Article(id=1147999696414564497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)01-0109-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.07.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634056427, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634056427, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634056427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634056427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999683156370319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634053267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123824852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179414062141158321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179414062141158322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999696603308200, articleId=1147999696414564497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Model Experiment and Analysis of Hydraulic Erosion on Dam Slopes under Artificial Rainfall Conditions, columnId=1175805042197152439, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of factors such as slope ratio, rainfall intensity, and protection form on the erosion characteristics of dam slopes, a full-scale artificial rainfall simulation test platform was built to simulate the runoff and sediment production processes on slopes with different slope ratios, rainfall intensities, and protection forms. The differences in runoff and sediment production on slopes under different operating conditions were analyzed. The results show that the starting time of runoff decreases with the increase of slope ratio and rainfall intensity, and is greatly affected by rainfall intensity. The trench drainage protection, due to the formation of slope runoff channels, advances the time of runoff generation. The grass planting and gravel slope protection on the slope reduce the response of the slope to rainfall to varying degrees, resulting in a significant delay in the start time of runoff generation. The rainfall intensity has the most significant impact on the runoff yield. The rainfall intensity increases from light rain to rainstorm, with the runoff yield increasing by 7.6 times, the sediment yield increasing by 18.5 times, and the time for the sediment yield to reach its peak reduced by about 75%. The ditch drainage slope protection forms a runoff channel, resulting in the maximum flow rate on the slope surface. The grass planting slope protection and gravel slope protection can significantly reduce the sediment yield on the slope surface. The grass planting slope protection improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil to a certain extent, increases the porosity of the soil, increases the infiltration rate of the slope surface, makes the runoff process smoother, and has better erosion resistance.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ning ZHANG, Yulei LI, Zhehui LI, Daping GUO, Liangcai HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147999698700460397, articleId=1147999696414564497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=人工降雨条件下坝坡水力侵蚀模型试验与分析, columnId=1175805042343953080, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=安全·环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探究坝坡的坡比、降雨强度和防护形式等因素对坝坡侵蚀特征的影响,搭建足尺寸人工降雨模拟试验平台,模拟了不同坡比、降雨强度和防护形式下坡面产流、产沙过程,分析了不同工况下坡面径流和产沙的差异性。结果表明:产流起始时间随坡比、降雨强度的增大而减小,且受降雨强度的影响较大。沟槽排水防护由于形成了坡面径流通道,使产流时间提前;坡面植草和碎石护坡均不同程度降低了坡面对降雨的响应,使得产流起始时间大幅延后。降雨强度对产流量的影响最为显著,降雨强度由小雨增大为暴雨,产流量增加了7.6倍,产沙量增加了18.5倍,产沙量达到峰值的时间缩短了约75%。沟槽排水护坡由于形成了径流通道,导致坡面产流量最大。植草护坡和碎石护坡可明显降低坡面产沙量,植草护坡一定程度上改善了土体理化性质,增大了土体孔隙率,使坡面入渗率增大,产流过程更为平缓,抗侵蚀效果更好。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EOJL1xcRjeSJYaVJbDsBeA==, magXml=tB+mV0VBrvdd776HYwN6xA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4JC1uXMFAMXZ5oTy7aQZRw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QrksoGhDyuybulSS4klATA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张宁(1994—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀尾矿库科研、设计工作。

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张宁(1994—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀尾矿库科研、设计工作。

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张宁(1994—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀尾矿库科研、设计工作。

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orderNo=6, keyword=产沙量), Keyword(id=1179340444879172356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=模型试验), Keyword(id=1179340444946281221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, orderNo=8, keyword=足尺寸模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1179340446179406612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=12, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=范力强, journalName=黑龙江水利科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范力强. 人工模拟降雨开展工程扰动环境下土壤侵蚀强度监测[J]. 黑龙江水利科技, 2014, 42(8):12-14., articleTitle=人工模拟降雨开展工程扰动环境下土壤侵蚀强度监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179340446292652821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=42, 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Shaanxi Water Resources, 2023(11):39-41 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Study on the process and characteristics of sediment production on slope under simulated rainfall conditions, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179340442001879755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179340442014462669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, companyId=1179340442001879755, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation, CNNC, Shijiazhuang 050021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179340442027045582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, companyId=1179340442001879755, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中核第四研究设计工程有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179340445072110342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Model experiment device, figureFileSmall=vclGuha2reiu+GHtfBIjaA==, figureFileBig=pdamqkV6szs/Hn8pr8PxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445130830599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模型试验装置结构图, figureFileSmall=vclGuha2reiu+GHtfBIjaA==, figureFileBig=pdamqkV6szs/Hn8pr8PxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445239882504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation of dam slope runoff under different slope ratios, rainfall intensity and protection forms, figureFileSmall=JCgY+67gfkZQ9IEJTC17Ww==, figureFileBig=8xeYJWmZdBnbGhniAAE5FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445302797065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同坡比、雨强和防护形式下坝坡产流量变化, figureFileSmall=JCgY+67gfkZQ9IEJTC17Ww==, figureFileBig=8xeYJWmZdBnbGhniAAE5FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445357323018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Sediment yield variation on dam slopes under different slope ratios, rainfall intensities and protective forms, figureFileSmall=tHWFHsuo1Etf9DnQsjR1WQ==, figureFileBig=MfHxNbA3oEtVyPmAzhVANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445407654667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同坡比、雨强和防护形式下坝坡产沙量变化, figureFileSmall=tHWFHsuo1Etf9DnQsjR1WQ==, figureFileBig=MfHxNbA3oEtVyPmAzhVANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445537678092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Rainfall erosion effects of different slope protection forms, figureFileSmall=Wj6RWLOED8L3nIeabliDEw==, figureFileBig=h6A2SPp38pftgikmZY5+KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445600592653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同防护形式降雨侵蚀效果, figureFileSmall=Wj6RWLOED8L3nIeabliDEw==, figureFileBig=h6A2SPp38pftgikmZY5+KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340445684478734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Artificial rainfall parameter settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨强度/(mm/h) 降雨时间/h 总降雨量/mm
20 3.0 60
40 3.0 120
80 1.5 120
120 1.0 120
), ArticleFig(id=1179340445743198991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

人工降雨参数设置

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降雨强度/(mm/h) 降雨时间/h 总降雨量/mm
20 3.0 60
40 3.0 120
80 1.5 120
120 1.0 120
), ArticleFig(id=1179340445797724944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experiment condition design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 护坡形式 降雨强度/(mm/h) 坝坡坡度 降雨时间/h
1 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶4.5 3.0
2 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶4.0 3.0
3 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶3.5 3.0
4 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶3.0 3.0
5 无护坡 20(小雨) 1∶3.0 3.0
6 无护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
7 无护坡 120(暴雨) 1∶3.0 1.0
8 沟槽排水 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
9 植草护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
10 碎石护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1179340445860639505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 护坡形式 降雨强度/(mm/h) 坝坡坡度 降雨时间/h
1 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶4.5 3.0
2 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶4.0 3.0
3 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶3.5 3.0
4 无护坡 40(中雨) 1∶3.0 3.0
5 无护坡 20(小雨) 1∶3.0 3.0
6 无护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
7 无护坡 120(暴雨) 1∶3.0 1.0
8 沟槽排水 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
9 植草护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
10 碎石护坡 80(大雨) 1∶3.0 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1179340445927748370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Starting time of dam slope runoff under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 护坡形式 降雨强度/(mm/h) 坡比 产流时间/min
1 无护坡 40 1∶4.5 42
2 无护坡 40 1∶4.0 40
3 无护坡 40 1∶3.5 37
4 无护坡 40 1∶3.0 35
5 无护坡 20 1∶3.0 58
6 无护坡 80 1∶3.0 12
7 无护坡 120 1∶3.0 4
8 沟槽排水 80 1∶3.0 9
9 植草护坡 80 1∶3.0 24
10 碎石护坡 80 1∶3.0 19
), ArticleFig(id=1179340445999051539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999696414564497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同工况下坝坡产流起始时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 护坡形式 降雨强度/(mm/h) 坡比 产流时间/min
1 无护坡 40 1∶4.5 42
2 无护坡 40 1∶4.0 40
3 无护坡 40 1∶3.5 37
4 无护坡 40 1∶3.0 35
5 无护坡 20 1∶3.0 58
6 无护坡 80 1∶3.0 12
7 无护坡 120 1∶3.0 4
8 沟槽排水 80 1∶3.0 9
9 植草护坡 80 1∶3.0 24
10 碎石护坡 80 1∶3.0 19
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人工降雨条件下坝坡水力侵蚀模型试验与分析
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张宁 , 李玉雷 , 李哲辉 , 郭大平 , 胡良才
铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2025,44(1): 109-116
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铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2025, 44(1): 109-116
人工降雨条件下坝坡水力侵蚀模型试验与分析
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张宁, 李玉雷, 李哲辉, 郭大平, 胡良才
作者信息
  • 中核第四研究设计工程有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050021
  • 张宁(1994—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀尾矿库科研、设计工作。

Model Experiment and Analysis of Hydraulic Erosion on Dam Slopes under Artificial Rainfall Conditions
Ning ZHANG, Yulei LI, Zhehui LI, Daping GUO, Liangcai HU
Affiliations
  • The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation, CNNC, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.07.01
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为探究坝坡的坡比、降雨强度和防护形式等因素对坝坡侵蚀特征的影响,搭建足尺寸人工降雨模拟试验平台,模拟了不同坡比、降雨强度和防护形式下坡面产流、产沙过程,分析了不同工况下坡面径流和产沙的差异性。结果表明:产流起始时间随坡比、降雨强度的增大而减小,且受降雨强度的影响较大。沟槽排水防护由于形成了坡面径流通道,使产流时间提前;坡面植草和碎石护坡均不同程度降低了坡面对降雨的响应,使得产流起始时间大幅延后。降雨强度对产流量的影响最为显著,降雨强度由小雨增大为暴雨,产流量增加了7.6倍,产沙量增加了18.5倍,产沙量达到峰值的时间缩短了约75%。沟槽排水护坡由于形成了径流通道,导致坡面产流量最大。植草护坡和碎石护坡可明显降低坡面产沙量,植草护坡一定程度上改善了土体理化性质,增大了土体孔隙率,使坡面入渗率增大,产流过程更为平缓,抗侵蚀效果更好。
坝坡侵蚀  /  人工降雨  /  坡比  /  降雨强度  /  产流量  /  产沙量  /  模型试验  /  足尺寸模型

To investigate the influence of factors such as slope ratio, rainfall intensity, and protection form on the erosion characteristics of dam slopes, a full-scale artificial rainfall simulation test platform was built to simulate the runoff and sediment production processes on slopes with different slope ratios, rainfall intensities, and protection forms. The differences in runoff and sediment production on slopes under different operating conditions were analyzed. The results show that the starting time of runoff decreases with the increase of slope ratio and rainfall intensity, and is greatly affected by rainfall intensity. The trench drainage protection, due to the formation of slope runoff channels, advances the time of runoff generation. The grass planting and gravel slope protection on the slope reduce the response of the slope to rainfall to varying degrees, resulting in a significant delay in the start time of runoff generation. The rainfall intensity has the most significant impact on the runoff yield. The rainfall intensity increases from light rain to rainstorm, with the runoff yield increasing by 7.6 times, the sediment yield increasing by 18.5 times, and the time for the sediment yield to reach its peak reduced by about 75%. The ditch drainage slope protection forms a runoff channel, resulting in the maximum flow rate on the slope surface. The grass planting slope protection and gravel slope protection can significantly reduce the sediment yield on the slope surface. The grass planting slope protection improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil to a certain extent, increases the porosity of the soil, increases the infiltration rate of the slope surface, makes the runoff process smoother, and has better erosion resistance.

dam slope erosion  /  artificial rainfall  /  slope ratio  /  rainfall intensity  /  runoff yield  /  sediment yield  /  model experiment  /  full-scale model
张宁, 李玉雷, 李哲辉, 郭大平, 胡良才. 人工降雨条件下坝坡水力侵蚀模型试验与分析. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (1) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.07.01
Ning ZHANG, Yulei LI, Zhehui LI, Daping GUO, Liangcai HU. Model Experiment and Analysis of Hydraulic Erosion on Dam Slopes under Artificial Rainfall Conditions[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (1) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.07.01
尾矿坝是尾矿库的重要组成部分,由尾砂逐层堆筑而成。堆积坝坡表面松散,表面土体结构易被破坏[1]。在遭受水力侵蚀时,更易引起结构的失稳甚至破坏[2-3]。针对坡面侵蚀冲刷问题,可利用混凝土拱门来抵抗高速公路边坡的雨水侵蚀性[4];通过对测试地块径流、土壤流失和降雨数据进行分析,并计算降雨强度、雨滴动能等参数对坡面的侵蚀力,进而可评估降雨对边坡侵蚀过程的影响[5];利用全因子降雨模型试验的研究表明,认为降雨强度和坡度倾角对侵蚀和径流的作用是相辅相成的,而坡度倾角和坡度长度则是相互抑制的[6]。多数研究指出,坡面累计径流量、入渗量、侵蚀量均与降雨强度正相关,认为降雨是土壤水蚀的关键来源,坡形是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素,直接影响坡面的侵蚀程度[7-8]。对特定红壤坡面,表面径流和产沙总量与降雨强度和坡度正相关[9];对一些工程堆积体坡面,径流流速在整个降雨过程大体处于稳定波动状态,侵蚀速率随降雨强度和砾石含量的增加而增大[10]。产沙过程主要由降雨决定,汇流对产沙过程贡献较小,植被覆盖可以明显延缓产流、产沙生成的时间[11-14]
目前,坝坡侵蚀特征研究方法主要有野外径流小区法和室内模型试验法[15]。野外径流小区法的研究结果可直观且准确地反映侵蚀过程中的各种现象和规律;但该法对设备、技术的要求高,且在特定试验中为获取某些参数耗费时间长,人为误差造成的不确定性大。室内模型试验法多用缩尺模型,受模拟降雨条件、缩尺效应和边界条件的影响,研究结果与实际情况偏差较大。为减小试验边界条件对结果的影响,笔者采用足尺模型进行坝坡侵蚀试验,并采用高精度电磁阀喷头组降雨系统精确控制雨滴大小、降雨范围、均匀度和动能等参数,提高降雨条件和实际降雨情况的符合性,开展降雨条件下坝坡侵蚀模型试验,研究不同坝坡、雨强和护坡结构对坝坡侵蚀特征的影响,以期为坝坡侵蚀的防护和治理提供依据。
某尾矿库堆积坝坡表层覆土为全新统(Q4)粉质黏土,呈棕红、褐红色,局部夹黄褐色,其中小于0.075 mm粒径的土含量约为42.7%;土样天然密度为2.77 g/cm3,天然含水率为15.97%,液限为41.6%,塑限为21.3%,塑性指数为20.3。
研究区雨量充沛,多年平均降雨量为1 500~2 200 mm,降雨多集中于3—6月,7—8月次之,3—8月的降雨量占全年雨量的73.2%。该地区坝坡侵蚀以水蚀为主。
试验用变角度钢槽尺寸为5.0 m×3.0 m×1.2 m(长×宽×高)。模型试验系统由试验区、人工降雨及控制系统、循环供水系统、径流量及泥沙含量采集系统组成(图1)。在人工降雨控制系统中,电磁阀喷头组可控制的雨滴大小范围为1.5~5.0 mm,降雨高度为10 m,降雨范围为40 m2,降雨调节精度为10 mm/h。
根据当地气象数据,尾矿库所在地最大短历时暴雨10 min达19 mm,结合国家降水强度等级划分标准和试验设备的降雨强度控制范围,确定试验降雨强度和时长(表1)。
坝坡的坡比通过机械液压变角度钢槽进行调节,钢槽角度变化范围为0~20°。坝坡坡度一般在1∶3以内,因此本试验的坝坡坡比设置为1∶3.0、1∶3.5、1∶4.0、1∶4.5。坝坡的护坡方式选用常见的沟槽排水、植草护坡和碎石护坡,其中沟槽断面为90 mm×45 mm;植草护坡草高约40 mm,密度约3万株/m2;碎石护坡时,碎石粒度约20~60 mm,铺设厚度约80 mm。
试验土样采用当地土料,与坝坡治理采用的土料相同,以保证模型试验条件中土料力学性质相似。试验黏土提前过筛并利用土工膜进行覆盖封存,以控制土体含水率。试验时按照设计压实度(0.93)对钢槽内黏土进行分层压实,并将土体压实面打毛,保证填土的均匀性。试验过程中利用翻斗式雨量计实时对人工降雨系统进行厘定,保证降雨强度和均匀性。试验工况见表2
径流量及泥沙含量收集系统,可实时监测降雨时坡面径流与泥沙含量、人工降雨强度数据。回收的泥沙与雨水混合物进入沉淀池进行沉淀,将二次回收的澄清水抽回人工降雨系统的供水箱进行二次降雨。
测量设备主要包括:1)泥沙传感器,用于测量坝坡冲刷后雨水中所携带的实时泥沙含量;2)水位传感器,用于收集并实时传输三角堰内水流量液位,方便利用三角堰流量计算公式计算降雨过程实时水流量;3)斗式雨量计,用于上报实时降雨强度,期间可通过雨量筒反馈的实时数据调整降雨强度,保障试验过程中降雨的稳定性。
统计各试验工况采集的径流量和泥沙量数据,结合降雨强度和坝坡表面冲蚀情况,分析坝坡侵蚀特征和规律,计算特征参数。所有试验数据均为多次试验结果的平均值,通过对不同变量数据的对比,分析降雨强度、坡度、护坡形式等变量对坝坡侵蚀特征的主要影响和不同参数指标之间的交互效应是否显著,研究各参数间的变化规律。
土体含水率是影响边坡产流起始时间的主要因素之一[16],为排除含水率对试验结果的影响,试验采用的土体均在同一场地采用土工膜进行了封存,每次试验前采用SK-100土壤水分测量仪对土体含水率进行测量,土体含水率均在15%左右。
产流起始时间是反映坝坡土体包气带对大气降雨再分配响应快慢的重要指标之一,不同工况下坝坡产流的起始时间见表3。可以看出,不同工况下的坝坡产流时间差别较大,工况1~4的地表径流产流起始时间在35~42 min,工况5的地表径流起始时间最长(在58 min左右),工况6~10的地表径流产流起始时间相对较短。在此基础上,进一步分析坡度、雨强和防护形式对产流起始时间的影响。
由工况1~4结果可知,随着坡比由1∶4.5增大到1∶3.0,产流起始时间由42 min提前至35 min。可见,随着坡度增大,坡面径流的流速相应增大,进而导致产流起始时间提前。这与前人研究结论一致[17]
由工况4~7可知,随着降雨降雨强度增大,坝坡产流起始时间明显缩短。同一坡比(1∶3.0)条件下,当降雨强度从20 mm/h增加到120 mm/h时,产流时间由58 min提前到了4 min。可见,小雨强度下坝坡土体饱和时间较长,随着雨强增大坝坡表面快速吸湿饱和,多余的雨水迅速形成径流[18],导致产流起始时间大幅提前。
由工况6、8~10可知,沟槽排水护坡建立了坝坡排水通道,使产流时间提前了3 min;植草护坡对坝坡降雨进行阻挡并吸收部分水分,碎石护坡对降雨进行了阻挡,两者都不同程度降低了坝坡土体对降雨的响应时间,使产流起始时间延缓。
一般认为随着坡度增加,沿坝坡方向重力梯度增大,坡面径流加快,渗入坡面雨量相对减小,产流量随坡度增加而增大[19]。不同坡比、雨强和防护形式下坝坡产流量的变化过程见图2
图2(a)可以看出,在不同坡度产流量达到稳定值前,产流量曲线接近平行,这说明不同坡度的产流量增长率相近,坡度对产流量的影响较小;但随着钢槽角度增加坡面承雨面积减小,坡面产流量随之减小。因此,此时承雨面积是影响产流量的主要因素,产流量整体趋势随坡度增大而逐渐减小。
图2(b)可看出,降雨强度由小雨(20 mm/h)到暴雨(120 mm/h),稳定产流量增加了7.6倍。由于降雨是坝坡产流的来源,随着降雨强度增大,坝坡产流会快速增加。且随着降雨强度增大,坡面表层逐渐密实,阻碍了降雨的入渗,使产流量进一步增大。
图2(c)和试验过程可得出,沟槽排水护坡在坡面形成了径流通道,与无防护坝坡相比,产流量增加了39%,产流响应和产流速率均有明显提高,表明沟槽排水护坡可以有效汇集降雨,减少雨水在坝坡的入渗量。而植草护坡则可以明显降低坝坡产流响应和产流速率,与无防护工况相比,产流量降低了约57%。通过对比产流初期产流量曲线,植草护坡产流曲线最缓,表明其产流初期产流速率最慢;且整个降雨周期内植草护坡的产流曲线均处于上升状态,降雨和入渗尚未达到平衡,说明植草护坡增大了坝坡的入渗量[20],使产流过程趋于平缓。
坝坡防护层减薄主要是由防护层泥沙流失导致的[21-23],因此研究坝坡产沙过程对于坝坡抗侵蚀和防护具有重要意义。坝坡产沙量是反映坡面侵蚀快慢的指标[24-25],在不同坡度、雨强和防护形式下,坡面产沙量变化见图3。不同护坡形式降雨侵蚀效果见图4
对比图3(a)和图2(a)可知,坡比由1∶3.0减至1∶4.5,产流量增大了1.33倍,而产沙量增大了2.22倍;说明坝坡表面径流量增大,对坡面冲刷作用增强,使产流量中的含沙量略有增加。
降雨强度由小雨(20 mm/h)增至暴雨(120 mm/h),产沙量由87 g/min增至1 700 g/min,产沙量增加了18.5倍,产沙量达到峰值的时间缩短了约75%。现场观察发现,小雨工况下坝坡仅形成片蚀和细沟,但在大雨和暴雨工况下坝坡形成了多条明显的切沟。
图3(c)和图4可看出,在无护坡工况下,坝坡表面受到侵蚀的程度最严重,坡面出现较为明显的径流冲刷,形成了一定深度和长度的冲流沟壑,凹凸不平,冲刷径流也夹带着大量的黄色浑浊土体,稳定产沙量约750 g/min。与无护坡工况相比,3种护坡形式均有较好的抗侵蚀冲刷效果,其中,沟槽排水护坡提前在坝坡形成了径流通道,故产流时间最短且能及时将坡面径流汇集在沟槽内排出,但坡面表面无防护时措施,坡面径流较浑浊,稳定产沙量约450 g/min;生态草皮护坡防护,基本能保护全部坡面土体,坡面径流清澈,稳定产沙量约18 g/min,产沙量仅为无防护时产沙量的2.4%,抗侵蚀效果最好;碎石铺设护坡覆盖坡面,碎石结构能有效削弱径流冲击力,减弱坡面径流冲刷作用,稳定产沙量约190 g/min,为无防护时产沙量的25.3%,防护效果较好。
图4可知,径流产沙量总体呈动态变化,初期产沙量上涨速度快,最终趋于稳定;整体上看,降雨强度对产沙量的影响最明显,降雨强度越大产沙量增幅越大,产沙量达到峰值的时间也越短。
利用人工降雨模型对尾矿坝坡侵蚀特征进行了研究,通过设置不同的初始条件探究了坝坡产流、土体侵蚀过程和变化规律,得出以下结论:
1)坝坡坡比、降雨强度对产流起始时间均具有促进作用,两者交互作用为正相关;产流起始时间随坡比、降雨强度的增大而减小,且受降雨强度的影响更显著;不同护坡形式改变了坝坡表面的产流条件,使坡面对降雨响应时间相应改变,产流起始时间由晚到早依次为植草护坡、碎石护坡、无防护、沟槽排水。
2)降雨强度对产流量的影响最显著,随着降雨强度增大,稳定产流量增加了7.6倍。沟槽排水护坡条件下的产流响应和速率都有所提高;植草和碎石护坡不同程度削弱了径流冲击力,使得产流过程趋于平缓,坡面下渗量增加,进而降低了产流量。
3)坝坡冲蚀过程中,产沙量的总体增长规律是前期随坡面产流量增加而迅速增加,达到峰值后在峰值附近小幅波动。降雨强度对坝坡侵蚀影响最显著,降雨强度由小变大,产沙量增加了18.5倍,产沙量达到峰值的时间缩短了75%。植草护坡的抗侵蚀效果最好,产沙量仅为无防护的2.4%,不同护坡形式抗侵蚀效果由好到差依次为植草护坡、碎石护坡、沟槽排水和无防护。
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.07.01
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
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    中核第四研究设计工程有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050021
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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