Article(id=1147999690043421518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, articleNumber=1000-8063(2025)02-0060-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634054909, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634054909, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634054909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634054909, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999688122430098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2025', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634054451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123795578, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179413939365491633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999688122430098, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999690332828516, articleId=1147999690043421518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Simulation Study on Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation During the “CO2+O2” In-situ Leaching Process, columnId=1175805041752556213, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The "CO2+O2" leaching process is an artificially intensified water-rock interaction process that leads to the dissolution of non-uranium minerals, which enter the leaching solution system and cause changes in the dissolution and precipitation state of the minerals in the leachate. Geochemical simulation methods were used to simulate ion species in the leachate and the mineral leaching equilibrium studying the dissolution, migration, and precipitation of minerals during the in-situ leaching mining process. For the first time, the conditions and influencing factors for the precipitation of manganese minerals were studied, targeting the characteristics of strong groundwater reducibility and high carbonate content in the target deposit.The results show that under neutral leaching conditions, uranium in the leachate mainly exists in the form of UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ followed by UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$, and the proportions of the two are affected by pH. The saturation indices of carbonate minerals in the neutral leaching leachate of the study area are all greater than zero, indicating a supersaturated state, and pH is the main factor controlling the precipitation of carbonates, with the critical pH for calcium carbonate precipitation being 6.7 and for calcium magnesium carbonate precipitation being 6.5. The saturation indices of sulfate minerals are all less than zero, and no precipitation of calcium sulfate will occur in the formation, and the precipitation of calcium sulfate is mainly controlled by the content of calcium ions and sulfate ions. Under neutral leaching conditions, iron mineral precipitation is likely to occur and is greatly affected by pH conditions; at the same time, manganese-containing minerals will precipitate in the leachate, and the redox conditions are the main factors affecting their dissolution and precipitation; some silicon-containing minerals in the leachate are in a supersaturated state, and their dissolution and precipitation are greatly affected by pH The research results are of great significance for the prevention of precipitation in in-situ leaching mining.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haicheng WENG, Yuan YUAN, Zhengbang LIU, Chunru HOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147999694350971083, articleId=1147999690043421518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=“CO2+O2”地浸开采过程中矿物溶解沉淀模拟研究, columnId=1175805041991631542, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=开采·选冶, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=“CO2+O2”浸出过程是人工强化下的水岩作用过程,非铀矿物的溶蚀物会进入浸出液体系,导致浸出液矿物溶解沉淀状态发生改变。运用地球化学模拟手段对“CO2+O2”浸出过程浸出液中的离子存在形式及矿物溶浸平衡进行模拟计算,进而研究地浸开采过程中矿物溶解迁移和沉淀状况。针对目标矿床地下水还原性强、碳酸盐含量高的特征,研究了含锰矿物沉淀产生的条件及影响因素。结果表明:在中性浸出条件下,研究矿区浸出液中U主要以UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$形式存在,UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$次之,二者的占比主要受pH影响;浸出液中碳酸盐矿物饱和指数均大于零,处于过饱和状态,pH是控制碳酸盐矿物沉淀的主要因素,发生碳酸钙类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.7,发生碳酸钙镁类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.5;浸出液中硫酸盐矿物饱和指数均小于零,不会有硫酸钙沉淀析出,硫酸钙类矿物沉淀主要受钙离子和硫酸根含量的控制。在中性浸出条件下,易产生铁矿物沉淀,且受pH影响较大;同时,浸出液中会有含锰矿物析出,氧化还原条件是影响其溶解沉淀的重要因素;浸出液中大部分含硅矿物处于过饱和状态,其溶解沉淀受pH影响较大。研究结果对地浸开采中预防沉淀物质的产生具有重要意义。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xG4D/4uoS25HfV6XZzUJLw==, magXml=RVyVpr2Fv8xqUkRKWZQ66Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6+mZvwkLP/n0HEwcOY+DqA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OiGOdByB150gPvTxC8UsQg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

翁海成(1992—),男,河北张家口人,硕士,工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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翁海成(1992—),男,河北张家口人,硕士,工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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翁海成(1992—),男,河北张家口人,硕士,工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

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Applied Geochemistry, 2022,136:105178., articleTitle=Uranium (VI) sorption on illite under varying carbonate concentrations: Batch experiments, modeling, and cryogenic time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179483428719312931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=陈万利, journalName=巴彦乌拉铀矿地浸过程中含矿层化学堵塞机理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈万利. 巴彦乌拉铀矿地浸过程中含矿层化学堵塞机理研究[D]. 抚州: 东华理工大学, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179483428794810405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=熊骁, journalName=溶浸采铀过程中铁的不同形态化合物对铀的吸附机理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=熊骁. 溶浸采铀过程中铁的不同形态化合物对铀的吸附机理研究[D]. 衡阳: 南华大学, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179483428857724967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=322, issue=2, pageStart=923, pageEnd=932, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=YANG G Z, KANG M L, CHENG X, journalName=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG G Z, KANG M L, CHENG X, et al. A novel methodology for investigating the redox potential of underground water in China’s Beishan HLW repository site[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2019, 322(2):923-932., articleTitle=A novel methodology for investigating the redox potential of underground water in China’s Beishan HLW repository site, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179483422016816045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179483422025204654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, companyId=1179483422016816045, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179483422033593263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, companyId=1179483422016816045, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179483423912641489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Variation of UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ and UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ content and pH in the leachate over time, figureFileSmall=U+zNvIxr4nYVF15CORdvVA==, figureFileBig=BIsW2rVMxCaAG8JW1CmXNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483423962973138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图1, caption=浸出液UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$、UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$含量及pH随时间变化, figureFileSmall=U+zNvIxr4nYVF15CORdvVA==, figureFileBig=BIsW2rVMxCaAG8JW1CmXNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424021693395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Relationship between the main forms of uranium and pH in the Leachate, figureFileSmall=AJ5voUiqibpt6rKbIz2ZTA==, figureFileBig=DRbzZipGtRNve++lM/F60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424092996564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图2, caption=浸出液铀的主要存在形式与pH的关系, figureFileSmall=AJ5voUiqibpt6rKbIz2ZTA==, figureFileBig=DRbzZipGtRNve++lM/F60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424164299733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Saturation Indices of carbonate minerals, sulfate minerals, and iron minerals in the leachate, figureFileSmall=AWvJPPMZxuowunT9PNhTxg==, figureFileBig=eEz8osM73rb5PPfa2uLI5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424218825686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图3, caption=浸出液碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物、铁矿物饱和指数, figureFileSmall=AWvJPPMZxuowunT9PNhTxg==, figureFileBig=eEz8osM73rb5PPfa2uLI5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424298517463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Variation of uranium carbonate mineral saturation index in the leachate over time and pH, figureFileSmall=cPUNSqrzBnFg3rWJ5BCTHw==, figureFileBig=LC0TTklHA0C7oRloMkue/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424361432024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图4, caption=浸出液铀碳酸盐矿物饱和指数随时间、pH变化关系, figureFileSmall=cPUNSqrzBnFg3rWJ5BCTHw==, figureFileBig=LC0TTklHA0C7oRloMkue/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424453706713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variation of sulfate mineral saturation index over time and its relationship with Ca2+ and ${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$, figureFileSmall=JmzsJNA4p415gD98DLUpWw==, figureFileBig=iU31WKvghDWNm6WMsq1nHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424516621274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图5, caption=硫酸盐矿物饱和指数随时间变化及其与Ca2+${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的关系, figureFileSmall=JmzsJNA4p415gD98DLUpWw==, figureFileBig=iU31WKvghDWNm6WMsq1nHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424634061787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Analysis of gypsum dissolution state of calcium sulfate in neutral leaching process, figureFileSmall=PCBH3FrmIKLdZzmyYlTh1w==, figureFileBig=ToppFy5C3of+2ZDb84RYLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424793445340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图6, caption=中性浸出工艺硫酸钙溶解状态分析, figureFileSmall=PCBH3FrmIKLdZzmyYlTh1w==, figureFileBig=ToppFy5C3of+2ZDb84RYLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424881525725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Variation of iron mineral saturation index over time and its relationship with pH, figureFileSmall=ydgjruVuja9Ja1WbzrwarQ==, figureFileBig=aY9vIEwrRh5Y2fZBMRjbcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483424982189022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=图7, caption=铁矿物饱和指数随时间变化及其与pH关系, figureFileSmall=ydgjruVuja9Ja1WbzrwarQ==, figureFileBig=aY9vIEwrRh5Y2fZBMRjbcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483425045103583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Saturation Index of manganese minerals in the leachate and its relationship with redox potential (pE represents electron activity), 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figureFileBig=OVCjj5g67IZiLxc22yQiCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179483425359676387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of of leachate from pumping wells in C6 mining area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号 ρ(Ca2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(∑Fe)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Fe2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
pH ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
电导率/
(μs/cm)
溶解氧/
(mg/L)
6-0611 116 188 0.079 2 930 1 207 1 079 7.06 5.22 7 510 6.97
6-0612 131 194 0.067 2 930 1 207 979 7.01 6.97 7 650 8.77
6-0810 126 191 0.067 2 930 1 243 1 025 6.99 3.83 7 630 13.10
6-0811 131 203 0.146 0.031 2 990 1 243 1 058 7.01 7.93 7 770 10.80
6-0812 121 191 0.376 0.086 2 870 1 207 1 093 6.96 3.13 7 620 6.85
6-1010 131 203 0.128 0.037 2 870 1 207 1 199 6.99 7.12 7 700 11.80
6-1012 131 200 0.092 0.037 2 870 1 207 1 122 6.97 3.40 7 650 13.80
6-1211 131 197 0.043 2 930 1 243 1 231 6.99 5.73 7 700 17.40
6-1212 136 206 0.049 2 930 1 207 1 033 6.98 3.48 7 720 14.20
6-1213 136 209 0.304 0.055 2 990 1 243 1 138 7.00 4.22 7 760 16.90
6-1411 126 191 0.261 0.079 2 990 1 243 1 082 7.05 4.61 7 610 14.40
6-1412 126 200 0.086 0.031 2 870 1 207 1 023 6.99 7.93 7 590 17.90
6-1413 121 197 0.098 0.031 2 930 1 207 1 122 7.04 5.22 7 570 13.10
6-1611 121 179 0.304 0.049 2 930 1 172 1 217 7.02 9.33 7 450 11.20
6-1612 126 197 0.055 2 990 1 207 1 137 7.00 8.09 7 710 12.80
6-1613 126 197 0.079 2 870 1 243 997 6.99 8.17 7 660 11.30
6-1812 126 200 0.049 3 050 1 207 1 081 7.03 8.75 7 760 10.90
6-1813 126 200 0.073 0.031 2 990 1 207 1 245 7.03 14.30 7 180 11.90
6-2013 111 185 0.073 2 870 1 243 1 160 7.10 5.84 7 550 10.20
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425443562468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

C6采区抽液井浸出液化学组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井号 ρ(Ca2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(∑Fe)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Fe2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
pH ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
电导率/
(μs/cm)
溶解氧/
(mg/L)
6-0611 116 188 0.079 2 930 1 207 1 079 7.06 5.22 7 510 6.97
6-0612 131 194 0.067 2 930 1 207 979 7.01 6.97 7 650 8.77
6-0810 126 191 0.067 2 930 1 243 1 025 6.99 3.83 7 630 13.10
6-0811 131 203 0.146 0.031 2 990 1 243 1 058 7.01 7.93 7 770 10.80
6-0812 121 191 0.376 0.086 2 870 1 207 1 093 6.96 3.13 7 620 6.85
6-1010 131 203 0.128 0.037 2 870 1 207 1 199 6.99 7.12 7 700 11.80
6-1012 131 200 0.092 0.037 2 870 1 207 1 122 6.97 3.40 7 650 13.80
6-1211 131 197 0.043 2 930 1 243 1 231 6.99 5.73 7 700 17.40
6-1212 136 206 0.049 2 930 1 207 1 033 6.98 3.48 7 720 14.20
6-1213 136 209 0.304 0.055 2 990 1 243 1 138 7.00 4.22 7 760 16.90
6-1411 126 191 0.261 0.079 2 990 1 243 1 082 7.05 4.61 7 610 14.40
6-1412 126 200 0.086 0.031 2 870 1 207 1 023 6.99 7.93 7 590 17.90
6-1413 121 197 0.098 0.031 2 930 1 207 1 122 7.04 5.22 7 570 13.10
6-1611 121 179 0.304 0.049 2 930 1 172 1 217 7.02 9.33 7 450 11.20
6-1612 126 197 0.055 2 990 1 207 1 137 7.00 8.09 7 710 12.80
6-1613 126 197 0.079 2 870 1 243 997 6.99 8.17 7 660 11.30
6-1812 126 200 0.049 3 050 1 207 1 081 7.03 8.75 7 760 10.90
6-1813 126 200 0.073 0.031 2 990 1 207 1 245 7.03 14.30 7 180 11.90
6-2013 111 185 0.073 2 870 1 243 1 160 7.10 5.84 7 550 10.20
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425561002981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of chemical composition of pumping well 6-1611 over time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 pH Eh ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Ca2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
ρ(总Fe)/
(mg/L)
2010-07-19 7.75 113 2 440 504 518 26 47 8.8 0.111
2010-09-16 7.44 246 2 620 459 645 34 54 44.1 0.173
2010-10-26 7.36 309 2 590 505 705 37 65 52.9 0.067
2011-06-08 7.26 238 2 600 424 750 46 77 39.7 0.073
2013-05-06 7.16 326 2 840 443 1 160 88 139 22.6 0.043
2015-07-05 7.07 340 2 870 529 1 320 120 173 13.5 0.034
2016-04-06 6.98 219 2 870 589 1 287 124 180 10.6
2017-04-06 7.04 236 2 930 604 1 217 126 176 9.1
2019-11-06 7.10 203 2 624 592 1 360 110 180 7.3 0.010
2020-05-06 7.10 236 2 753 591 1 227 102 165 7.2 0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425653277670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

抽液井6-1611化学组分随时间的变化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 pH Eh ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Ca2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg2+)/
(mg/L)
ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
ρ(总Fe)/
(mg/L)
2010-07-19 7.75 113 2 440 504 518 26 47 8.8 0.111
2010-09-16 7.44 246 2 620 459 645 34 54 44.1 0.173
2010-10-26 7.36 309 2 590 505 705 37 65 52.9 0.067
2011-06-08 7.26 238 2 600 424 750 46 77 39.7 0.073
2013-05-06 7.16 326 2 840 443 1 160 88 139 22.6 0.043
2015-07-05 7.07 340 2 870 529 1 320 120 173 13.5 0.034
2016-04-06 6.98 219 2 870 589 1 287 124 180 10.6
2017-04-06 7.04 236 2 930 604 1 217 126 176 9.1
2019-11-06 7.10 203 2 624 592 1 360 110 180 7.3 0.010
2020-05-06 7.10 236 2 753 591 1 227 102 165 7.2 0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425724580839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The content and proportion of main uranium species in the leachate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铀存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ 2.13×10-4 95.45
UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$ 1.02×10-5 4.54
UO2CO3 2.21×10-8 0.01
UO2(OH)+ 8.71×10-12 3.90×1${{0}^{-}}^{6}$
${UO}_{2}^{2+}$ 1.69×10-13 7.54×10-8
UO2SO4 5.97×10-14 2.67×10-8
UO2(SO4${)}_{2}^{2-}$ 1.00×10-14 4.47×1${{0}^{-}}^{9}$
UO2Cl+ 1.46×10-15 6.55×10-10
(UO2)2(${OH)}_{2}^{2+}$ 7.44×10-18 3.33×10-12
(UO2)3${(OH)}_{5}^{+}$ 1.44×10-19 6.45×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425800078312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

浸出液中各种铀存在形式及其占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铀存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ 2.13×10-4 95.45
UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$ 1.02×10-5 4.54
UO2CO3 2.21×10-8 0.01
UO2(OH)+ 8.71×10-12 3.90×1${{0}^{-}}^{6}$
${UO}_{2}^{2+}$ 1.69×10-13 7.54×10-8
UO2SO4 5.97×10-14 2.67×10-8
UO2(SO4${)}_{2}^{2-}$ 1.00×10-14 4.47×1${{0}^{-}}^{9}$
UO2Cl+ 1.46×10-15 6.55×10-10
(UO2)2(${OH)}_{2}^{2+}$ 7.44×10-18 3.33×10-12
(UO2)3${(OH)}_{5}^{+}$ 1.44×10-19 6.45×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425896547305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main forms of iron in the leachate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fe存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
Fe${(OH)}_{2}^{+}$ 1.40×10-7 77.50
Fe(OH)3 1.42×10-8 7.89
Fe${(OH)}_{4}^{-}$ 2.06×10-9 1.14
FeOH2+ 4.23×10-11 0.02
Fe2+ 1.96×10-8 10.87
FeSO4 4.56×10-9 2.53
FeOH+ 1.66×10-11 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1179483425959461866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

浸出液中铁的主要存在形式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Fe存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
Fe${(OH)}_{2}^{+}$ 1.40×10-7 77.50
Fe(OH)3 1.42×10-8 7.89
Fe${(OH)}_{4}^{-}$ 2.06×10-9 1.14
FeOH2+ 4.23×10-11 0.02
Fe2+ 1.96×10-8 10.87
FeSO4 4.56×10-9 2.53
FeOH+ 1.66×10-11 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1179483426047542251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Main ion concentrations in the solutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 pH ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Ca)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Na)/
(mg/L)
ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mn)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Si)/
(mg/L)
6-1215B浸出液 7.01 2 570 641 1 081 100.0 140 1 580 7.59 0.346 12.1
6-1412浸出液 7.01 2 570 628 1 081 106.0 140 1 600 4.77 0.579 9.6
6-1611浸出液 7.10 2 630 560 1 081 95.7 140 1 580 7.43 0.628 10.1
6-1613浸出液 7.00 2 650 594 1 081 97.8 140 1 610 5.06 0.706 10.4
6-1812浸出液 7.15 2 570 560 1 081 95.7 140 1 540 6.48 0.701 10.3
尾液 7.05 2 630 574 1 340 98.7 140 1 600 7.02 0.180 11.0
原液 7.01 2 580 638 1 389 100.0 173 10.20 0.750 -
), ArticleFig(id=1179483426144011244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

溶液中主要离子含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 pH ρ($\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Cl-)/
(mg/L)
ρ($\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Ca)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mg)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Na)/
(mg/L)
ρ(U)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Mn)/
(mg/L)
ρ(Si)/
(mg/L)
6-1215B浸出液 7.01 2 570 641 1 081 100.0 140 1 580 7.59 0.346 12.1
6-1412浸出液 7.01 2 570 628 1 081 106.0 140 1 600 4.77 0.579 9.6
6-1611浸出液 7.10 2 630 560 1 081 95.7 140 1 580 7.43 0.628 10.1
6-1613浸出液 7.00 2 650 594 1 081 97.8 140 1 610 5.06 0.706 10.4
6-1812浸出液 7.15 2 570 560 1 081 95.7 140 1 540 6.48 0.701 10.3
尾液 7.05 2 630 574 1 340 98.7 140 1 600 7.02 0.180 11.0
原液 7.01 2 580 638 1 389 100.0 173 10.20 0.750 -
), ArticleFig(id=1179483426232091630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Main forms of manganese in the leachate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mn存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
${{Mn}^{2}}^{+}$ 4.27×10-6 67.33
${MnHCO}_{3}^{+}$ 1.06×10-6 16.66
MnSO4 8.88×10-7 14.01
MnCl+ 1.25×10-7 1.98
MnCl2 3.66×10-10 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1179483426303394799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999690043421518, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

浸出液中锰的主要存在形式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mn存在形式 浓度/(mol/L) 占比/%
${{Mn}^{2}}^{+}$ 4.27×10-6 67.33
${MnHCO}_{3}^{+}$ 1.06×10-6 16.66
MnSO4 8.88×10-7 14.01
MnCl+ 1.25×10-7 1.98
MnCl2 3.66×10-10 0.01
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“CO2+O2”地浸开采过程中矿物溶解沉淀模拟研究
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翁海成 , 原渊 , 刘正邦 , 侯春儒
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025,44(2): 60-70
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2025, 44(2): 60-70
“CO2+O2”地浸开采过程中矿物溶解沉淀模拟研究
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翁海成, 原渊, 刘正邦, 侯春儒
作者信息
  • 核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149
  • 翁海成(1992—),男,河北张家口人,硕士,工程师,主要从事地浸采铀工作。

Simulation Study on Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation During the “CO2+O2” In-situ Leaching Process
Haicheng WENG, Yuan YUAN, Zhengbang LIU, Chunru HOU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing 101149, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.02
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“CO2+O2”浸出过程是人工强化下的水岩作用过程,非铀矿物的溶蚀物会进入浸出液体系,导致浸出液矿物溶解沉淀状态发生改变。运用地球化学模拟手段对“CO2+O2”浸出过程浸出液中的离子存在形式及矿物溶浸平衡进行模拟计算,进而研究地浸开采过程中矿物溶解迁移和沉淀状况。针对目标矿床地下水还原性强、碳酸盐含量高的特征,研究了含锰矿物沉淀产生的条件及影响因素。结果表明:在中性浸出条件下,研究矿区浸出液中U主要以UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$形式存在,UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$次之,二者的占比主要受pH影响;浸出液中碳酸盐矿物饱和指数均大于零,处于过饱和状态,pH是控制碳酸盐矿物沉淀的主要因素,发生碳酸钙类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.7,发生碳酸钙镁类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.5;浸出液中硫酸盐矿物饱和指数均小于零,不会有硫酸钙沉淀析出,硫酸钙类矿物沉淀主要受钙离子和硫酸根含量的控制。在中性浸出条件下,易产生铁矿物沉淀,且受pH影响较大;同时,浸出液中会有含锰矿物析出,氧化还原条件是影响其溶解沉淀的重要因素;浸出液中大部分含硅矿物处于过饱和状态,其溶解沉淀受pH影响较大。研究结果对地浸开采中预防沉淀物质的产生具有重要意义。
“CO2+O2”浸出  /  地球化学模拟  /  PHREEQC  /  浸出液  /  离子存在形式  /  矿物溶解沉淀

The "CO2+O2" leaching process is an artificially intensified water-rock interaction process that leads to the dissolution of non-uranium minerals, which enter the leaching solution system and cause changes in the dissolution and precipitation state of the minerals in the leachate. Geochemical simulation methods were used to simulate ion species in the leachate and the mineral leaching equilibrium studying the dissolution, migration, and precipitation of minerals during the in-situ leaching mining process. For the first time, the conditions and influencing factors for the precipitation of manganese minerals were studied, targeting the characteristics of strong groundwater reducibility and high carbonate content in the target deposit.The results show that under neutral leaching conditions, uranium in the leachate mainly exists in the form of UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$ followed by UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$, and the proportions of the two are affected by pH. The saturation indices of carbonate minerals in the neutral leaching leachate of the study area are all greater than zero, indicating a supersaturated state, and pH is the main factor controlling the precipitation of carbonates, with the critical pH for calcium carbonate precipitation being 6.7 and for calcium magnesium carbonate precipitation being 6.5. The saturation indices of sulfate minerals are all less than zero, and no precipitation of calcium sulfate will occur in the formation, and the precipitation of calcium sulfate is mainly controlled by the content of calcium ions and sulfate ions. Under neutral leaching conditions, iron mineral precipitation is likely to occur and is greatly affected by pH conditions; at the same time, manganese-containing minerals will precipitate in the leachate, and the redox conditions are the main factors affecting their dissolution and precipitation; some silicon-containing minerals in the leachate are in a supersaturated state, and their dissolution and precipitation are greatly affected by pH The research results are of great significance for the prevention of precipitation in in-situ leaching mining.

"CO2+O2" leaching  /  geochemical simulation  /  PHREEQC  /  leachate  /  ion species  /  mineral dissolution and precipitation
翁海成, 原渊, 刘正邦, 侯春儒. “CO2+O2”地浸开采过程中矿物溶解沉淀模拟研究. 铀矿冶, 2025 , 44 (2) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.02
Haicheng WENG, Yuan YUAN, Zhengbang LIU, Chunru HOU. Simulation Study on Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation During the “CO2+O2” In-situ Leaching Process[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2025 , 44 (2) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.02
地浸采铀是一种通过钻孔工程,借助化学试剂把天然埋藏条件下矿石中的铀溶解出来,而不使矿石产生位移的集采、选、冶于一体的铀矿开采方法[1-2]。目前,“CO2+O2”原地浸出采铀技术已在通辽钱家店、新疆蒙其古尔和内蒙古纳岭沟等砂岩型铀矿床的开发中应用[3-6],已成为中国北方砂岩型铀矿床开采的支撑性技术体系。该浸出过程是人工强化条件下的水岩作用过程,在含矿层渗流过程中,浸出液与围岩矿物相互作用,会伴随部分矿物的溶解;溶解的矿物进入浸出液,导致溶液中部分物质的浓度积超过其平衡常数,这些物质会逐渐从溶液中沉淀出来并堵塞含矿层孔隙。同时,浸出剂的加入改变了地下水的化学条件,使矿物溶解平衡状态发生改变,影响矿物的溶解与沉淀[7]。为此,开展地浸过程中矿物的溶解与沉淀特征研究,对于揭示含矿含水层堵塞机制、地浸过程中发生的各种水文地球化学作用、浸出剂与矿物相之间的水岩相互作用、预防沉淀堵塞等具有重要意义。
对地浸采铀含矿层堵塞问题,杨诗琪[8]等利用PHREEQC模拟计算纳岭沟铀矿CaCO3沉淀产生条件,认为维持浸出液低Ca2+与低pH是缓解沉淀堵塞的有效途径;吉宏斌等对蒙其古尔铀矿浸出液进行了模拟计算,认为产生的堵塞物主要为方解石[9];焦学然等采用地球化学模拟和试验对新疆某高矿化度地下水分布区酸法地浸采铀出现堵塞的原因进行了探讨,认为含矿层堵塞主要是由于地下水矿化度、Ca2+、Mg2+${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$浓度过高,石膏临近饱和状态[10];高柏等通过模拟计算了新疆某矿床浸出液中易沉淀化合物饱和指数,探讨了化合物沉淀溶解动态平衡状态,认为采用淡化地下水方法解决该矿床地浸过程中出现的化学堵塞问题是可行的[11]。综上所述,以往针对地浸矿床重点研究了碳酸盐矿物的溶解沉淀特征。
松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床是中国最早使用“CO2+O2”技术工业化开发的矿床,持续开采使钻孔抽注液量呈明显下降趋势[12],影响生产效率。本研究以钱家店矿床(钱Ⅱ矿区)C6采区为研究对象,在分析含矿层矿物工艺学特征的基础上,利用PHREEQC进行全面模拟分析,重点计算浸出液U组分的存在形式和影响因素,以及碳酸盐类矿物、铁矿物、锰矿物、含硅矿物的溶解沉淀状态和影响因素,为后续预防含矿层化学沉淀堵塞问题提供技术支撑。
钱家店矿床矿石中的主要脉石矿物有石英、斜长石、微斜长石、方解石、铁白云石、黏土矿物,主要金属矿物有黄铁矿、赤铁矿等,其他矿物还有钛铁矿、菱铁矿、闪锌矿等[13]。矿石中石英质量分数为56.2%~79.5%,平均为68.4%;钾长石质量分数为6.8%~11.9%,平均为9.9%;斜长石质量分数为7.2%~19.3%,平均为10.6%。石英、钾长石、斜长石为碎屑矿物,细粒及中粒;磨圆度中等,为次棱角状-次圆状。矿石中黏土矿物为含矿砂岩中基质,微细粒状,与胶结物一起构成砂岩填隙物;黏土矿物质量分数为3.6%~13.0%,平均为7.2%,以高岭石为主,伊利石、伊蒙混层次之,绿泥石含量较少。矿石中黄铁矿质量分数为0.5%~1.1%,平均为0.7%。含矿砂岩中碳酸盐含量总体偏高,碳酸盐矿物以铁白云石和方解石为主[14],铁白云石质量分数为1.3%~10.1%,平均为3%;方解石质量分数为0.7%~5.4%,平均为1.7%。
该矿石中铀的主要存在形式为吸附态铀及铀矿物,含铀矿物相对较少。吸附态铀主要是黏土矿物吸附铀及有机质吸附铀,吸附态铀主要分布于炭屑及黏土矿物中,是矿床中铀的主要存在形式[15]。铀矿物主要有沥青铀矿和铀石,沥青铀矿有的分布于草莓状黄铁矿中或草莓状黄铁矿边部,有的分布于块状黄铁矿、黄铜矿组合体的边缘,沥青铀矿呈颗粒状,团块状[16];铀石多与沥青铀矿、石英等共生,具有非均质、裂纹少的特性,围绕在钛铁矿、黄铁矿周边生长,或沿着有机质边部发育。含铀矿物主要是以锆石及含铀钛矿物形式出现[17]
钱家店矿床(钱Ⅱ块)一期共有8个采区,C6采区自2010年投产,本次以该采区运行10年后的浸出液化学成分为基础,计算后续各类矿物饱和状态。C6采区运行10年后还有19个抽液井在生产运行,19个抽液井的浸出液化学组分见表1
选择C6采区6-1611抽液井,计算U组分的主要化学形态。该抽液井浸出液化学组分随时间的变化特征见表2。可以看出,随着生产过程的进行,pH呈下降趋势;随着CO2的加入,矿石中碳酸盐组分被溶解,溶液中ρ(${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$)增加,溶液的pH由7.75逐渐下降并稳定在7.10左右;ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(Mg2+)呈上升趋势,ρ(Ca2+)由本底15 mg/L增至126 mg/L,ρ(Mg2+)由本底30 mg/L增至180 mg/L,这是由于浸出过程中溶解了碳酸盐矿物,释放了钙、镁等离子。ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)逐渐增加,在生产运行后期,ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)超过1 200 mg/L,这是由于矿石中的黄铁矿被氧化溶解产生的离子释放到浸出液中,促使ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)升高,溶解出的铁离子在pH大于7的条件下会产生沉淀。ρ(${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$)出现先增加后减小的趋势,由2 400 mg/L左右增至2 900 mg/L;在生产后期矿区不再注入CO2,导致采区ρ(${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$)呈降低趋势。
在2010年10月,该抽液井ρ(U)较高,具有代表性,以此为基础数据,采用PHREEQC中minteq数据库,在软件中选择Simulation1文件下的SOLUTION程序,将浸出液各离子含量输入程序中,模拟计算浸出液U组分的存在形式,输出相应结果,见表3。可以看出,U(Ⅵ)在浸出液中占100%,U(Ⅴ)和U(Ⅳ)只是理论上数值。其中在U(Ⅵ)的存在形式中,UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$、UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$占比高,约为99.99%;UO2(CO3)2占比低,约为0.01%;而UO2(OH)+${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$、UO2Cl+等形式占比不足万分之一。
该抽液井浸出液在不同时间2种碳酸铀酰形式占比变化情况见图1
图1可看出,随着生产的进行,UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$摩尔分数呈先逐渐下降后逐渐增加趋势,其变化特征与浸出液pH的变化趋势基本一致,pH下降,其占比下降;pH升高,其占比增加。UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$摩尔分数变化情况与UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$正好相反,UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$摩尔分数普遍较低,平均值在6%左右。
根据浸出液的化学组分,设定不同的pH,模拟计算得到不同pH条件下碳酸铀酰的存在形式变化,结果见图2。可以看出,当pH=5~6时,碳酸铀酰的主要存在形式为UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$;但随着pH增大,溶液中UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$逐渐成为主要成分;当pH>6.2时,UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$由主要成分降为次要成分,其他存在形式可忽略不计;在弱碱性环境下UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$含量很高,占比超过90%,在地下水高pH情况下,${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$${\mathrm{CO}}_{3}^{2-}$结合强度大,更易形成稳定配合物,这是导致出现图2中铀形态分布特点的重要原因[18]
根据表1,运用PHREEQC地球化学模拟程序对C6采区浸出液中矿物的饱和指数(Saturation Index,简称SI)进行计算,结果见图3。SI是判断矿物沉淀与溶解的重要参数,SI=lg IAP/KSP,式中:IAP表示离子活度积;KSP表示溶度积常数。SI可确定地下水系统中矿物的溶解沉淀状态,当SI>0时,表示该矿物相对水溶液处于饱和状态;当SI=0时,表示该矿物相对水溶液处于平衡状态;当SI<0时,表示该矿物相对水溶液未达到饱和状态[19]
本次计算采用PHREEQC中minteq数据库,在软件中选择Simulation1文件下的SOLUTION程序,将浸出液各离子含量输入至程序中,在Phase设定计算的矿物类型,输出项选择饱和指数SI。计算结果表明,“CO2+O2”浸出过程中,碳酸盐矿物(方解石、白云石、菱镁矿)的SI均大于0,处于过饱和的状态,容易在含矿层中产生化学沉淀。硫酸盐矿物(石膏、硬石膏)的SI小于0,在溶液中处于溶解状态,不会形成硫酸盐沉淀。铁矿物中水铁矿[Fe(OH)3]、针铁矿(FeOOH)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3)、磁铁矿(Fe3O4)的SI均大于0,处于过饱和状态,易在含矿层中产生化学沉淀;而菱铁矿(FeCO3)的饱和SI小于0,在溶液中处于溶解状态,不会在含矿层中产生沉淀。
图3可见,在生产过程中,碳酸盐矿物饱和指数均大于零,处于过饱和状态,浸出液会有碳酸钙、碳酸钙镁沉淀的析出,这和浸出液中${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$的含量高有关。
浸出液中碳酸盐矿物饱和指数随时间、pH变化关系见图4。可以看出,碳酸盐矿物饱和指数的变化与pH变化的一致性较好,初期生产中pH逐渐下降,碳酸盐矿物饱和指数也呈现下降趋势;在生产后期pH上升,碳酸盐矿物饱和指数也略有增加。碳酸盐的溶解沉淀作用受其溶度积控制,而碳酸盐溶度积又受水中${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$、Ca2+、Mg2+和pH等因素的影响,见式(1)~式(2)。
$ \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CaCO}_{3} \downarrow+\mathrm{H}^{+},$
$ \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}+\mathrm{Mg}^{2+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CaMg}\left(\mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)_{2} \downarrow+\mathrm{H}^{+} \text {。 }$
在影响碳酸盐溶解沉淀的因素中,ρ(${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$)、ρ(Ca2+)和ρ(Mg2+)在浸出过程中是逐渐升高的,有益于形成碳酸盐沉淀;而pH有降低的趋势,促使碳酸钙饱和指数下降,有利于缓解碳酸盐沉淀的产生。根据地球化学模拟结果,随着生产的进行,碳酸钙的饱和指数有下降趋势,该转变是由pH的下降所主导的。利用PHREEQC模拟计算在不同pH条件下碳酸盐的饱和指数,并计算出在钱家店矿床浸出液的特定水化学条件下,发生碳酸钙类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.7,即在浸出过程中将浸出体系的pH降至6.7,可有效控制和避免碳酸钙沉淀的发生;发生碳酸钙镁类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.5,即在浸出过程中将浸出体系的pH降至6.5,可有效控制和避免碳酸钙镁类矿物沉淀的发生。
硫酸盐矿物饱和指数均小于零(图3),说明硫酸盐矿物处于溶解状态,在地层中不会产生硫酸钙沉淀。但在生产过程中,硫酸钙矿物的饱和指数是逐渐增加的(图5),有产生沉淀的趋势,这与水岩作用导致浸出液中硫酸根离子、钙离子的含量增加有关。
硫酸钙的溶解沉淀作用受溶度积控制,而硫酸钙的溶度积又受水中${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$、Ca2+的影响,见反应式(3)~式(4)。
$ \mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}, \quad \lg K=-4.637 ;$
$ \begin{array}{c} \mathrm{CaSO}_{4} \cdot 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \\ \lg K=-4.848 。\end{array}$
图5可看出,硫酸钙饱和指数与ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)呈正相关关系,随着ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)的增加,硫酸钙的饱和指数也在增加。ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)决定着硫酸钙的溶解沉淀状态,在中性浸出过程中,ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)基本是增加的,不同矿床含水层Ca2+${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的本底含量是不同的,生产过程中产生的Ca2+${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的量也不同,根据饱和指数计算方法,可以利用PHREEQC计算出产生硫酸钙沉淀的边界浓度。利用Ca2+${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$计算硫酸钙的溶解沉淀状态,图6中横坐标p(Ca2+)=-lg{Ca2+},纵坐标p(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)=-lg{${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$},横纵坐标均表示相应离子活度的负对数。图中斜线表示硫酸钙矿物处于平衡状态;斜线右侧表示其活度积低于其溶度积常数,此时处于未饱和状态;斜线左侧表示其活度积大于其溶度积常数,此时处于过饱和状态。可以看出,钱Ⅱ矿床硫酸钙矿物均处于溶解状态;510矿床钙离子含量相对偏高,个别样品硫酸钙处于饱和状态,容易产生硫酸钙矿物的沉淀;十红滩矿床整体矿化度偏高,钙离子和硫酸根含量均较高,极易产生硫酸钙沉淀。
利用PHREEQC计算浸出液中铁的主要存在形式,结果见表4。可以看出,铁离子主要以三价铁形式存在,三价铁约占总铁含量的85%;三价铁主要以${(FeOH)}_{2}^{+}$形式存在,${(FeOH)}_{2}^{+}$约占总铁的77.50%。二价铁主要以${{\mathrm{Fe}}^{2}}^{+}$形式存在,约占总铁的10.87%。
铁矿物中水铁矿[Fe(OH)3]、针铁矿(FeOOH)、赤铁矿(Fe2O3)、磁铁矿(Fe3O4)的饱和指数均大于0,而菱铁矿(FeCO3)的饱和指数小于0。计算不同生产时间内水铁矿的饱和指数,结果见图7。可以看出,随着生产的进行,铁矿物的饱和指数有降低的趋势,其变化特征与pH变化规律较一致,可见pH是影响铁矿物溶解沉淀的重要因素。菱铁矿(FeCO3)的饱和指数随着pH的增大而减小;其他铁矿物的饱和指数均随pH的增大而增大,其中Fe(OH)3在pH<5.8的条件下,其饱和指数小于零,处于溶解状态,pH增大会产生Fe(OH)3沉淀。铀矿床中伴生的黄铁矿等含铁矿物被氧化溶解,而在中性浸出条件下Fe3+在地下水中会沉淀析出,堵塞孔隙,降低含水层的渗透性。研究发现Fe(OH)3会吸附铀[20],并与铀共沉淀进而影响浸出效率,不利于铀的浸出。
钱Ⅱ矿床的吸附塔树脂出现黑色沉淀物板结情况,严重影响吸附效率,该黑色沉淀物以锰元素为主。取样分析浸出液及吸附原液和吸附尾液中锰元素含量,结果见表5
利用PHREEQC计算分析了浸出液中锰离子的主要存在形式,结果见表6。可以看出,浸出液中锰离子主要以二价态存在,主要的离子形式为${{\mathrm{Mn}}^{2}}^{+}$${\mathrm{MnHCO}}_{3}^{+}$、MnSO4、MnCl+
根据浸出液的成分计算分析含锰矿物的饱和指数,结果见图8。可以看出,浸出液及吸附原液中MnO2、MnOOH处于饱和状态,浸出液有产生MnO2、MnOOH等沉淀的趋势;而MnCO3饱和指数接近于0,大部分是小于0的,说明其处于溶解状态。高价态锰一般不稳定,很难在溶液中存在。锰矿物的溶解沉淀受氧化还原条件的影响较大,MnO2、MnOOH这种高价态的锰矿物溶解沉淀受氧化还原条件影响较大。当pE超过10时,开始有过饱和MnO2的析出;当pE超过9时,开始有过饱和MnOOH的析出;而MnCO3矿物溶解沉淀不受氧化还原条件的影响(pE表示电子活度,25℃时,标准状态下,Eh=16.9*pE[21])。
利用PHREEQC计算出浸出液中硅主要以H4SiO4形式存在,其占比超过总硅含量的99.8%。含硅矿物中钠长石(NaAlSi3O8)、钾长石(KAlSi3O8)、高岭石[Al2Si2O5(OH)4]、石英(SiO2)的饱和指数均大于0,处于过饱和状态;而钙长石(CaAl2Si2O8)的饱和指数小于0,在溶液中处于溶解状态,不会在含矿层中产生沉淀。含硅矿物的饱和指数与pH的关系见图9。在弱酸弱碱环境(pH=5.0~8.5)中,除了SiO2的饱和指数不随pH的变化而变化外,其他含硅矿物饱和指数均随pH的增大而增大,说明pH的增大易导致含硅沉淀物的析出。计算结果显示,当pH<6.0时,钾长石的饱和指数小于0,处于溶解的状态;当pH<6.5时,钠长石的饱和指数小于0,处于溶解状态;当pH<4.5时,高岭石的饱和指数小于0,处于溶解状态;在弱酸弱碱的环境下钙长石的饱和指数均小于0,处于溶解状态。
1)中性浸出条件下,U主要以UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$形式存在,UO2(CO3${)}_{2}^{2-}$次之,二者的占比受pH的影响,当pH>6.2时,以UO2(CO3${)}_{3}^{4-}$为主,且其占比随pH的增加而增加。
2)钱家店矿床碳酸盐矿物饱和指数均大于0,处于过饱和状态,浸出过程中存在碳酸钙盐类矿物的沉淀;pH是其主要的影响因素,发生碳酸钙类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.7,发生碳酸钙镁类矿物沉淀的临界pH为6.5。硫酸盐矿物饱和指数均小于0,硫酸盐矿物处于溶解状态,在地层中不会产生硫酸钙沉淀,硫酸钙类矿物沉淀主要是受钙离子和硫酸根含量的控制。
3)中性浸出条件下,容易产生铁矿物的沉淀,铁矿物的沉淀受pH影响较大;同时,浸出液中会有含锰矿物的析出,氧化还原条件是影响其溶解沉淀的主要因素;浸出液中部分含硅矿物处于过饱和状态,其溶解沉淀受pH影响。
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.09.02
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
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    核工业北京化工冶金研究院, 北京 101149
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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