Article(id=1147999686067216583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)01-0018-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.08.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634053960, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634053960, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634053960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634053960, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999683156370319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634053267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123824852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179414062141158321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179414062141158322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999683156370319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999686658613494, articleId=1147999686067216583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Sandstone Uranium Deposit by Blasting, columnId=1175805041752556213, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of heterogeneous strata on blasting, the stratigraphic factors and coupling methods were analyzed, and the thickness, density and dip angle of the rock strata were numerically studied by different coupling methods. The results show that the increase of the thickness of the middle sandstone and the increase of the density of the upper and lower layers will inhibit the crack propagation, and the inclined sandstone rock layer will produce horizontal and oblique staggered cracks, and the water-coupled charge blasting can protect the blast hole and increase the effective stress of the blast stress wave, and the selection of appropriate uncoupling coefficient can increase the energy transmitted by the blasting stress wave. The blasting force of the cracker is greater, and the addition of a warhead can form an initial crack and guide further crack propagation. Designing a reasonable scheme according to the formation condition can improve the blasting and permeability efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Yongxiang ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiawei LI, Yongxiang ZHENG, Wei WANG, Qinghe NIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147999694732649467, articleId=1147999686067216583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=非均质砂岩铀矿层爆破增渗裂纹扩展数值模拟, columnId=1175805041991631542, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=开采·选冶, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究非均质地层对爆破的影响,通过考虑地层、耦合方式等因素,在不同岩层厚度、密度、倾角、耦合方式等条件下进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:中层砂岩厚度的增加、上下层岩层密度的提升均会抑制裂缝扩展;倾斜砂岩岩层会产生水平方向和斜向交错的裂纹;水耦合装药爆破可保护炮孔并增加爆炸应力波的有效应力,适宜的不耦合系数可提升爆破应力波传递的能量;致裂器爆破对岩层冲击力更大,添加弹头可形成初始裂缝,引导裂纹进一步扩展。根据地层状况设计合理方案,可提升爆破增渗效率。, correspAuthors=郑永香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郑永香(1991—),男,河北邢台人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为深部岩石力学。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PYuCs5lIM1z72KyoUlPiiA==, magXml=HWm+sa1B855x+23KEUKK2w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ip7jJt8hwMzWVG6uspardQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2KBuN84t7J/Tp5bpsJdasQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李嘉伟(1997—),男,河北邯郸人,硕士,主要研究方向为铀矿爆破增渗。

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李嘉伟(1997—),男,河北邯郸人,硕士,主要研究方向为铀矿爆破增渗。

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李嘉伟(1997—),男,河北邯郸人,硕士,主要研究方向为铀矿爆破增渗。

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Blasting, 2020, 37(1):46-54 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of failure process and damage of gray sandstone under impact loading, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179340890284896425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, awardId=12372375, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(12372375), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179340890343616682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, awardId=E2021210128, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210128), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179340890402336939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, awardId=E2021210036, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179340890469445804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, awardId=2023NRE-LH-16, 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language=CN, label=图18, caption=炮孔底层y向峰值有效应力, figureFileSmall=FnqugvOqCwex7jENAYIMHA==, figureFileBig=Eqqu2cxWSeIAU1xdsIfSMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179340889458618527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sandstone HJC model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度
R0/(kg/m3)
单轴抗压强度
FC/MPa
抗拉强度
T/MPa
剪切模量
G/GPa
断裂前塑性应变量
EFMIN
应变率影响系数
C
2 416 88.3 8.70 5.16 0.004 65 0.012 7
压力常数
K1/GPa
压力常数
K2/GPa
压力常数
K3/MPa
压溃压力
Pc/MPa
压实点压力
PL/GPa
破碎体积应变
Uc
81 -91 89 29.4 0.8 0.003 4
压实点体积应变
UL
特征化凝聚强度
A
特征化压力强化因子
B
压力硬化指数
N
特征化最大强度
SFMAX
损伤常数
D1
损伤常数
D2
0.08 0.32 1.76 0.79 7 0.013 1
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889534116000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

砂岩HJC模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度
R0/(kg/m3)
单轴抗压强度
FC/MPa
抗拉强度
T/MPa
剪切模量
G/GPa
断裂前塑性应变量
EFMIN
应变率影响系数
C
2 416 88.3 8.70 5.16 0.004 65 0.012 7
压力常数
K1/GPa
压力常数
K2/GPa
压力常数
K3/MPa
压溃压力
Pc/MPa
压实点压力
PL/GPa
破碎体积应变
Uc
81 -91 89 29.4 0.8 0.003 4
压实点体积应变
UL
特征化凝聚强度
A
特征化压力强化因子
B
压力硬化指数
N
特征化最大强度
SFMAX
损伤常数
D1
损伤常数
D2
0.08 0.32 1.76 0.79 7 0.013 1
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889618002081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soft rock HJC model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度
R0/(kg/m3)
单轴抗压强度
FC/MPa
抗拉强度
T/MPa
剪切模量
G/GPa
断裂前塑性应变量
EFMIN
应变率影响系数
C
1 428 4.3 1.11 2.20 0.01 0.007
压力常数
K1/GPa
压力常数
K2/GPa
压力常数
K3/MPa
压溃压力
Pc/MPa
压实点压力
PL/GPa
破碎体积应变
Uc
85 171 208 10.7 0.001 5 2.23
压实点体积应变
UL
特征化凝聚强度
A
特征化压力强化因子
B
压力硬化指数
N
特征化最大强度
SFMAX
损伤常数
D1
损伤常数
D2
0.12 0.79 1.60 0.61 7 0.019 1
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889714471074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

软岩HJC模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度
R0/(kg/m3)
单轴抗压强度
FC/MPa
抗拉强度
T/MPa
剪切模量
G/GPa
断裂前塑性应变量
EFMIN
应变率影响系数
C
1 428 4.3 1.11 2.20 0.01 0.007
压力常数
K1/GPa
压力常数
K2/GPa
压力常数
K3/MPa
压溃压力
Pc/MPa
压实点压力
PL/GPa
破碎体积应变
Uc
85 171 208 10.7 0.001 5 2.23
压实点体积应变
UL
特征化凝聚强度
A
特征化压力强化因子
B
压力硬化指数
N
特征化最大强度
SFMAX
损伤常数
D1
损伤常数
D2
0.12 0.79 1.60 0.61 7 0.019 1
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889798357155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Explosives parameters of TNT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg/m3) 爆速Ce/(m/s) A*/GPa B*/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/(MJ/m)
1 150 3 500 714 18 5.56 1.6 0.35 4 190
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889886437540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

TNT炸药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg/m3) 爆速Ce/(m/s) A*/GPa B*/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/(MJ/m)
1 150 3 500 714 18 5.56 1.6 0.35 4 190
), ArticleFig(id=1179340889957740709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Air material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 V E0/(MJ/m)
0 0 0 0 0.4 0.4 0 1.0 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1179340890016460966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

空气材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 V E0/(MJ/m)
0 0 0 0 0.4 0.4 0 1.0 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1179340890083569831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Blocking parameter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg/m3) E/GPa V A0 A1 A2
1 850 1.6×10-4 0.35 2.4 1.36 0.123
), ArticleFig(id=1179340890171650216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999686067216583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

阻塞参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg/m3) E/GPa V A0 A1 A2
1 850 1.6×10-4 0.35 2.4 1.36 0.123
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非均质砂岩铀矿层爆破增渗裂纹扩展数值模拟
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李嘉伟 1, 2 , 郑永香 1, 2 , 王伟 1, 2 , 牛庆合 1, 2, 3
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025,44(1): 18-29
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025, 44(1): 18-29
非均质砂岩铀矿层爆破增渗裂纹扩展数值模拟
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李嘉伟1, 2, 郑永香1, 2, 王伟1, 2, 牛庆合1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 石家庄铁道大学 道路与铁道工程安全保障教育部重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050043
  • 2 石家庄铁道大学 河北省金属矿山安全高效开采技术创新中心, 河北 石家庄 050043
  • 3 东华理工大学 核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330013
  • 李嘉伟(1997—),男,河北邯郸人,硕士,主要研究方向为铀矿爆破增渗。

通讯作者:

郑永香(1991—),男,河北邢台人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为深部岩石力学。
Numerical Simulation of Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Sandstone Uranium Deposit by Blasting
Jiawei LI1, 2, Yongxiang ZHENG1, 2, Wei WANG1, 2, Qinghe NIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Road and Railway Engineering Safety Assurance of Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 2 Hebei Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Safe and Efficient Mining of Metal Mines, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.08.01
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为研究非均质地层对爆破的影响,通过考虑地层、耦合方式等因素,在不同岩层厚度、密度、倾角、耦合方式等条件下进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:中层砂岩厚度的增加、上下层岩层密度的提升均会抑制裂缝扩展;倾斜砂岩岩层会产生水平方向和斜向交错的裂纹;水耦合装药爆破可保护炮孔并增加爆炸应力波的有效应力,适宜的不耦合系数可提升爆破应力波传递的能量;致裂器爆破对岩层冲击力更大,添加弹头可形成初始裂缝,引导裂纹进一步扩展。根据地层状况设计合理方案,可提升爆破增渗效率。
砂岩  /  铀矿  /  爆破增渗  /  裂纹扩展  /  应力波  /  有效应力

In order to study the influence of heterogeneous strata on blasting, the stratigraphic factors and coupling methods were analyzed, and the thickness, density and dip angle of the rock strata were numerically studied by different coupling methods. The results show that the increase of the thickness of the middle sandstone and the increase of the density of the upper and lower layers will inhibit the crack propagation, and the inclined sandstone rock layer will produce horizontal and oblique staggered cracks, and the water-coupled charge blasting can protect the blast hole and increase the effective stress of the blast stress wave, and the selection of appropriate uncoupling coefficient can increase the energy transmitted by the blasting stress wave. The blasting force of the cracker is greater, and the addition of a warhead can form an initial crack and guide further crack propagation. Designing a reasonable scheme according to the formation condition can improve the blasting and permeability efficiency.

sandstone  /  uranium deposit  /  blasting and infiltration  /  crack propagation  /  stress waves  /  effective stress
李嘉伟, 郑永香, 王伟, 牛庆合. 非均质砂岩铀矿层爆破增渗裂纹扩展数值模拟. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (1) : 18 -29 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.08.01
Jiawei LI, Yongxiang ZHENG, Wei WANG, Qinghe NIU. Numerical Simulation of Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Sandstone Uranium Deposit by Blasting[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (1) : 18 -29 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.08.01
天然铀是重要的核电燃料,是战略性矿产资源,在能源结构中占有重要地位[1]。目前,中国天然铀的对外依存度较高,约为83%[2]。砂岩型铀矿占中国铀资源的43%,主要采用地浸采铀法开采该类资源;但部分矿床的渗透率低,不利于地浸法的使用,地浸采铀效果的提高是储层渗透性提升的关键[3]
王伟等对低渗铀矿层提出了通过炸药作为能量输入的“爆破增渗”物理改造方法,提高储层的渗透率和铀矿的开采效率[4-6]。孙江涛等发现上软下硬复合地层隧道爆破施工地震动效应受密度和弹性模量影响较大,泊松比和内摩擦角对爆破地震动效应的影响较小[7]。周俊建立“上硬下软”混凝土模型,运用高速摄影仪观察爆破瞬间裂纹扩展,分析裂纹扩展规律[8]。王伟等分析了砂岩试样的破坏形式及破坏机制,总结了轴压、围压和应变率对砂岩裂纹密度的影响规律[9]2。孙宁新等针对含软弱夹层岩体爆炸应力波的传播过程,探讨了软弱夹层厚度、位置及角度对爆炸应力波传播的影响规律[10]。张树川等发现爆破应力波传到不同岩体介质的分界面时会发生反射和折射,探究了控制孔对爆破效果的影响[11]2
液态CO2相变致裂法具有操作简单、爆破威力大、无污染的优点,成为当前研究的热点[12]。张嘉凡等以煤岩体静力学试验和SHPB冲击试验为基础,通过数值模拟反演了煤岩HJC模型的主要敏感参数,建立液态CO2爆破模型,模拟分析在受致裂装置的约束作用下爆破裂纹扩展的效果[13]。王伟等发现为保持气孔压力的稳定和降低各气孔间的压差,非均匀对称式分布的泄能头更易输出均匀、持续、稳定的压力,更符合爆破增渗的需求[14]
目前,国内外学者针对砂岩爆破下裂纹扩展进行了一定研究,但通过爆破提升复合岩体的裂纹扩展效果还有待深入研究。为此,针对复合地层中爆破的致裂效果,分析爆破方式、地层因素、耦合方式对裂纹扩展的影响规律,并探究新型CO2相变致裂器的致裂效果。
新疆十红滩砂岩型铀矿床,以层状含铀矿砂岩分布为主,且砂岩强度高于上下层岩石,目前,已对其深层岩层的破坏特征及损伤演化规律进行了探究[9]2,[15],以及对岩层参数进行了研究。十红滩地浸采铀流程见图1,本研究在现有砂岩岩样数据基础上,对爆破增渗进行数值模拟。
HJC和RHT模型是LS-DYNA软件模拟爆破使用最多的模型,计算结果的精准度相对较高。HJC损伤-本构模型考虑了岩石在爆破作用下的压缩和应变率效应,以及岩石损伤对失效强度的影响,该模型在大变形、高应变率、高静水压力下的动态响应方面应用效果良好。HJC模型的极限面被描述为损伤、应变率与静水压力的函数[11]2,[16]2,其破坏失效面可以表示为
σ*=[A(1-D)+BP*N](1+Cln ${\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }}^{\mathrm{*}}$),
式中:σ*—归一化等效强度,σ*=σ/fc且应满足σ*Smax,其中σ为真实应力,fc为单轴抗压强度,Smax为归一化最大等效屈服强度;P*—归一化压力,P*=P/fc,其中P为真实压力;${\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }}^{\mathrm{*}}$—等效应变率,${\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }}^{\mathrm{*}}$=$\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }$/$\stackrel{·}{{\epsilon }_{0}}$,其中$\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }$为真实应变率,$\stackrel{·}{{\epsilon }_{0}}$为参考应变率;D—损伤因子(0≤D≤1);A—归一化粘聚强度;B—归一化压力硬化系数;N—压力硬化指数;C—应变率系数。
由于现场多存在厚度为200 cm左右的砂岩岩层,建立模型整体尺寸为600 cm×600 cm×1 200 cm,含炮孔面为对称面,施加约束;其余面施加无反射边界,模拟地下深层砂岩。模型的上下层为软岩;中层为含铀矿砂岩,厚度为200 cm,是爆破后主要开采目标层。TNT炸药居于中层砂岩中心位置,半径为5 cm,高度为35 cm;炮孔半径为15 cm,阻塞半径为15 cm,阻塞高度为20 cm。采用流固耦合算法,药包起爆方式采用整体起爆,空气耦合域覆盖岩石整体。模型阻塞方式采用空气不耦合装药方式,不耦合系数为3。
为避免爆破产生的裂纹缺陷影响后续应力波的传播,在数值计算中砂岩和软岩引入*MAT_ADD_EROSION失效条件,通过定义失效拉应力、压应力,对岩石裂纹扩展进行模拟,展现裂隙区内裂纹形成、扩展至贯通的过程,反映岩体的几何非线性特性,模拟材料的结构性破坏阶段。模型见图2
为研究复合地层爆破裂纹扩展,建立数值模型,中层采用砂岩,上下层采用软岩。相关参数采用本课题已有研究结果,中层砂岩采用的本构模型参数见表1[17],上下层软岩用的本构模型参数见表2。岩石HJC参数为软件参数,以课题组已有数据论文为基础。
炸药采用*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN和JWL状态方程模拟,高能炸药爆炸产物单元压力(P)由状态方程可得[16]3,其表达式为

P=A*$\left(1-\frac{\omega }{{R}_{1}V}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{R}_{1}V}$+

B* $\left(1-\frac{\omega }{{R}_{2}V}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-{R}_{2}V}$+ $\frac{\omega {E}_{0}}{V}$,
式中:P—爆轰的单元压力;V—相对体积;E0—初始比内能;A*B*R1R2ω—炸药材料常数。采用TNT炸药,其具体参数见表3
空气采用空物质材料模型*MAT_
NULL[16]3,以线性多项式*EOS_LINER_POLYNOMIAL表示其状态方程:

P=C0+C1V+C2V2+C3V3+

(C4+C5V+C6V2)E0,

式中:C0~C6—空气状态方程相关参数,见表4;VE0参数意义同上。
阻塞目的是防止爆破能量消散,阻塞需要满足强度条件不会破坏,以及保证密封性。阻塞采用*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM[16]4,A0A1A2为塑性屈服常数,E为弹性模量,见表5
为探究岩层厚度对爆破效果的影响,在模型图(图2)的基础上,仅改变中层砂岩厚度,其他参数不变,设置5组模型试验,设置厚度分别为150、175、200、225、250 cm。
爆破开始后,炸药产生的冲击波,迅速传播到炮孔周围岩石产生破坏。随着冲击波在岩石中的传播,逐渐衰减为应力波,破坏形式转变为裂纹扩展。可通过观察500 μs和1 000 μs时刻应力云图(图3),观察应力波在中层砂岩和上下层软岩中的传播过程。应力波从炸药中心处向四周传播,在500 μs时,除250 cm厚度岩层爆破应力波未传播至砂岩与软岩交界处外;其他岩层应力波在传播至砂岩与软岩交界处时均发生应力波反射,形成叠加应力波。在1 000 μs时,随着岩层厚度的增加,由于应力波的传播速度基本相同,应力波在相同时间段内反射次数减少。
由模拟软件计算可知,在5 000 μs时刻,爆破裂纹基本不再扩展。通过观察含炮孔面y方向平面裂纹的扩展情况,探究爆破裂纹扩展效果,y方向切片位置见图4,5 000 μs时,y方向切片爆破裂纹见图5。可以看出,应力波沿着中层砂岩向外传递,在y向20 cm处平面,中层砂岩不同厚度下爆破裂纹扩展相对效果良好;在y向40 cm处平面,中层砂岩厚度为150 cm时裂缝扩展最好,厚度为250 cm时裂缝扩展较差,其他厚度下的裂缝扩展一般;在y向60 cm处平面,中层砂岩厚度为150 cm时裂缝扩展效果仍良好,其他厚度下的裂缝扩展相对较差,厚度为250 cm时裂缝已无扩展。
中层砂岩中不同厚度下的应力波传播速度近似相同,应力波传播至砂岩与软岩交界处时会发生反射,反射波与其他应力波叠加;随着目标岩层厚度的增加,应力波传播至砂岩与软岩接触面的时间会增加,在相同时间内的反射次数减少,叠加波的能量降低。由于应力波的反射,应力波传播的能量大部分留在中层砂岩内,随着中层砂岩厚度的增加,垂直截面能量分散的更多,使爆破应力波叠加能量降低,应力波在中层砂岩的传播能量相对降低,产生的爆破裂纹也随之减少。
通过砂岩岩层炮孔底层y方向峰值有效应力对爆破效果进行分析,结果见图6。在不同中层砂岩厚度下,随着爆心距(爆源到该点的距离)增加,峰值有效应力呈缓-急-缓下降趋势。随着中层砂岩厚度减少,岩层传播的峰值有效应力增加。当中层砂岩厚度为150 cm时,峰值有效应力较其他砂岩厚度时提升较明显;随着砂岩厚度的增加,峰值有效应力不断降低,但降低趋势逐渐减缓,并趋向一致。研究表明,目标岩层厚度的提升会抑制裂纹扩展。
在模型图(图2)基础上,仅改变上层和下层岩石属性,设置5组模型试验,其中中层砂岩密度为2.416 g/cm3,上下层软岩密度分别为1.428、1.928、2.416、2.840、3.240 g/cm3,
500 μs和1 000 μs时刻的应力波见图7。可以看出,当上下层软岩密度为1.428、1.928 g/cm3时,应力波传播至砂岩与上下层岩层交界处时,发生反射形成叠加应力波,大部分应力波沿水平方向仅在砂岩中传播;当上下层岩层密度分别为2.416、2.840、3.240 g/cm3时,应力波从砂岩透射进入上下层岩层中,应力波呈圆形从砂岩向上下层岩层中传播。当爆破能量从高密度岩层传播至低密度岩层时,大部分爆破应力波会反射至高密度岩层内;当爆破能量从低密度岩层传播至高密度岩层时,大部分爆破应力波会穿透高密度岩层。可见,岩层间相对密度的改变,会影响应力波的传播规律。
5 000 μs时刻含炮孔面y向切片爆破裂纹见图8。在y向20 cm处平面,不同密度下中层砂岩爆破裂纹扩展效果均良好;在y向40 cm处平面,当上下层为软岩时,密度为1.428、1.928 g/cm3的裂纹爆破效果与2.416、2.840、3.240 g/cm3时的裂纹爆破效果相比略好;在y向60 cm处平面,上下层软岩密度为1.428、1.928 g/cm3时仍有爆破裂纹扩展,上下层软岩密度为2.840 g/cm3时爆破裂纹扩展更少,而上下层软岩密度为2.416、3.240 g/cm3时已无爆破裂纹扩展。
当中层砂岩密度大于上下层岩石密度时,反射波和入射波方向相反,将会出现叠加波。故当上下岩层为软岩时,中层砂岩扩展裂纹更多,爆破致裂效果更好。当中层砂岩密度小于上下层岩石时,大量应力波会穿过2种岩层的交界处,并产生折射波。当上下岩层为硬岩时,应力波传播发生折射,反射波相对较少,中层砂岩扩展裂纹较少,爆破致裂效果较差;当2种岩层参数相似,入射应力波全部透射进入第2种介质。研究表明,当上下层为参数相似的岩石时,中层砂岩扩展裂纹最少,爆破致裂效果最差。
通过监测砂岩岩层炮孔底层y方向峰值有效应力对爆破效果进行分析(图9)。当上下岩层的密度小于中层砂岩时,随着密度的提升,峰值有效应力逐渐下降,致裂效果更差,随着爆心距的增加,峰值有效应力差距逐渐减少;当上下岩层的密度等于或大于中层砂岩时,峰值有效应力趋于一致,爆破产生的裂纹效果相似。在一些露天工况中,对于含节理岩体可考虑通过灌注同等强度岩体延续爆破应力波,以及在中层砂岩边界处灌注低强度混凝土控制爆破方向和提升爆破效果。
为探究岩层倾角对爆破裂纹扩展的影响,在模型图(图2)的基础上,仅改变中层砂岩倾角,设置3组模型试验,倾角分别为0°、20°和30°。
500 μs和1 000 μs时刻应力云图见图10。可以看出,随着目标岩层的倾角改变,应力波扩散的方向也改变,经过中层砂岩与上下层岩石交界处发生应力波反射。随着地层形态不同,岩层内传播的应力波集中方向随着中层砂岩倾角改变,平层应力波传播集中应力轮廓呈上下对称形状;而倾斜岩层由于初始爆炸冲击波传播方向和应力波反射方向不同,应力波传播集中应力轮廓呈反对称形状。
5 000 μs时刻含炮孔面y向切片爆破裂纹见图11。可以看出,随着目标岩层的倾角改变,会产生斜向裂纹,由于炮孔是垂直方向,炸药最初爆破集中方向倾向于水平方向,应力波在砂岩和软岩交界处发生反射,传播方向与倾角方向一致,使水平和倾斜裂缝共同出现,裂缝相对较分散,倾斜岩层对于爆破裂纹在水平方向上的扩展具有一定影响。随着中层砂岩角度的增加,倾斜岩层爆破裂纹增加。
根据实际工况,如遇到倾斜岩层,在底部实施斜孔爆破,可使爆破冲击波和爆生气体沿着同岩层倾角方向传播,提高能量利用率。
为探究耦合方式对爆破裂纹扩展的影响,在模型图(图2)的基础上,仅改变耦合系数,设置5组模型,分别为空气耦合、空气不耦合系数为2、空气不耦合系数为3、水不耦合系数为2、水不耦合系数为3。
通过观察500 μs和1 000 μs时刻应力云图(图12)可知,采用空气和水的耦合方式,皆符合岩层应力波传播至砂岩与软岩交界处发生反射,形成波的叠加;与空气耦合方式相比,水耦合方式在爆破中心区应力集中范围更大。
通过观察5 000 μs时刻含炮孔面y向切片爆破裂纹(图13)可知,在y向20 cm处平面,在不同耦合方式下中层砂岩爆破裂纹扩展效果均良好;在y向40 cm处平面,空气耦合和不耦合装药方式,较水耦合装药方式,裂缝扩展略少;在y向60 cm处平面,空气耦合装药方式已无裂缝扩展,空气不耦合装药方式仍有少量裂纹扩展,水耦合装药裂纹扩展相对更好。通过注水可以提升炸药对岩层的应力,使其均匀分布,对炮孔上层起到保护作用。
通过监测砂岩岩层炮孔底层y向峰值有效应力对爆破效果进行分析,结果见图14。可以看出,空气耦合的峰值有效应力下降最快;当采用空气不耦合爆破时,不耦合系数为2时的爆破峰值有效应力较高;当采用水不耦合爆破时,也是不耦合系数为2时的爆破峰值有效应力较高。说明选择合适的不耦合装药系数可以提升爆破效果。当不耦合系数均为2或3时,采用水不耦合比空气不耦合的爆破效果更好,同时可以将爆破应力均匀作用在岩石上。
不耦合装药加大了爆炸应力波的作用范围,增加了能量传递,提高了炸药能量利用率。水耦合装药爆破有弹性缓冲、保护炮孔作用,可增加爆炸应力波的有效应力。选择合适的不耦合系数,可以提升爆破应力波传递的能量,合适的水不耦合系数装药爆破方式更符合工况。
为研究液态CO2相变致裂器爆破对裂缝扩展的影响,在模型图(图2)的基础上,增加相变致裂器,设置3组模型试验,分别为常规爆破、致裂器爆破和弹头致裂器爆破模拟,见图15。致裂器呈圆柱形,外壁设置多孔,在此基础上在致裂器泄气孔口处添加弹头使其成为弹头致裂器。通过致裂器,可提升对岩石的冲击效果,提升岩层的爆破应力;在致裂器上添加弹头,可以在爆破初期,通过炸药爆破时的冲击波,推动致裂器孔口处弹头破坏岩层产生裂缝,达到预制裂纹效果,使接下来的应力波和爆生气体沿着该裂缝方向进一步扩展裂缝。
通过观察500 μs和1 000 μs时刻应力云图(图16)可知,3种爆破方式下,岩层应力波传播至砂岩与软岩交界处均发生反射,形成波的叠加。常规爆破应力波呈光滑弧状传播,而致裂器爆破由于多孔冲击,则出现应力波呈不规则弧状传播的现象。
通过观察5 000 μs时刻含炮孔面y方向切片爆破裂纹(图17)可知,在y向20 cm处平面,3种爆破方式下中层砂岩爆破裂纹扩展效果均良好;在y向40 cm处平面,致裂器爆破裂缝扩展较好,而弹头型裂缝方向比较单一;在y向60 cm处平面,弹头致裂器爆破裂缝扩展较多,弹头能达到预制裂缝的效果。与常规爆破相比,致裂器爆破裂纹扩展效果良好,弹头致裂器爆破效果最好,更易产生集中裂纹。
通过对砂岩岩层炮孔底层y向监测峰值有效应力对爆破效果进行分析(图18)。可以看出,与常规爆破相比,致裂器爆破峰值有效应力更高,对岩层冲击力更大;弹头型致裂器产生的爆破峰值有效应力最高,通过爆破初应力推动弹头形成初始裂缝,引导后续应力波和爆生气体进一步扩展裂纹,从而产生更远的裂纹。弹头型致裂器的安全性、实用性,有待进一步研发。
基于数值模拟方法,从地层因素、耦合方式以及增加致裂器等方面对砂岩爆破进行数值模拟,分析其应力波传播、裂纹扩展效果和爆破下岩石有效应力,得到以下结论:
1)随着中层砂岩厚度增加,裂纹扩展效果降低,但降低趋势逐渐减少,趋向一致。当上下岩层的密度小于中层砂岩时,随着岩层密度的提升,产生的峰值有效应力降低,裂纹扩展效果降低;当上下岩层的密度等于或高于中层砂岩时,峰值有效应力趋向一致,爆破产生的裂纹效果相似。应力波扩散的方向随着中层砂岩的倾角变化而改变,爆破裂纹扩展相对分散,产生水平方向和斜向裂纹交错。
2)水耦合装药爆破不仅能起到弹性缓冲和保护炮孔作用,还可增加爆炸应力波的有效应力。选择合适的不耦合系数,可以提升爆破应力波传递的能量。
3)与常规爆破相比,致裂器爆破对岩层冲击力更大,添加弹头后可通过爆破初应力推动弹头形成初始裂缝,引导裂纹进一步扩展,从而产生更远的裂纹。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(12372375)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210128)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210036)
  • 中国铀业有限公司-东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金资助(2023NRE-LH-16)
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.08.01
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(12372375)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210128)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021210036)
中国铀业有限公司-东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金资助(2023NRE-LH-16)
作者信息
    1 石家庄铁道大学 道路与铁道工程安全保障教育部重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050043
    2 石家庄铁道大学 河北省金属矿山安全高效开采技术创新中心, 河北 石家庄 050043
    3 东华理工大学 核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330013

通讯作者:

郑永香(1991—),男,河北邢台人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为深部岩石力学。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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