Article(id=1147999694426465244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)02-0151-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730217600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634055953, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634055953, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634055953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634055953, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999688122430098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634054451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123795578, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999694682317814, articleId=1147999694426465244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Radioactive Wastewater Treatment Technology in Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnId=1175805042197152439, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uranium is an important raw material for the development of nuclear power, and radioactive wastewater is generated during the mining and processing of uranium resources. The treatment of radioactive wastewater has attracted much attention. This article introduces the research progress of radioactive wastewater treatment technology in uranium mines from the aspects of physical, chemical, and biological methods,and explores the interaction mechanisms, development status, advantages, and limitations of various methods for removing radioactive nuclides in the process of treating radioactive wastewater, such as oxidation-reduction, adsorption, and chelation precipitation. Reasonable suggestions and prospects are proposed for the application of radioactive wastewater treatment technology in uranium mining and metallurgy.

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铀是核电发展的重要原料,在铀矿资源开采、加工等过程中均有放射性废水产生,放射性废水的治理问题备受关注。从物理法、化学法及生物法等方面,介绍了铀矿山放射性废水治理技术的研究进展,探讨了各种方法治理放射性废水过程中去除放射性核素的氧化还原、吸附、配合沉淀等相互作用机制、发展状况及其优势和局限性,并对铀矿采冶放射性废水治理技术的应用提出合理化建议和展望。

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李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。
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李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。

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李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。

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李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。

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铀矿采冶放射性废水治理技术研究进展
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李存增 , 彭阳 , 周磊 , 肖锐 , 胡鹏华 , 徐乐昌
铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2025,44(2): 151-160
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铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2025, 44(2): 151-160
铀矿采冶放射性废水治理技术研究进展
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李存增, 彭阳, 周磊, 肖锐, 胡鹏华, 徐乐昌
作者信息
  • 核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149
  • 李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。

通讯作者:

李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。
Research Progress on Radioactive Wastewater Treatment Technology in Uranium Mining and Metallurgy
Cunzeng LI, Yang PENG, Lei ZHOU, Rui XIAO, Penghua HU, Lechang XU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13
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铀是核电发展的重要原料,在铀矿资源开采、加工等过程中均有放射性废水产生,放射性废水的治理问题备受关注。从物理法、化学法及生物法等方面,介绍了铀矿山放射性废水治理技术的研究进展,探讨了各种方法治理放射性废水过程中去除放射性核素的氧化还原、吸附、配合沉淀等相互作用机制、发展状况及其优势和局限性,并对铀矿采冶放射性废水治理技术的应用提出合理化建议和展望。

铀矿  /  采冶  /  放射性废水  /  放射性核素  /  废水治理

Uranium is an important raw material for the development of nuclear power, and radioactive wastewater is generated during the mining and processing of uranium resources. The treatment of radioactive wastewater has attracted much attention. This article introduces the research progress of radioactive wastewater treatment technology in uranium mines from the aspects of physical, chemical, and biological methods,and explores the interaction mechanisms, development status, advantages, and limitations of various methods for removing radioactive nuclides in the process of treating radioactive wastewater, such as oxidation-reduction, adsorption, and chelation precipitation. Reasonable suggestions and prospects are proposed for the application of radioactive wastewater treatment technology in uranium mining and metallurgy.

uranium mine  /  mining and metallurgy  /  radioactive wastewater  /  radioactive nuclide  /  wastewater treatment
李存增, 彭阳, 周磊, 肖锐, 胡鹏华, 徐乐昌. 铀矿采冶放射性废水治理技术研究进展. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (2) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13
Cunzeng LI, Yang PENG, Lei ZHOU, Rui XIAO, Penghua HU, Lechang XU. Research Progress on Radioactive Wastewater Treatment Technology in Uranium Mining and Metallurgy[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (2) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13
铀矿是一种重要的能源矿产[1],当前世界铀矿资源产能约为5万吨[2]。在低碳经济目标下,核能技术的开发和利用在能源领域中起着不可替代的作用。随着核电的不断发展,对铀资源的需求量也越来越大[3-4],铀矿开采和冶炼为核能利用提供了大量的铀资源。
铀矿床类型主要包括花岗岩型、火山岩型、砂岩型、碳硅泥岩型、含铀煤型、碱性岩型、石英岩型及磷块岩型等[5]。铀矿床的类型不同,其开采技术也不同,铀矿开采主要包括露天开采、井下开采[6]、堆浸采铀[7]、原地爆破浸出采铀[8]和地浸采铀[9-12]。为适应铀矿资源特点,各种开采方法的占比逐渐改变,1990年,井下开采的铀产量占全球总铀产量的55%,1999年该占比降为33%;从2000年起地浸采铀逐渐成为铀矿开采的主要技术,据中国核能行业协会资料,2021年原地浸出采铀产量占全国天然铀总产量的90%。
天然铀资源的开发和利用,使溶解态的铀等核素进入水体中,可能导致地表水和地下水受到污染,放射性废水的治理问题备受关注,其治理技术也是研究热点。铀矿的开采、加工和废物管理等阶段均可能影响地下水。露天开采、堆浸开采产生的坑口、井口、堆浸渣堆及尾渣库等产生的铀、重金属离子等会对地下水产生污染[13-14]。地浸采铀过程中使用的浸出剂可浸出铀,也可浸出含矿层中的其他重金属离子,从而造成水体污染[15-16]
铀在水环境中只有U(Ⅳ)和U(Ⅵ)的氧化态是稳定的,U(Ⅳ)存在于还原环境中,相对不溶;因此在铀矿开采过程中对水体污染的主要为U(Ⅵ)。根据水体中pH、氧化还原电位、阴阳离子类型和强度等不同,U的存在形式不同[17],U的存在形式受pH影响较大。当pH低于5时,U主要以${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$形式存在;当pH高于5时,U主要以UO2(OH)+、UO2(OH)2、UO2${(OH)}_{3}^{-}$形式存在;当处于碱性环境中,U可与碳酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根等形成配合物,如铀可与碳酸根配合以UO2CO3、UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$等形式存在[18-19]
铀矿开采方法多样,水体中铀的存在形式也具有多样性,因此治理铀污染废水也需要根据具体情况采取不同技术。笔者主要概述了铀矿开采过程中产生的放射性废水的治理技术,探讨不同技术的理论背景、发展状况及优缺点等,并对铀矿开采放射性废水技术的应用提出合理化建议和展望。
物理法是利用污染物的物理特性,将受污染的放射性废水分离为污染部分和清洁部分的一类治理方法。物理法产生的受污染液体组分或固体残留物(如污泥、滤饼或碳吸附装置等),需要进一步处理或处置。该法可用于地下水、地表水、废水和泥浆或沉积物的处理或处置。
膜分离法是采用选择透过性的薄膜,以压力差、温度差、电位差等为动力,分离放射性废水混合物,根据膜的孔径及动力差不同分为微滤(MF)、超滤(UF)、纳滤(NF)、反渗透(RO)及电渗析(ED)[20]。微滤技术可单独使用,也可作为其他工艺的前置预处理部分结合使用[21];在超滤分离中,可能需要对受污染的液体进行预处理,以形成易被膜分离的大分子化合物(如金属聚合物或螯合物[22]138;反渗透膜材料主要为醋酸纤维素、芳香聚酰胺和薄膜复合材料。处理过程主要受被处理离子的大小和电荷影响。镭和铀离子体积大、带电量高,采用反渗透去除污染溶液中的放射性核素,效果较好[23]。膜过滤流程见图1
膜过滤技术可用于去除废水中的各种污染物(金属和有机物)和大多数放射性核素[24],加拿大利用微滤工艺处理受放射性污染的地下水[25],反渗透已用于去除226Ra、228Ra和U[26]。近年来科研人员对膜处理放射性废水技术进行了深入研究,张耀玲等利用气隙式膜蒸馏方法,对清洗UF6运输容器所产生的含铀废水进行减量化处理试验研究,结果表明膜蒸馏技术对铀元素的截留率高于99%[27]。Kaptako等采用纳滤分离放射性废水中U元素的研究表明,pH是影响纳滤去除放射性废水中U的重要因素;在pH>9的碱性溶液中,纳滤膜对U的截留率达到95%[28]。采用膜组合工艺(混凝沉淀+超滤+反渗透)处理含铀地下水(铀质量浓度为0.3~0.5 mg/L),混凝沉淀对铀的去除率为86%,超滤对铀的去除率为15%,该组合工艺对地下水中铀的总去除率高于99%[29]
膜分离法对非离子态的放射性物质去除效果较好,具有浓缩、去污和出水水质稳定等特点。随着膜材料和制备技术的不断发展,膜分离法已在中试规模和大规模的放射性核素污染废液处理中广泛应用。在膜分离技术应用中,不同膜技术适合处理不同类型的废水,但总体上对于pH低、盐度高、含大分子及油类物质多的废水,应考虑膜结构和膜降解问题,并根据处理水体情况,设置预处理或与其他方法联合处理;根据膜的去除机理,也可多种膜组合使用,延长膜的使用寿命。
吸附法是通过吸附材料的吸附作用将溶液中的可溶性放射性核素去除的方法。吸附材料主要包括碳族材料(活性炭、活性纤维、碳分子筛)、无机吸附材料(黏土矿物、活性氧化铝、介孔二氧化硅)、有机聚合物(纤维素、壳聚糖)等[30-31]。吸附材料不同,吸附去除放射性核素的机理也不同。研究人员通过各种光谱分析方法(FT-IR、XPS、XAFS、TRLFS及XRD)、计算方法(表面配合模型、分子动力学模拟)等的结合,进行不同材料的放射性核素吸附原理揭示和表征。
活性炭是最基本的碳基原料,常被直接作为吸附材料或改性制备吸附材料的基质。Yakout等以稻草制备活性炭并利用氢氧化钾活化后进行吸附铀试验,结果表明在pH=5.5、吸附平衡时间40 min时,铀吸附量最大,吸附容量为100 mg/g[32]。Kütahyali等用活性炭进行吸附铀试验,结果表明在初始铀质量浓度300 mg/L、接触时间5 min、pH=6的条件下,吸附容量为40.7 mg/g,吸附动力学数据与PSO模型拟合较好,吸附等温线数据与Langmuir等温线模型拟合良好[33]。Tian等利用4-苯乙酮对介质炭CMK-5进行功能化,再进行吸附铀试验,结果表明Oxime-CMK-5吸附铀受pH影响较大,吸附量随溶液pH升高而增加,离子强度对吸附的影响相对较小,铀最大吸附容量为65.3 mg/g[34]
无机吸附材料是最早开发的除铀吸附剂之一,包括早期的黏土矿物(如高岭石、蒙脱石)、金属氧化物(如氧化铝、氧化铁、二氧化钛、锰氧化物)和近几年研究的层状双氢氧化物(LDH)、高比表面积的MS材料。高岭土和蒙脱石均具有层状结构[35-36],当pH为6时,吸附在高岭石上的铀接近100%;当pH大于8时,吸附受CO2的影响,带负电荷的UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$和(UO2)2CO3${(OH)}_{3}^{-}$与带负电荷的高岭土表面间的静电排斥作用导致铀吸附减少[37]。与高岭土相似,当pH为中性时,蒙脱石上的铀易于吸附;当pH较高、溶液中存在铀-碳酸盐配合物时,铀吸附量会减少[38]。欧阳毅采用多孔硅胶对高含氟溶液中${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$的吸附试验表明,多孔硅胶对${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$与F-有较高的选择性,在pH为8~9的环境中吸附效果最佳[39]。金属氧化物作为多种岩石或土壤的组成部分,在铀自然环境迁移过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。对铀在氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锰等氧化物表面配合的微观原理进行的研究发现,这些氧化物的选择性较差,不宜作为除铀吸附剂使用[40-43]。近年来,金属氧化物纳米颗粒因具有比表面积大、表面反应位点(即角、边、空位)多和易于功能化等特点,作为铀吸附剂的发展前景较好[44-45]
层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)是一种2D高度可调的类水镁石材料,其中一部分二价阳离子被三价阳离子取代,层间区域具有可交换的阴离子(${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$、Cl-${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$${\mathrm{CO}}_{3}^{2-}$)[46],阴离子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要包括离子交换作用、静电作用、记忆效应及配合作用等,阳离子和阴离子结构不同,LDHs对铀的吸附效果不同。Kulyukhin等研究了不同组成的LDHs对${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$的吸附效果,结果表明LDH-Mg-Al和LDH-Mg-Nd与${\mathrm{CO}}_{3}^{2-}$${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$组成的LDH能高效吸附U(Ⅵ)和OH-,而LDH-Mg-Al-NO3和LDO-Mg-Al组成的LDH对水溶液中U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果较差[47-48]。许婉冰等制备了蜂窝状的锌镍铁三元水滑石(ZnNiFe-LDH),并将其用于吸附铀试验,结果表明,在温度25℃、pH=5、固液质量体积比0.1 g/L时,ZnNiFe-LDH对10 mg/L铀的去除率为97.57%;ZnNiFe-LDH对铀的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附,且该反应是一个容易进行的自发吸热反应[49]。LDHs从水溶液中提取各种有害污染物的效果较好,是较有发展前景的吸附材料,通过不同材料、不同工艺及表面改性等合成条件,可以获得性能优良的除铀LDHs材料。
有机聚合物材料具有对铀离子选择性吸附的螯合官能团,是一种有发展潜力的除铀吸附剂,主要包括纤维素、壳聚糖及合成聚合物等类型。Anirudhan等以二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯为交联剂、过硫酸钾为引发剂,通过甲基丙烯酸和衣康酸在纳米纤维素/纳米膨润土(NC/NB)复合材料上共聚反应合成了吸附剂,该吸附剂最适宜的pH为5.5,从100 mg/L废水中去除U(Ⅵ)的吸附容量为2.0 g/L,动力学数据遵循伪二阶模型,在120 min时达到平衡,该吸附剂从水溶液中提取U(Ⅵ)具有可行性和可重复利用性[50]。Elwakeel等制备并研究了具有磁性的席夫碱-壳聚糖复合材料,在磁铁矿存在下,壳聚糖与硫脲/戊二醛的席夫碱反应生成复合材料,该复合材料在30 min内可去除溶液中99%的${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$,在25℃、pH=4条件下吸附容量达2.32 mmol/g,在动力学上遵循伪二阶模型,对不同元素的吸收规律为U6+>Th4+>Eu3+>Cs+>La3+>Yb3+>Y3+[51]
吸附技术在悬浮物和大颗粒物少的低浓度放射性废液处理方面具有很大优势,用于吸附的材料也取得了大量成果;但吸附材料的工作吸附容量及吸附饱和后处理等带来的问题,需在放射性废水治理应用过程中重点考虑。
蒸发浓缩包括自然蒸发和人工蒸发,自然蒸发适用于铀水冶过程或尾矿渗出的低浓度废水,通过建设废水蒸发池,利用太阳能或风能缓慢蒸发,适用于日照时间长,干旱地区。自然蒸发的优点是初期建设成本及后续运行成本较小,不需要操作和维护,对工作人员也不会造成辐射危害;缺点是蒸发池占地面积大,且依赖风速及太阳辐射强度。
人工蒸发主要是针对中高浓度或成分复杂的放射性废水,如乏燃料后处理厂产生的高放废液,人工蒸发的优点是快速高效、灵活性大,缺点是设施费高、耗能大,运行费用高。另外,放射性强、毒性大及成分复杂的废液对蒸发技术和设备要求也高,在蒸发减容时需防止放射性核素随着水蒸汽的夹带作用而扩散到冷凝液中。陈丹红通过模拟高放废液进行蒸发浓缩的试验表明,在120~140℃范围内,随着蒸发温度的升高,Cs、Sr、Ru和Ce核素的挥发率和放射性浓度逐渐增大,净化系数逐渐减小[52]。刘啸尘等为解决电极镀铀工艺废水的处理问题,开发了适合该工艺特殊要求的蒸发浓缩装置,通过微负压蒸馏原理将废水中的水分汽化[53]
随着高效界面蒸发概念的提出,高效吸光耐用材料和简洁方便的蒸发装置也得到了进一步研发,这进一步扩大了自然蒸发浓缩的应用场景。人工蒸发虽然效率高,但放射性核素随蒸汽夹带、设备结构等安全问题也需要通过技术和设备的研发得以解决。
化学法是从放射性废水中分离和浓缩污染物的方法,污染物的类型、浓度、场地条件和特征将决定化学法的适用性。化学法主要包括离子交换法、化学沉淀法和可渗透反应墙法。
离子交换法主要是利用树脂将废水中的放射性核素和重金属离子降至可排放的水平,树脂具有大量可离子交换点位和对特种离子的亲和力,“可交换”离子与树脂结合的离子键较弱,树脂对特定类型离子的亲和力强,树脂与放射性废水接触后,核素与树脂结合,从而将废物中的放射性核素分离出来。由于铀主要是以碳酸铀酰等阴离子配合物形式存在,因此去除废水中的铀主要使用阴离子交换树脂。
Rahmati等用IRA-910树脂吸附U(Ⅵ)并进行了吸附容量、热力学和动力学研究,在溶液中铀质量浓度185.5 mg/L、硫酸浓度0.02~9 mol/L时,树脂最大容量为64.3 mg/g,吸附过程为吸热反应,吸附符合拟二阶动力学模型[54]。Semnani等研究了磷酸根离子对铀在CG-400阴离子交换树脂上吸附的影响,结果表明,当存在磷酸根时,铀在该树脂上的吸附较快,遵循伪二级动力学,最大铀吸附量为112.36 mg/g,铀吸附的最佳pH约为3;当不存在磷酸根时,最大铀吸附量为57.14 mg/g;pH和磷酸根对铀在该树脂上的吸附起着非常重要的作用[55]
离子交换法已应用于放射性离子含量低、悬浮物及固体颗粒少的铀矿井及铀尾矿坝等渗出废水的处理中,并将水体中的放射性核素和无机金属浓度降至污水排放水平。树脂含有螯合基团,有利于选择性地结合铀酰离子,比活性炭具有更高的选择性,但其价格较高。由于离子交换技术只将污染物固定在交换介质中,不影响污染物本身的放射性,因此还需要处理、储存或处置离子交换产生的浓缩废物。同时,离子交换法的应用也受pH、温度、离子浓度、流速、树脂的选择性和交换容量、树脂介质堵塞等因素的限制。
化学沉淀法是指利用化学药剂将放射性废水中的核素转化为可沉淀物质,从而达到去除核素的目的。该方法效果稳定、投资少、操作简单,最常用的沉淀剂包括碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硫化物、磷酸盐、聚合物、石灰和其他氢氧化物。
化学沉淀法去除废水中核素的过程是向含放射性核素的中性或酸性废水中加入石灰水或氢氧化钠等药剂,调节pH至9~11,通过化学反应将可溶性放射性核素转化为不溶性沉淀物;必要时也会加入特效试剂、絮凝剂等提升去除效果、加速沉降过程。该工艺的处理效率取决于废水中放射性核素的浓度、溶液pH以及所用沉淀剂的种类和剂量。徐晨阳等对钙盐联合沉淀法处理低铀浓度含氟废水进行了研究,结果表明采用熟石灰和氯化钙为沉淀剂、聚丙烯酰胺为絮凝剂,可将废水中铀质量浓度降至5.26 μg/L[56]
化学沉淀法是铀矿山和水冶厂处理放射性废水的常用方法,常需要添加絮凝剂辅助沉降,已用于受放射性核素及污染金属离子废水的处理。但当放射性废水中的铁、铝及硫酸根含量较多时,产生的污泥量较大,约占废水量的10%左右。
可渗透反应墙(PRB)是一种污染废水原位治理技术,是一种放置在地下的反应材料工程屏障,污染水依靠自然水力传输流经反应介质时,废水中的有机物、金属、核素等污染物会被降解、吸附、沉淀。可渗透反应墙结构形式上主要分为连续反应墙式和漏斗-导水门式,见图2
可渗透反应墙使用的活性介质材料一般为2类:1)氧化还原型介质材料,主要有零价铁(ZVI)、Fe(Ⅱ)矿物和双金属等还原剂,主要是利用介质材料的还原性与废水中的铀发生氧化还原反应,将U(Ⅵ))还原生成UO2,达到除铀目的;2)吸附型介质材料,包括颗粒活性炭、草炭土、沸石、膨润土、粉煤灰、铁的氢氧化物、铝硅酸盐等吸附剂,主要利用介质材料的吸附性,通过吸附和离子交换作用而达到除铀目的[57]
零价铁是最常见的活性介质材料,零价铁去除铀的原理主要包括还原、吸附和共沉淀[58]。ZVI去除溶液中U(Ⅵ)以还原沉淀和吸附作用为主,吸附-还原反应遵循一级化学反应动力学方程[59]。刘宸等将制备的纳米零价铁负载于改性沸石表面,处理铀质量浓度为1 g/L的含铀废水,U(Ⅵ)去除率和最大吸附量分别为96.72%和48.55 mg/g,复合材料对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型[60]
可渗透反应墙技术具有效率高、成本低、工艺流程简单、可长时间自动运行等特点,应用前景良好。国外已有一些工程案例,如美国科罗拉多州Bodo Canyon处置场、科罗拉多州Cotter公司铀水冶厂等。在应用方面,PRB的介质材料应具有去除核素性能优、容量高、稳定性好、不易钝化及经济性好等特点,以保证反应墙长期、有效、安全稳定。PRB应具有良好的渗透性,常用介质材料的渗透系数一般约为周围渗透系数的2倍。若介质材料孔隙率太大,为保证接触时间,反应墙的规模会变大;若介质材料孔隙率太小,则会导致反应墙堵塞速度快,影响使用寿命。
自然界中存在的某些特定植物和微生物对铀等核素具有耐受能力,并可以通过氧化还原、吸附积累固定等方式对地下水、地表水中放射性核素进行清除。生物法已成为近年来放射性废水处理的研究热点。
植物吸收法是通过植物根系对地下水的核素进行过滤、吸收,再利用枝叶向空气中的蒸腾作用实现对于某些放射性核素的去除。植物吸收放射性废水的机制可分为根系过滤固定、植物提取转移及植物挥发,见图3[22]108
根系过滤固定是利用植物根系吸收过滤沉淀水体中放射性核素,此方法主要用于湿地水体的污染治理,已在多个试验中证明根系过滤能有效降低废水中的铀浓度。Han等在废水初始铀质量浓度18~263 μg/L、不同pH(pH分别为3、5、7、9)时,对生菜、大白菜、毛茛进行了根过滤试验,当pH较低时,萝卜对铀的耐受性很高,根中铀浓度为1 215.8 μg/g,具有显著的铀积累潜力[61]。Tomé等用向日葵幼苗测试了根过滤对污染水中天然铀和226Ra的去除效果,在2 d内,约50%的天然铀和70%的226Ra被固定在根部[62]
植物提取转移是利用植物内部物质迁移将根系吸收的水中核素运移至植物地上茎叶部分,再通过回收植物地上茎叶将放射性核素移走,达到去除水中放射性核素的目的。植物挥发是利用植物的蒸腾作用,将某些特定的放射性物质从茎叶中挥发出去,如可以通过植物茎叶将负电子发射体氚以呼吸作用为主的方式释放到大气中[63]
利用能够超积累放射性核素的植物处理放射性废水,具有成本低、安全性较高和美化环境等优点,但也存在一些困难。首先,需要筛选出能够超积累铀等核素及对放射性废水耐受的植物,且能够在营养缺乏等特定放射性污水环境中生长;其次,由于放射性废水缺乏植物生长的养分且其他重金属含量高,植物生长周期较长,植物吸附过程所需时间长。因此,植物吸附法需要以筛选对核素超积累高、适应环境能力强的植物为基础,以改善植物生长的土壤、废水组成及植物-微生物联合技术等为辅进行植物吸附。
微生物法是指通过微生物与放射性核素间发生的生物地球化学作用治理污染水体,该方法主要通过微生物还原、生物矿化、生物累积和生物吸附实现对放射性核素的去除。
生物还原去除铀的方式主要是在厌氧条件下,利用提供电子供体的碳源,在获取新陈代谢能量的同时将U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ)[64]。生物矿化则是铀与微生物生长繁殖所产生的副产物发生相互作用,形成矿物沉淀,达到固定铀的目的[65-66]。生物累积是通过微生物从含铀废液中将铀离子摄入至微生物体内,在体内与其他离子生成固体化合物而滞留体内并累积。生物吸附则是微生物利用细胞壁的羟基等活性基团及结构易与铀相结合的性能,通过配合或螯合,达到固定铀的目的[67]。生物还原除铀最稳定,生物累积和生物吸附固定铀的稳定性较差。
采用微生物处理对铀矿开采含铀废水进行的研究较多。在除铀体系中加入钙、磷酸盐等物质可提高还原产物的稳定性,通过添加含磷化合物处理铀污染物地下水-沉积物,对溶液中铀的去除率达99.84%[68-69]。微生物可将酸法地浸采铀矿山退役采区地下水中的U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ),将不稳定结合态的铀转化为稳定结合态的铀,其转化率达40.35%[70]。从某铀矿山周边土壤中富集分离出的硫酸盐还原菌A1SXC21Q,在25~35℃条件下对${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$和铀的去除率达95%,微生物可将富集于其表面的铀转移到细胞内部,并形成多个“核状”磷酸铀酰配合物,形成的固铀产物稳定[71]
由于微生物的活性受温度和pH等条件的影响较大,目前微生物治理含铀废水,特别是治理含铀地下水,主要停留在实验室小试阶段;还需要针对矿山自然条件和水质环境对微生物的种类和生长条件进行进一步筛选和驯化,以推动实际废水修复工程规模化应用。
国内外在研究适用于不同污染程度的放射性废水处理技术方面取得了许多宝贵经验;经过不同处理技术组合的实验室和工业级的试验验证,形成了一系列适用于特定放射性核素污染条件的技术;但有的技术存在成本高、无法大规模实施,以及不足以解决特定污染等问题。因此,在放射性废水治理技术发展上,水质适应能力强、处理容量大及稳定性能好的复合材料具有较好的应用前景,如多核素吸附复合材料等;开发流程短、操作简便、可回收资源、二次污染少的工艺技术装备,以及提高放射性废水治理的经济环保效益是重点发展方向。放射性废水类型多种多样,其治理过程涉及物理、化学、生物及水文地质等学科,多学科、多方法综合治理技术将是铀矿冶放射性废水治理的主要研究方向和重点。
  • 国家重点研发项目(2023YFC2907800)
  • 国家重点研发项目(低品位铀金多金属矿高效富集与分离提取技术)
  • 核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金(2023NRE-LH-14)
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13
  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
基金
国家重点研发项目(2023YFC2907800)
国家重点研发项目(低品位铀金多金属矿高效富集与分离提取技术)
核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金(2023NRE-LH-14)
作者信息
    核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149

通讯作者:

李存增(1980—),男,山东临沂人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事铀矿冶和伴生矿辐射防护与环境保护研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yky/CN/10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.13
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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