Article(id=1147999690819363474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)02-0089-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726588800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634055094, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634055094, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634055094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634055094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999688122430098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634054451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123795578, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999691062633135, articleId=1147999690819363474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Design of UO2 Raw Material Drum Opening Robot Based on Visual Inspection, columnId=1175805041752556213, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of uranium dioxide hydrofluorination in the uranium conversion workshop, the opening and feeding of uranium dioxide raw material drums need to be operated manually, in order to reduce the risk of radiation exposure of the operators, the design of the handwheel lid opening robot control system for uranium dioxide raw material drums. The system adopts STM32F407IG series as the main control chip, and uses USB communication module to communicate with the servo motor of the robot arm for the motion control of the robot arm; proposes and adopts the robot arm positioning method based on the combination of key point detection and robot inverse kinematics to realize the accurate positioning and smooth switching of the robot on the handwheel lid of the uranium dioxide raw material drum; at the same time, designs the monitoring and control interface of the upper computer. Experiments show that the robot can complete the identification and localization of the handwheel well, and the mechanical gripper can smoothly insert into the spokes of the handwheel and rotate as required.

, correspAuthors=Zeyong LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuiming WANG, Jieheng LEI, Yaxiong LIAO, Zeyong LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147999697211482337, articleId=1147999690819363474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=基于视觉检测的二氧化铀原料桶开盖机器人设计, columnId=1175805041991631542, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=开采·选冶, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在铀转化车间二氧化铀氢氟化过程中,二氧化铀原料桶的开盖与投料均需人工操作;为了降低操作人员受辐射风险,设计二氧化铀原料桶手轮盖开盖机器人控制系统。该系统采用STM32F407IG系列为主控芯片,利用USB通信模块与机械臂伺服电机通信进行机械臂的运动控制;提出并采用基于关键点检测和机器人逆运动学相结合的机械臂定位方法,实现机器人对二氧化铀原料桶手轮盖的准确定位和柔顺开关;同时设计了上位机监测与控制界面。实验表明,机器人能够较好地完成对手轮的识别和定位,机械爪手能顺利插入手轮的轮辐并按要求进行旋转。

, correspAuthors=雷泽勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
雷泽勇(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铀矿溶浸采冶设备及工艺的研究开发。
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王水明(1999—),男,湖南郴州人,在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为视觉识别与机器人运动学。

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王水明(1999—),男,湖南郴州人,在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为视觉识别与机器人运动学。

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王水明(1999—),男,湖南郴州人,在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为视觉识别与机器人运动学。

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Control system main peripherals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外设 功能
STM32F407IGT6芯片 控制系统的信息处理和硬件支持
Esp-12F 提供联网功能
RealSenseD455视觉相机 手轮盖关键点识别及定位
Servomotor(伺服电机) 丝杠滑台和机械臂的定位
USB 串口通信
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控制系统主要外设

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外设 功能
STM32F407IGT6芯片 控制系统的信息处理和硬件支持
Esp-12F 提供联网功能
RealSenseD455视觉相机 手轮盖关键点识别及定位
Servomotor(伺服电机) 丝杠滑台和机械臂的定位
USB 串口通信
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SCARA robotic arm parameters

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关节序号 θi αi li di 关节变量 关节变量范围
z1 0 0 0 d1=140 mm d1 0~150 mm
z2 θ2 0 0 0 θ2 ±90°
z3 θ3 0 l3=200 mm 0 θ3 ±180°
z4 θ4 0 l4=330 mm 0 θ4 -
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SCARA机械臂参数

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关节序号 θi αi li di 关节变量 关节变量范围
z1 0 0 0 d1=140 mm d1 0~150 mm
z2 θ2 0 0 0 θ2 ±90°
z3 θ3 0 l3=200 mm 0 θ3 ±180°
z4 θ4 0 l4=330 mm 0 θ4 -
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基于视觉检测的二氧化铀原料桶开盖机器人设计
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王水明 1 , 雷洁珩 2 , 廖亚雄 2 , 雷泽勇 1
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025,44(2): 89-98
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025, 44(2): 89-98
基于视觉检测的二氧化铀原料桶开盖机器人设计
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王水明1, 雷洁珩2, 廖亚雄2, 雷泽勇1
作者信息
  • 1 南华大学 机械工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 2 南华大学 电气工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 王水明(1999—),男,湖南郴州人,在读硕士研究生,主要研究方向为视觉识别与机器人运动学。

通讯作者:

雷泽勇(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铀矿溶浸采冶设备及工艺的研究开发。
Design of UO2 Raw Material Drum Opening Robot Based on Visual Inspection
Shuiming WANG1, Jieheng LEI2, Yaxiong LIAO2, Zeyong LEI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.08
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在铀转化车间二氧化铀氢氟化过程中,二氧化铀原料桶的开盖与投料均需人工操作;为了降低操作人员受辐射风险,设计二氧化铀原料桶手轮盖开盖机器人控制系统。该系统采用STM32F407IG系列为主控芯片,利用USB通信模块与机械臂伺服电机通信进行机械臂的运动控制;提出并采用基于关键点检测和机器人逆运动学相结合的机械臂定位方法,实现机器人对二氧化铀原料桶手轮盖的准确定位和柔顺开关;同时设计了上位机监测与控制界面。实验表明,机器人能够较好地完成对手轮的识别和定位,机械爪手能顺利插入手轮的轮辐并按要求进行旋转。

二氧化铀  /  原料桶  /  STM32  /  关键点检测  /  逆运动学  /  机器人

In the process of uranium dioxide hydrofluorination in the uranium conversion workshop, the opening and feeding of uranium dioxide raw material drums need to be operated manually, in order to reduce the risk of radiation exposure of the operators, the design of the handwheel lid opening robot control system for uranium dioxide raw material drums. The system adopts STM32F407IG series as the main control chip, and uses USB communication module to communicate with the servo motor of the robot arm for the motion control of the robot arm; proposes and adopts the robot arm positioning method based on the combination of key point detection and robot inverse kinematics to realize the accurate positioning and smooth switching of the robot on the handwheel lid of the uranium dioxide raw material drum; at the same time, designs the monitoring and control interface of the upper computer. Experiments show that the robot can complete the identification and localization of the handwheel well, and the mechanical gripper can smoothly insert into the spokes of the handwheel and rotate as required.

uranium dioxide  /  raw material drum  /  STM32  /  critical point detection  /  inverse kinematics  /  robotics
王水明, 雷洁珩, 廖亚雄, 雷泽勇. 基于视觉检测的二氧化铀原料桶开盖机器人设计. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (2) : 89 -98 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.08
Shuiming WANG, Jieheng LEI, Yaxiong LIAO, Zeyong LEI. Design of UO2 Raw Material Drum Opening Robot Based on Visual Inspection[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (2) : 89 -98 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.08
在面向“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的能源体系中,核能作为一种高效、清洁的能源,能够发挥出色的作用[1]。二氧化铀是制备六氟化铀的重要原料,是天然铀纯化转化生产的中间纽带[2];二氧化铀转化车间存在一定的放射性,对操作人员的健康构成威胁。在二氧化铀投料时,设计手轮盖开盖机器人,以代替人工进行二氧化铀原料桶手轮盖开关盖的作业,对于减少操作人员辐射暴露、保障工作人员的健康、降低劳动强度和提高工作效率都具有重要意义。
在自动开闭盖机器人研发方面,中国现在还无法大规模、系统化地制造开闭盖工具以及相关自动化设备[3-4]。除此之外,目前国内外在自主完成开闭盖设备方面的研究较少,主要研究方向集中在对于螺栓的自动装配,只有少数研究团队研发出了既能进行螺栓装配又能自动开闭盖的设备。在国外具有代表性的是德国比尔芬格伯格公司自主研发的BID自动开封盖机器人,主要包括升降系统、旋转系统、螺栓定位系统及开盖系统[5];在国内,南方电子仪表公司与核电厂共同研发了核电废料桶智能开封盖设备[6],该设备主要结构包括辊道运送系统、桁架行走系统、拧紧系统,可以同时拧紧和拧松32个螺栓。
以上研究为开闭盖机器人设计提供了新的思路,但是在面向桶盖精准定位方面未见报道。为此,采用视觉检测技术和机器人运动学[7]对桶盖进行关键点检测和定位,旨在填补开闭盖机器人这一领域的部分空白。
铀转化车间以二氧化铀为原料,按照生产要求,每天需要向转化炉内投20桶原料,每桶原料的投放时间在10分钟左右。整个投料过程全部由人工操作,投料位置在厂房三楼的转化炉口上方,现场温度最高达60℃,工作环境非常恶劣。为了能够实现工人在友好的工作环境中进行投料工作,设计了结合负压的自动投料系统;该系统要求将原料桶放置于一楼的卸料平台上,通过开盖机器人对原料桶进行开闭盖,最后通过负压风机将原料输送至三楼的转化炉内。机器人开盖是投料系统中的一个环节,其任务是完成对料桶上方手轮的位置识别、拧松和拧紧操作。原料桶的三维图见图1
手轮盖开盖机器人总体结构见图2。其主要包括用于驱动机械臂定位的4个伺服电机、使机器人在垂直方向上移动的丝杠滑台、可更换的机械爪手,以及视觉相机。控制部分包括机器人控制系统、电源模块以及远程通信模块。本研究采用眼在手[8-9]机器人手眼系统,将视觉相机安装在机器人机械臂的末端。
STM32F407IGT6是机器人控制系统的核心,是一款高性能的微控制器单片机。它采用了ARMCortex-M4内核处理器,主频高达168 MHz。控制系统硬件包括多个通用串行接口、SPI接口、I2C接口、USB接口,配备了EthernetMAC控制器,支持10/100 Mbps的以太网通信,并符合IEEE1588v2标准。控制系统主要外设见表1
控制系统软件部分由上位机和下位机组成。上位机采用PyQt图形库开发交互式界面,用于操作和监控硬件设备信息;下位机采用基于C语言的KEILKEILMDK-ARM集成开发环境进行程序设计,用于实现底层逻辑控制。
电脑主机作为视觉检测和SCARA(Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)机械臂控制的中枢,承载了手轮关键点的转角计算、机械臂逆运动学求解、电机脉冲和角度换算,及串口通讯收发信息等功能。本研究设计了用于整合以上功能的可视化界面程序,程序的主要功能有:1)对相机采集的图像数据进行处理。在机械臂进行定位时,通过相机采集的图像传回计算机主机,利用深度学习模型进行检测,得到手轮目标的中心点和轮辐关键点在图像中的位置坐标,以此来计算四号伺服电机的插入角。2)坐标和机器人关节参数运算。将手轮中心点坐标作为机械臂末端的位姿矩阵,根据机器人逆运动学求解,得到SCARA机器人运动关节的位移和转角,通过伺服电机的位置控制[10-11]模式,控制机械臂转动,使其到达相应位置。3)电机参数的计算。利用SCARA机器人运动关节的位移和转角,计算控制电机旋转对应角度的脉冲数量。4)串口通讯指令发送和接收。计算机主机通过USB串口将电机的控制指令发送到电机运动控制板上,指令包含控制各关节电机转动的脉冲数量和旋转方向信息,并接收控制板返回的完成操作的信息。控制软件的控制逻辑见图3。下位机程序流程图见图4
为采用逆运动学求解机械臂各关节角度提供计算参数,进行机械臂建模[12]。D-H法是一种用于描述机械臂关节和连杆之间几何关系的方法,是机器人学和自动控制领域非常重要的工具之一[13]。对于本研究搭建的实验平台的SCARA机械臂,z1为平移关节,z2z3z4为绕z绕轴转动的旋转关节。SCARA机械臂由垂直滑台、短臂、长臂和机械爪手组成。垂直滑台在竖直方向上滑动,从而带动短臂、长臂和机械爪手完成竖直方向上的位移;短臂和长臂在水平面上转动,使SCARA机械臂末端到达水平面内的指定位置;通过垂直滑台、短臂和长臂的协作,可让SCARA机械臂末端的相机和机械爪手运动至三维工作空间的指定位置。坐标系平面示意见图5。搭建的SCARA机械臂D-H参数见表2
通过双阶段目标检测算法R-CNN[14-15]来进行手轮盖中心位置和旋转角度的检测。将手轮盖置于视觉相机视野内,计算机开始进行手轮盖中心点和轮辐点的预测,预测成功后把对应的坐标返回给计算机,此坐标可为逆运动学求解机械臂各关节角度提供计算参数。坐标系见图6
图6x轴向右为正方向,y轴向下为正方向;2条红线的交点表示相机镜头中心;在2条绿线中,一条绿线是关键点的连接线,另一条绿线是x轴的平行线,用于计算轮辐的旋转角度。实际应用中,机械臂根据手轮中心的坐标逐步将机械臂上的相机移动到手轮上方,使其与镜头中心对齐;然后将机械爪手移动到手轮上方并通过手轮旋转角度调整机械爪手的插入角度,以避免机械爪手与手轮之间的干涉和碰撞。
对关键点检测模型输出坐标进行偏移,以手轮中心关键点作为转角计算的坐标原点,设定手轮中心关键点坐标(xc, yc),轮辐关键点坐标(xs, ys),角度输出计算公式[16]如下:
$\begin{array}{c}Angle=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}2({y}_{\mathrm{s}}-{y}_{\mathrm{c}},{x}_{\mathrm{s}}-{x}_{\mathrm{c}})\times 180/\mathrm{\pi }\\ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}<0,\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}+=360\end{array}\right.。\end{array}$
根据手轮识别的目标和关键点坐标信息,编写用于测试图像的代码,对图像中的手轮进行测试,结果见图7。图中绿色框表示检测到的手轮目标边界框,红色端点代表检测到的手轮关键点,红色圆圈上的点表示机械爪手的插入点。
在视觉识别方面,传统的特征匹配算法仅适用于特定对象,被检测目标的位置变化和外部环境的改变都可能导致检测精度下降。基于这些方法设计的机器人识别和定位系统鲁棒性差。因此采用深度学习来进行目标识别和关键点检测是现在的主流趋势,考虑到工业机器人的运行速度,在保证识别精度的情况下,尽量减少检测推理时间。手轮关键点识别基于R-CNN模型,使用MobileNetV3作为主干网络进行特征提取;相比主干网络为Resnet50的R-CNN模型,该主干网络模型将检测时间缩短了54.6%,提高了效率。目标检测和关键点检测的mAP值分别提高了1.8%和0.4%,使模型的鲁棒性更稳定。
机器人正运动学求解是指已知机械臂各关节的变量值,利用运动学方程和几何关系计算出机械臂末端的位置和姿态。在基坐标下,根据机器人正运动学建立机器人末端姿态矩阵[17]:
$\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{ }}_{4}^{0}T{=}_{1}^{0}{T}_{2}^{1}{T}_{3}^{2}{T}_{4}^{3}T=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{n}_{x}& {o}_{x}& {a}_{x}& {p}_{x}\\ {n}_{y}& {o}_{y}& {a}_{y}& {p}_{y}\\ {n}_{z}& {o}_{z}& {a}_{z}& {p}_{z}\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
式(2)中:nx=cos(θ2+θ3+θ4), ny=sin(θ2+θ3+θ4), nz=0; ox=-sin(θ2+θ3+θ4), oy=cos(θ2+θ3+θ4), oz=0;ax=0,ay=0,az=0;px=l4cos(θ2+θ3)+l3cosθ2, py=l4sin(θ2+θ3)+l3sinθ2,pz=d1。即末端姿态矩阵可表示为
$\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{ }}_{4}^{0}T=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& 0& {l}_{4}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3})+{l}_{3}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}\\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})&  \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& 0& {l}_{4}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3})+{l}_{3}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}\\ 0& 0& 0& {d}_{1}\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right],\end{array}$
将各旋转关节和移动关节的变量代入变换矩阵,可以得到机器人末端相对参考坐标系的位置和姿态。
机械臂逆运动学求解的过程,是指在已知机械臂末端的位姿情况下,求取各旋转关节的角度和平移关节的位移,机械臂末端位姿通过已获取的手轮盖中心点坐标来建立位姿矩阵。本研究搭建的SCARA机器人旋转关节为绕z轴旋转,位移关节为竖直方向上的位移,简化逆求解过程。通过对正运动学方程进行逆变换或代数求解,得
到关节变量与末端执行器的位置和姿态之间的关系,计算出机械臂各关节的角度和位置。关节1为竖直方向上的位移,则关节变量d1
$\begin{array}{c}{p}_{z}={d}_{1}\end{array}$
${\mathrm{ }}_{4}^{0}$T可得:
$\begin{array}{c}{p}_{x}={l}_{4}cos\left({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}\right)+{l}_{3}cos{\theta }_{2}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{p}_{y}={l}_{4}sin({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3})+{l}_{3}sin{\theta }_{2}\end{array}$;
消去cos(θ2+θ3)和sin(θ2+θ3),可得
2pyl4sinθ2+2pxl4cosθ2= ${{p}_{x}}^{2}$+ ${{p}_{y}}^{2}$+ ${{l}_{3}}^{2}$+ ${{l}_{4}}^{2}$
k1=2pyl3,k2=2pxl4,k3= ${{p}_{x}}^{2}$+ ${{p}_{y}}^{2}$+ ${{l}_{3}}^{2}$+ ${{l}_{4}}^{2}$,则 $\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{2}=atan2\left({k}_{1}{k}_{3}\pm {k}_{2}\sqrt[ ]{{{k}_{1}}^{2}+{{k}_{2}}^{2}-{{k}_{3}}^{2}},{k}_{2}{k}_{3}\pm {k}_{1}\sqrt[ ]{{{k}_{1}}^{2}+{{k}_{2}}^{2}-{{k}_{3}}^{2}}\right)\end{array}$,
$\begin{array}{c}sin({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3})=\frac{{p}_{y}-{l}_{3}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}}{{l}_{4}}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}cos\left({\theta }_{2}+{\theta }_{3}\right)=\frac{{p}_{x}-{l}_{3}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}}{{l}_{4}}\end{array}$
解得:
$\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{3}=atan2({p}_{y}-{l}_{3}sin{\theta }_{2},{p}_{x}-{l}_{3}cos{\theta }_{2})\end{array}$
关节2绕z轴旋转的旋转关节,变换矩阵之间的关系[18]有:
$\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}^{0}T=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}& 0& 0\\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}&  \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& {d}_{1}\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{ }}_{3}^{2}T{\mathrm{ }}_{4}^{3}T=\\ \left[\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}({\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& 0& {l}_{4}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{3}+{l}_{3}\\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})&  \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}({\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})& 0& {l}_{4}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{3}\\ 0& 0& 1& {d}_{1}\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{ }}_{3}^{2}T{\mathrm{ }}_{4}^{3}T={(}_{2}^{0}{T)}^{-1}{·}_{4}^{0}T=\\ \left[\begin{array}{llll} \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}& 0& 0\\ -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{2}& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{2}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& -{d}_{1} \\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{llll}{n}_{x}& {o}_{x}& {a}_{x}& {p}_{x}\\ {n}_{y}& {o}_{y}& {a}_{y}& {p}_{y}\\ {n}_{z}& {o}_{z}& {a}_{z}& {p}_{z}\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
根据式(14)中第二行和第一列有
$\begin{array}{c}sin({\theta }_{3}+{\theta }_{4})=-{n}_{x}sin{\theta }_{2}+{n}_{x}cos{\theta }_{2},\end{array}$
可得
$\begin{array}{c}{\theta }_{4}=-arctan2({n}_{x},{n}_{y})-{\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{3}。\end{array}$
在已知目标物体的坐标情况下,由上述方程通过逆运动学求解方程求出各关节的旋转角和位移。
为了验证D-H法建立的正运动学模型,根据机械臂的结构参数和关节限位角,在MATLAB中利用机器人仿真工具箱[19]进行建模,验证计算结果的正确性。本设计的SCARA机器人短臂长200 mm,长臂长330 mm,滑台行程0~200 mm,短臂旋转角度范围±90°,长臂旋转角度范围±180°;末端爪手用于转动铀原料桶上的手轮,应连续转动无上限值。根据机器人参数和D-H法,在MATLAB中的机器人对象见图8
为验证正运动学解算的正确性,将式(17)参数代入正运动学模型,并与MATLAB进行对比分析。
$\begin{array}{c}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}=180\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\\ {\theta }_{2}=30°\\ {\theta }_{3}=-60°\\ {\theta }_{4}=90°\end{array}\right.,\end{array}$
代入正运动学模型求解得
$\begin{array}{c}\left[\begin{array}{llll}0.5& -0.866& 0& 458.993\\ 0.866& 0.5& 0& -65  \\ 0& 0& 1& 180 \\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right],\end{array}$
在MATLAB中输入相应得关节位移和转角,进行仿真分析,可得机械臂末端姿态矩阵
$\begin{array}{c}\left[\begin{array}{llll}0.5& -0.866& 0& 458.993\\ 0.866& 0.5& 0& -65  \\ 0& 0& 1& 180 \\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
由式(18)~式(19)可看出,正运动学模型的计算结果与MATLAB仿真分析结果一致,MATLAB仿真机器人姿态见图9
为验证逆运动学解算的正确性,将以下矩阵代入逆运动学模型,并与MATLAB进行对比分析
$\begin{array}{c}\left[\begin{array}{llll}0.866 & -0.5  & 0 & 450\\ 0.5 & 0.866& 0 & 80\\ 0 &   0  & 1 & 120\\ 0 &   0  & 0 & 1\end{array}\right],\end{array}$
代入逆运动学方程求解得到
$\begin{array}{c}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}=120\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\\ {\theta }_{2}=-29.934\mathrm{ }8°\\ {\theta }_{3}=62.964\mathrm{ }3°\\ {\theta }_{4}=56.979\mathrm{ }5°\end{array}\right.\end{array}$
将计算结果(21)代入MATLAB进行机器人运动仿真,结果见图10~图11
在MATLAB软件的机器人工具箱中,按本研究中的设计参数搭建SCARA机器人,通过仿真分析证明了建模和正、逆运动学求解过程的准确性。
为验证本研究的视觉关键点识别算法、SCARA机器人运动学模型和机器人控制方法的实际效果,搭建了实验平台(图12),并编写电脑上位机将视觉识别和机器人电机控制板串口通讯整合,利用实验平台评估方法的正确性。
通过结合OpenCV-Python库[20]实现相机数据处理和目标检测,以及利用pyserial库实现串口通讯功能,可以构建一个完整的用户界面程序,实现图像处理、目标检测和电机控制的一体化。可视化界面程序的功能主要有图像显示、串口搜索按钮、串口选择下拉框、视觉识别按钮和卸料操作按钮,见图13
在用户界面程序,按下视觉预定位按钮,程序向电机运动控制板发送指令,SCARA机械臂向外伸展,将视觉相机移动到预定位置,开始采集手轮图像。视野内包含识别到手轮目标,此时手轮的中心点与相机视野中心点可能存在误差,视觉预定位见图14(a)。机械臂完成预定位后,在用户界面程序按下视觉定位按钮,根据手轮的中心点与相机视野中心点的偏差,逐步调整相机的位置,当偏差在程序设定的阈值内时结束手轮定位,视觉定位完成,见图14(b)
视觉相机坐标与机械爪手坐标系之间经过坐标变换[21-22],将相机坐标系手轮的中心点和轮辐点坐标映射到机械爪手坐标系。在用户界面程序按下机械爪手定位按钮,SCARA机械臂[23]根据逆运动求解得到的关节转角驱动机械爪手运动到手轮的上方,并调整机械爪手的插入角。手轮模拟卸料阶段,需按下用户界面程序的启动卸料按钮,此时SCARA机械臂的垂直关节向下移动,将爪手插入手轮间隙中,转动手轮实现模拟卸料操作。实验总共进行了50次,均能正确识别手轮的轮辐,机械爪手插入手轮间隙不产生干涉,手轮中心距离机械爪手的最远端为10 mm,即操作精度为10 mm。实验结果见图15
设计了基于视觉检测和机器人运动学的机械臂实验装置,该装置以STM32微处理器为基础,以伺服电机作为控制元件,以可移动的丝杠滑台和可旋转的机械臂关节为执行元件,结合了视觉关键点检测方法、机械臂建模和机器人运动学计算方法。通过搭建机械臂实验平台验证上述方法的准确性,实验结果表明,机械臂可以对手轮进行定位,实现机械爪对手轮的顺利插入,并完成对手轮的旋转操作。
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.08
  • 接收时间:2024-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-18
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    1 南华大学 机械工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
    2 南华大学 电气工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001

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雷泽勇(1962—),男,湖南邵阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,主要从事铀矿溶浸采冶设备及工艺的研究开发。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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