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In the fine filtration production of filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition, the use of iron plate and frame filter had problems such as poor filtration effect, low automation level, and significant temperature drop after filtration. Improvements were made to the existing fine filtration process, and the applicability of surface filter as fine filtration equipment for filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition was studied. The results show that the surface filter with PP and PTFE membrane materials has a filtration retention rate of 93% after one hour, which is higher than the retention rate of the iron plate and frame filter. Compared with the iron plate and frame filtration, the surface filter has better filtration efficiency, higher automation level, and better solution insulation effect, which can be well applied in the fine filtration of filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition.

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侯伟强(1985—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为铀矿及伴生矿设计与科研。

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侯伟强(1985—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为铀矿及伴生矿设计与科研。

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侯伟强(1985—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为铀矿及伴生矿设计与科研。

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Filtration effect of different membrane materials for surface filter

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过滤膜材质 原液含固量/(g/L) 滤液含固量/(g/L) 过滤截留率/%
0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h 0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h
PTFE 1.60 0.15 0.10 0.067 90.6 93.7 95.8
PP 1.13 0.22 0.067 0.055 80.5 94.1 95.1
PTFE/PP 1.00 0.32 0.22 68.0 78.0
), ArticleFig(id=1179491014172619457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999675451437583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同材质膜滤芯的表面过滤器过滤效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤膜材质 原液含固量/(g/L) 滤液含固量/(g/L) 过滤截留率/%
0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h 0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h
PTFE 1.60 0.15 0.10 0.067 90.6 93.7 95.8
PP 1.13 0.22 0.067 0.055 80.5 94.1 95.1
PTFE/PP 1.00 0.32 0.22 68.0 78.0
), ArticleFig(id=1179491014239728322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999675451437583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The filtration flux and pressure of different membrane materials for surface filter

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过滤膜材质 过滤通量/[m3/(m2· h)] 过滤压力/MPa
0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h 0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h
PTFE 1.31 1.29 0.65 0.03 0.03 0.05
PP 1.04 1.08 0.78 0.03 0.04 0.03
PTFE/PP 1.81 1.81 1.94 0.02 0.03 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1179491014323614403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999675451437583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同材质膜滤芯的表面过滤器过滤通量和过滤压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过滤膜材质 过滤通量/[m3/(m2· h)] 过滤压力/MPa
0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h 0.5 h 1.0 h 2.0 h
PTFE 1.31 1.29 0.65 0.03 0.03 0.05
PP 1.04 1.08 0.78 0.03 0.04 0.03
PTFE/PP 1.81 1.81 1.94 0.02 0.03 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1179491014386528964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999675451437583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main technical and economic comparison between surface filter and iron plate-and-frame filter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 过滤面积/m2 设备成本/万元 运行成本/(万元/a) 间接收益/(万元/a)
表面过滤器 20 25 3.88 276.2
铁板框过滤器 40 15 4.31 213.8
), ArticleFig(id=1179491014482997957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147999675451437583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

表面过滤器与铁板框过滤器主要技术经济对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 过滤面积/m2 设备成本/万元 运行成本/(万元/a) 间接收益/(万元/a)
表面过滤器 20 25 3.88 276.2
铁板框过滤器 40 15 4.31 213.8
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独居石碱转滤液精细过滤工艺改进研究
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侯伟强 1 , 张伟超 2
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2024,43(3): 45-49
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2024, 43(3): 45-49
独居石碱转滤液精细过滤工艺改进研究
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侯伟强1, 张伟超2
作者信息
  • 1 中核第四研究设计工程有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050021
  • 2 湖南中核金原新材料有限责任公司, 湖南 衡阳 421000
  • 侯伟强(1985—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为铀矿及伴生矿设计与科研。

Improvement of Fine Filtration of Filter Liquor of Monazite Alkali Decomposition
Weiqiang HOU1, Weichao ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation, CNNC, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
  • 2 CNNC Hunan Jinyuan New Materials Co., Ltd., Hengyang 421000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.12.03
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在独居石碱转滤液的精细过滤生产中,采用铁板框压滤机压滤存在过滤效果差、自动化水平低、过滤后温度下降多等问题。对现有精细过滤工序进行改进,研究了表面过滤器作为碱转滤液精细过滤设备的适用性。结果表明,滤芯为PP、PTFE膜材质的表面过滤器,其1.0 h后过滤截留率均高达93%;明显高于铁板框压滤机的截留率。与铁板框过滤相比,表面过滤器过滤效果好、自动化水平高、溶液保温效果好,可较好地应用于独居石碱转滤液的精细过滤中。
独居石  /  碱转滤液  /  表面过滤  /  精细过滤  /  板框压滤

In the fine filtration production of filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition, the use of iron plate and frame filter had problems such as poor filtration effect, low automation level, and significant temperature drop after filtration. Improvements were made to the existing fine filtration process, and the applicability of surface filter as fine filtration equipment for filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition was studied. The results show that the surface filter with PP and PTFE membrane materials has a filtration retention rate of 93% after one hour, which is higher than the retention rate of the iron plate and frame filter. Compared with the iron plate and frame filtration, the surface filter has better filtration efficiency, higher automation level, and better solution insulation effect, which can be well applied in the fine filtration of filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition.

monazite  /  filter liquor of monazite alkali decomposition  /  surface filtration  /  fine filtration  /  plate and frame filtration
侯伟强, 张伟超. 独居石碱转滤液精细过滤工艺改进研究. 铀矿冶, 2024 , 43 (3) : 45 -49 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.12.03
Weiqiang HOU, Weichao ZHANG. Improvement of Fine Filtration of Filter Liquor of Monazite Alkali Decomposition[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2024 , 43 (3) : 45 -49 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.12.03
独居石精矿是典型的磷酸盐稀土资源,以镧、铈、钕、钇等轻稀土为主,通常有60%~65%的REO,21%~26%的P2O5,伴生约8%的ThO2、0.4%的U3O8和少量的镭[1-2];对独居石共伴生资源的综合回收具有重要意义[3]
目前,某独居石综合回收企业采用碱法分解独居石,磨矿得到的独居石粉料经氢氧化钠溶液加热溶解后,稀土、铀、钍等生成氢氧化物沉淀,磷酸根与过量氢氧化钠存在于溶液中。使用压滤机进行固液分离,滤饼(碱饼,为氢氧化稀土)经酸溶回收稀土、铀、钍等物质;滤液(碱转滤液)主要含磷酸钠和氢氧化钠,用于回收磷酸钠产品和碱液[4-6]。在压滤机固液分离工序上,因超细磨(-325目)的独居石精矿经碱转后粒度变得更小[7],在压滤初期及板框滤布失效时,常出现固相穿滤现象,使得碱转滤液中含有0.05%~1%(质量分数)的固相碱饼。对碱转滤液需进行精细过滤,回收碱饼,并净化磷酸钠溶液,减少放射性废渣量。
传统的独居石企业大多未对碱转滤液进行精细过滤,无适合的设备经验可借鉴。为应对碱转滤液跑浑问题,常设置浑液槽,通过人工判断及切换阀门,使跑浑液先进入到浑液槽;然后再打入压滤机重新过滤。该操作过程复杂,且无法保证碱转滤液中无固体悬浊物。在其他行业,对含超细粒固体、高温介质过滤主要采用陶瓷过滤器、离心过滤机、陶瓷膜等,其中陶瓷过滤器适用于高温、含固量较多的浆液;但保温效果一般,还需配备抽真空系统[8-9]。离心过滤的过滤推动力远大于真空、加压等过滤方式,但一般用于要求滤饼中液体含量较低的工况[10-11]。陶瓷膜属于膜过滤,具备合适的孔径后,可有效过滤气体、液体中杂质,具有较宽的操作温度范围,膜表面光滑不易粘连物料,特别适合在高温、高压和强腐蚀工况下使用[12-13];但其也存在有机聚合膜容易破碎、价格较高等局限性。
该独居石企业选用铁板框压滤机对碱转滤液进行精细过滤,在滤布上预涂过滤碱饼,实现对碱转滤液的精细过滤,存在自动化程度低、过滤效果不理想、过滤过程保温效果差等缺点。针对该压滤工序存在的问题,笔者进行了精细过滤改进研究,以期提高独居石共伴生资源的回收率。
待精细过滤的碱转滤液,流量180~200 m3/d,温度约75 ℃,其中:磷酸钠的质量分数为15%~20%,氢氧化钠的质量分数为12%~18%,固体悬浮物(即上一级穿滤的碱饼)的质量分数为0.05%~1%,其余为水。碱转滤液中固体粒度在400目左右,固体颗粒含量与上一工序的碱转过滤效果密切相关,其中固体颗粒粒径小、含量不稳定;并且磷酸钠含量较高,对温度敏感,降温易使其析出。
以铁板框压滤机(过滤面积40 m2)为精细过滤设备,进料泵(流量15 m3/h,扬程30 m)需多次循环才能实现预涂滤饼,过滤效率低;为克服原液因过滤降温导致磷酸钠析出,需将进料温度加热到80 ℃。
选用铁板框压滤机对碱转滤液进行精细过滤,存在以下问题:1)即便选择致密滤布,也需在滤布上预涂过滤碱饼,才能提高过滤效果,操作不便;2)过滤效果不理想,滤液中依然有固体存在,在后续除放工序中不仅产生较多的放射性废渣,还会造成稀土资源的浪费;3)铁质板框压滤自动化程度低,在过滤前滤布预涂过滤碱饼环节,以及卸料滤饼再制浆等环节,都需人工检查;4)板框压滤机需开板卸料,其保温效果差,过滤会造成滤液10~15 ℃的降温,而降温会导致滤液中磷酸钠晶体析出,堵塞管道。
通过对原液性质分析,需选择一种过滤性能好、自动化程度高、全封闭易于保温的过滤设备,并在保证现有生产线正常运行的前提下,实现过滤工艺改进。这就需要从现有生产管线中并联分出管线接入新的过滤设备,从实际生产角度做对比,研究压滤方案的适用性。
膜过滤技术对过滤对象的选择性好,易形成表面过滤,且产品不受污染[13]。试验用表面过滤器由陕西金禹科技发展有限公司提供,设备尺寸为DN 500 mm×1 500 mm,主要由碳钢罐体与膜过滤原件组成。碳钢罐体内设5根滤芯,滤芯是由钢制龙骨和套装在龙骨上的过滤膜组成,总过滤面积约0.6 m2。表面过滤器设备结构简单,当选择合适的高分子滤膜时,可对含3%固体悬浮物的溶液实现自动过滤,且具有过滤压力小(0.05~0.15 MPa)、液体通量大、过滤精度高等特点,该设备在其他行业应用广泛[14-16]
表面过滤器测试了3种材质的过滤膜,分别为聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚四氟乙烯与聚丙烯复合膜(PTFE/PP),膜孔道均为15~25 μm。利用原进料泵和制浆槽,在用于制浆的低磷水管道上增加分支管,接入到表面过滤器的反冲口,其他管线与原方案一致,仅在原管线上增加分支管。改进的工艺流程见图1。试验中,表面过滤器各类进出阀均为手动控制。
进料泵将碱转滤液送至过滤器内部的下方,由正压作用使原液透过各滤芯上的过滤膜,清液进入表面过滤器上部,原液中的固形物被截留在过滤膜表面,形成滤饼。清液若合格,则通过清液口进入下一道工序;若不合格,则通过清液回流口返回。当表面过滤器运行一定时间或达到相应压力时,关闭进料口,打开排渣口,先利用表面过滤器上部清液依靠重力反冲表面过滤器;再打开反冲口,利用低磷水反冲表面过滤器,将过滤膜上的滤饼冲进制浆槽,然后返回碱转工序。
试验在常温下进行。表面过滤器和管线安装就位后,控制进料泵出口压力约0.2 MPa,打开进料阀门,分别记录和测量0.5、1.0、2.0 h时的相关数据。每过滤2.0 h后,开启排渣反冲程序,即先关闭进料阀门,打开排渣口阀门,利用表面过滤器上部清液自身重力将膜表面大部分渣冲入制浆槽中;然后关闭排渣口阀门,打开反冲口阀,开始反冲,反冲水压力为0.3 MPa,反冲20 s(反冲水量约20 L);待冲洗下来的滤渣沉降1 min后,再次打开排渣口阀门排渣,排渣完毕后,关闭排渣口阀门,开启进料阀门,重复循环操作,整个排渣反冲过程用时约2.5 min。如果过滤过程中,过滤压力大于0.15 MPa时,自动开启排渣反冲程序。在某种膜材料试验完毕后,打开表面过滤器更换不同膜材质的滤芯重复以上过程。
在对3种膜进行测试时,先分析每批原液中的含固量;待设备稳定运行后,再分析过滤后清液中的含固量,不同材质膜滤芯的表面过滤器过滤效果见表1
表1可看出,PTFE、PP膜的截留率随过滤时间延长,截留率增大,这主要是因为膜表面上形成的滤饼有利于新颗粒的截留。在试验运行条件下,1.0 h后PTFE、PP膜的截留率可达93%;而PTFE/PP膜的截留率仅为78%。但在常温下,PTFE/PP膜与PTFE、PP膜的截留效果相似;高温下PTFE/PP膜截留率偏低的主要原因是当过滤液温度较高(80 ℃)时,PTFE/PP复合膜中的2种材质受热膨胀不均一,发生了脱层;导致其工作过滤通量变大,截留率下降,运行不到2.0 h时,肉眼就可见滤液变浑。因此,PTFE/PP复合膜不适合该生产条件,选用PTFE、PP膜为宜。
由于原液含固量不稳定,为尽量回收滤饼,原方案仅设置一级铁板框过滤,无铁板框过滤时(设备故障或换滤布时),碱转滤液除放渣中检测出的稀土含量在1%~3%左右;正常工作时铁板框的滤液除放渣中稀土含量在0.30%~0.85%左右。因此,认为铁板框平均截留率为72%。试验表明表面过滤器的截留率明显大于铁板框过滤器的截留率。
不同材质滤芯的表面过滤器的过滤通量和过滤压力见表2。可以看出,在运行过程中,3种材质膜的过滤压力均处于0.02~0.05 MPa。其中PTFE、PP膜的过滤通量随时间的增长有所减少,PTFE、PP膜的平均过滤通量接近1 m3/(m2·h),PTFE/PP复合膜发生了脱层,其通量变大,再次说明PTFE/PP复合膜不适合该工况。考虑表面过滤器的反冲、排渣等操作时间,PTFE、PP膜的平均过滤通量可维持在0.7~0.8 m3/(m2·h)。在相同生产条件下,原方案铁板框的平均过滤通量仅为0.25 m3/(m2·h),表面过滤器的过滤通量远大于铁板框过滤器的过滤通量。
表面过滤器选用PTFE、PP膜进行试验,取一定量原液、滤液、排渣液放入烧杯中观察,原液呈棕色,底层有少量肉眼可见的白色固体渣,整体浑浊;滤液呈黑褐色,溶液均一,无固体渣,肉眼可见清澈;排渣液呈黄褐色,底层有大量白色固体渣沉淀,整体呈矿浆状。选用PTFE、PP膜的表面过滤器均实现了对碱转滤液精细过滤的要求,但PTFE膜成本是PP膜成本的2~3倍,因此该工序优先选用PP膜表面过滤器。
表面过滤器为封闭的圆柱形设备,试验中设备未采取保温措施,原液温度80 ℃左右,滤液温度约为76 ℃;因此在其外表面易增加保温层,保障滤液温降控制在5 ℃内,不会出现因降温使磷酸钠结晶析出堵塞管道的问题。因此,表面过滤器比铁板框过滤器能更有效完成对碱转滤液的精细过滤。
表面过滤器各类进出阀选用自动阀,按过滤—排渣—反冲—排渣的程序,设置自动阀启闭程序,按控制周期自动运行,实现无人值守。根据碱转滤液性质及处理量,选用PP材质过滤膜,过滤面积20 m2,处理量8~15 m3/h,全套单价约25万元。
改进方案只有表面过滤器进料泵有电耗,而且其进料泵扬程较铁板框进料泵扬程低10 m左右,对应的进料泵功率可减少1.5 kW;而铁板框过滤器的进料泵、板框以及卸板后制浆均需电耗。按一年300 d工作计算,表面过滤器电费=4 kW×24 h/d×300 d/a×1元/(kW·h)=2.88万元/a;铁板框电费=5.51 kW×24 h/d×300 d/a×1元/(kW·h)=3.97万元/a。
表面过滤器滤膜按2年更换一次考虑,每次2.0万元;铁板框滤布按每年更换一次考虑,年费用40 m2×35元/m2=0.14万元。
表面过滤器自动化程度高,估算中暂不考虑人工成本;铁板框过滤器需人工操作,需考虑一定的人工成本,按一个工人年工资(10万)的1/50考虑,为0.2万元/a。
因此,表面过滤器年运行成本为2.88+2.0/2=3.88万元,铁板框过滤器年运行成本为3.97+0.14+0.2=4.31万元。运行成本中暂不考虑设备折旧。
按原液180 m3/d、平均含1 g/L的碱饼计算,铁板框过滤器(截留率72%)1年回收碱饼约38.88 t,表面过滤器(截留率93%)1年回收碱饼约50.22 t,表面过滤器比铁板框过滤器多回收碱饼11.34 t。按目前独居石原料价格推算收益约为5.5万元/t;因此采用表面过滤器可减少磷酸钠溶液的除放渣量,并能多回收约62.4万元的碱饼。表面过滤器与铁板框过滤器的主要技术经济对比见表3,表中运行成本仅考虑电耗、过滤材料消耗及人工成本。
表面过滤器应用于碱转液的精细过滤,在3种材质的过滤膜中,PP与PTFE膜截留率相近(1 h截留率达93%);从膜成本角度出发,PP膜性价比最高。与铁板框过滤器相比,表面过滤器过滤效果好、溶液保温效果好、自动化水平高;且表面过滤器的间接收益更高。表面过滤器可较好地应用于独居石碱转滤液的精细过滤,且能产生较高的经济效益。
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.12.03
  • 接收时间:2023-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-05
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    1 中核第四研究设计工程有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050021
    2 湖南中核金原新材料有限责任公司, 湖南 衡阳 421000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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