Article(id=1171165155623739529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)03-0131-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730217600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757157132297, onlineDateStr=2025-09-06, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757157132297, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757157132296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757157132296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1171165154017321083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757157131914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757582122913, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172947695539994988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1171165154017321083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1171165155837649035, articleId=1171165155623739529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Optimization of Safety and Environmental Protection of Well Washing Process in an In-situ Leaching Uranium Mine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The well washing process is an important way to increase the well water volume and increase the production capacity in the in-situ leaching uranium mine, but with the continuous improvement of safety and environmental protection requirements, the traditional well washing method alone can no longer meet the needs in recent years. A local leaching uranium mine has further improved the safety and environmental protection of the well washing process and the efficiency of the well washing process by carrying out the optimization and improvement of the safety and environmental protection of the well washing process such as the parallel well washing technology of the air compressor, the improvement of the acid adding method, and the recycling technology of the well washing wastewater, so as to maximize the effect of well washing, and ensure that the safety and environmental protection risks of the well washing process of the in-situ leaching uranium mine are controlled.

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洗井是地浸采铀矿山提高钻井水量、增加产能的重要途径。随着安全环保要求的不断提高,传统的洗井方式已不能满足安全环保的发展需要。近年来,某地浸采铀矿山通过开展空压机并联洗井技术研究、洗井加酸方法改进研究,以及洗井废水循环利用研究等进行洗井工艺安全环保优化,进一步提高了洗井效率,实现洗井效果最大化,确保了地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺安全环保风险受控。

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毛鑫磊(1995—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,本科,工程师,主要从事铀水冶技术和安全环保管理工作。

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毛鑫磊(1995—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,本科,工程师,主要从事铀水冶技术和安全环保管理工作。

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毛鑫磊(1995—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,本科,工程师,主要从事铀水冶技术和安全环保管理工作。

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某地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺安全环保优化
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毛鑫磊 , 杨小宁 , 滕飞
铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025,44(3): 131-135
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选治 2025, 44(3): 131-135
某地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺安全环保优化
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毛鑫磊, 杨小宁, 滕飞
作者信息
  • 中核通辽铀业有限责任公司,内蒙古 通辽 028000
  • 毛鑫磊(1995—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,本科,工程师,主要从事铀水冶技术和安全环保管理工作。

Optimization of Safety and Environmental Protection of Well Washing Process in an In-situ Leaching Uranium Mine
Xinlei MAO, Xiaoning YANG, Fei TENG
Affiliations
  • Tongliao Uranium Co., Ltd., CNNC, Tongliao 028000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.11
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洗井是地浸采铀矿山提高钻井水量、增加产能的重要途径。随着安全环保要求的不断提高,传统的洗井方式已不能满足安全环保的发展需要。近年来,某地浸采铀矿山通过开展空压机并联洗井技术研究、洗井加酸方法改进研究,以及洗井废水循环利用研究等进行洗井工艺安全环保优化,进一步提高了洗井效率,实现洗井效果最大化,确保了地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺安全环保风险受控。

地浸采铀  /  洗井工艺  /  空压机并联  /  加酸  /  循环利用  /  安全环保

The well washing process is an important way to increase the well water volume and increase the production capacity in the in-situ leaching uranium mine, but with the continuous improvement of safety and environmental protection requirements, the traditional well washing method alone can no longer meet the needs in recent years. A local leaching uranium mine has further improved the safety and environmental protection of the well washing process and the efficiency of the well washing process by carrying out the optimization and improvement of the safety and environmental protection of the well washing process such as the parallel well washing technology of the air compressor, the improvement of the acid adding method, and the recycling technology of the well washing wastewater, so as to maximize the effect of well washing, and ensure that the safety and environmental protection risks of the well washing process of the in-situ leaching uranium mine are controlled.

in-situ leaching uranium  /  well washing process  /  air compressors in parallel  /  acid adding  /  recycle  /  safety and environmental protection
毛鑫磊, 杨小宁, 滕飞. 某地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺安全环保优化. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (3) : 131 -135 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.11
Xinlei MAO, Xiaoning YANG, Fei TENG. Optimization of Safety and Environmental Protection of Well Washing Process in an In-situ Leaching Uranium Mine[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (3) : 131 -135 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.11
在实际生产过程中,地浸采铀矿山生产钻井会因物理或化学堵塞而导致抽注液量下降,洗井是地浸铀矿山提高钻井水量、增加产能的重要手段[1-2];但随着安全环保管理要求的不断提高,传统的洗井方式已不能达到高效安全的洗井效果,无法满足安全环保工作实际需要。
为进一步提升地浸采铀矿山洗井工艺的安全环保风险管控能力,提高冬季单井洗井效率,实现洗井加酸过程安全风险可控和洗井废水循环利用等目的,某地浸采铀矿山开展了冬季空压机并联洗井技术、洗井加酸装置及方法改进研究等优化工作。
生产钻井是地浸采铀技术中揭露矿层、开采矿层金属的主要通道。在地浸采铀工艺生产初期,会使钻井发生以气体堵塞和泥砂机械堵塞为主的物理堵塞;已投入使用的钻井在生产期间,因浸出剂在矿层中与钙、铁、铝等离子反应而生成沉淀物,会使钻井发生不同程度的化学堵塞,导致抽注液量下降。钻井发生堵塞时,通常采用压缩空气洗井和加酸洗井等方式进行洗井,以消除堵塞,提高抽注液量[3-4]
压缩空气洗井是利用压缩空气作为动力源的洗井方法。多采用大型空压机,以规格为DN40的PE管为风管,洗井时空压机产生的压缩空气经风管送入钻井套管内;空气压力作用使套管内的水产生搅动并形成涡流,进而对过滤器及钻井套管进行冲刷。在此过程中,井内气体及气液混合物的往复运动,对过滤器及近井底段矿层砂体孔道中的堵塞物产生扰动,破坏其平衡状态甚至发生位移,其中一部分堵塞物随气液混合物被带出地表,从而达到解堵增渗的目的[5]257-258
活塞洗井可分为气活塞洗井及常规活塞洗井2种。气活塞洗井先通过空压机向密闭井管内注入高压空气,高压气体可将管柱内液体压入矿层,高压气体在砂体孔道中运移并被分隔成微气泡,使近井矿层段砂体孔道内的液体呈现气液混合状态;然后对井管泄压,近井段气液混合物及其外围地下水向过滤器聚集,堵塞物随井管内气液混合物从井口排出[6]。常规活塞洗井方式是将带有3层密封胶圈的活塞装在钻杆上,并将活塞下放至过滤器上部,利用升降机上下拉动活塞,使活塞在套管内往复运动,在套管内产生抽吸和水击作用,使套管内污水和沉砂排至地表[7]
加酸洗井是一种化学洗井法,在压缩空气洗井和活塞洗井基础上演变而来。在压缩空气洗井或活塞洗井开始前,将盐酸注入至钻井过滤器处,使近井底段矿层砂体孔道中的机械微堵塞物溶解,再通过传统洗井方式进行洗井,以达到更优的洗井效果[5]258
某地浸采铀矿山所属区域为高寒地区,冬季温度最冷时可达-25 ℃,而单台空压机洗井风量为1.7 Nm3/min,风量较低,导致洗井时间较长(单井洗井时间约为16 h);且夜间洗井可能造成洗井管线受冻,影响洗井效率和效果。
为提高单井洗井效率,缩短单井洗井时长,保障冬季洗井安全环保风险受控,达到冬季洗井效果的最大化,该铀矿山冬季采用2组空压机并联洗井作业(图1),每组由2台空压机构成(单台空压机风量为1.7 Nm3/min),2组空压机并联可使洗井风量达到6.8 Nm3/min。经现场试验,采用2组空压机并联洗井,单井洗井时长可缩短至9 h,避免夜间进行洗井作业及出现管线受冻情况。
通过使用空压机并联开展冬季洗井作业,提高风量、缩短洗井时间,在洗井结束后可将排污管内的溶液全部吹出,防止冬季洗井搬家过程中出现排污管内溶液结冰现象。
当钻井发生化学堵塞时常使用加酸洗井方式提升洗井效果,在以往实际操作中,常采用在井口安装加酸口方式直接加酸,存在酸散落灼伤的风险,且无法进行精准调节加注量。因此,本研究对洗井加酸装置及方法进行改进。
某地浸采铀矿山洗井加酸装置包括车架、加酸装置、注酸装置和辅助装置(图2)。加酸装置包括加酸孔、加酸阀及储酸罐,将加酸装置安装在车架上,提高装置的可移动性;通过加酸阀避免盐酸的外溢,在储酸罐内设置防腐层,延长其使用寿命。注酸装置包括流量计、调节阀、注酸口、加气/水孔,通过流量计与调节阀可实现对加酸速度的掌控;设置加气/水孔,以方便选择采用水压或气压方式进行加酸。辅助装置主要为储水槽,储水槽安装在车架后端,用于暂时存储pH较低的洗井水[8]
洗井加酸装置注酸方式主要有水压注酸、气压注酸。水压注酸是将注液地表管连接储酸罐加气/水孔,通过注液钻井阀注入高压液体实现加酸;气压注酸是将空压机风管连接储酸罐加气/水孔,通过空压机注入高压气体实现加酸[9]
通过开展专业洗井加酸装置及方法的改进研究,提高了加酸洗井作业安全度,避免了在加酸过程中因盐酸泄漏而造成环境污染及人员灼伤;同时,改进后的洗井加酸方法可确保盐酸顺利注入钻井过滤器段或相应矿段,达到提高洗井效果,提升采区抽注液运行水量的目的。
新钻井成井后,将管线从井口下放至钻井中,通过管线充入压缩空气进行空压机洗井作业;待出水水质清澈透明后,结束洗井,洗井过程中不添加任何化学试剂,平均单井洗井废水量约50 m3。已投入使用的钻井在生产期间发生堵塞时,通常采用空压机洗井和空压机加酸洗井方式洗井,平均单井洗井废水量为20 m3。洗井工艺采用洗井废水循环利用模式,主要包括常规空压机洗井废水循环利用和加酸洗井废水循环利用;通过循环利用,可大幅减少洗井废水产生量,避免废水转运过程安全环保风险,减缓蒸发池的运行压力。
常规空压机洗井废水循环利用是将洗井废水提升至地表集水槽罐,静置使废水中的悬浮物沉降,再用泵将废水上清液泵入50 μm袋式过滤器过滤,过滤后的废水进入就近集控室抽液汇流管,进行循环利用(图3)。对于常规空压机洗井,能够实现洗井废水全部循环利用[10-11]
加酸洗井废水循环利用是指洗井时在钻井中添加了一定量的盐酸,废水中含有大量氯离子;若直接循环利用,浸出液系统中的氯离子会影响后续吸附。加酸洗井废水循环利用流程见图4,将氯离子含量高的前期洗井废水(水量1.5~2.0 m3)排入转运车储水槽中,待储水槽水位达到规定刻度后,送至蒸发池;再将后续废水排入集水槽中,集水槽中废水的后续操作方法同常规空压机洗井[12]。经过多年洗井数据统计得出,通过此操作,加酸洗井废水循环利用率大于90%。
在地浸采铀洗井过程中,产生的洗井废水中含有粒级在0.25~0.1 mm的泥砂、岩屑、岩粉以及细小颗粒杂物,其含量占固体悬浮物总量的60%以上[13]。在洗井废水循环利用的过程中,仅靠袋式过滤器无法将杂物过滤干净,袋式过滤器压力高、滤袋更换频繁,间接影响了生产进度。
为解决上述问题,设计了洗井废水除砂装置(图5)。此装置采用3 mm铁皮焊接,内壁光滑,主要包含进出水部分、离心部分和沉砂清理部分;装置呈漏斗结构,洗井水内的液体与泥砂通过离心作用进行分离沉降,确保废水中泥砂沉降效果更佳[14]。在除砂装置底部加装了排砂装置,使用排砂铲将沉砂通过排砂口排出,确保泥砂无洒落,将泥砂集中收集至蒸发池进行处理[15-16]
在洗井集水槽前端加装洗井废水除砂装置后,除砂效果明显,经过约3个月及100口井试验得出,单井洗井废水的除砂量约0.5 m3,袋式过滤器压力由0~0.5 MPa降至0~0.3 MPa,过滤袋更换频次由每口井2次降低至每2口井1次,也明显降低了集液池中水的浊度(图6)。可以看出,洗井废水经袋式过滤器过滤后,水质仍浑浊;经过除砂装置和袋式过滤器过滤后,洗井废水水质得到了明显改善。
某地浸采铀矿山通过开展冬季空压机并联洗井、洗井加酸方法研究、洗井废水循环利用研究,以及洗井废水除砂装置研制等措施,主要达到了以下效果:
1)空压机并联洗井技术提高了地浸铀矿山冬季洗井效率,使冬季单井洗井时长缩短50%,进一步提升了冬季洗井效果,确保安全风险受控。
2)洗井加酸方法研究结果提高了加酸洗井作业的安全度,有效避免了加酸过程的环境污染及人员灼伤安全环保风险,并实现了过滤器段或矿层盐酸的精准加注,提升了洗井效果。
3)洗井废水循环利用可大幅减少洗井废水排放量,运用沉降、过滤分离等方法清除废水中的悬浮物,使90%以上的洗井废水循环利用,解决了洗井废水大量外排造成的蒸发池容量紧张难题。
4)洗井废水除砂装置可实现废水中大量微细泥砂的沉降,袋式过滤器的运行压力降至0~0.3 MPa,减少了过滤袋的更换频次,提升了过滤后的水质,也改善了吸附塔的运行效果。
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.11
  • 接收时间:2024-10-30
  • 首发时间:2025-09-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-30
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    中核通辽铀业有限责任公司,内蒙古 通辽 028000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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