Article(id=1171165159503478874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)03-0016-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.02.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757157133221, onlineDateStr=2025-09-06, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757157133221, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757157133221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757157133221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1171165154017321083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757157131914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757582122913, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1171165159755137115, articleId=1171165159503478874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Research on High-pressure Liquid Injection Technology in aLow-permeability Sandstone Uranium Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Low-permeability sandstone uranium mine, with its poor permeability and high injection difficulty, has brought great challenges to the traditional in-situ leaching mining technology. In view of the current low permeability uranium mining problems, this paper discussed the innovative application of high-pressure liquid injection technology in the field of in-situ leaching mining and its effectiveness. Comparative tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of high-pressure liquid injection technology, pumping liquid volume test and tracer test were carried out under atmospheric pressure and high-pressure conditions respectively. The test results show that compared with the atmospheric pressure condition, the high-pressure liquid injection technology increases the injection flow by 6.4 times, the pumping flow by 1.05 times and the seepage velocity by 33 times. High-pressure liquid injection technology can effectively solve the leachants injection problem in low-permeability sandstone uranium mine, and the technology is convenient to implement in the mine site.

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低渗透砂岩型铀矿的渗透性差、浸出剂注入难度高,采用传统地浸开采技术难以对其实现经济有效开发。针对目前低渗透铀矿开采难题,分别在常压和高压条件下进行抽注液量测试和示踪剂试验,通过对比试验验证高压注液技术的应用效果,深入探讨高压注液技术在地浸开采领域的应用及其成效。试验结果表明,与常压条件下相比,高压注液技术将注液量提高了6.4倍,抽液量提高了1.05倍,渗流速度提高了33倍。高压注液技术能有效解决低渗透砂岩型铀矿浸出剂注入难题,且该技术在矿场方便实施。

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侯代稳(1997—),男,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究工作。

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侯代稳(1997—),男,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究工作。

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侯代稳(1997—),男,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究工作。

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参数 矿层厚度/m 平均孔隙度/% 地层压力/MPa 模型长度/m 模型宽度/m 注液流量/(m3/d)
数值 20 15 5.5 200 240 66.5
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示踪试验模型基础数据

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参数 矿层厚度/m 平均孔隙度/% 地层压力/MPa 模型长度/m 模型宽度/m 注液流量/(m3/d)
数值 20 15 5.5 200 240 66.5
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低渗透砂岩型铀矿高压注液技术研究
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侯代稳 , 李宏星 , 刘双民 , 何柯
铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025,44(3): 16-22
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025, 44(3): 16-22
低渗透砂岩型铀矿高压注液技术研究
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侯代稳, 李宏星, 刘双民, 何柯
作者信息
  • 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 侯代稳(1997—),男,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究工作。

Research on High-pressure Liquid Injection Technology in aLow-permeability Sandstone Uranium Mine
Daiwen HOU, Hongxing LI, Shuangmin LIU, Ke HE
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.02.03
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低渗透砂岩型铀矿的渗透性差、浸出剂注入难度高,采用传统地浸开采技术难以对其实现经济有效开发。针对目前低渗透铀矿开采难题,分别在常压和高压条件下进行抽注液量测试和示踪剂试验,通过对比试验验证高压注液技术的应用效果,深入探讨高压注液技术在地浸开采领域的应用及其成效。试验结果表明,与常压条件下相比,高压注液技术将注液量提高了6.4倍,抽液量提高了1.05倍,渗流速度提高了33倍。高压注液技术能有效解决低渗透砂岩型铀矿浸出剂注入难题,且该技术在矿场方便实施。

低渗透  /  铀矿  /  地浸采铀  /  高压注液  /  示踪剂  /  增注

Low-permeability sandstone uranium mine, with its poor permeability and high injection difficulty, has brought great challenges to the traditional in-situ leaching mining technology. In view of the current low permeability uranium mining problems, this paper discussed the innovative application of high-pressure liquid injection technology in the field of in-situ leaching mining and its effectiveness. Comparative tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of high-pressure liquid injection technology, pumping liquid volume test and tracer test were carried out under atmospheric pressure and high-pressure conditions respectively. The test results show that compared with the atmospheric pressure condition, the high-pressure liquid injection technology increases the injection flow by 6.4 times, the pumping flow by 1.05 times and the seepage velocity by 33 times. High-pressure liquid injection technology can effectively solve the leachants injection problem in low-permeability sandstone uranium mine, and the technology is convenient to implement in the mine site.

low permeability  /  uranium mine  /  in-situ leaching of uranium  /  high-pressure fluid injection  /  tracer  /  augmentation injection
侯代稳, 李宏星, 刘双民, 何柯. 低渗透砂岩型铀矿高压注液技术研究. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 16 -22 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.02.03
Daiwen HOU, Hongxing LI, Shuangmin LIU, Ke HE. Research on High-pressure Liquid Injection Technology in aLow-permeability Sandstone Uranium Mine[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 16 -22 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.02.03
低渗透砂岩型铀矿在已探明的砂岩型铀资源中占比较大,且随着铀矿资源勘探的深入,低渗透铀矿资源的占比在不断扩大[1-2]。低渗透砂岩型铀矿渗透率低,浸出剂注入难度高,浸出剂难以与矿层充分接触,采用常规的地浸开采工艺难以对其实现经济有效开发,这在一定程度上制约了中国铀资源的开发。目前,中国已在巴彦乌拉某采区开展了超声波增渗技术,受制于能量不足,结果难以满足增渗要求[3]77,采用模糊综合评价模型对不同岩性致密砂岩储层进行了可改造性评价,但是没有进行现场验证。为了满足核能资源发展对铀矿资源的战略需求,亟需开展低渗透砂岩型铀矿开发技术研究[4-7]
低渗透铀矿床渗透系数小于0.1 m/d(渗透率135 mD),渗透率低[3]72,采用常规地浸采铀工艺难以将浸出剂注入地层,实现经济有效开采[8]。高压注液技术可有效提高注液能力,扩大浸出剂与矿石的接触面积[9-11]。借鉴高压注液技术在石油开采领域的成功经验,通过示踪剂试验及高压注液前后抽注液量对比研究,可评价高压注液技术在低渗透砂岩型铀矿领域的应用效果[12],从而为低渗透砂岩型铀矿的高效、经济开发提供新的技术路径和依据。
借鉴石油行业水力压裂技术,采用高压注液技术在接近地层吸水能力的条件下进行注液,注液压力和地层破裂压力接近。通过高压注液使得地层岩石微张开,在注液井周围产生微裂缝,从而连通地层孔隙(图1)。注入液通过这些微裂缝流到远地层,扩大径向流动范围,从而提高浸出剂与矿物的接触面积。注液过程中的高压,可对近井筒附近孔隙中的堵塞物进行冲刷,清除近井筒污染,恢复孔隙导流能力[13-16]。一般来说,为了防止地层破裂导致注入液沿优势通道窜流,确定地层破裂压力尤为重要。
该铀矿床矿体埋深大多在300~530 m,最大埋深为646.40 m,砂岩结构致密坚硬、成岩度高,含矿砂岩的平均密度为2.34×103 kg/m3,矿层段岩石泊松比为0.20~0.26,静弹性模量为17.0~24.6 GPa,地下水承压水头为424.90~475.30 m。矿床地下水化学类型以Cl-Na型水为主,水质较差,矿化度为32.29~47.48 g/L(平均38.15 g/L),pH为7.53~8.23。
该矿床胶结类型以孔隙式和接触式胶结为主,少量砂岩为基底式和钙质胶结,胶结物以碳酸盐矿物和硫酸盐矿物为主。岩芯孔隙度为10.38%~21.73%,平均孔隙度约15%;孔隙直径在>20~100 μm的占比达92.13%,其中孔隙直径在50 μm以下的孔隙多,占比达58.99%(图2)。该矿床岩石孔隙度较小,大多数岩石的渗透率小于100 mD,矿层整体渗透性较差,浸出剂有效注入难度大。
在该铀矿床未被开采区域,打2口井(W1、W2)开展常压及高压条件下的示踪试验。2口井相距86 m,矿层厚度为20 m,井深为550 m,试验井布置见图3。W1井为示踪剂注入井,W2井为抽液井,通过检测W2井抽出的水样中是否含有W1井注入的示踪剂,来判断2口井间的连通性并计算渗流速度;通过分析常压及高压条件下抽液井中检测到示踪剂的时间和浓度,评估高压示踪试验效果。
试验仪器设备有采油树、玻璃钢套管、耐腐蚀高压注液泵、钢丝缠绕软管。采用耐腐蚀高压注液泵提供注液动力,可提供的最高压力为45 MPa,最高排量为14.6 m3/h。由于高压注液过程中压力较大,常规地浸采铀所用UPVC套管难以满足工艺要求,因此采用玻璃钢套管,玻璃钢套管的拉伸强度大于501.78 kN,耐压为28.6 MPa。采油树坐落在井口,作为井口密封装置,抗压大于20 MPa。通过钢丝缠绕软管连接采油树与耐腐蚀高压注液泵,钢丝缠绕软管抗压为25 MPa。
井间连通性一般通过示踪剂在地层中的流动性来反映,因此示踪剂的选择直接影响试验结果。选择示踪剂时,需综合考虑示踪剂与地层水的配伍性、稳定性,以及在地层水中的溶解度等因素,保证选择的示踪剂对矿层不会产生伤害,不与地层中的组分发生化学反应。异丙醇、正丁醇在该试验地层水中溶解度高,不易蒸发,且对矿层不会产生伤害[17-18]。根据现场地层水情况,选择异丙醇、正丁醇作为本次试验的示踪剂。
在综合考虑地层水条件及示踪剂检测设备最小检测限的情况下,采用均匀稀释模型计算示踪剂注入量[19]221
$V_{\mathrm{P}}=\pi R^{2} h \varphi \text {, }$
$A=\mu \times \rho_{\mathrm{MDL}} \times V_{\mathrm{P}} \times 10^{-6},$
式中:VP—井组预期稀释体积,m3;R—注入井与抽液井距离,m;h—矿层平均厚度,m;φ—孔隙度,%;A—示踪剂注入量,kg;μ—保障系数;ρMDL—示踪剂检测设备下限,μg/L。
ρMDL=10 μg/L、孔隙度15%、矿层厚度20 m、保障系数=30时,根据式(2)得到示踪剂使用量为20.9 kg。为了保障试验效果,试验中选择投放示踪剂40 kg。
以异丙醇为常压条件示踪剂,以正丁醇为高压条件示踪剂;常压条件是指示踪剂注入完成后,不再通过注液施加外部压力。首先在W1井注入一定量异丙醇,继续注入9 m3地层水(井筒容积7.8 m3),确保将井筒中的异丙醇全部注入地层;在将示踪剂完全注入地层后,在W2井中下入潜水泵开始抽液检测示踪剂含量,平稳抽液63 d,未检测到示踪剂。由于该低渗透矿床的渗透系数低于0.1 m/d,按照理论计算,见剂时间长;限于试验周期,在未检测到示踪剂情况下在W1井注入正丁醇,注入地层水将井筒中的正丁醇顶入地层,在W2井继续抽液检测示踪剂含量。
为了评估高压注液的实施效果,对比分析常压与高压2种条件下W1井的注液量以及W2井的抽液量。条件1:2023年8月11日—10月12日进行常压示踪试验,将异丙醇完全注入W1井后,在W2井启动抽液操作;每隔2 h记录一次抽注液数据,并计算每日的平均抽液量,获取常压条件下的基础数据。条件2:10月13日—10月14日,向W1井内注入正丁醇;10月15日—12月5日进行高压注液示踪试验,利用高压注液泵向W1井注入地层水并控制注液压力,同时在W2井进行抽液作业;每隔4 h记录一次抽注液数据,计算每日的平均抽注液量。此外,每日采集水样并检测示踪剂含量,以便实时监测流体流动情况。
为防止地层破裂导致注入的地层水发生窜流,在实施高压注液措施前先确定地层破裂压力,从而确定高压注液的压力上限[20-21]
$P_{\mathrm{b}}=\frac{3 P_{\mathrm{ob}}-\sigma_{\mathrm{H}}+\sigma_{\mathrm{f}}-2 \eta P_{\mathrm{o}}}{1+\phi_{c}-2 \eta},$
$\eta=\frac{\phi(1-2 \nu)}{2(1-\nu)},$
式中:Pb—破裂压力,MPa;Pob—上覆岩层压力,MPa;σH—最大水平主应力,MPa;σf—岩石单向应力拉伸强度,MPa;Po—孔隙中流体压力,MPa;ϕc—岩石触点孔隙度,%;ν—泊松比,无量纲;ϕ—孔隙度,%;η—孔隙弹性常数,无因次。
经过式(3)~式(4)计算可得,破裂压力约为14.76 MPa。注液压力一般为破裂压力的80%~90%[22],因此井底注液压力应控制在11.8~13.2 MPa;矿层深度约520 m,忽略井筒摩阻,则高压注液泵工作压力应控制在6.6~8.0 MPa。
在常压条件下进行了63 d试验,在高压条件下进行了52 d试验。在常压与高压条件下,W2井的平均抽液量见图4;高压条件下W1井的平均注液量见图5。可以看出,在常压条件下,W2井平均抽液量为3.17 m3/h;在高压条件下,W2井平均抽液量为6.5 m3/h,抽液量提高了1.05倍。
根据前期试验得知,W1井在常压条件下平均注液量仅为0.37 m3/h,难以满足经济开采要求。当通过高压注液泵提高注液压力至7.25 MPa时,平均注液量可以提高至2.73 m3/h,提高了6.4倍。在高压注液阶段,随着W1井地层水注液量的增加,注液量逐渐接近地层的吸收能力;与此同时,注液压力也随之上升。这一现象表明,随着注液时间的持续,地层在高压注液条件下对液体的接纳能力已接近极限,进一步提高注液量需要更高的压力来克服地层阻力。
在本试验中,通过示踪剂的注入与检测,记录常压和高压2种条件下的流体流动特征及地层响应情况。在8月11日,向注入井(W1)注入异丙醇,随即启动了常压抽水试验。自8月23日起,开始从抽液井(W2)定期取样以检测示踪剂的存在;直至10月12日,仍未在抽液井中检测到异丙醇。基于这一结果,10月13日向W1井注入正丁醇,并切换至高压注液条件,继续从W2井取水样以检测示踪剂情况;至11月9日,在W2井中同时检测到异丙醇和正丁醇2种示踪剂,并在11月14日2种示踪剂浓度同时达到峰值,其中异丙醇突破时间为91 d,达到峰值时间为96 d,峰值质量浓度为679.1 ug/L。由于在未见异丙醇情况下进行高压注液,因此在单独常压条件下异丙醇的突破时间要远大于91d;正丁醇突破时间为26 d,达到峰值时间为31 d,峰值质量浓度为191.7 μg/L。示踪剂检测结果见图6
异丙醇的突破时间(91 d)明显长于正丁醇的突破时间(26 d),这表明高压注液显著加快了流体在地层中的流动速度,改善了地层渗透性。异丙醇的峰值质量浓度(679.1 μg/L)高于正丁醇的峰值质量浓度(191.7 μg/L),这反映出在常压阶段地层对示踪剂的吸附或滞留作用更强。
将示踪剂注入矿层后,示踪剂将随矿层中水的流动而迁移,一般将在抽液井中检测到示踪剂浓度峰值的时间视作示踪剂从注入井渗流到抽液井的时间,进而可利用此时间计算矿层中的渗流速度[19]222
$V=\frac{L}{T},$
式中:V—矿层水的渗流速度,m/d;L—抽注液井距注入井距离,m;T—抽液井检测到示踪剂浓度峰值所用时间,d。
经计算,在高压注液条件下,正丁醇在两井之间平均渗流速度为3.3 m/d。试验中在未检测到常压所用异丙醇的情况下,注入正丁醇进行高压注液,2种示踪剂同时运移到W2井且同时检测到峰值浓度。若仅开展常压试验,检测到常压示踪剂(异丙醇)的时间将会远远超过91 d;在常压条件下,流体的渗流速度相对较慢,其速度远小于0.9 m/d(86 m/91 d≈0.9 m/d)。
在常压示踪试验时,在未见示踪剂情况下即进行高压示踪试验,导致计算出的常压条件下的渗流速度约为0.9 m/d,但实际情况要远小于该值。为了得到常压条件下的渗流速度,构建数值模型,以现场高压示踪期间的抽注液量、示踪剂突破时间为数据支撑,对模型进行拟合,并利用优化后的模型反推常压条件下地层的渗流速度。
构建模型基础数据见表1,根据表1建立200 m×240 m×80 m的模型,两井井距为86 m。建立的模型见图7
在建立模型的基础上,根据现场W2井的实际抽液量进行模型拟合校正,以现场实际注液速率作为模型注液参数,在拟合过程中调整渗透率等参数从而使模型符合实际地层情况,并根据高压示踪剂模拟的突破时间与现场实际突破时间验证模型的准确性。
通过调整模型参数进行高压示踪试验抽液量拟合(图8)。可以看出,拟合结果较好,构建的模型能较好地反映实际地层参数。通过模型拟合得到W1、W2两井区的渗透率为125 mD。
在模型拟合基础上进行高压示踪剂模拟,进一步验证模型的准确性,高压示踪剂模拟结果见图9。根据模拟结果,高压示踪剂于11月12日运移至W2井。而现场实际在11月9日检测到示踪剂,二者时间偏差为3 d。在构建模型时,考虑到模型无法完全反映实际地层复杂情况以及数据采集误差等因素,设定了合理的精度误差范围。此次模拟结果与实际情况的偏差在允许精度误差之内,该模型能够较好地反映实际地层情况,模拟得到的渗透率可信度较高。
将W1,W2两井区地层渗透率转换为常压条件下的渗透系数[23]:
$K=\frac{k \rho g}{\mu},$
式中:K—渗透系数,m/s;k—渗透率,mD;ρ—流体密度,kg/m3;g—重力加速度,m/s2;μ—动力黏度,Pa·s。
根据式(6),将渗透率(125 mD)转换为渗透系数,得到常压条件渗透系数为0.097 m/d。与前文得到高压条件下的渗流速度(3.3 m/d)相比,高压条件渗透系数比常压条件渗流速度提高了33倍。
1)与常压条件相比,在高压注液条件下平均注液量由0.37 m3/h提高至2.73 m3/h,提高了6.4倍;抽液量由3.17 m3/h提高至6.50 m3/h,提高了1.05倍。高压注液为地层水的流动提供了动力,渗流速度提高了33倍。
2)高压注液技术显著缩短了示踪剂的突破时间,提高了流体的驱替效果,高压注液技术可有效改善该低渗透砂岩型铀矿的渗透性。
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2025年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2025.02.03
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
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    核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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