析基本框架并进行了案例研究。
湖山铀矿位于非洲纳米比亚中西部的纳米布沙漠(图1),是目前世界最大的露天铀矿[17]。湖山铀矿为白岗岩型铀矿床,矿体长度近6 km,深度为400 m,2个采坑进行分期开采。湖山铀矿年均剥采总量约1.1亿吨,铲装设备为斗容31 m3的液压铲和61 m3的电铲,采用额定载重330 t的自卸式矿卡运输;该矿于2014年开始采矿作业,设计开采年限25年。
在露天采矿中,燃油成本约占采矿成本的20%;对于纯柴油动力工况,矿卡在上坡阶段的油耗占总油耗的70%[14]65。电架线是电动轮矿卡的直供电动力系统,通过受电弓与架设在空中的输电线的接触,将电能传给电动轮矿卡的电动机使用[18-20],即通过消耗外部直供电的电力替代柴油发动机做功,进而减少燃油消耗。电架线系统(图2)主要由外部电源及供电设备、架空配电线路、受电弓、电架线中控箱等构成[21-22]
矿卡在使用和不使用电架线时的油耗、电耗数据是开展电架线经济性分析的关键参数。该类数据一般采用厂家推荐值、其他矿山或文献数据,尚未有现场测试矿卡电架线油耗的报道。湖山铀矿所用的额定载重330 t矿卡在全球矿山中应用极少,可供借鉴数据更少,为此笔者设计并提出了一套大型矿卡在电架线和纯油工况下的油耗、电耗测试试验方案并付诸实施。
实验矿卡满载,经过布置有长度550 m电架线的排土场斜坡道,从坡底出发行驶至坡顶,不卸料返回至坡底出发点,如此往返8个来回。工况1(电架线辅助工况):8个往返,使用电架线辅助;工况2(纯油工况):8个往返,不使用电架线。工况1和工况2均在矿卡出发前加满油,结束时再次加满油,记录加油读数,据此测得油耗;通过电架线变电站安装的电表获得电耗。试验同时记录矿卡实际载重和上坡行驶速度。
试验矿卡实际载重318 t,油耗、电耗测试结果见表1。可以看出,与纯油工况相比,电架线辅助工况可节约11.25 L柴油,但多消耗62.65 kW·h电能。故仅从燃料消耗角度考虑,当油价与电价比值超过5.6时,使用电架线的综合燃料成本较低。在行驶速度上,使用电架线辅助时上坡速度为24 km/h,纯油工况的上坡速度为12 km/h,该数值与其他文献报道接近。值得注意的是,矿卡在使用电架线时的油耗为纯油工况油耗的60%,这与根据理论分析和厂家推荐得出的10%相差较大[3]59[12]49,建议各矿山在评价电架线经济性时,现场测试油耗和电耗。
矿卡运输过程应用电架线属于技改项目,在进行经济性分析时可以只考虑有变化的部分,并计算相应的成本和收益。湖山铀矿电架线经济分析要素框架见图3。其他矿山需要结合自身实际增减要素并合理取值,取值方法包括:1)参考本矿历史或现有数据;2)供应商询价;3)参考其他矿山类似数据;4)计算或估算;5)使用厂家推荐数据;6)使用实测值;7)使用预测值。
电架线每年运营总成本(T):
Tt=I+Ot,
式中:Tt—电架线运行第t年当年的总成本;I—当年摊销的项目资本性投入;Ot—第t年当年的运营成本。
电架线当年摊销的资本性投入(I):
I=IT×(1-VR)×(1/K),
式中:IT—电架线资本投入总额;VR—电架线残值率,%;K—折旧年限。
IT=CC+CS,
式中:CC—电架线的建造成本,对于湖山铀矿而言,1号电架线已经建成且处于闲置状态,其建造成本可视为沉没成本,记为零;CS—电架线的配套设施建造成本,按式(4)计算。
CS=CSP+CSD+CSE+CSG,
式中:CSP—受电弓检修设施建造成本;CSD—电架线接入调度系统相应的软硬件改造成本;CSE—电架线电桩移设及线路改造成本,湖山铀矿1号电架线在测试期间出现电火花异常问题,分析与线路曲度有关,改造中考虑移设部分电桩以及调直线路;CSG—外部电网改造费用,电架线投用后,矿山需要的用电负荷会显著上升,如果矿山现有内外部电网无法满足新增负荷需求,则需考虑此费用。
Ot=Ca+Cm+Cr+Ch+Cb+Ct,
式中:Ot—第t年进运行成本;Ca—电架线每年的维修成本;Cm—第t年的矿卡当年额外维修成本,包括受电弓、断路器等设备的维修和橡胶刷等耗材的消耗,电架线投用前大部分矿卡的受电设施需要集中维修,故第一年矿卡额外维修成本高,之后降低并相对平稳;Cr—额外道路每年维护成本,电架线对行车路面的平整度和清洁度有更高要求,需要增加路面清扫以及喷洒抑尘剂的频率,可按式(6)计算;Ch—每年额外人工成本,电架线投用后需要额外招聘一名高压电技术员和一名机械维修师;Cb—电架线矿卡操作员额外补贴;Ct—第t年电架线运行产生的电费,按式(7)计算。
Cr=Pr×(W×LNr,
式中:Pr—抑制剂喷洒综合单价,纳元/m2;W—电架线路段对应长度,m;L—电架线对应路段宽度,m;Nr—每年抑制剂喷洒增加的次数。
Ct=Mt×(1/ZtEs×Et,
式中:Mt—第t年经电架线运输的矿岩量,百万吨/年,按式(8)计算;Zt—矿卡单趟运输的平均载重,吨;Es—矿卡每趟使用电架线辅助运输时的电耗,kW·h;Et—预测的第t年的电价,纳元/(kW·h)。
Mt=330×Zt×Tp×Nt×At×Ap,
式中:Tp—可使用电架线矿卡台数;Nt—第t年单台矿卡每天平均运输趟数;At—电架线可用率,%;Ap—矿卡受电弓的可用率,%。
电架线运营总收益(TR)
TR=Bd+Bp,
式中:TR—电架线运行第t年当年的总收益,Bd—第t年柴油消耗减少带来的成本节约收益,按式(10)计算;Bp—第t年因运行效率提升带来的人工成本节约收益,按式(11)计算。
Bd=Mt×(1/Zt)×(Ds-DstPt,
式中:Ds—矿卡纯油(不使用电架线)上坡时的单趟油耗,L;Dst—矿卡使用电架线上坡时的单趟油耗;Pt—预测的第t年的柴油价格,纳元/L。
Bp=[(Td-Te)/TdMt×(1/QpSp,
式中:TdTe—第t年不使用和使用电架线运输时平均每个循环需要的时间;Qp—采矿相关直接岗位人员每人每年的产量;Sp—第t年的单位人工成本。
除了上述收益,使用电架线还有利于降低发动机、电动轮等关键零部件负荷,从而减少维修成本并延长这些部件的经济使用寿命[23],这些因素在本经济模型中不做量化分析。
依据本研究所构测算模型,选取表2参数进行计算。假设电架线在2024年下半年投运,使用10年,计算得出湖山电架线各项经济性指标。
图4(a)显示了在不考虑电架线建造成本和折现的情形下,电架线全寿期收益分布规律。可以看出,电架线每年的成本节约相对平稳,约为1 750万纳元/年;2025—2029年额外支出约为680万纳元/年,最后4年额外支出约为440万纳元/年;2025—2029年的年度收益保持在1 050~1 090万纳元/年,2030年起年度收益稳定在1 300万纳元/年左右;全寿期累计静态收益1.1亿纳元。图4(b)显示了考虑折现后的收益分布情况。可以看出,电架线每年节省的成本、额外支出和收益均呈下降趋势,但全寿期累计动态收益仍可达7 047万纳元。
湖山电架线技改资金投资回收期见图5。电架线技改项目静、动态投资回收期分别为1.7年和1.8年,即项目可在两年内收回1 320万纳元的技改投资。如果加上项目前期建造成本4 000万纳元,在电价1.2纳元/(kW·h)、柴油价格20.6纳元/L的情形下,项目静态和动态投资回收期分别为4.7年和5.8年。鉴于电架线设计运行期为10年,故项目有望收回全部前期沉没成本。
项目考虑贴现率情形下的投资敏感性分析见图6。可以看出,项目对油价变化最为敏感,其次为电价和运行成本,项目对资本投入变化最不敏感。在基础假设下,项目全寿期的动态收益为7 047万纳元,当油价降低50%,项目全寿期动态收益仍可达到2 209万纳元。经统计,过去5年纳米比亚柴油价格最低值为11.1纳元/升,出现时间点为2020年6月,该价格比基本假设(20.6纳元/升)低46%。但从近几年变化趋势看,柴油价格大幅走低的可能性不大。当电价、运行成本或资本投入的其中一项上升达50%,项目全寿命期仍可获得(5 500~6 500)万纳元的动态收益,故总体而言,电架线技改抗风险能力较强,经济性较好。
1)随着采矿深度增大,矿卡爬坡距离增加,当柴油价格过高时,通过电架线实现矿卡爬坡阶段“以电代油”是降低大型露天矿山运输成本的重要途径。对于长度550 m的电架线,相较于纯油工况,当油价与电价比值大于5.6时,使用电架线的综合燃料、动力成本更低。
2)湖山某段已建成电架线的全寿命期累计动态收益为7 047万纳元,技改静、动态投资回收期分别为1.7和1.8年。项目对油价变化最为敏感,在预测最差情形下全寿命期动态收益仍可达2 209万纳元,项目抗风险能力较强。
3)建立的经济分析框架可用于评估湖山铀矿现有电架线应用经济可行性,也可为类似矿山电架线技改投资决策、矿山运输系统整体改造和电架线建设规划提供参考。
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.11.04
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
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    中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100142

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刘玉龙(1983—),男,陕西延安人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破和露天采矿技术研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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