Article(id=1147999692992013161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)02-0099-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729180800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634055611, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634055611, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634055611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634055611, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999688122430098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634054451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123795578, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999693260448640, articleId=1147999692992013161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Design and Application of Radiometric Truck Scanner in Open Pit Mine, columnId=1175805041752556213, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Husab Uranium Mine has complex ore body and issues of ore body displacement during production blasting, which leads to severe ore-waste mixing. Additionally, there is a lack of measurement methods for the truck after loading. To detect the grades after loading and distinguish the ore from the waste, further to control and measure the ore dilution and ore loss, Husab Mine designed and developed the radiomatric truck scanner. By determining the exact time points of entry and exit through infrared beam detection, and identifing the truck identities using radio frequency identification technology, the dynamic scanning is achieved. By using three sets of gamma spectrometers, the error caused by irregular ore loading and deviations in truck driving paths, is minimized. By integrating the on-site data collection system, the server-based data management system, and the client data management system, the management of multiple truck scanner become available. By connecting the truck scanner to the dispatch system, the scanner data can be used to guide trucks on where to unload at the stockpile. To assess the impact of the truck scanner on uranium mine production, both the shovel boundary model data and truck scanner data were compared against the grade control model data, which serve as a benchmark, to calculate the dilution rate and ore loss rate under each scenario, the dilution rate and ore loss rate dropped from 8.14% and 12.62% to -3.36% and 4.85%. The summary and Analysis of two months' production data revealed that, the scanner can effectively distinguish the ore with different grades and seperate the ore and waste. It’s found out that the ore transported reduced 8.4%, the recovered metal increased 4.7%, and the average grade on the stockpile increased 19.8%. These findings demonstrate the significant and positive impact of the truck scanner on production at Husab Uranium Mine.

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湖山铀矿矿床赋存条件复杂,且在生产爆破环节存在矿块爆破移位问题,矿废混合严重,同时缺少对爆破后装车矿石品位的计量手段。为检测装车后矿石品位,快速识别矿石和废石,进而控制和计量贫化损失,设计并研发了放射性卡车扫描站。通过红外对射确定进出的精确时间点,通过射频识别技术确定卡车身份,实现卡车扫描站的动态扫描;通过3组伽马能谱探测器,降低因矿石装载形态不规整与卡车行驶路线偏移而产生的误差;通过现场数据采集系统、服务器数据管理系统和客户端数据管理系统,实现多台(套)扫描站的综合管理;通过把卡车扫描站接入调度系统,指导矿车在储矿堆上的卸载。为了评估卡车扫描站对铀矿山生产的影响,分别使用铲装边界模型数据和卡车扫描站数据,与基准品位控制模型数据进行对比,2种场景下的损失率和贫化率由铲装边界模型数据的8.14%和12.62%,降低到卡车扫描站数据的-3.36%和4.85%。对某2个月的生产数据进行分析发现,通过扫描站有效区分不同含量的矿石,并进行矿废分离,矿石运输量降低了8.4%,金属回收量提高了4.7%,储矿堆平均品位提升了19.8%。以上结果显示,卡车扫描站的引入对湖山铀矿的生产工作产生了重大且积极的影响。

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秦超飞(1985—),男,河南平顶山人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀矿放射性物探工作。

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秦超飞(1985—),男,河南平顶山人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀矿放射性物探工作。

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figureFileSmall=/tCQUSA+vSTXNW/nQEo1Bw==, figureFileBig=hGc6rNZQUNH93Sq2tNEvOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483411900149798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Scanner result in dispatch system and ore grade category, figureFileSmall=snZOk41UNEb7mbOcJ2Ftsg==, figureFileBig=NIChybb68h128YK+ezqRqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483411958870056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=图6, caption=调度系统中的扫描结果与矿石品位分类, figureFileSmall=snZOk41UNEb7mbOcJ2Ftsg==, figureFileBig=NIChybb68h128YK+ezqRqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483412021784617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Diagram of cause ore dilution and lost during mining process, figureFileSmall=LObqxI0y0k23mQDsg0O5cg==, figureFileBig=T9AL6HPvgi2aTu5QhjdYnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483412097282090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=图7, caption=矿石贫化和损失产生过程示意图, figureFileSmall=LObqxI0y0k23mQDsg0O5cg==, figureFileBig=T9AL6HPvgi2aTu5QhjdYnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483412185362476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=From grade control model to loading boundary determination, figureFileSmall=Gex99OaaN2TSlNXQXZZa9g==, figureFileBig=T1mxggGmMmua5bw2UqYBKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483412273442862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=图8, caption=从品位控制模型到铲装边界的确定

(a)区块品位控制模型;(b)区块矿块组合模型;(c)区块铲装边界模型;(d)卡车扫描站检测结果。

, figureFileSmall=Gex99OaaN2TSlNXQXZZa9g==, figureFileBig=T1mxggGmMmua5bw2UqYBKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483412323774512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Detailed functions for each module of the client software

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态监控 业务数据 运营管理 分析报表
探测器状态
红外传感器状态
RFID阅读器状态
扫描站供电状态
显示屏状态
网络状态
扫描站状态
本底数据
通行数据
卡车基本信息
扫描站基本信息
数据同步
实时提醒
异常日
备品备件管理
设备预期寿命管理
日常检查
故障处理方案
通行数据分析
本底数据分析
卡车通行状态分析
设备故障分析
运行状态分析
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412411854898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

客户端数据管理系统具体功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态监控 业务数据 运营管理 分析报表
探测器状态
红外传感器状态
RFID阅读器状态
扫描站供电状态
显示屏状态
网络状态
扫描站状态
本底数据
通行数据
卡车基本信息
扫描站基本信息
数据同步
实时提醒
异常日
备品备件管理
设备预期寿命管理
日常检查
故障处理方案
通行数据分析
本底数据分析
卡车通行状态分析
设备故障分析
运行状态分析
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412491546676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ore dilution rate and loss rate calculation without the scanner

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型(装载阶段) 贫化
率/%
损失
率/%
矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t
WST 12 149 53 0.65 8.14 12.62
SEM 4 008 121 0.49
LG 15 719 302 4.75 5 294 186 0.98 1 712 186 0.32
MG 42 730 558 23.86 68 778 565 38.88 64 680 565 36.54
HG 33 183 842 27.93
VHG 85 564 1 777 152.02 119 282 1 423 169.78 102 163 1 423 145.38
汇总 177 196 1 177 208.57 193 354 1 084 209.64 168 555 1 081 182.24
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412567044150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

引入卡车扫描站前贫化率和损失率的计算结果

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类别 品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型(装载阶段) 贫化
率/%
损失
率/%
矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t
WST 12 149 53 0.65 8.14 12.62
SEM 4 008 121 0.49
LG 15 719 302 4.75 5 294 186 0.98 1 712 186 0.32
MG 42 730 558 23.86 68 778 565 38.88 64 680 565 36.54
HG 33 183 842 27.93
VHG 85 564 1 777 152.02 119 282 1 423 169.78 102 163 1 423 145.38
汇总 177 196 1 177 208.57 193 354 1 084 209.64 168 555 1 081 182.24
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412659318840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ore dilution rate and loss rate calculation with the scanner

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类别 品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型(装载阶段) 贫化
率/%
损失
率/%
矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t
WST 12 149 53 0.65 3 580 70 0.25 -3.36 4.85
SEM 4 008 121 0.49 1 858 134 0.25
LG 15 719 302 4.75 5 294 186 0.98 13 721 279 3.83
MG 42 730 558 23.86 68 778 565 38.88 34 491 561 19.34
HG 33 183 842 27.93 28 304 853 24.14
VHG 85 564 1 777 152.02 119 282 1 423 169.78 86 601 1 745 151.14
汇总 177 196 1 177 208.57 193 354 1 084 209.64 163 117 1 217 198.45
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412743204922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

引入卡车扫描站后贫化率和损失率的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型(装载阶段) 贫化
率/%
损失
率/%
矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t 矿石量/t 品位/10-6 金属量/t
WST 12 149 53 0.65 3 580 70 0.25 -3.36 4.85
SEM 4 008 121 0.49 1 858 134 0.25
LG 15 719 302 4.75 5 294 186 0.98 13 721 279 3.83
MG 42 730 558 23.86 68 778 565 38.88 34 491 561 19.34
HG 33 183 842 27.93 28 304 853 24.14
VHG 85 564 1 777 152.02 119 282 1 423 169.78 86 601 1 745 151.14
汇总 177 196 1 177 208.57 193 354 1 084 209.64 163 117 1 217 198.45
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412822896700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Data of ore amount and grade at different stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型 扫描站数据
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/万t 品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
166.89 750 1 251 245.19 547 1 341 263.62 454 1 196 230.68 544 1 255
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412906782782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同阶段矿石量和品位生产数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品位控制模型 矿块组合模型 铲装边界模型 扫描站数据
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/万t 品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
矿石量/
万t
品位/
10-6
金属
量/t
166.89 750 1 251 245.19 547 1 341 263.62 454 1 196 230.68 544 1 255
), ArticleFig(id=1179483412994863168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mining indicator comparison without and with the truck scanner

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产工况 剔除废石量/万t 回收金属量/t 贫化率/% 损失率/%
引入卡车扫站前 39.46 4.37
引入卡车扫站后 32.94 58 27.45 -0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1179483413057777730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999692992013161, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

引入卡车扫描站前后生产指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产工况 剔除废石量/万t 回收金属量/t 贫化率/% 损失率/%
引入卡车扫站前 39.46 4.37
引入卡车扫站后 32.94 58 27.45 -0.28
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大型露天矿放射性卡车扫描站的设计与应用
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秦超飞 , 刘玉龙 , 陈宁 , 陈洪章
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025,44(2): 99-108
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025, 44(2): 99-108
大型露天矿放射性卡车扫描站的设计与应用
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秦超飞, 刘玉龙, 陈宁, 陈洪章
作者信息
  • 中广核铀业发展有限公司, 北京 100029
  • 秦超飞(1985—),男,河南平顶山人,硕士,工程师,主要从事铀矿放射性物探工作。

Design and Application of Radiometric Truck Scanner in Open Pit Mine
Chaofei QIN, Yulong LIU, Ning CHEN, Hongzhang CHEN
Affiliations
  • CGNPC Uranium Resources Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.08
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湖山铀矿矿床赋存条件复杂,且在生产爆破环节存在矿块爆破移位问题,矿废混合严重,同时缺少对爆破后装车矿石品位的计量手段。为检测装车后矿石品位,快速识别矿石和废石,进而控制和计量贫化损失,设计并研发了放射性卡车扫描站。通过红外对射确定进出的精确时间点,通过射频识别技术确定卡车身份,实现卡车扫描站的动态扫描;通过3组伽马能谱探测器,降低因矿石装载形态不规整与卡车行驶路线偏移而产生的误差;通过现场数据采集系统、服务器数据管理系统和客户端数据管理系统,实现多台(套)扫描站的综合管理;通过把卡车扫描站接入调度系统,指导矿车在储矿堆上的卸载。为了评估卡车扫描站对铀矿山生产的影响,分别使用铲装边界模型数据和卡车扫描站数据,与基准品位控制模型数据进行对比,2种场景下的损失率和贫化率由铲装边界模型数据的8.14%和12.62%,降低到卡车扫描站数据的-3.36%和4.85%。对某2个月的生产数据进行分析发现,通过扫描站有效区分不同含量的矿石,并进行矿废分离,矿石运输量降低了8.4%,金属回收量提高了4.7%,储矿堆平均品位提升了19.8%。以上结果显示,卡车扫描站的引入对湖山铀矿的生产工作产生了重大且积极的影响。

铀矿  /  卡车扫描站  /  损失率  /  贫化率  /  矿块组合模型  /  品位控制模型  /  动态扫描

The Husab Uranium Mine has complex ore body and issues of ore body displacement during production blasting, which leads to severe ore-waste mixing. Additionally, there is a lack of measurement methods for the truck after loading. To detect the grades after loading and distinguish the ore from the waste, further to control and measure the ore dilution and ore loss, Husab Mine designed and developed the radiomatric truck scanner. By determining the exact time points of entry and exit through infrared beam detection, and identifing the truck identities using radio frequency identification technology, the dynamic scanning is achieved. By using three sets of gamma spectrometers, the error caused by irregular ore loading and deviations in truck driving paths, is minimized. By integrating the on-site data collection system, the server-based data management system, and the client data management system, the management of multiple truck scanner become available. By connecting the truck scanner to the dispatch system, the scanner data can be used to guide trucks on where to unload at the stockpile. To assess the impact of the truck scanner on uranium mine production, both the shovel boundary model data and truck scanner data were compared against the grade control model data, which serve as a benchmark, to calculate the dilution rate and ore loss rate under each scenario, the dilution rate and ore loss rate dropped from 8.14% and 12.62% to -3.36% and 4.85%. The summary and Analysis of two months' production data revealed that, the scanner can effectively distinguish the ore with different grades and seperate the ore and waste. It’s found out that the ore transported reduced 8.4%, the recovered metal increased 4.7%, and the average grade on the stockpile increased 19.8%. These findings demonstrate the significant and positive impact of the truck scanner on production at Husab Uranium Mine.

uranium mine  /  truck scanner  /  ore loss rate  /  dilution rate  /  composite model  /  grade control model  /  dynamic scanning
秦超飞, 刘玉龙, 陈宁, 陈洪章. 大型露天矿放射性卡车扫描站的设计与应用. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (2) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.08
Chaofei QIN, Yulong LIU, Ning CHEN, Hongzhang CHEN. Design and Application of Radiometric Truck Scanner in Open Pit Mine[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (2) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.08
湖山铀矿位于纳米比亚埃戈地区的纳米布沙漠,年设计剥采总量超1亿吨,U3O8产量近5 000吨,是全球第二大铀矿[1]。该矿产位于由沉积岩和火山岩组成的多变形、多变质的达马拉褶皱带中心部位,矿床呈东北走向,矿床赋存条件复杂,单个矿体规模小,分布不均匀。在湖山铀矿采矿生产过程中,爆破环节存在矿块“爆破移位”问题,矿体分布相对分散且爆破规模较大,爆破后矿石和废石混合较严重,矿废边界难以界定,使湖山铀矿的采矿贫化率和损失率较高[2-3],湖山矿采取爆破优化等方法,仍然无法在根本上解决矿废混合问题,急需一种有效的手段对矿废混合区域每车矿石进行准确定值,进而从混合区域剔除废石,并回收矿石。
扫描站可测量单台卡车上矿石的平均品位[4]。国内某硬岩铀矿山采用的铀矿石汽车计量站,适用于规模较小的矿山,其汽车载重量不超过20 t[5-7]。纳米比亚罗辛矿和兰杰矿也用卡车扫描站测量铀矿石品位[8],罗辛矿采用的是上架探头式扫描站,兰杰矿则采用侧面探头式扫描站,其卡车载重量均不超过100 t,二者均为静态扫描测量模式;其停车扫描对采矿运输效率造成负面影响,需定期用已知品位的矿石对扫描站进行标定[9-10]
湖山铀矿使用的大型卡车载重量超过300 t,小型卡车载重量也达100 t,其载重量是国内铀矿山的5~15倍[11]。为保证卡车扫描站探头能够覆盖全车,提高检测结果的准确性,参考其他矿山的经验与教训,湖山铀矿采用动态连续扫描测量技术设计卡车扫描站,实现载矿卡车的不停车检测,并将卡车扫描站接入生产调度系统,建立矿废分离机制和实现平台,提升采矿效率和降低生产成本,提高采矿的经济效益。
卡车静态扫描方法存在固有缺陷:首先,中途停车与再次启动造成生产运输效率低,并增加生产燃油消耗;其次,由于矿石在卡车上分布不均,停车位置不精确,易导致随机误差;此外,扫描站探头对车内矿石的扫描并非等权重,其采集的伽马射线主要源于卡车中心部位的矿石。湖山矿卡车载重量是邻近矿山的3倍,当卡车载重与车身尺寸较大时,这些缺陷导致的误差会进一步变大。
湖山矿采用动态扫描方式设计卡车扫描站,当载重卡车匀速通过扫描站时,车上铀矿石中放射性系列衰变产生的伽马射线进入探测器,探测器采集系统连续记录进入的伽马射线的能量和计数率信息;这些信息被探测器捕获并转换成放射性能谱信息,经过数据处理和修正后,得到检测矿石的品位数据。这些品位数据会实时发送到调度系统,用以指导卡车的卸载。
卡车扫描站的动态扫描工作原理见图1。1号探测器为主探测器,扫描范围覆盖卡车内整个矿石堆;2号和3号探测器为辅助探测器,对称分布于1号探测器的两侧,扫描范围分别覆盖卡车内矿石堆的两个侧面。辅助探测器作为主探测器的补充,可以补偿因矿石装载形态不规整、卡车行驶偏离框架中心线而引起的测量误差。
湖山矿卡车扫描站的结构设计,围绕动态扫描展开,通过软件与硬件相互配合,实现以下功能:在卡车进入扫描站之前,通过射频识别技术确定卡车身份;当卡车匀速通过扫描站时,通过红外对射系统确定进出的精确时间点,启动3组伽马能谱探测器,完成对车上矿石的等权重动态扫描;当卡车离开扫描站后,工控计算机10秒内完成数据分析工作,并把检测结果实时发送到调度系统,指导矿车在储矿堆上的卸载。
卡车扫描站核心部件是带有铅屏准直功能的3组NaI伽马能谱探测器。探测器系统包括NaI探测器和数字能谱采集系统。灵敏度和覆盖范围是影响探测器整体监测效率的主要因素,因此灵敏度高、分辨率好的大体积NaI晶体探测器成为首选[12]。湖山铀矿卡车扫描站主副探测器中使用的NaI晶体,其圆柱体尺寸(直径×高)分别为110 mm×100 mm和75 mm×75 mm。
数字化能谱采集系统接收来自NaI晶体探测器发送的辐射脉冲,经前置放大器、信号调理器、高速模数转换器,以及高速数字信号处理系统等处理后,转换为伽马能谱数据[13]。伽马能谱采集系统结构及工作过程见图2
为实现卡车扫描站对卡车身份的唯一识别,湖山铀矿使用的RFID技术利用无线射频实现非接触双向数据通信,具有ID唯一、易操作等优点[14]。RFID卡片放置在卡车扫描站框架上,当卡车通过卡车扫描站时,RFID读卡器获取卡片ID,并使用ID信息作为其与调度系统之间数据交互的依据,确保数据传输的唯一性和准确性。
当卡车进入扫描站时,红外对射系统被卡车遮挡,扫描站系统启动探测器收集放射性能谱信息;当卡车离开扫描站时,红外对射系统恢复连通状态,扫描站系统结束对放射性信息收集,启动数据程序,并把处理后的最终结果发送至调度系统。
卡车扫描站通过对红外系统进行连通和遮挡2种状态的切换,确定卡车进入和离开卡车扫描站的精确时间点,进而实现探测器工作和闲置状态的切换,同时获取卡车的通行速度数据。
NaI探测器和数字能谱采集系统,对供电系统的稳定性要求较高[15-16]。为保证卡车扫描站系统的正常运行,实现稳定连续品位监测,湖山铀矿卡车扫描站的所有电器零部件均使用大规模电池组直接供电,以保证电流和电压的稳定性。供电系统优先使用太阳能板对电池组进行充电;当太阳能产生的电量不足时,智能供电系统将自动切换为220 V电源进行充电,以保障电池组有充足的电量。
工业级的嵌入式工控计算机是整个卡车扫描站系统的控制和处理核心,主要包括能谱数据接收和处理、矿石品位计算与修正、系统控制、状态检测和通讯收发等功能。工控计算机同其他部件的端口连接情况见图3
钢结构框架是卡车扫描站的重要支撑,整合了卡车扫描站设计的所有部件,探测器、RFID读卡器、红外对射系统等重要组件都安装在钢结构框架上,指示灯、照明灯、示宽灯、显示器、总线箱、限速牌等也安装在钢结构框架上。钢结构示意图与实物见图4
为建立多台(套)卡车扫描站信息传输和管理的公共平台,湖山铀矿卡车扫描站软件管理系统主要包括现场数据采集系统、服务器数据管理系统、客户端数据管理系统和调度系统的信息交互系统。各系统的数据流见图5
现场数据采集软件位于现场的嵌入式工控计算机内,针对单个卡车扫描站进行原始数据的接收、处理、发送和基本参数设置等工作,以及与卡车调度系统的数据交互。
当卡车扫描站处于闲置状态(没有卡车通过)时,数据采集系统每5 min监测一次本底数据,并将其发送至服务器数据管理系统;当有卡车通过扫描站时,系统首先通过RFID读卡器获取卡车编号,在现场数据数据库和交互数据库获得卡车类型、卡车实际载重量等信息;系统还通过红外对射获得卡车的行驶速度;当卡车完全通过扫描站后,系统会根据卡车通过时的γ能谱信息,经过解谱后计算出卡车运载矿石的品位,并同时把测量结果发送至服务器数据管理系统和调度系统。
服务器数据管理系统位于数据中心的服务器计算机内,主要用于全部卡车扫描站的数据及日志等信息的汇集和存储。
客户端数据管理系统位于用户个人电脑内,它从服务器数据管理系统中提取相关信息,实现各类生产运营和辅助维修维护等功能,包括状态监控模块、业务数据模块、运维管理模块、分析报表模块等4个功能模块;主要用于卡车扫描站基本数据的查询、各类日志查看、扫描站硬件状态显示与故障预警提示等。各模块实现的主要功能见表1
卡车扫描站与调度系统之间采用WebAPI方式进行数据交换,通信协议包括状态信息及通行信息。状态信息定时发送,表明卡车扫描站运行状态正常;通行信息则仅当有卡车通过时发送,报送监测到的品位数据(图6)。当卡车通过卡车扫描站完成测量后,卡车扫描站发送矿石品位测量结果至调度系统,调度系统回复确认信息,并根据品位等级指派卡车将矿石卸载在对应的储矿堆。
贫化率(Dilution rate)反映了矿石品位的降低程度,损失率(Loss rate)反映了矿石中金属量的损失程度,两者都是评价矿产资源利用情况的重要技术经济指标。贫化率(D)和损失率(L)的计算式:
$D=\frac{{G}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}}-{G}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{G}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}}\times 100\mathrm{\%},$
$L=\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}}-{M}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}}}\times 100\mathrm{\%},$
式中:Gmod代表模型中矿石品位;Gmin代表实际采出的矿石品位;Mmod代表模型中矿石金属量;Mmin代表实际采出矿石中的金属量。
为计算损失率和贫化率,在矿山的生产活动中,直接收集矿石量与品位数据。金属量则通过矿石量与品位计算得到。矿石贫化和损失产生过程见图7。可以看出,在湖山铀矿的采矿活动中,贫化损失主要产生于模型转换和矿石开采过程。当从品位控制模型转换到矿块组合模型(模型转换过程)时,须考虑因无法剔除厚度小于最大夹石厚度造成的矿石贫化,以及因无法开采厚度小于最小开采矿石厚度而造成的矿石损失,由此产生的贫化与损失称为设计贫化损失。当从矿块组合模型到实际采出矿石(矿石开采过程)时,因爆破移位使得部分矿岩混合,废石混入矿石而产生贫化,矿石混入废石而产生损失,由此产生的贫化与损失称为生产贫化损失。
实际采出矿石的调度,根据扫描站是否引入,分为2个场景。第一个场景,尚未引入卡车扫描站之前,仅有装载阶段的铲装边界模型,矿车基于该模型的数据进行卸载,即装载阶段和卸载阶段基于相同的数据;第二个场景,引入卡车扫描站后,矿车经过卡车扫描站检测后,根据扫描结果重新确定在储矿堆的卸载位置,在卸载阶段使用扫描站数据。
从品位控制模型到铲装边界的确定见图8图8(a)区块品位控制模型采用工程间距为5 m×5 m钻孔的放射性测井数据构建;图8(b)区块矿块组合模型是综合考虑品位分布情况与铲装设备等因素,对品位控制模型进行了生产符合性修正;图8(c)区块铲装边界模型以矿块组合模型边界为准,原位圈定爆破后铲装作业界线,未考虑爆破位移对矿岩界线的影响;图8(d)为卡车扫描站测量采出的矿石品位,矿石量由卡车称重系统自动测定。
湖山铀矿贫化率和损失率的计算方法也分为2个场景。当引入卡车扫描站前,贫化率和损失率计算数据来源是区块品位控制模型和区块铲装边界模型中采出的矿石量及品位。当引入卡车扫描站后,贫化率和损失率计算数据来源是区块品位控制模型和卡车扫描站检测得出的矿石量及品位。
以某生产区块为例计算不同品级矿石的贫化率和损失率,与矿块组合模型相比,默认爆破后的铲装作业界线不变;因此当采出的矿石量大于矿块组合模型中的矿石量,认为混入品位为零的废石,对该矿块造成贫化,而矿石量没有损失;当采出的矿石量小于矿块组合模型中的矿石量,认为损失了矿石量,对该矿块金属量造成损失,而矿石品位未变。该生产区块贫化率和损失率计算结果见表2。可以看出,从品位控制模型到矿块组合模型的转换过程中,仅产生设计贫化。在引入扫描站前,认为该区块在爆破前后,仅产生金属量的损失。
在实际采矿生产过程中,爆破作业产生的矿体移位和矿废混合是不能忽略的,尤其是在矿石和废石的边界处,这种现象更明显[17-18]。爆破前后,矿废边界会发生移位,使矿废混合,既有矿石混入废石区域而造成损失,也有废石混入矿石区域而造成贫化,矿石的贫化和损失均会给生产效率和生产成本带来负面影响。卡车扫描站引入前,这些影响因为缺少核实的手段而被忽略,因此,通过爆破后原位圈矿数据来计算贫化率和损失率是存在问题的,很难发挥其对生产的指导和优化作用。
关于爆破位移的试验结果及现场开展的爆破位移试验表明,清渣台阶爆破产生的爆破位移为2~15 m[19-21]。在卡车扫描站引入后,与矿块组合模型确定的边界相比,实际铲装的矿岩界线向外推12 m,产生缓冲区。缓冲区内的所有物料均过卡车扫描站,爆破作业产生的矿体移位和矿废混合的影响,可以被扫描站准确核实。在引入卡车扫描站后,生产区块相同,计算该区块的贫化率和损失率,结果见表3。可以看出,卡车扫描站能够准确测量每辆卡车载有矿石的品位,并根据矿石品位重新确定矿石类别,运输至不同储矿堆或者废石堆,实现了精准装卸作业。
卡车扫描站的引入,突破了矿块组合模型的限制,可以实时动态监测矿石品位和矿石量,并准确计算贫化率和损失率,有效指导生产。同时,卡车扫描站可有效剔除矿石里的废石,回收废石中的矿石,实现矿废分离,减少储矿堆矿石运输量,提高矿石品质,降低矿石后期的处理成本。
以某2个月实际生产数据为例,分析卡车扫描站从矿石中剔除废石,从废石中回收矿石,提高矿石品质与回收金属量的生产表现。统计了28个区块的数据,累计有36 913辆卡车通过卡车扫描站,扫描的物料总量为390万t,不同阶段矿石量和品位生产数据见表4。以表4数据为基础,分别使用式(1)和式(2)计算卡车扫描站引入前和引入后矿石的贫化率和损失率,以及卡车扫描站引入后剔除废石量和回收的金属量,结果见表5
表5可知,引入卡车扫描站后,减少的废石量约32.94万t,约占矿石总量的8.4%;增加回收金属量为58 t,约占总金属量的4.7%;贫化率由39.46%降低到27.45%,损失率由4.37%降低到-0.28%。与依据铲装边界模型得到的品位相比,依据卡车扫描站运往储矿堆的矿石平均品位提升了19.8%。
1)湖山铀矿的卡车扫描站,测量铀矿石中衰变产生的伽马射线,并将其转换成计数率,对计数率进行回归处理和修正后,得到矿石品位。通过对卡车扫描站硬件系统和软件系统的设计和优化,应用高效自动化动态连续扫描测量技术,及时将矿石品位传输至生产调度系统,既实现矿废分离,又实现实时配矿,极大促进了采矿的降本增效。
2)卡车扫描站的上线改变了爆破前后圈矿的逻辑与范围,即爆破后原始矿岩界线向外推了12 m,确定爆破后矿岩界线。矿岩界线内的所有物料均通过卡车扫描站,以便从矿石中剔除废石、从废石中回收矿石,实现矿废分离。卡车扫描站能够准确测量每台卡车上的矿石品位,并根据矿石品位调度矿车,运输至不同储矿堆或者废石堆,实现了精细化作业。
3)卡车扫描站运行后,从矿石中剔除废石,从废石中回收矿石,显著降低矿石的贫化率和损失率,提高了矿石的品质,减少了水冶后续处理量,降低了采冶生产成本。卡车动态扫描站对湖山铀矿采矿生产具有重要的意义,同时该卡车扫描站具有潜在推广价值,可促进铀矿行业采矿生产进步。
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.10.08
  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
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    中广核铀业发展有限公司, 北京 100029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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