Article(id=1171165155099451525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)03-0001-15, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.04.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757157132172, onlineDateStr=2025-09-06, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757157132172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757157132172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757157132172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1171165154017321083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757157131914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757582122913, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1171165155304972422, articleId=1171165155099451525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Mechanism Study and Conditions Optimization of Microelectric Field CoupledMicrobial Remediation of Acidic Wastewater from In-situ Leaching Uranium Mining, columnId=null, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acidic wastewater generated by in-situ leaching uranium poses a serious threat to the groundwater environment. Aiming at the problems of long microbial remediation cycle, low survival rate and insufficient stability of electrokinetic remediation, a remediation method of microelectric field-coupled sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was proposed. Through simulated wastewater remediation experiments, a three-chamber electrochemical device was constructed to explore the remediation mechanism and optimize the key parameters by combining the electromigration effect with the reduction function of SRB. The results show that the coupled remediation system significantly enhanced the uranium (VI) removal rate (more than 98%), and effectively reduced the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and other metal ions (removal rate>80%) and sulfate content (removal rate > 90%). Under the influence of an electric field, uranyl ions migrate to the cathode region, where they are predominantly reduced by S2- generated through the metabolic activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and subsequently co-precipitated. A minor fraction is reduced to U(IV) via electrode reactions. Experiments show that the different potential gradients can lead to different pH in the cathode chamber, which affects the remediation effect, with H+ leading to the escape of S2- under acidic conditions (pH<4) and the formation of soluble uranium complexes easily under alkaline conditions (pH>9); with a potential gradient of 0.2~0.4 V/cm, the balancing remediation efficiency, microbial activity and energy economy. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the green and efficient remediation of acidic wastewater from uranium extraction by in-situ leaching technology.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhaoshun HAN, Zhenzhong LIU, Chunguang LI, Yongmei LI, Kaixuan TAN, Yu ZHANG, Longcheng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1171165501733511216, articleId=1171165155099451525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水机制研究及条件优化, columnId=1171165155376275591, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=封面文章, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=酸法地浸采铀过程中产生的酸性废水具有低pH、高硫酸盐、含铀(Ⅵ)及重金属离子等特征,对地下水环境构成威胁。针对微生物修复周期长、存活率低及电动修复稳定性不足的问题,提出了一种微电场耦合硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的酸性废水修复方法。通过模拟废水修复试验,构建三室电化学装置(阳极室、废水室、阴极室),结合电迁移作用与SRB的还原功能,探究修复机制并优化关键参数。结果表明:耦合修复体系显著提升了废水中铀(Ⅵ)的去除率(达98%),同时有效降低了Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等金属离子浓度(去除率>80%)及硫酸盐含量(去除率>90%);铀酰离子在电场驱动下迁移至阴极区,主要被SRB代谢产生的S2-还原与共沉淀,少量通过电极反应还原为U(Ⅳ)。试验表明,不同的电势梯度可导致阴极室的pH不同,从而影响修复效果,酸性条件(pH<4)下H+导致S2-逸失,碱性条件(pH>9)易形成可溶性铀配合物;当电势梯度为0.2~0.4 V/cm时,可兼顾修复效率(铀快速去除)、微生物活性及经济性。本研究为地浸采铀酸性废水的绿色高效修复提供了理论依据与技术支撑。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘振中(1980—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事铀矿冶及安全研究。
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韩兆顺(2000—),男,山东聊城人,在读硕士,主要从事废水修复研究。

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韩兆顺(2000—),男,山东聊城人,在读硕士,主要从事废水修复研究。

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韩兆顺(2000—),男,山东聊城人,在读硕士,主要从事废水修复研究。

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2. R&D Center of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Disposal and Modeling, University of South China,Hengyang 421001, China
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2.南华大学 放射性废物处理处置与数学模型研发中心,湖南 衡阳 421001
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figureFileSmall=Y72LOlJDuB11p7NVNgO61g==, figureFileBig=+Yt48fMbYgKLSwO4AkX+rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171208768193872257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155099451525, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=EDS spectra of cathode chamber precipitates under different potential gradients, figureFileSmall=CbgIzild3HtQER+JNF9tQg==, figureFileBig=kuIYi7Nzgm5E7xiUQ+Sbpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171208768244203906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155099451525, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同电势梯度下阴极室沉淀物的EDS图谱, figureFileSmall=CbgIzild3HtQER+JNF9tQg==, figureFileBig=kuIYi7Nzgm5E7xiUQ+Sbpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171208768298729859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155099451525, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content of major elements in acidic wastewater from in-situ leaching uranium

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元素 质量浓度/(mg/L) 元素 质量浓度/(mg/L)
Al 900.19 Sr 4.473
Fe 563.67 Co 2.721
Mg 504.33 Li 1.769
Ca 469.96 Rb 0.684
Cs 105.96 C 0.603
K 64.37 Ga 0.286
U 41.82 Be 0.281
), ArticleFig(id=1171208768361644420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1171165155099451525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地浸采铀酸性废水主要元素质量浓度

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元素 质量浓度/(mg/L) 元素 质量浓度/(mg/L)
Al 900.19 Sr 4.473
Fe 563.67 Co 2.721
Mg 504.33 Li 1.769
Ca 469.96 Rb 0.684
Cs 105.96 C 0.603
K 64.37 Ga 0.286
U 41.82 Be 0.281
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微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水机制研究及条件优化
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韩兆顺 1, 2 , 刘振中 2, 3 , 李春光 2, 3 , 李咏梅 2, 3 , 谭凯旋 3 , 张宇 5 , 刘龙成 1, 2, 4
铀矿冶 | 封面文章 2025,44(3): 1-15
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铀矿冶 | 封面文章 2025, 44(3): 1-15
微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水机制研究及条件优化
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韩兆顺1, 2, 刘振中2, 3, 李春光2, 3, 李咏梅2, 3, 谭凯旋3, 张宇5, 刘龙成1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.南华大学 核科学技术学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 2.南华大学 放射性废物处理处置与数学模型研发中心,湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 3.南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 4.核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 5.秦皇岛天元五一五钻探有限公司,河北 秦皇岛 066010
  • 韩兆顺(2000—),男,山东聊城人,在读硕士,主要从事废水修复研究。

通讯作者:

刘振中(1980—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事铀矿冶及安全研究。
Mechanism Study and Conditions Optimization of Microelectric Field CoupledMicrobial Remediation of Acidic Wastewater from In-situ Leaching Uranium Mining
Zhaoshun HAN1, 2, Zhenzhong LIU2, 3, Chunguang LI2, 3, Yongmei LI2, 3, Kaixuan TAN3, Yu ZHANG5, Longcheng LIU1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2. R&D Center of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Disposal and Modeling, University of South China,Hengyang 421001, China
  • 3. School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 4. Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
  • 5. Qinhuangdao Tianyuan 515 drilling Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao 066010, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.04.06
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酸法地浸采铀过程中产生的酸性废水具有低pH、高硫酸盐、含铀(Ⅵ)及重金属离子等特征,对地下水环境构成威胁。针对微生物修复周期长、存活率低及电动修复稳定性不足的问题,提出了一种微电场耦合硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的酸性废水修复方法。通过模拟废水修复试验,构建三室电化学装置(阳极室、废水室、阴极室),结合电迁移作用与SRB的还原功能,探究修复机制并优化关键参数。结果表明:耦合修复体系显著提升了废水中铀(Ⅵ)的去除率(达98%),同时有效降低了Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等金属离子浓度(去除率>80%)及硫酸盐含量(去除率>90%);铀酰离子在电场驱动下迁移至阴极区,主要被SRB代谢产生的S2-还原与共沉淀,少量通过电极反应还原为U(Ⅳ)。试验表明,不同的电势梯度可导致阴极室的pH不同,从而影响修复效果,酸性条件(pH<4)下H+导致S2-逸失,碱性条件(pH>9)易形成可溶性铀配合物;当电势梯度为0.2~0.4 V/cm时,可兼顾修复效率(铀快速去除)、微生物活性及经济性。本研究为地浸采铀酸性废水的绿色高效修复提供了理论依据与技术支撑。
微电场  /  硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)  /  地浸采铀  /  铀去除  /  电迁移  /  酸性废水

Acidic wastewater generated by in-situ leaching uranium poses a serious threat to the groundwater environment. Aiming at the problems of long microbial remediation cycle, low survival rate and insufficient stability of electrokinetic remediation, a remediation method of microelectric field-coupled sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was proposed. Through simulated wastewater remediation experiments, a three-chamber electrochemical device was constructed to explore the remediation mechanism and optimize the key parameters by combining the electromigration effect with the reduction function of SRB. The results show that the coupled remediation system significantly enhanced the uranium (VI) removal rate (more than 98%), and effectively reduced the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and other metal ions (removal rate>80%) and sulfate content (removal rate > 90%). Under the influence of an electric field, uranyl ions migrate to the cathode region, where they are predominantly reduced by S2- generated through the metabolic activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and subsequently co-precipitated. A minor fraction is reduced to U(IV) via electrode reactions. Experiments show that the different potential gradients can lead to different pH in the cathode chamber, which affects the remediation effect, with H+ leading to the escape of S2- under acidic conditions (pH<4) and the formation of soluble uranium complexes easily under alkaline conditions (pH>9); with a potential gradient of 0.2~0.4 V/cm, the balancing remediation efficiency, microbial activity and energy economy. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the green and efficient remediation of acidic wastewater from uranium extraction by in-situ leaching technology.

microelectric field  /  sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)  /  in-situ leaching uranium  /  uranium removal  /  electromigration  /  acidic wastewater
韩兆顺, 刘振中, 李春光, 李咏梅, 谭凯旋, 张宇, 刘龙成. 微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水机制研究及条件优化. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.04.06
Zhaoshun HAN, Zhenzhong LIU, Chunguang LI, Yongmei LI, Kaixuan TAN, Yu ZHANG, Longcheng LIU. Mechanism Study and Conditions Optimization of Microelectric Field CoupledMicrobial Remediation of Acidic Wastewater from In-situ Leaching Uranium Mining[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.04.06
酸法地浸采铀技术是砂岩型铀矿开采的主流技术之一[1],在开采过程中通常会产生酸性含铀废水,该废水对采铀退役矿山地下水存在污染风险。目前,对酸法地浸采铀退役矿山地下水的综合治理研究主要集中在降酸和去离子方面[2]。中国某地浸采铀矿区生产结束,初期地下水中的pH在2.5左右,残留的氧化剂、黄铁矿可继续氧化硫化物并加重地下水酸化,是U(Ⅳ)及重金属离子共存和迁移的主要原因[3];被污染地下水的修复主要采用将地下水抽出,在地表通过中和法、自然蒸发法进行处理,能耗较高[4];若酸污染得不到及时修复,会提高后期的治理费用[5]。自1991年Lovley采用异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)的微生物GS-15对铀污染环境进行修复开始,利用微生物还原作用修复铀污染水体的研究已近30年[6],发现的与U(Ⅵ)还原相关的微生物有硫酸盐还原菌、铁还原菌等[7]。微生物还原U(Ⅵ)属原位修复技术,一般通过添加电子供体来提高酶的活性,从而提高酶将溶液中高迁移性的U(Ⅵ)还原成低迁移性的U(Ⅳ)的效率,该方法需要持续供给碳源,成本高,亟需研究成本低的新方法。单一微生物还原产物通常为沥青铀矿或者非结晶态的U(Ⅳ),遇氧化条件易溶解;采用其处理污染面积较大的区域,修复周期长、环境复杂,微生物的生存条件难以保证。电动修复技术分为多组分定向分离去除、电迁移和电渗析驱动分离等,主要用于分离饱和或非饱和土壤、淤泥、地下水等介质中的重金属和放射性核素等。Liu发现电动过程主要去除的是可交换态、碳酸盐态和还原态重金属,对有机质结合态和残留态重金属的含量影响不大[8]。电动修复技术的处理效果受pH、缓冲性能、电极极化等因素的影响,但修复目标性较高、不引入新的污染物,将此技术与其他修复技术相结合应用于重金属污染治理、废水修复等方面,有极大的发展潜力。
地浸采铀退役采场地下水中的主要污染物有$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$、H+、U(Ⅵ)和重金属离子等,受厌氧、低pH、放射性、共存离子等因素的影响,处理该污染物的成本高、耗时长且产物不稳定。微生物在厌氧、低pH(2.5左右)和放射性环境下的耐受性不强,易失活,须驯化适应极端环境的微生物群落。微电场可激发微生物活性和提供电子,有望解决碳源供给成本高的问题。因此,以某地浸采铀退役采场地下水为研究对象,利用在厌氧、放射性条件下驯化出的适应低pH和微电场环境的优势微生物与微电场耦合,旨在探明微电场耦合微生修复酸性含铀地下水的修复规律和效果,揭示修复机制,并探讨效能优化方法。
某地浸采铀矿山酸性废水的pH为1.68,ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)为4.68 g/L,其他主要元素质量浓度见表1。以表1为基础,配制模拟废水:向1 L去离子水中加入84 mg六水合硝酸铀酰、1.304 g氯化钙、5.166 g硫酸镁、2.795 g硫酸亚铁、8.033 g氢氧化铝、2.73 mL浓硫酸,搅拌均匀,备用。试验所用铀溶液均由一定质量的六水合硝酸铀酰和0.1 mol/L稀硫酸配制而成。
其他原料:试验所用的硫酸盐还原菌是以乳酸、乙酸等有机物为电子供体,以$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$为电子受体,在厌氧、放射性条件下驯化出的适应低pH和微电场环境的优势微生物,是一种严格厌氧菌。
Postgate C培养基配制:将0.5 g磷酸氢二钾、1.0 g氯化铵、1.0 g硫酸钠、2.0 g硫酸镁、0.1 g氯化钙、1.0 g酵母提取物、4 mL DL-乳酸钠、0.1 g抗坏血酸、0.5 g硫酸亚铁、0.1 g巯基乙酸钠加入1 L蒸馏水中,混匀。
仪器:电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)(Avio200,PerkinElmer);梅特勒托利多参数测试仪(S400-B,梅特勒托利多科技有限公司);离子色谱仪(IC6200,安徽皖仪科技股份有限公司)。
该修复方法的主要原理是依靠电场的迁移作用,将废水中的阴阳离子向两极迁移,实现废水中离子的分离富集;并在阴极室利用硫酸盐还原菌的去除作用将有害离子从水中沉降下来,具体的机制需进一步研究。
微电场耦合微生物修复装置见图1。箱体材质为透明的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,装置尺寸为5.5 cm×5.5 cm×30 cm,分为阳极室、废水室和阴极室3部分。每个室的长度均为10 cm,容积为302.5 mL。分布在左右电极室的电极孔相距28 cm,用于安装电极。阳极室与废水室、阴极室与废水室分别用阴离子、阳离子交换膜隔开,阳极采用石墨电极,阴极采用Ti电极,电极为直径6 mm、长度9 cm的圆柱型电极,在30 ℃条件下采用直流电源装置供电。用注射器向废水室加入模拟废水300 mL,向阳极室加入0.1 mol/L的KCl电解液300 mL,向阴极室加入液体菌液300 mL(稳定生长初期的饱和菌液,OD600=0.55)。
试验在米开罗那手套箱中进行,向箱内泵入高纯氩气,箱内环境氛围H2O、氧含量<0.1×10-6 mg/L。通5.6 V直流电,用一次性巴士滴管分别在通电0、4、8、12、24、36、48、60、72、84、96、108、120 h后在各室取样孔取样2 mL,并用0.22 μm滤头过滤,检测滤液的pH及离子浓度。待通电结束后,收集阴极室的沉淀物,使用超纯水清洗3遍,经离心机固液分离后,冷冻干燥48 h。
向等量的铀溶液中加入不同体积梯度(3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10 mL)的细菌菌液,分析其对溶液中铀的去除效果。发现当菌液体积低于7 mL时,随着加入菌液体积的增加,铀的去除率升高;当菌液体积≥7 mL时,菌液体积的增加并不影响铀的去除率;由此判断,当菌液加入量≥7 mL时,菌液为足量。
在6个锥形瓶中分别加入100 mL质量浓度均为10 mg/L的U溶液,用1 mol/L的NaOH和HCl调节其pH分别为2、3、4、5、6、7。置于恒温摇床中,在30 ℃、120 r/min条件下反应1 h后,待溶液体系稳定,取样5 mL,并用0.22 μm滤头过滤,向锥形瓶中加入10 mL细菌菌液(足量),继续反应2 h后,取样5 mL并过滤,用紫外可见分光光度计分别检测调节pH后、加入菌液反应后的铀质量浓度。
在锥形瓶中分别加入100 mL质量浓度为10 mg/L的U溶液,用1 mol/L的NaOH和HCl调节pH分别为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12。置于恒温摇床中,在30 ℃、120 r/min条件下反应1 h,待溶液体系稳定,取样5 mL,并用0.22 μm滤头过滤;向锥形瓶中分别加入5 mL菌液、5 mL菌液上清液,继续反应2 h后,取样5 mL并过滤;用紫外可见分光光度计分别检测调节pH后、加入菌液反应后的铀质量浓度。
利用循环伏安法[9-10]对电场修复机制进行研究。分别将40、80、120、160 mg/L的铀溶液作为电解液,为了确保反应过程中所涉及的物质的反应峰全部包含在内,设置起始电位为0.5 V,最高电位为0.5 V,最低电位为-1.5 V,终止电位为0.5 V,扫描速率10 mV/s;选择石墨作为工作电极和对电极、Ag/AgCl作为参比电极进行循环伏安曲线扫描。依次用丙酮、乙醇、超纯水超声清洗工作电极后,进行高温高压灭菌,采用静态挂膜法对石墨电极进行生物膜接种:将Postgate C培养基分装至100 mL厌氧瓶中,并将5 mL菌液接种至厌氧瓶中培养,待OD600达到0.3~0.5时,将工作电极浸入菌液中,30 ℃下静置24 h,使硫酸盐还原菌吸附至电极表面;移除旧培养基,加入新鲜培养基,在厌氧条件下继续培养,每隔24 h更换培养基,持续7 d,生物膜成熟至0.14 mm厚;然后将菌液和铀溶液分别作为电解液,在电化学工作站进行3圈线性循环伏安曲线扫描,判断反应的可逆性和消除偶然性。
电势梯度对硫酸盐还原菌的生长具有复杂的影响,不同的电位条件可以显著改变其代谢活性和生长行为。在实际应用中,需要根据具体的环境条件和目标来调节电势梯度,以优化硫酸盐还原菌的生长和硫酸盐还原效率。在正常培养操作基础上,在培养瓶中插入电极,分别施加0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0 V/cm的电势梯度,每隔一定时间取样一次,检测OD600,绘制生长曲线。
使用耦合修复装置,在阴极室、阳极室和废水室中液体种类及浓度不变的前提下,在修复过程中分别施加0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0 V/cm的电势梯度,根据电势梯度的不同,适当改变取样时间间隔,分别从各极室取样2 mL,检测各极室的离子浓度变化和pH;并实时检测电流变化,计算能耗。
各室pH及主要离子浓度变化见图2。可以发现,废水室和阴极室的pH呈上升趋势,阳极室的pH呈下降趋势,废水室的pH从1.68提升至2.10,且废水室内的Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等主要金属离子的去除率均在80%以上,U(Ⅵ)的去除率达98%,ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)也从1 200 mg/L降至100 mg/L,去除率达90%。废水室的$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$主要受电迁移作用,透过阴离子交换膜迁移至阳极室,SRB的耦合作用主要体现在将电迁移至阴极室的铀等阳离子从水相中去除,该方法对地浸采铀酸性废水表现出了良好的修复效果。耦合修复过程中,阴极电极-沉淀界面物质组分见图3,主要为氢氧化物沉淀和硫化物沉淀等。
循环伏安法CV曲线见图4。从图4(a)可以观察到2个明显的峰位,一个氧化峰位于0.07 V附近,一个还原峰位于-0.8 V附近,且峰值随着铀质量浓度的升高而增大。由此推测得出,当电位负扫时,$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$在电极上还原为UO2;当电位正扫时,UO2被氧化为$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$;电极对U(Ⅵ)有氧化还原作用。从图4(b)可以看到,与纯U溶液相比,生物膜的存在使-1.0 V出现了硫酸根的还原峰,主要的过程可能是硫酸盐还原为硫化物;而在U+SRB的图中出现了较为平缓的还原峰,主要为U还原峰和硫酸盐还原峰拟合的结果,同时也看出SRB相较于U+SRB,氧化峰偏左且更强。其主要原因可能是$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$和S2-结合生成铀硫化物沉淀,附着于电极上,硫化物被氧化为单质硫,U(Ⅳ)被氧化为U(Ⅵ),而SRB中只有硫化物被氧化,无竞争离子;同时当电极表面附着物增多时,电极的有效面积受影响,使氧化峰和还原峰强度降低。
综上,通过外加电场,电极附近铀、$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$、S2-等均会发生电极反应,表明在修复过程中,铀在电极表面被还原为更加稳定的U(Ⅳ);但生物活动会影响电极反应的进行,一定程度上抑制电极反应的发生。
硫酸盐还原菌是一种能够通过异化作用将硫酸盐作为有机物的电子受体进行硫酸盐还原的厌氧菌,若在含有二价铁的培养基中培养,则溶液全部变黑,主要原理见式(1)~式(3)[11]。若反应发生在酸性条件下,见式(1),该细菌将有机物氧化为二氧化碳和水,来获取能量,释放出电子;这些电子通过呼吸链传递给$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$,将其还原为S2-[12]。若反应发在碱性条件下,见式(2),硫酸盐还原菌通过酶系统将$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$转化为$\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}^{2-}$或S,然后进一步还原为S2-,S2-和培养基中的Fe2+发生反应,生成黑色沉淀(FeS)。
$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}+8 \mathrm{e}^{-}+8 \mathrm{H}^{+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{S}^{2-}+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O},$
$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-} \xrightarrow{\text { emzyme }} \mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}^{2-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{S}^{2-},$
$\mathrm{S}^{2-}+\mathrm{Fe}^{2+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{FeS} \downarrow \text { 。 }$
在试验过程中,将10 mg/L铀溶液的pH分别调节至2、3、4、5、6、7,然后加入菌液。不同pH下铀质量浓度随菌液的变化见图5。可以看出,随着pH的增大,溶液中的铀质量浓度逐渐降低,主要原因是OH-增多,存在于溶液中的$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$先水解成UO2(OH)+,再生成UO2(OH)2沉淀[13],不同pH下的铀去除率分别为0.01%、0.39%、4.38%、8.42%、12.00%、12.84%;当加入菌液后,溶液中铀质量浓度大幅下降,去除率分别为4.55%、7.88%、97.80%、97.99%、98.38%、98.24%,计算方法见式(4)。
$R=1-\frac{C_{2}\left(V_{1}+V_{2}\right)}{C_{1} \cdot V_{1}} \times 100 \%,$
式中:R是铀的沉淀率或去除率,%;C1是原溶液调节pH后的铀质量浓度,mg/L;V1是原溶液调节pH后的体积,L;V2是加入细菌菌液的体积。
硫酸盐还原菌对铀的去除机制主要包括生物还原作用[14],硫酸盐还原菌通过生理代谢过程中产生的还原性物质(主要为S2-),将可溶性的U(Ⅵ)还原为不溶性的U(Ⅳ),从而降低其迁移性;同时,代谢产生的S2-可与U(Ⅵ)反应,生成难溶的铀硫化物,如UxSy,UO2S等,硫酸盐还原菌的细胞壁及胞外聚合物丰富的功能基团(如羧基、磷酸基、氨基),可通过吸附或配合固定U(Ⅵ)。
不同pH下,加入5 mL菌液或菌液上清液后溶液中铀质量浓度的变化见图6。可以看出,当菌液不足时,溶液中的S2-不过量,铀没有被完全去除时,S2-与细菌及菌液中的沉淀物质在修复过程中的差异即可体现;随着pH增大,溶液中的OH-$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$等阴离子与铀酰离子配合形成不溶性沉淀,使铀质量浓度逐渐降低。调节pH后加入上清液,当pH≥4时,溶液中的铀浓度大幅降低;经过查阅文献分析可断定,主要是易溶态的U(Ⅵ)被还原性物质(主要是FeS)还原为难溶态U(Ⅳ)[15]。所涉及的主要化学反应为
$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})^{+},$
$\mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})^{+}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} \downarrow,$
$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}+\mathrm{FeS} \longrightarrow \mathrm{UO}_{2} \downarrow+\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}+\mathrm{S}_{\circ}$
菌液内的电子供体主要为S2-,当pH不同时,U(Ⅵ)的还原率不同。当pH≥4时,S2-能发挥较好的还原作用;当pH<4时,H+浓度高,S2-与H+发生二级反应,生成的H2S气体逐渐从水中逸出[16],反应正向进行,导致溶液内的还原物质(S2-)不足,还原效果降低,反应方程式如下:
$\mathrm{S}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HS}^{-},$
$\mathrm{HS}^{-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S} \uparrow \text { 。 }$
与4≤pH≤9时铀的去除率相比,当pH>9时,在加入菌液和上清液后,溶液中铀的去除率均较低;与加入上清液相比,加入菌液时,U(Ⅵ)的去除率更高。由此推测,U(Ⅵ)的去除机制除了溶液中S2-的还原作用,菌液中的细菌和沉淀物质也参与了去除过程,由于细菌生长代谢较慢,其主要是通过微生物吸附和共沉淀作用(FeS-UO2复合物)实现U(Ⅵ)的有效去除。
分别将pH=7、pH=12摇瓶中的溶液进行离心分离,收集离心得到的沉淀进行XPS测试,见图7图7(a)图7(c)为pH=7时沉淀的U4f和O1s谱图,分峰之后,U4f主要有4个峰,分别为位于381.99 eV和392.84 eV的U(Ⅳ)以及位于383.02 eV和393.87 eV的U(Ⅵ)。图7 (b)、图7(d)为pH=12时生成沉淀的U4f和O1s谱图,分峰之后,U4f主要有4个峰,分别为位于383.16 eV和393.86 eV的U(Ⅳ)以及位于382.30 eV和393.08 eV的U(Ⅵ)[17]。可以看出,沉淀中的铀以U(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)形式存在,U(Ⅳ)形式占比60%以上,主要是由于S2-的还原作用将U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ);而沉淀中的U(Ⅵ)主要是S2-$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$生成不溶性铀硫化合物,其次是OH-$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$配合生成沉淀,同时还伴有共沉淀及生物吸附作用。当pH=12时,392.84 eV的U(Ⅳ)峰高明显降低,主要原因可能是当pH增大时溶液中生成了可溶性铀酰羟基配合物(如$\mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}^{-}$),无法与S2-结合生成不溶性沉淀铀硫化合物。通过还原作用去除的U(Ⅵ)占比增大,同时从峰高和峰面积可以看出,沉淀中的铀含量降低,可见当pH较大时,不利于菌液对U(Ⅵ)的去除。
综上分析,得出其主要修复机制见图8。硫酸盐还原菌通过自身的生物代谢,首先将营养物质分解,产生能量、二氧化碳、水和电子;然后消耗能量和电子,将$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$还原为S2-并产生OH-,同时硫酸盐还原菌胞外聚合物中的有机基团还可以与铀酰离子键合,通过S2-与铀酰离子配合生成铀酰硫化物沉淀及矿物共沉淀(FeS-UO2复合物)等多途径协同固定铀。外加电场可以将废水中分散的离子通过电迁移作用,快速地聚集在阴极,阴极的电极反应可以产生电子和OH-,U(Ⅵ)得到电子变成U(Ⅳ),OH-可以和部分金属离子结合生成沉淀。在碳源充足的前提下,硫酸盐还原菌可以持续地通过生物代谢,产生还原性物质和碱性物质,抵消掉部分反酸过程产生的影响,所以修复稳定性更好。
电势梯度对硫酸盐还原菌生长的影响见图9。通过细菌生长的OD600变化可以看出,硫酸盐还原菌的生长受电场强度的影响显著。当电势梯度为0~0.4 V/cm时,电势梯度对细菌的生长有促进作用。主要原因可能是加电可驱动细菌细胞膜内外的电子传递,提高氧化还原反应的效率;电势梯度也可通过影响膜电位,间接调节质子梯度,从而增强ATP合成酶的活性[18],阴极区Eh降低,还原性增强可促进硫酸盐还原菌生长,提高细菌活性。但电势梯度过高也会对细菌的生长产生抑制作用,由于电极反应的存在,阳极产生的氢离子、电极附近的氧化还原电位升高,均不利于硫酸盐还原菌的生长,故在实际应用中,要充分考虑电势梯度对细菌生长的影响,精确选择和控制电势梯度、作用时间及其他因素的协同影响。
不同电势梯度下各室pH变化见图10。可以看出,电势梯度不同,各室pH的变化规律不同。阳极室pH呈下降趋势,主要原因是电极反应的存在,发生析氧反应,产生氧气和氢离子,导致pH降低;所以当电势梯度越大时,电极反应越剧烈,pH下降越快,最终pH越低。阴极室的pH受电极反应-析氢反应的影响,产生氢气和氢氧根,导致pH升高[19],当电势梯度越大时,电极反应越剧烈;但与阳极室不同的是,由于废水室内的地浸采铀酸性废水中含有大量氢离子,在电迁移作用下,氢离子向阴极迁移,导致pH降低,图10 (b)中,当电势梯度为0.1、0.2 V/cm时,析氢反应所产生的氢氧根离子数量小于电迁移至阴极室的氢离子数量,导致pH呈下降趋势;当电势梯度≥0.4 V/cm时,电迁移至阴极室的氢离子的数量小于析氢反应所产生的氢氧根离子数量,导致pH升高;通过图10(c)也可得出此结论。可以看出,当电势梯度小于0.4 V/cm时,废水的pH在96 h内更高;当电势梯度大于0.4 V/cm时,电势梯度越大,废水的pH上升幅度越大。这些现象产生的主要原因可能和电解池中离子的迁移率有关。当电势梯度较小时,电场强度较小,离子所受迁移力变小,离子本身的物理性质(如离子大小、水合半径等)对其迁移的速率影响优先级更高,因为氢离子的水合半径越小,迁移率越高,速度更快,优先级更高;当电场强度增大时,所有离子的迁移速率均会增加,且高电荷离子的迁移率增大的较多,导致迁移优先级发生改变,最终导致氢离子的迁移受到影响,从而pH上升幅度较小[20]
利用微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水,既要保证酸性废水中重金属离子、硫酸根离子等的有效去除,也要缓解水体的强酸环境;选择较低的电势梯度条件可有效缓解废水的酸性条件,保证微生物的生物活性和生物作用。当电势梯度较低时,阴极室的弱酸性环境相较于高电势梯度下的碱性环境,更适合经过驯化的硫酸盐还原菌存活;同时微生物的生物代谢可以提供碱性物质,一定程度上缓解酸性环境。但在选择电势梯度时,应同时考虑其他金属离子的迁移和去除效果。
在外加电场条件下,废水中的铀酰离子在电迁移的作用下迁移至阴极室[21],U(Ⅵ)通过接受电子被还原为不溶性的U(Ⅳ),阴极产生的S2-参与U(Ⅵ)的还原反应,阴极表面的生物膜或矿物(如FeS)吸附固定铀,硫酸盐还原菌代谢产生的S2-与U(Ⅵ)生成UO2S沉淀,并将U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ)。由于阴极会发生析氢反应,在低电势条件下,阴极产生OH-,导致阴极室的pH升高;在电迁移作用下,使废水室中的H+向阴极迁移,导致pH降低,而硫酸盐还原菌生长的最适宜pH为7~8,故通过调节电势梯度,改变电迁移中离子的迁移速率和电极反应的强度,使阴极室的pH可维持在硫酸盐还原菌适宜的生存环境,提高该修复方法的适用性和可持续性;pH过高和过低均会引发副反应,影响铀的还原效果。
通过图10可知,当电势梯度小于0.2 V/cm时,电迁移对氢离子的迁移速率大于电极反应生成的氢氧根离子速率,pH处于弱酸性;当电势梯度大于0.2 V/cm时,电极反应强度大于电迁移速率,致使溶液的pH处于强碱性,不利于硫酸盐还原菌的生长。高pH(>8.0)有利于UO2的稳定,避免再氧化;但pH过高(>9.5)可能生成可溶性铀配合物(如$\mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}^{-}$),导致达不到预期的修复效果,影响修复稳定性。
不同电势梯度下,废水室和阴极室中U(Ⅵ)浓度变化见图11,溶液中其他金属阳离子浓度变化见图12。对不同电势梯度下主要金属阳离子的去除效果来看,当电势梯度小于0.2 V/cm时,随着修复速率的降低,修复效果变差,修复周期变长;当电势梯度大于0.2 V/cm时,随着修复速率变快,修复效果变好。综合来看,电势梯度对地浸采铀酸性废水的修复效果以及pH的影响是相反的,当电势梯度达到一定值之后,继续增大电势梯度,废水的修复效果并没有变得更好,且废水的酸性环境也没有得到更好地缓解;相较于个别低电势梯度条件下,pH的提升更小。故需要根据试验数据选择一个合适的电势梯度条件。从废水室和阴极室中主要金属离子浓度变化可知,当电势梯度大于0.2 V/cm时,Ca的去除速率显著提高;当电势梯度大于0.4 V/cm时,Ca、Mg、Al、Fe去除速率显著提升,U(Ⅵ)的去除速率随着电势梯度的增大而增大;且从阴极室的离子浓度变化来看,当电势梯度为0.1、0.2 V/cm时,电极反应不剧烈,阴极室的pH降低,溶液呈弱酸性,离子沉淀减少,且S2-难以发挥作用,导致阴极室离子浓度随着迁移作用而上升。故适当提高电势梯度可提高离子的去除速率,同时可保证阴极室离子的稳定,缩短修复周期。
不同电势梯度下各极室及总电导率变化见图13。通过电导率的变化可推测,电势梯度越大,离子迁移速率越快,溶液中的电导率变化越快[22];废水室、阴极室、阳极室的电导率均受电迁移作用的影响,阴极室和阳极室的电导率还受电极反应的影响。当电势梯度为0.1 V/cm时,电极反应不强烈,电导率增加不明显,废水室中的金属阳离子迁移至阴极室后,在阴极的还原和沉淀等作用下,导致溶液中的离子浓度降低,总电导率呈下降趋势;图14中的电流变化趋势与该推论基本一致。当电势梯度为0.2、0.4、0.6、1 V/cm时,电极反应剧烈,阴极室、阳极室溶液中的离子总数变多,反应过程中离子的增加速度高于废水室中离子减少的数量,导致总电导率变大;但图14 (b)~(e)中的电流变化趋势并未随着电导率的增大而增大,反而随着电导率的增大呈现缩小的趋势,导致该现象的主要原因是浓差极化[23]。由于电极反应的存在,阴极室、阳极室电极附近的离子浓度与溶液中的离子浓度差较大,产生反向电动势,导致有效电压降低,电流减小;由于阴极室的离子沉淀后粘附于阴极表面,降低了电极表面的有效导电面积,增大接触电阻,导致电流降低。
修复过程中不同电势梯度下的电流、功率变化及能耗差异见图14。可以看出,当电势梯度为0.6、1.0 V/cm时,能耗增长幅度较大;但去除速率和去除效果并没有显著提升,造成了成本投入的浪费。从离子去除率角度来看,当电势梯度大于0.6 V/cm时,各离子的去除率在96 h内均达到了80%。结合修复过程中U浓度的变化趋势,可在低电势梯度条件下,通过延长修复周期,提高铀的去除率,减少能源消耗。
电势梯度不同,地浸采铀酸性废水的修复速率和修复效果不同。当电势梯度较大时,修复速率快,通电时间短,但功率大;当电势梯度较小时,修复速率慢,通电时间长。为达到合适的修复效果,需选择一个合适的电势梯度条件。
不同电势梯度下的阴极室沉淀物的元素组成及占比见图15。结合图12中离子浓度变化可知,当电势梯度小于0.2 V/cm时,阴极室为弱酸性,Ca、Mg离子不易沉淀,废水室溶液中Ca、Mg离子浓度较高;当电势梯度大于0.2 V/cm时,废水室内的pH升高,大部分金属离子发生沉淀反应,但随着pH的持续增大,部分Al(OH)3重新溶解至水中导致溶液中的Al离子浓度大,沉淀物中Al离子占比小。
围绕微电场耦合微生物修复技术在地浸采铀酸性废水中的应用,通过多维度试验与分析,得到的主要结论如下:
1)微电场耦合微生物修复地浸采铀酸性废水效果显著且稳定性好,对U(Ⅵ)和$\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$的短期去除率分别为98.4%和90.0%。
2)外加电场可大幅提高离子的迁移速率,弥补微生物修复周期长的缺点;电极反应和电迁移改变阴极室的pH环境,可缓解强酸性环境,有利于微生物存活。
3)微生物修复利用自身的代谢特点,产生还原性和碱性物质,可显著提高外加电场修复的稳定性,有效抵抗反酸过程对沉淀物的溶出。
4)耦合修复机制主要为电迁移、微电场+微生物还原、微生物吸附和矿物共沉淀作用,适用范围为4≤pH≤9。当pH过低时,由于H+浓度过高导致硫化物(S2-)转化为H2S气体逸出,显著削弱还原能力;当pH过高时,由于可形成可溶性铀酰羟基配合物(如$\mathrm{UO}_{2}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}^{-}$),降低铀去除效率。
5)当电势梯度为0.2~0.4 V/cm时,可兼顾微生物生存及生长、修复效率及效果和经济性。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(酸法地浸采铀退役矿山地下水中的同位素分馏机制研究)(2024JJ5332)
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.04.06
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
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湖南省自然科学基金(酸法地浸采铀退役矿山地下水中的同位素分馏机制研究)(2024JJ5332)
作者信息
    1.南华大学 核科学技术学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
    2.南华大学 放射性废物处理处置与数学模型研发中心,湖南 衡阳 421001
    3.南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
    4.核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
    5.秦皇岛天元五一五钻探有限公司,河北 秦皇岛 066010

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刘振中(1980—),男,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事铀矿冶及安全研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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