Article(id=1171165155321757765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)03-0028-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.12.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757157132225, onlineDateStr=2025-09-06, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757157132225, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757157132225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757157132225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1171165154017321083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757157131914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757582122913, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1171165155523084360, articleId=1171165155321757765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Exploration and Research on Cavitation Technology of LiquidFlow in In-situ Leaching of Uranium, columnId=null, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of uranium mining, uranium mining technology has rapidly advanced, but various challenges have emerged. In the process of in-situ leaching of uranium, there is often a phenomenon of decreased pumping and injection volume, which seriously affects the efficiency of uranium leaching. In response to the problem of decreased pumping and injection volume, physical, chemical, and combined well cleaning techniques have been carried out. The washing technology can solve the blockage around the wells, but its washing effect lasts for a short time and has a small impact radius, which cannot fundamentally solve the problem of decreased flow rate. The liquid flow cavitation technology is widely used in petroleum extraction, which can effectively increase the production of pumping wells and reduce the pressure of injection wells. However, it has not been involved in the in-situ of uranium process. In this paper, by comparing the difference between uranium leaching technology and petroleum technology, the cavitation device is optimized, and the drilling wellhead device is improved in the ground test, and then the liquid flow cavitation test is carried out. During the test, the operation displacement reached 2 m3/min and the pressure was about 21 MPa, which verified the feasibility of liquid flow cavitation technology in in-situ of uranium, and provided a new idea for improving the permeability of uranium mine.

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在地浸采铀工艺中,抽、注液量下降问题严重影响着铀矿浸采效率。通过物理、化学、联合洗井等技术可解决钻井周围的堵塞问题;但洗井效果维持时间短,影响半径小,不能从根本上解决流量下降问题。液流空化技术在油田上可有效提高抽油井产量、降低注水井压力。基于液流空化技术,通过优化空化器结构,以及在地面试验中改进地浸采铀钻井的井口装置,进而开展了液流空化试验。试验过程中作业排量达2 m3/min,压力在21 MPa左右,试验验证了液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中的可行性,为提高铀矿渗透率提供了新思路。

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刘阳(1995—),女,新疆察布查尔锡伯人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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刘阳(1995—),女,新疆察布查尔锡伯人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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刘阳(1995—),女,新疆察布查尔锡伯人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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Science Technology and Industry, 2024, 24(6):282-286 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Application of liquid flow cavitation technology in microtransformation of reservoir between injection and production well:Taking the B1-B2H well group in Bohai S oilfield as an example, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171206484013654666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155321757765, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171206484026237579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155321757765, companyId=1171206484013654666, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xinjiang Tianshan Uranium Co., Ltd., CNNC, Yining 835000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171206484034626188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155321757765, companyId=1171206484013654666, language=CN, country=null, 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Differences between in-situ leaching of uranium process and oil production process

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工艺名称 井深 套管材质 套管尺寸/mm
地浸采铀 400~700 m UPVC 104~152
石油开采 几千米 碳钢、合金钢、钛合金 73.0~339.7
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地浸采铀工艺与石油开采工艺差异

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工艺名称 井深 套管材质 套管尺寸/mm
地浸采铀 400~700 m UPVC 104~152
石油开采 几千米 碳钢、合金钢、钛合金 73.0~339.7
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液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中的探索研究
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刘阳 , 周根茂 , 刘科 , 李勇
铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025,44(3): 28-34
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025, 44(3): 28-34
液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中的探索研究
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刘阳, 周根茂, 刘科, 李勇
作者信息
  • 新疆中核天山铀业有限公司,新疆 伊宁 835000
  • 刘阳(1995—),女,新疆察布查尔锡伯人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

Exploration and Research on Cavitation Technology of LiquidFlow in In-situ Leaching of Uranium
Yang LIU, Genmao ZHOU, Ke LIU, Yong LI
Affiliations
  • Xinjiang Tianshan Uranium Co., Ltd., CNNC, Yining 835000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.12.07
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在地浸采铀工艺中,抽、注液量下降问题严重影响着铀矿浸采效率。通过物理、化学、联合洗井等技术可解决钻井周围的堵塞问题;但洗井效果维持时间短,影响半径小,不能从根本上解决流量下降问题。液流空化技术在油田上可有效提高抽油井产量、降低注水井压力。基于液流空化技术,通过优化空化器结构,以及在地面试验中改进地浸采铀钻井的井口装置,进而开展了液流空化试验。试验过程中作业排量达2 m3/min,压力在21 MPa左右,试验验证了液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中的可行性,为提高铀矿渗透率提供了新思路。

液流空化  /  地浸采铀  /  解堵  /  增渗  /  空化器  /  洗井

With the development of uranium mining, uranium mining technology has rapidly advanced, but various challenges have emerged. In the process of in-situ leaching of uranium, there is often a phenomenon of decreased pumping and injection volume, which seriously affects the efficiency of uranium leaching. In response to the problem of decreased pumping and injection volume, physical, chemical, and combined well cleaning techniques have been carried out. The washing technology can solve the blockage around the wells, but its washing effect lasts for a short time and has a small impact radius, which cannot fundamentally solve the problem of decreased flow rate. The liquid flow cavitation technology is widely used in petroleum extraction, which can effectively increase the production of pumping wells and reduce the pressure of injection wells. However, it has not been involved in the in-situ of uranium process. In this paper, by comparing the difference between uranium leaching technology and petroleum technology, the cavitation device is optimized, and the drilling wellhead device is improved in the ground test, and then the liquid flow cavitation test is carried out. During the test, the operation displacement reached 2 m3/min and the pressure was about 21 MPa, which verified the feasibility of liquid flow cavitation technology in in-situ of uranium, and provided a new idea for improving the permeability of uranium mine.

liquid flow cavitation  /  in-situ leaching of uranium  /  remove plugging  /  increase permeability  /  cavitation device  /  well washing
刘阳, 周根茂, 刘科, 李勇. 液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中的探索研究. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.12.07
Yang LIU, Genmao ZHOU, Ke LIU, Yong LI. Exploration and Research on Cavitation Technology of LiquidFlow in In-situ Leaching of Uranium[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 28 -34 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.12.07
在地浸采铀工艺中,复杂的水-岩相互作用及浸出液中夹带的矿物碎屑,使得地浸采铀过程存在堵塞问题。随着浸采时间的增加,堵塞物在抽注井周边地层及含矿层中逐渐累积,导致注液压力升高、抽液井动水位下降、抽注液量降低,严重影响铀矿开采效率[1-5]。针对抽、注液量下降难题,一般通过化学洗井、物理洗井、联合洗井等技术改善。物理洗井可有效去除过滤器和套管壁上的泥浆等物理堵塞物,但不能破坏化学堵塞物。化学洗井可溶解矿层内的化学堵塞物,提高矿层的渗透性;但加入的洗井试剂易腐蚀过滤器和套管[6-7],且会打破地下水原有的离子平衡,从而可能产生新的沉淀。无论是何种洗井方式,都只能解决钻井周围的堵塞问题,解堵半径有限,洗井效果维持时间短。
随着科技的进步,空化技术逐渐被应用到解堵工艺中[8-10],其中液流空化洗井技术在石油开采领域应用成熟,能有效解决矿层堵塞难题,能有效提高抽油井产量、降低注水井压力[11-13]。目前,地浸采铀领域没有该技术的应用研究报道。液流空化技术在石油开采领域的成功应用为地浸采铀工艺矿层解堵增渗带来新思路,但地浸采铀工艺与油田采油工艺存在一定差异,需要进一步研究液流空化技术在地浸采铀中应用的可行性。
液流空化[14-17]是指液体内局部压力降低时,液体内部的空泡从产生、膨胀到溃灭的过程,在气泡溃灭瞬间,液体中形成激波或高速微射流,并向外辐射形成冲击波(图1)。液流空化技术是利用安装在井下管底端的空化器,通过高速液流循环在井下液体内持续激发空化效应,同时产生声波、振动波(图2)。液流空化过程中多种能量共同作用于矿层,贯通并形成大量微裂隙,进而提升矿层的渗流能力。作业时,井下空化区域形成负压区,可对近井地带进行解堵,堵塞物随循环液排出井外。与传统的洗井工艺相比,液流空化技术属于物理洗井工艺,工作介质为水,清洁环保,具有准确定位、精细改良的优势[18]76
在液流空化增渗技术中,空化是否发生至关重要,而判断空化是否发生也是关键问题。众多学者对其进行了研究,用空化数来描述空化发生和空化状态,其物理意义是:空化数=抑制空化产生的力/促使空化出现的力[19]
$\sigma=\frac{P_{\infty}-P_{v}}{0.5 \rho V_{\infty}^{2}},$
式中:σ—空化数;P—某点处的液体压强;ρ—液体的密度;Pv—某温度下液体的饱和蒸气压;V—液体的流速。
空化数是描述空化发生的重要参数之一,是决定空化是否发生的关键常量,通常认为空化数越小越易发生空化。在影响空化数的参数中易改变的是液体的流速,液体流速越快,越易发生空化。
刘佳等研制了水力空化储层改造物模实验装置,在试验过程中最大压力为40 MPa,排量为2 m3/min,试验后模拟井筒内壁出现冲蚀、脱落及贯穿性裂纹;并通过研究得到了泵压对震动特性的影响规律,建议在实际施工时将空化器入口最大压力设定为20 MPa[18]81。本研究中,开展了地面模拟试验,验证地浸采铀工艺中套管能承受的压力及排量。
由于地浸采铀工艺与石油开采工艺存在差异性,钻孔深度、套管材质及套管尺寸均不同(表1),因此不能照搬油田上的液流空化技术,需在此技术上进行改进。在地浸采铀工艺中,液流空化技术需要改进的方面有:1)空化器尺寸。石油上采用的空化器最小直径为82.5 mm,而地浸采铀工艺中部分钻孔为小孔,内径为80 mm,因此需要研制专用空化器。2)井口装置优化。目前地浸采铀工艺中,井口采用尼龙棒加密封胶、生料带进行密封;而液流空化技术需要使用油管,且下放油管的设备较重,因此需要对现有井口进行优化。3)套管及过滤器抗压试验。目前地浸采铀过程中采用集中加压方式注液,注液压力在10 MPa左右;而液流空化技术需要高流速的液体,泵注压力在20 MPa左右,因此需要进行模拟试验,验证套管、过滤器的耐压能力。
为保证空化器顺利下入钻井,使空化工艺顺利实施、空化效果不受较大影响,研制专用空化器。专用空化器的尺寸是在原有直径(82.5 mm)基础上进行优化,其内部结构腔体、振子等比列缩小,缩小后的空化器直径为76 mm。为防止空化器因尺寸改变而空化效果下降,在其尾部增加音哨功能,同时共振尾翼的径向厚度由共振尾翼靠近壳体底部开口的一端到远离壳体底部开口的一端递减(图3)。若空化流速超过一定范围,会导致气泡在壳体内形成堵塞;壳体底部厚度的减少,可有效增加气泡流动直径,进而增强空化效果。同时,共振尾翼在震动时,提供的振动波及声波效应会作用于空化器中的振子,进一步增强空化器的空化效应。
建立与钻孔结构、材质、连接方式类似的水平地面模拟试验平台(图4),在地面上模拟水平钻井。试验平台中放入目前生产使用的UPVC套管,UPVC套管中放入钢级油管,用于承受泵注压力;套管四周用石英砂填充;井口用采油树及防喷器连接。
地面模拟试验平台具体要求:1)挖掘长30 m、深1.5 m、宽1 m的壕沟;2)挖坑砌水池,水池长8 m、宽4.5 m、高1.5 m;3)在液流空化作用前,检查套管及过滤器的完整性,确保套管及过滤器在作业前完好无损;4)放入目前矿层用完井套管及过滤器,用石英砂充填;5)套管内放入钢级油管;6)连接井口及地面流程、泵注设备。试验过程中使用2500型压裂车,其泵注压力及排量可从压裂车上采集。
目前,地浸采铀工艺中的注液压力约为1.3 MPa,而液流空化作业过程中实施的压力约为25 MPa。为防止在液流空化作业过程中破坏井口装置,对井口装置进行优化。优化后的井口装置见图5
原地浸采铀工艺井口装置使用管箍加尼龙棒进行密封,而管箍无法承受液流空化作业中的重压及悬挂油管。本试验在井口安装采油树,用于悬挂空化管柱、承受井内空化管柱的质量,以及密封油、套管之间的环形空间。采油树型号为KY65/25,公称直径为65 mm,最大工作压强为25 MPa,连接73 mm油管。采油树上端连接防喷器(型号SFZ18-21),防喷器腔内带有73 mm闸板胶芯,当出现井喷时能及时封井。防喷器由底部的2个钢支架支撑,防止套管承受重压;防喷装置的两端与出口管线连接,出口管线底部由千斤顶支撑,2根出水管线可防止液流空化作业压力对液体流出造成影响。井口底部铺有带围沿的钢板,防止液体漏出对地面造成污染。
选择直径73 mm和60.3 mm的钢级油管进行试验,73 mm油管抗拉为468.8 kN,63.3 mm油管抗拉为654.0 kN。根据油管长度及质量计算出井口油管承受的重量拉力(压力加重力),计算表明承受的重量拉力在其性能参数范围内。其具体计算公式为
F=mg+PA,
式中:F—拉力;m—油管质量,kg;g—重力加速度;P—压强,MPa;A—横截面积,m2
以500米73 mm油管加170米60.3 mm油管为例,当工作压强为20 MPa时,重量拉力计算过程:
500×9.5/1 000×9.81+3.14×73×73/4×20/1 000+170×6.3/1 000×9.81+3.14×60.3×60.3/4×20/1 000=197.85(kN)。
利用建立的水平试验平台(图4)进行试验,设备设施的纵向连接示意图见图6。循环液从高压水龙管以2 m3/min的流量进入钢制油管管柱中;高速循环液流经空化设备后由套管环形空间从井口装置的两端流出,进入储水罐,完成闭环循环过程。参考油田液流空化技术的使用参数,确定本试验过程中的泵注设备参数及作业时间。油田液流空化技术作业点的作业排量约为2 m3/min,作业时间为45~90 min。本试验过程中,平均排量为2 m3/min,平均泵注压力为21 MPa,作业时间为2 h。设定参数作业2 h,液流空化试验过程压力与排量见图7。试验结束后,取出UPVC套管和过滤器进行直观和剖面检测,发现套管及过滤器无明显损伤。通过水平试验平台,确定了液流空化技术对地浸UPVC套管和过滤器的安全性,套管、过滤器能承受空化试验的压力。后续将在地浸现场开展液流空化技术的解堵效果研究。
1)研制了适用于地浸采铀工艺井尺寸的小型液流空化器,通过调整腔体和整体的尺寸、增加音哨,以及改变共振尾翼径向上的厚度,降低了因尺寸改变对空化效果减弱的影响。
2)在地面建立了水平试验平台,使用目前地浸采铀工艺套管,套管内放置油管用于承受泵注压力,套管四周由石英砂覆盖。地面模拟试验过程中排量为2.0~2.2 m3/min,压力维持在20~22 MPa,作业时间为2 h。试验表明,套管及过滤器无任何损伤,液流空化技术在地浸采铀工艺中具有一定可行性。
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.12.07
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
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    新疆中核天山铀业有限公司,新疆 伊宁 835000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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