Article(id=1147999672809021516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999670040781819, articleNumber=1000-8063(2024)03-0074-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.04.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751634050800, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751634050800, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751634050800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751634050800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147999670040781819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2024', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751634050139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1759123774979, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1179413852954440623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999670040781819, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1179413852954440624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147999670040781819, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147999673043902552, articleId=1147999672809021516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Performance and Mechanism Study of STPP-nZVI for Remediation of Uranium-contaminated Groundwater, columnId=1175805042197152439, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uranium is an important strategic resource as well as a heavy metal element with chemical and radioactive toxicity. Currently, the efficient remediation of uranium in groundwater from uranium mines remains a huge challenge for environmental protection and ecological security. In this study, sodium tripolyphosphate was used to modify nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), successfully preparing STPP-nZVI. The effects of solution pH, STPP-nZVI dosage, temperature, time, U(VI) concentration, and interfering ions on the STPP-nZVI-mediated remediation of U(VI) in groundwater were investigated. FTIR, SEM-Mapping, and XPS were employed to explore the mechanism underlying STPP-nZVI’s remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater. The results indicate that STPP-nZVI is suitable for treating weakly acidic and alkaline uranium-contaminated groundwater. At a pH of 5.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of STPP-nZVI for U(VI) reached 102.72 mg/g, with U(VI) adsorption occurring as a spontaneous endothermic process. The removal of uranium by STPP-nZVI is primarily attributed to adsorption and reduction. STPP-nZVI materials demonstrate promising application prospects for treating weakly acidic and alkaline uranium-contaminated groundwater.

, correspAuthors=Hui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guicheng HE, Jiaxin CUI, Hui ZHANG, Shenping ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147999680715285168, articleId=1147999672809021516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的性能及机理研究, columnId=1175805042343953080, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=安全·环保, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=铀是一种重要的战略资源,同时也是一种具有化学毒性和放射性毒性的重金属元素。目前,对铀矿山地下水中铀的高效修复仍是环境保护和生态安全面临的巨大挑战。采用三聚磷酸钠对纳米零价铁改性,成功制备了三聚磷酸钠改性纳米零价铁(STPP-nZVI),研究了溶液pH、STPP-nZVI用量、温度、时间、U(Ⅵ)浓度和干扰离子对STPP-nZVI修复地下水中U(Ⅵ)的影响,并采用FTIR、SEM-Mapping和XPS探讨了STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的机理。结果表明,STPP-nZVI适合处理弱酸性和碱性铀污染地下水,在pH=5.0时,STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量达102.72 mg/g,对U(Ⅵ)的吸附为自发的吸热过程,STPP-nZVI对铀的去除主要归功于吸附和还原作用。STPP-nZVI材料对于处理弱酸性和碱性铀污染地下水具有一定的应用前景。, correspAuthors=张辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张辉(1987—),男,湖南衡阳人,实验师,硕士研究生导师,从事铀矿采冶及相关环境影响研究。
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贺桂成(1977—),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,从事溶浸采铀方面的科研与教学工作。

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贺桂成(1977—),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,从事溶浸采铀方面的科研与教学工作。

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贺桂成(1977—),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,从事溶浸采铀方面的科研与教学工作。

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journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=CN, label=图17, caption=8%-STPP-nZVI和8%-STPP-nZVI-U的XPS光谱, figureFileSmall=VrUYdI+V8N9fnPD838MY4Q==, figureFileBig=ydbaNBLQbNeV0u/xcLKulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179491383699194386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Kinetic model parameters for remove of U(VI) by 8%-STPP-nZVI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Elements Pseudo-first order model Pseudo-second order model
qe/(mg/g) k1/min-1 ${R}_{1}^{2}$ qe/(mg/g) k2/[g/(mg·min)] ${R}_{2}^{2}$
U(VI) 62.347 5 0.079 5 0.635 37 64.542 4 0.003 7 0.940 96
), ArticleFig(id=1179491383757914643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)吸附动力学的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Elements Pseudo-first order model Pseudo-second order model
qe/(mg/g) k1/min-1 ${R}_{1}^{2}$ qe/(mg/g) k2/[g/(mg·min)] ${R}_{2}^{2}$
U(VI) 62.347 5 0.079 5 0.635 37 64.542 4 0.003 7 0.940 96
), ArticleFig(id=1179491383829217812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherms for U(VI) on 8%-STPP-nZVI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/K Langmuir model Freundlich model
Qm/(mg/g) kL/(L/mg) ${R}_{1}^{2}$ kF/(${{\mathrm{mg}}^{1-}}^{n}$·Ln/g) n ${R}_{2}^{2}$
299 100.75 1.059 3 0.988 69 46.900 8 1.919 8 0.945 82
309 102.72 1.475 2 0.990 01 56.878 8 1.981 0 0.959 13
), ArticleFig(id=1179491383892132373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

8%-STPP-nZVI对U(VI)吸附等温线的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/K Langmuir model Freundlich model
Qm/(mg/g) kL/(L/mg) ${R}_{1}^{2}$ kF/(${{\mathrm{mg}}^{1-}}^{n}$·Ln/g) n ${R}_{2}^{2}$
299 100.75 1.059 3 0.988 69 46.900 8 1.919 8 0.945 82
309 102.72 1.475 2 0.990 01 56.878 8 1.981 0 0.959 13
), ArticleFig(id=1179491383950852630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/K ΔGΘ/(kJ/mol) ΔSΘ/[J/(K·mol)] ΔHΘ /(kJ/mol)
299 -11.609 6 128.99 26.931 5
309 -12.898 6
), ArticleFig(id=1179491384009572887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999672809021516, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度下的热力学拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T/K ΔGΘ/(kJ/mol) ΔSΘ/[J/(K·mol)] ΔHΘ /(kJ/mol)
299 -11.609 6 128.99 26.931 5
309 -12.898 6
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STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的性能及机理研究
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贺桂成 , 崔佳欣 , 张辉 , 张沈平
铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2024,43(3): 74-85
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铀矿冶 | 安全·环保 2024, 43(3): 74-85
STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的性能及机理研究
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贺桂成, 崔佳欣, 张辉, 张沈平
作者信息
  • 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 贺桂成(1977—),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,博士研究生导师,从事溶浸采铀方面的科研与教学工作。

通讯作者:

张辉(1987—),男,湖南衡阳人,实验师,硕士研究生导师,从事铀矿采冶及相关环境影响研究。
Performance and Mechanism Study of STPP-nZVI for Remediation of Uranium-contaminated Groundwater
Guicheng HE, Jiaxin CUI, Hui ZHANG, Shenping ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.04.03
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铀是一种重要的战略资源,同时也是一种具有化学毒性和放射性毒性的重金属元素。目前,对铀矿山地下水中铀的高效修复仍是环境保护和生态安全面临的巨大挑战。采用三聚磷酸钠对纳米零价铁改性,成功制备了三聚磷酸钠改性纳米零价铁(STPP-nZVI),研究了溶液pH、STPP-nZVI用量、温度、时间、U(Ⅵ)浓度和干扰离子对STPP-nZVI修复地下水中U(Ⅵ)的影响,并采用FTIR、SEM-Mapping和XPS探讨了STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的机理。结果表明,STPP-nZVI适合处理弱酸性和碱性铀污染地下水,在pH=5.0时,STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量达102.72 mg/g,对U(Ⅵ)的吸附为自发的吸热过程,STPP-nZVI对铀的去除主要归功于吸附和还原作用。STPP-nZVI材料对于处理弱酸性和碱性铀污染地下水具有一定的应用前景。
纳米零价铁  /  三聚磷酸钠  /  铀  /  地下水  /  地下水修复

Uranium is an important strategic resource as well as a heavy metal element with chemical and radioactive toxicity. Currently, the efficient remediation of uranium in groundwater from uranium mines remains a huge challenge for environmental protection and ecological security. In this study, sodium tripolyphosphate was used to modify nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), successfully preparing STPP-nZVI. The effects of solution pH, STPP-nZVI dosage, temperature, time, U(VI) concentration, and interfering ions on the STPP-nZVI-mediated remediation of U(VI) in groundwater were investigated. FTIR, SEM-Mapping, and XPS were employed to explore the mechanism underlying STPP-nZVI’s remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater. The results indicate that STPP-nZVI is suitable for treating weakly acidic and alkaline uranium-contaminated groundwater. At a pH of 5.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of STPP-nZVI for U(VI) reached 102.72 mg/g, with U(VI) adsorption occurring as a spontaneous endothermic process. The removal of uranium by STPP-nZVI is primarily attributed to adsorption and reduction. STPP-nZVI materials demonstrate promising application prospects for treating weakly acidic and alkaline uranium-contaminated groundwater.

nano zero-valent iron  /  sodium tripolyphosphate  /  uranium  /  groundwater  /  groundwater remediation
贺桂成, 崔佳欣, 张辉, 张沈平. STPP-nZVI修复铀污染地下水的性能及机理研究. 铀矿冶, 2024 , 43 (3) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.04.03
Guicheng HE, Jiaxin CUI, Hui ZHANG, Shenping ZHANG. Performance and Mechanism Study of STPP-nZVI for Remediation of Uranium-contaminated Groundwater[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2024 , 43 (3) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.04.03
铀矿开采过程会造成大量重金属(Pb、Ni、Cd、Cr、Hg、Zn)和放射性核素(238U、232Th、226Ra)等析出;并且在提铀过程中采用的酸、碱、防垢剂、助渗剂等,也会造成大量的化学物质残留[1]。原地浸出工艺是一种用于砂岩型铀矿床的快速溶浸技术,其对地表生态环境危害不大,但对地下水环境影响较为严重[2]。其产生的地下水污染物主要来源于人工加注的化学试剂和含矿层中其他伴生矿物发生化学反应而释放的各种离子组分。地浸采铀也会导致在采区及其周围的含矿含水层中形成较强的地浸渗流场,改变原地下水流场及化学成分,造成长期甚至不可恢复的放射性污染[3]
目前,常用的铀污染地下水修复技术包括自然衰减技术、微生物修复技术、原位化学修复技术和抽出-处理技术等[4]。自然衰减技术修复周期长,需长期监测、成本较高[5]。微生物修复技术修复成本低,受环境影响较小,操作简单;但微生物修复技术周期长、碳源供给不足、修复效果稳定性差[6-7]。原位化学修复技术引入的化学药剂可能会给地下水造成二次污染[8]。抽出—处理技术是将污染的地下水抽至地表,在地表通过反渗透、电渗析、吸附或离子交换等技术去除水中污染物,之后将清洁地下水重新注入地下的过程。抽出—处理技术操作简单、适用范围广、修复效率高,已经在地下水修复工程中得到广泛应用;其中吸附法被认为是最有效的地表处理方法之一,目前有多种吸附剂(包括黏土矿物、生物质基材料、金属氧化物、有机聚合物、有机-无机杂化材料等)被用于含铀废水的处理[9]
纳米零价铁(nZVI)因其粒径小、比表面积大、还原性强、反应活性高等特点,在铀污染水体治理中得到广泛研究与应用[10-11]。在实际应用中,发现nZVI还存在以下问题:1)强磁效应和高表面能会加剧nZVI粒子的聚集,限制其流动性,大大降低其氧化还原性能;2)nZVI粒子具有较高的化学活性,容易被氧化和钝化;3)nZVI的非选择性还原反应(即H2O还原)会导致其还原能力的丧失[12-13]。针对这些问题,提出了表面改性[14]、纳米双金属负载[15]等nZVI的修饰改性方法。三聚磷酸钠(STPP)是一种广泛应用的磷酸化试剂,其电负性比${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$更高,对Pb2+、Cu2+${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$有特殊的配合能力,能形成稳定的配合结构[16]。此外,STPP也是一种多价负电荷的电解质胶束,具有良好的分散、pH缓冲能力,及对表面活性剂的协同增效作用。
因此,本研究拟通过硼氢化钠液相还原法[17],采用不同比例的STPP对nZVI进行改性,降低纳米零价铁的团聚性能,增强其分散性,合成STPP-nZVI;并将其用于U(Ⅵ)的去除,探究STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的去除机制,以期为采用STPP-nZVI治理铀污染地下水提供理论支持。
试剂:三聚磷酸钠(Na3P5O10)、硼氢化钠(NaBH4)、七水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)、乙醇(C2H5OH)、硝酸铀酰(UO2(NO3)2·6H2O),阴阳离子标准液(Ca2+${{\mathrm{Mg}}^{2}}^{+}$、Mn2+、Pb2+、Cl-),HCl、NaOH,以上原料均为分析纯,可直接使用。将硝酸铀酰溶于超纯水中,配制1 g/L的U(Ⅵ)储备液。试验用水均为超纯水。
分别将2.780 5 g FeSO4·7H2O溶解于不同浓度(2.0%、4.0%、8.0%、10.0%,质量百分比浓度)的三聚磷酸钠溶液(400 mL)中,将溶解好的溶液转移到三颈烧瓶中,充分混合搅拌30 min;然后逐滴加入NaBH4(0.526 mol/L)溶液50 mL,继续搅拌1 h;最后通过磁性分离获得固体样品。用乙醇将收集的固体样品洗涤3次,洗涤后的样品在真空干燥箱中80 ℃下烘干24 h,最终得到STPP-nZVI。用类似方法制备nZVI,但制备nZVI时不添加三聚磷酸钠。
将1 g/L的U(Ⅵ)储备液稀释得到不同浓度(2.5~20 mg/L)的U(Ⅵ)溶液。采用静态批量试验研究STPP-nZVI材料对去除U(Ⅵ)的吸附及影响因素,主要考察溶液pH、反应时间、反应温度、初始U(Ⅵ)浓度、材料投加量,及地下水中常见阴/阳离子等因素,对STPP-nZVI材料去除U(Ⅵ)性能的影响。
将适量的STPP-nZVI材料加入到初始pH为3~8、U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为10 mg/L的U(Ⅵ)溶液(50 mL)中,置于恒温培养震荡器中在不同温度(15~35℃)下进行吸附反应,振荡反应一段时间后,取上清液,用0.22 μm膜过滤,采用Br-PADAP法测定上清液中的U(Ⅵ)浓度。所有试验均在相同条件下平行进行3次,采用标准差法分析试验之间的差异。
通过SEM表征STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)反应前后的表面形貌,比较其表面特性和结构;采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析STPP-nZVI的物相组成;通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)获得STPP-nZVI的微观结构;通过能谱(EDS)获得STPP-nZVI表面的元素分布;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)了解STPP-nZVI表面的元素和基团分布。
图1a1b分别为nZVI和8%-STPP-nZVI材料的SEM图像。由图1a可看出,液相还原法制得的纳米零价铁为不规则的球形颗粒,其粒径基本在100 nm以下,平均粒径为20~100 nm,与文献报道类似[18-19];nZVI呈现出链状团聚,这是由于其高表面能和范德华力所致,团聚使得nZVI与目标污染物接触的反应活性位点减少。图1b为经过STPP修饰后的nZVI,经过表面修饰后的材料在微观形貌上发生了改变,与nZVI相比,8%-STPP-nZVI呈现更为规则的圆球状,每个球形颗粒轮廓明显,粒径大小分布在45~110 nm,无明显的链状团聚。从8%-STPP-nZVI的Mapping元素分析能谱可看出,P、O元素分布相对均匀,且与Fe元素的分布高度吻合(图2),可以说明8%-STPP-nZVI已合成。
TEM图像显示nZVI颗粒具有良好的核壳结构,呈球形,表面光滑,纳米零价铁被一层薄的氧化层所包裹,直径20~100 nm(图3a)。8%-STPP-nZVI相较于nZVI,颗粒结构相似,通过STPP修饰在原来核-壳结构的颗粒外增加了一层清晰透明的薄层(图3b),说明STPP已均匀包覆在nZVI颗粒表面[20]
通过X射线衍射对nZVI和8%-STPP-nZVI材料表面的物相进行分析,结果见图4。nZVI和8%-STPP-nZVI分别在2θ=44.59°和2θ=44.85°处出现了Fe0特征峰,改性后nZVI的Fe0特征峰有轻微的位置偏移,且8%-STPP-nZVI的Fe0特征峰大于nZVI的Fe0特征峰。对于8%-STPP-nZVI,分别在2θ=65.18°和2θ=82.43°处都出现了Fe0特征峰[21],由此可知,相较于nZVI,8%-STPP-nZVI结晶度更好,Fe0矿物相含量更高。此外,在样品表面未发现FePO4峰,可能是因为形成了非晶态FePO4或FePO4的浓度低于检测XRD限,这一结果与SEM的结果可以相互印证[22]
nZVI、8%-STPP-nZVI的傅里叶变换红外图谱见图5。2种材料都在宽谱带3 145~3 439 cm-1产生—OH的伸缩振动峰,这是由于材料表面吸附水产生的振动峰[23],在1 630 cm-1附近出现中等强度的O—H弯曲振动。对于nZVI来说,在1 392.55 cm-1处的峰属于—COO—非对称拉伸振动。铁氧化物的峰值在611 cm-1附近[24]。从8%-STPP-nZVI的FTIR光谱中可以看出,1 114.08 cm-1对应P=O振动的弯曲和扩展,与其他研究的结果相似[25]。556.53 cm-1对应O—P—O的变形弯曲振动,这些吸收峰是样品中${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$的特征峰[26]。此外,样品合成过程中可能会引入${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$,因此1 114.08 cm-1处吸收峰会含有${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的反对称伸缩振动[27]
STPP和Fe的质量比可能会改变溶液的pH,进而通过改变材料属性、溶液中离子的存在形态等方式对U(Ⅵ)的去除效果造成影响。不同Fe/STPP质量比对U(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响见图6。可以看出,STPP-nZⅥ对U(Ⅵ)的去除率随着STPP/Fe质量比的增大而增大,其中8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的去除率达98.48%。这主要是因为三聚磷酸钠在一定程度上改善了纳米零价铁的团聚,增加了吸附位点。从其对铀的去除效果和经济绿色角度考虑,选取8%-STPP-nZVI进行后续研究。
pH是影响溶液中U(Ⅵ)去除效果的重要因素,它不仅会对吸附剂表面电荷造成影响,同时也会影响溶液中U(Ⅵ)的存在形式。从图6可看出,STPP-nZVI在较宽的pH范围(3~8)内对U(Ⅵ)具有较高的去除率。弱酸性环境(pH=5)最有利于U(Ⅵ)的去除。在碱性条件下,nZVI表面容易形成氢氧根和氧化层,影响了其还原过程。当pH<5.0时,STPP-nZVI复合材料对溶液中U(Ⅵ)的去除率随pH的增加而增加;这是因为在强酸性环境下,H+会与${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$竞争STPP-nZVI表面的活性位点,沉积在STPP-nZVI表面的H+使得材料带正电,同种电荷间的静电斥力抑制了STPP-nZVI对${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$的还原和吸附。当pH>5.0时,STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的去除率有所下降;这是由于在中性或弱碱性溶液中,${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$易水解生成[UO2(OH)]+、[(UO2)2(OH)2]2+、[(UO2)3(OH)5]+等配合物,同时易与${\mathrm{CO}}_{3}^{2-}$生成[UO2(CO3)2]2-和[UO2(CO3)3]4-,配合物阻碍了STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的吸附以及还原作用,降低了U(Ⅵ)的去除效果。
在温度25 ℃、反应初始pH为5、初始U(Ⅵ)浓度为10 mg/L的条件下,探究8%-STPP-nZVI投加量对U(Ⅵ)去除率的影响,结果见图7
总体来说,随着8%-STPP-nZVI投加量的增加,8%-STPP-nZVI去除U(Ⅵ)的反应速率逐渐加快,对U(Ⅵ)的去除率也逐渐增高。8%-STPP-nZVI投加量为0.3 g/L时,U(Ⅵ)去除率为96.34%;当投加量增加到2.0 g/L,其对U(Ⅵ)的去除率达99.83%。这是因为nZVI的有效活性位点大于U(Ⅵ)吸附所需的活性位点,U(Ⅵ)之间的竞争性吸附较小,导致反应快速平衡。考虑反应速率和经济因素,选择8%-STPP-nZVI投加量为0.6 g/L进行后续试验。
U(Ⅵ)初始浓度会影响单位体积溶液中离子的含量和扩散速度,进而影响去除率。在初始温度25 ℃、初始pH为6、8%-STPP-nZVI投加量为0.6 g/L条件下,探究初始U(Ⅵ)浓度对STPP-nZVI去除U(Ⅵ)的影响,结果见图8。可以看出,在初始U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为2.5 mg/L和5.0 mg/L时,8%-STPP-nZVI在10 min内可将U(Ⅵ)从溶液中基本完全去除。当U(Ⅵ)初始浓度为10 mg/L和20 mg/L时,120 min内U(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为97.63%和86.43%。当U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度低于10 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)的去除率随初始浓度的增大而增大,此时,8%-STPP-nZVI拥有足量用于吸附和反应的活性位点;提高U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度,使得8%-STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)的接触机会增加,因而提高了反应速率。当U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度高于10 mg/L时,等体积溶液中U(Ⅵ)含量增加,而8%-STPP-nZVI所含活性位点是一定的,当活性位点被完全占据后,U(Ⅵ)无法被有效固定,因而U(Ⅵ)的去除率随着初始浓度的增加而变慢。
在实际工程应用中,废水的组分复杂,存在多种阴阳离子,阴离子容易与U(Ⅵ)形成多种带电性质不同的配合物,导致铀的电子供体在被还原过程中发生变化,还可能改变吸附材料的结构特征;阳离子会占据材料表面的活性位点,影响U(Ⅵ)的吸附。在去除铀的最佳条件下,探究了不同阴阳离子对8%-STPP-nZVI去除U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,其中阴阳离子浓度均为100 mg/L,结果见图9。可以看出,Ca2+、Fe3+、Cl-、Mg2+、Mn2+、Pb2+对U(Ⅵ)去除的影响甚微,其中,Mg2+、Mn2+和Pb2+对U(Ⅵ)的去除有轻微不利影响。Ca2+和Mg2+会与OH-发生反应,形成的沉淀附着在8%-STPP-nZVI表面,阻碍U(Ⅵ)的去除[28]。与Ca2+相比,Mg2+在8%-STPP-nZVI表面形成氢氧化物沉淀的机会更大,这是因为Mg(OH)2的溶解度常数明显低于Ca${{(OH)}_{2}}^{\left[29\right]}$。因此,Mg2+的抑制作用比Ca2+的抑制作用更明显。此外,Mn2+、Pb2+对U(Ⅵ)去除的影响大于其他干扰离子,这主要是因为Mn2+、Pb2+与U(Ⅵ)存在较强的竞争吸附。阴离子对U(Ⅵ)去除的抑制作用归因于与U(Ⅵ)阴离子相同的电学性质所引起的竞争[30]。Cl-是一种亲和力差、流动性强的离子,与U(Ⅵ)的竞争能力较弱[31]。从上述结果可知,8%-STPP-nZVI可以作为一种有效的U(Ⅵ)选择性吸附材料用于铀污染地下水的处理。
8%-STPP-nZVI对U(VI)的吸附量随时间的变化曲线见图10。可以看出,随着时间的延长,8%-STPP-nZVI对U(VI)的吸附量逐渐增加。在开始接触30 min内吸附量迅速增加,说明在吸附开始阶段,8%-STPP-nZVI上的吸附位点被不断占据;经过2 h接触后表面的吸附位点趋于饱和,导致反应逐渐平衡。为进一步探讨8%-STPP-nZVI对U(VI)的去除过程,采用准一阶和准二阶动力模型描述8%-STPP-nZVI对U(VI)的吸附过程,数学模型见式(1)~式(2)。
log(qe-qt)=logqe-( $\frac{{k}_{1}}{2.303}$)t,
$\frac{t}{{q}_{t}}$= $\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{q}_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}}$+ $\frac{t}{{q}_{\mathrm{e}}}$,
式中:k1为准一阶动力学反应常数,min-1;k2为准二阶动力学反应常数,g/(mg·min);qeqt分别为吸附平衡时和t时刻的吸附量,mg/g。对试验数据进行准一阶动力学拟合和准二阶动力学拟合(图10),动力学各参数拟合结果见表1${R}_{2}^{2}$>${R}_{1}^{2}$,且准二阶平衡吸附量为64.54 mg/g,与试验结果比较吻合;表明8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的吸附更符合准二阶动力学模型,其对U(Ⅵ)的吸附去除过程主要由化学吸附控制。
为探究反应温度对U(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响,在反应温度分别为299 K和309 K下,对初始浓度为2.5~25 mg/L的U(Ⅵ)进行吸附去除,得到的等温线见图11。可以看出,材料对U(Ⅵ)的吸附量随着温度升高而增加,这是由于温度的上升加快了溶液中分子的运动速度,促进STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的吸附。同时,采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对数据进行非线性拟合,以探究材料的吸附机理,相关数据通过式(3)~式(4)计算。
$\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{q}_{\mathrm{e}}}$= $\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{q}_{\mathrm{m}}}$+ $\frac{1}{{k}_{\mathrm{L}}{q}_{\mathrm{m}}}$,
lnqe=lnkF+ $\frac{1}{n}$lnCe,
式中:kLkF分别为Langmuir常数和Freundlich常数;qeqm分别代表平衡吸附量和最大吸附量,mg/g;Ce为U(Ⅵ)吸附平衡后的质量浓度,mg/L;n为无量纲数。拟合结果见表2(${R}_{1}^{2}$>${R}_{2}^{2}$),Langmuir模型能够更好地描述材料对U(Ⅵ)的吸附去除过程,说明水溶液中均匀分散的STPP-nZVI能与U(Ⅵ)更充分地接触,并且是单层吸附,其在299 K和309 K时理论最大吸附量分别为100.75 mg/g和102.72 mg/g。
利用热力学计算探究材料的热力学性质。由热力学公式(式5、式6)计算不同温度下的热力学数据,其拟合结果见表3
$ \Delta G^{\Theta}=-R T \ln K,$
$ \ln K_{\mathrm{d}}=-\frac{\Delta H^{\Theta}}{R T}+\frac{\Delta S^{\Theta}}{R},$
式中:ΔGΘ为吉布斯自由能,kJ/mol;ΔHΘ为焓变,kJ/mol;ΔSΘ为熵变,J/(mol·K),R为理想气体常数,8.314 J/(K·mol);T是热力学温度,K;lnK是lnKd-Ce的函数截距,Kd=qe/Ce。从表3可看出,ΔHΘ>0和ΔSΘ>0,表明该反应是吸热和熵增的过程;随着反应温度升高,ΔGΘ逐渐降低,说明温度升高可以提高STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的去除效果。
对吸附铀后的nZVI(以nZVI-U表示)和8%-STPP-nZVI(以8%-STPP-nZVI-U表示)进行了SEM表征分析,结果见图12。值得注意的是,在与U(Ⅵ)反应后,STPP-nZVI的EDS谱图中出现了U的峰(图13),说明U(Ⅵ)与8%-STPP-nZVI反应并粘附在STPP-nZVI上。8%-STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)反应后的Mapping图显示U元素均匀分布在8%-STPP-nZVI表面(图14)。以上结果表明8%-STPP-nZVI能够吸附溶液中的U(Ⅵ)。
nZVI-U和8%-STPP-nZVI-U的XRD衍射图谱见图15。可以看出,Fe0的衍射峰较反应前有所削弱,同时在2θ为14.06°、27.09°、36.35°和46.87°处出现了FeOOH的特征峰,这表明nZVI和STPP-nZVI在吸附U(Ⅵ)过程中生成了FeOOH产物[32]。这可能是因为nZVI和8%-STPP-nZVI在还原U(Ⅵ)过程中被氧化。这可以与图5中红外图谱中铁的氧化物相印证。
nZVI-U和8%-STPP-nZVI-U的傅里叶变换红外图谱见图16。当8%-STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)反应后,556.53 cm-1处对应的O—P—O特征峰减弱甚至消失,但在474 cm-1处出现了U—O键峰,同时在1 114.08 cm-1处含磷键(P=O)的特征峰减弱,这证明了这些键参与了U(Ⅵ)的吸附。
图17(a)为8%-STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)反应前后的XPS全谱图。反应前,8%-STPP-nZVI表面主要元素为O、Fe和P;而反应后,8%-STPP-nZVI-U全谱图中出现了U元素特征峰。这表明8%-STPP-nZVI在处理铀污染地下水过程中吸附了U。为明确8%-STPP-nZVI中各基团对铀去除的贡献,对8%-STPP-nZVI中Fe2p、O1s、P2p和U4f的窄谱图进行了分析。
从Fe2p反应前后的光谱图(图17b)可知,8%-STPP-nZVI材料中存在Fe0、Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ),其中Fe0峰的结合能分别在719.4 eV和706.2 eV处,Fe(Ⅱ)峰的结合能分别在709.9 eV和723.3 eV处,Fe(Ⅲ)峰的结合能分别在710.2 eV和726.0 eV处[33]。上述结果表明,8%-STPP-nZVI合成过程中部分被氧化生成了Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)的氢氧化物或氧化物。与U(Ⅵ)反应之后,Fe0的峰值消失,Fe(Ⅱ)的峰面积减少,Fe(Ⅲ)的峰面积增加,并且Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)峰的结合能发生了偏移。这些结果可能归因于8%-STPP-nZVI中的Fe0与U(Ⅵ)进一步发生了氧化还原反应,生成了表面氢氧化物或Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化物,如FeOOH、Fe(OH)3或Fe3${{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$[34-37]
图17c为反应前后8%-STPP-nZVI的O1s结合能,在529.4、530.5、531.2 eV处出现了3个光电子峰,分别对应于O2-、—OH和H2O,表明8%-STPP-nZVI表面存在氧化合物、—OH官能团和结合水[38]。8%-STPP-nZVI与U(Ⅵ)反应后,O2-、—OH和H2O的峰分别移至529.7、531.1、532.3 eV,这说明OH-参与了U(Ⅵ)的去除反应。
图17d中,P2p的结合能分别位于132.78、133.69 eV处;而8%-STPP-nZVI复合材料与U(Ⅵ)反应后,结合能分别升高至133.33、134.45 eV;这可能是由于磷酸盐与U(Ⅵ)发生化学反应,导致磷酸盐中磷原子的化学环境发生了变化。
图17e中,U4f谱峰分别出现宽U4f7/2和U4f5/2线,分别位于381.94、392.56 eV处,两者之间的电位差为10.82 eV;U(Ⅵ)峰值出现在381.9、392.5 eV处,U(Ⅳ)峰分别出现在380.2、391.1 eV处。同时,在394.8、384.7 eV处分别发现了U(Ⅵ) 4f7/2和U(Ⅳ)的卫星峰。
U的窄谱图表明,8%-STPP-nZVI处理铀污染水体过程中生成了U(Ⅳ)产物,8%-STPP-nZVI能将U(Ⅵ)还原为U(Ⅳ)[39]。以上结果表明,8%-STPP-nZVI在处理铀污染水体的过程中,其表面的含氧、含磷官能基团可能参与了铀的吸附。
通过液相还原法制备了STPP-nZVI材料,并对材料的微观形貌、化学组成、结晶度和纯度进行了表征,研究了不同因素(初始铀浓度、材料投加量、pH等)对其去除U(Ⅵ)性能的影响。主要结论如下:
1)当U(Ⅵ)的初始浓度为10 mg/L、pH=5.0、反应时间为120 min、固液质量体积比为0.6 g/L、反应温度为25 ℃时,8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的去除效果最好,去除率达97.63%。
2)8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的选择性高,在存在Ca2+、Fe3+、Cl-、Mg2+、Mn2+、Pb2+等干扰离子的情况下,依然具有很好的吸附效果。
3)8%-STPP-nZVI对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir吸附等温线模型,表明该作用过程自发且吸热,其对U(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量达102.72 mg/g。
4)8%-STPP-nZVI对铀的去除主要归功于吸附和还原作用,其在处理碱性铀污染水方面具有一定的应用前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2902104)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51974163)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52274127)
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2024年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2024.04.03
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2902104)
国家自然科学基金项目(51974163)
国家自然科学基金项目(52274127)
作者信息
    南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院, 湖南 衡阳 421001

通讯作者:

张辉(1987—),男,湖南衡阳人,实验师,硕士研究生导师,从事铀矿采冶及相关环境影响研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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