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Article(id=1147997646142304929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147997645471216289, articleNumber=1000-8063(2024)01-0027-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.06.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687881600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751633567604, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751633567604, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751633567604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751633567604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1147997645471216289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='98', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751633567445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762910967272, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195298488901714724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147997645471216289, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195298488901714725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, issueId=1147997645471216289, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1147997646343631523, articleId=1147997646142304929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=EN, title=Well Washing Test of Small Diameter Submersible Pump in Injection Wells for In-situ Leaching of Uranium, columnId=1175805041752556213, journalTitle=Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, columnName=MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There is severe blockage in the surrounding ore bearing layers of the injection well in a certain uranium leaching experimental mining area. The inner diameter of the casing of the injection well is only 80 mm. After the completion of conventional air compressor well washing, a small diameter submersible pump well washing test was carried out in three injection wells. The initial pumping capacity is around 4.5 m3/h, and the minimum pumping capacity during this period is 3.4 m3/h. The sand content of the first turbid flushing water from two wells is analyzed to be 4.36 and 5.19 kg/m3 respectively. Particle size, electron microscopy scanning, and chemical composition analysis show that the mineral debris in the settled dry residue of the well washing water is mainly composed of silt and fine sand debris, with a small amount of clay debris. Chemical precipitation mainly consists of CaCO3, MgCO3, and FeCO3. The submersible pump has operated for about 27.5 h accumulatively without any failure. The test shows that the submersible pump is feasible, with less investment, low cost, high safety and convenient implementation.

, correspAuthors=Yixuan YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=YAO Yixuan, WANG Yaan, XU Guolong, LI Xinghao, ZHANG Youpeng, XU Ying, YAO Chongxiao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1147997649141232320, articleId=1147997646142304929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, language=CN, title=地浸采铀注液井小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验, columnId=1175805041991631542, journalTitle=铀矿冶, columnName=开采·选冶, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

某地浸采铀试验采区注液井周边含矿层堵塞严重。注液井套管内径仅有80 mm,在常规空压机抽水洗井结束后,在3口注液井中开展了小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验。初始抽水量均在4.5 m3/h左右,期间最小抽水量为3.4 m3/h,其中2口井的第1股最浑浊洗井水的含砂量分别为4.36、5.19 kg/m3。粒度、电镜扫描和化学组成分析显示,洗井水沉降干渣中的矿物碎屑主要为粉砂、细砂碎屑,少量黏土碎屑;化学沉淀主要是CaCO3、MgCO3和FeCO3;潜水泵抽水洗井累计运行约27.5 h,未出现任何故障。试验表明,小直径潜水泵抽水洗井可行且投资少、成本低、安全性高、实施方便。

, correspAuthors=姚益轩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姚益轩（1963——),男，湖南涟源人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。
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姚益轩(1963—),男,湖南涟源人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。

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姚益轩(1963—),男,湖南涟源人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。

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姚益轩(1963—),男,湖南涟源人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。

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journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=图7, caption=洗井水沉降干渣电镜扫描照片, figureFileSmall=tCn8S98Qkk46kvkInTZO0w==, figureFileBig=vUHWns+YEHaWEIRaA8Tqkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195651127585845836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Liquid flow rate and water level of the extraction well during the leaching test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 抽液量/(m3/h) 井内水位/m 温度/℃ 备注
08-25 — 4.44 9.25 抽注浸出前
08-30 6.07 46.67 16.10
09-04 6.33 49.17 16.23
09-09 6.33 48.99 16.29
09-14 6.34 48.97 16.32
09-19 6.41 49.18 16.48
09-24 6.25 48.51 16.48
09-29 6.29 48.80 16.56
10-04 6.28 48.52 16.53
10-09 6.26 48.65 16.60
10-14 6.21 48.46 16.64 提出水位仪
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127648760397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抽注浸出试验期间抽液井抽液量与水位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 抽液量/(m3/h) 井内水位/m 温度/℃ 备注
08-25 — 4.44 9.25 抽注浸出前
08-30 6.07 46.67 16.10
09-04 6.33 49.17 16.23
09-09 6.33 48.99 16.29
09-14 6.34 48.97 16.32
09-19 6.41 49.18 16.48
09-24 6.25 48.51 16.48
09-29 6.29 48.80 16.56
10-04 6.28 48.52 16.53
10-09 6.26 48.65 16.60
10-14 6.21 48.46 16.64 提出水位仪
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127715869262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance index of small diameter submersible pump

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品牌 型号 直径/mm 额定流量/(m3/h) 额定扬程/m 额定功率/kW 产地
A潜水泵 75型深井泵 75 3 130 2.20 国产
B潜水泵 75QJD3-108/36-1.1 75 3.0~4.5 108~144 1.10 国产
C潜水泵 75 2~4 95~113 国产
D潜水泵 71 2~4 140 1.50 国产
E潜水泵 MICRAHS2/11 74 1.5 100 2.00 意大利
F潜水泵 SQ3-105 74 3.0 113 1.85 丹麦
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127774589519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小直径潜水泵的性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品牌 型号 直径/mm 额定流量/(m3/h) 额定扬程/m 额定功率/kW 产地
A潜水泵 75型深井泵 75 3 130 2.20 国产
B潜水泵 75QJD3-108/36-1.1 75 3.0~4.5 108~144 1.10 国产
C潜水泵 75 2~4 95~113 国产
D潜水泵 71 2~4 140 1.50 国产
E潜水泵 MICRAHS2/11 74 1.5 100 2.00 意大利
F潜水泵 SQ3-105 74 3.0 113 1.85 丹麦
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127837504080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 流量/(m3/h) 井内动水位/m 地表管道压力/MPa 实测扬程/m 标准扬程/m 扬程差/m
9∶35 1.08 17.55 1.15 132.55 143.00 -10.45
9∶50 1.48 21.65 1.05 126.65 140.00 -13.35
10∶15 1.99 27.45 0.89 116.45 134.00 -17.55
10∶35 2.49 33.09 0.66 99.09 125.00 -25.91
10∶50 2.99 38.58 0.42 80.58 114.00 -33.42
11∶05 3.50 44.28 0.14 58.28 97.00 -38.72
11∶15 3.74 46.84 0.00 46.84 86.00 -39.16
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127917195857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SQ3-105型潜水泵流量-扬程检验数据 Table 3 Test data of flow rate-head of SQ3-105 submersible pump

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 流量/(m3/h) 井内动水位/m 地表管道压力/MPa 实测扬程/m 标准扬程/m 扬程差/m
9∶35 1.08 17.55 1.15 132.55 143.00 -10.45
9∶50 1.48 21.65 1.05 126.65 140.00 -13.35
10∶15 1.99 27.45 0.89 116.45 134.00 -17.55
10∶35 2.49 33.09 0.66 99.09 125.00 -25.91
10∶50 2.99 38.58 0.42 80.58 114.00 -33.42
11∶05 3.50 44.28 0.14 58.28 97.00 -38.72
11∶15 3.74 46.84 0.00 46.84 86.00 -39.16
), ArticleFig(id=1195651127975916114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sand content in the most turbid well washing water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
注液井号 取水量/L 洗井水性状 干渣质量/g 干渣颜色 含砂量/(kg/m3)
Z0201 36.06 浑浊,褐色 157.23 褐色 4.36
Z0202 29.65 浑浊,灰色 153.98 灰色带绿 5.19
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128063996499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

最浑浊洗井水含砂量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
注液井号 取水量/L 洗井水性状 干渣质量/g 干渣颜色 含砂量/(kg/m3)
Z0201 36.06 浑浊,褐色 157.23 褐色 4.36
Z0202 29.65 浑浊,灰色 153.98 灰色带绿 5.19
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128131105364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Particle size and volume distribution of settling dry slag in Z0201 injection well

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/% 粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/%
0.0~10.0 0 0 >40.0~50.0 23.69 37.92
>10.0~20.0 0 0 >50.0~60.0 27.03 64.95
>20.0~30.0 3.57 3.56 >60.0~70.0 32.30 97.25
>30.0~40.0 10.68 14.23 >70.0~80.0 2.75 100
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128240157269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Z0201注液井沉降干渣粒径体积分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/% 粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/%
0.0~10.0 0 0 >40.0~50.0 23.69 37.92
>10.0~20.0 0 0 >50.0~60.0 27.03 64.95
>20.0~30.0 3.57 3.56 >60.0~70.0 32.30 97.25
>30.0~40.0 10.68 14.23 >70.0~80.0 2.75 100
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128315654742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Particle size and volume distribution of settling dry slag in Z0202 injection well

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/% 粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/%
0.0~2.0 0.11 0.11 >10.0~12.0 15.80 42.61
>2.0~4.0 3.66 3.77 >12.0~14.0 14.60 57.20
>4.0~6.0 5.24 9.01 >14.0~16.0 12.71 69.92
>6.0~8.0 7.79 16.81 >16.0~18.0 22.22 92.14
>8.0~10.0 10.00 26.80 >18.0~20.0 7.86 100
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128395346519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Z0202注液井沉降干渣粒径体积分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/% 粒径范围/μm 体积占比/% 累计分布/%
0.0~2.0 0.11 0.11 >10.0~12.0 15.80 42.61
>2.0~4.0 3.66 3.77 >12.0~14.0 14.60 57.20
>4.0~6.0 5.24 9.01 >14.0~16.0 12.71 69.92
>6.0~8.0 7.79 16.81 >16.0~18.0 22.22 92.14
>8.0~10.0 10.00 26.80 >18.0~20.0 7.86 100
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128483426904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Chemical composition of settling dry residue of well washing water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 wB/%
U SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 FeO CO2
Z0201干渣 0.003 7 57.10 18.76 1.07 1.25 3.61 1.03 0.74
Z0202干渣 0.003 5 61.73 19.27 0.67 1.00 1.77 0.98 0.52
浸出试验样 - 76.30 10.29 0.22 0.21 1.96 0.54 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1195651128550535769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123346816638986, articleId=1147997646142304929, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

洗井水沉降干渣样化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 wB/%
U SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 FeO CO2
Z0201干渣 0.003 7 57.10 18.76 1.07 1.25 3.61 1.03 0.74
Z0202干渣 0.003 5 61.73 19.27 0.67 1.00 1.77 0.98 0.52
浸出试验样 - 76.30 10.29 0.22 0.21 1.96 0.54 0.22
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地浸采铀注液井小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验
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姚益轩 1 , 王亚安 1 , 胥国龙 1 , 李星浩 1 , 张友澎 1 , 许影 1 , 姚冲霄 2
铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2024,43(1): 27-35
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铀矿冶 | 开采·选冶 2024, 43(1): 27-35
地浸采铀注液井小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验
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姚益轩1, 王亚安1, 胥国龙1, 李星浩1, 张友澎1, 许影1, 姚冲霄2
作者信息
  • 1 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
  • 2 西安飞流机电设备工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710016

    • 姚益轩(1963—),男,湖南涟源人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。

通讯作者:

姚益轩（1963——),男，湖南涟源人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。
Well Washing Test of Small Diameter Submersible Pump in Injection Wells for In-situ Leaching of Uranium
YAO Yixuan1, WANG Yaan1, XU Guolong1, LI Xinghao1, ZHANG Youpeng1, XU Ying1, YAO Chongxiao2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Beijing 101149, China
  • 2 Xi’an Feiliu Electromechanical Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710016, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.06.06
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摘要
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某地浸采铀试验采区注液井周边含矿层堵塞严重。注液井套管内径仅有80 mm,在常规空压机抽水洗井结束后,在3口注液井中开展了小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验。初始抽水量均在4.5 m3/h左右,期间最小抽水量为3.4 m3/h,其中2口井的第1股最浑浊洗井水的含砂量分别为4.36、5.19 kg/m3。粒度、电镜扫描和化学组成分析显示,洗井水沉降干渣中的矿物碎屑主要为粉砂、细砂碎屑,少量黏土碎屑;化学沉淀主要是CaCO3、MgCO3和FeCO3;潜水泵抽水洗井累计运行约27.5 h,未出现任何故障。试验表明,小直径潜水泵抽水洗井可行且投资少、成本低、安全性高、实施方便。

地浸采铀  /  矿层堵塞  /  小直径潜水泵  /  抽水洗井  /  沉降干渣

There is severe blockage in the surrounding ore bearing layers of the injection well in a certain uranium leaching experimental mining area. The inner diameter of the casing of the injection well is only 80 mm. After the completion of conventional air compressor well washing, a small diameter submersible pump well washing test was carried out in three injection wells. The initial pumping capacity is around 4.5 m3/h, and the minimum pumping capacity during this period is 3.4 m3/h. The sand content of the first turbid flushing water from two wells is analyzed to be 4.36 and 5.19 kg/m3 respectively. Particle size, electron microscopy scanning, and chemical composition analysis show that the mineral debris in the settled dry residue of the well washing water is mainly composed of silt and fine sand debris, with a small amount of clay debris. Chemical precipitation mainly consists of CaCO3, MgCO3, and FeCO3. The submersible pump has operated for about 27.5 h accumulatively without any failure. The test shows that the submersible pump is feasible, with less investment, low cost, high safety and convenient implementation.

in-situ leaching of uranium  /  blockage in ore layers  /  submersible pump  /  well washing  /  settled dry
姚益轩, 王亚安, 胥国龙, 李星浩, 张友澎, 许影, 姚冲霄. 地浸采铀注液井小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验. 铀矿冶, 2024 , 43 (1) : 27 -35 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.06.06
YAO Yixuan, WANG Yaan, XU Guolong, LI Xinghao, ZHANG Youpeng, XU Ying, YAO Chongxiao. Well Washing Test of Small Diameter Submersible Pump in Injection Wells for In-situ Leaching of Uranium[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2024 , 43 (1) : 27 -35 . DOI: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.06.06
正文
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某地浸采铀试验采区抽注液井最大井深为351 m。抽液井护壁套管为ϕ148 mm×10 mm变ϕ100 mm×10 mm UPVC管,注液井护壁套管为ϕ100 mm×10 mm UPVC管。过滤管采用ϕ110 mm×15 mm UPVC管打眼加工,长度一般为8 m,外包2层尼龙筛网,孔眼直径0.212 mm。沉砂管为ϕ100 mm×10 mm UPVC管,固定长度4 m。注浆固井后采用空压机间歇式抽水洗井,验收合格后管内沉砂≤1.0 m。该试验采区采用“CO2+O2”中性浸出[1-2],浸出初期注液压力持续上升至1.6 MPa后,单井注液量缓慢下降,随之调整抽液量。抽水洗井前,注液压力控制在1.65 MPa左右,多数注液井周边含矿层堵塞严重,需要洗井。
抽注液井周边含矿层堵塞会降低采区的抽注液量,制约采区生产能力,是地浸铀矿山生产采区常见的技术问题。洗井是生产矿山采区维护的主要工作,也是1项非常繁重、高风险的体力劳动。矿山开展了多种方法的洗井试验[3-5]和技术优化研究[6-8],主要利用空压机进行高压大风量抽水洗井解堵[9]。空压机洗井需要向井内下入风管,地表铺设洗井水排水管道和高压空气输送管道,动用空压机、柴油发电机、废水储罐、吊装转运、洗井水转移和处置等大型设备设施,花费大量的人力物力。
为了探索简单便捷、低成本的洗井技术,根据试验采区注液井套管直径,在国内首次开展了小直径潜水泵抽水洗井试验。
1 洗井方法概述
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抽注液井是地浸采铀最基础、最重要的工程,从建造成井至关停闭井的全寿命期内需要经历2个阶段、不同目的的洗井。
成井过程洗井是所有钻孔交付使用前的最后工序,其目的是破坏井壁泥皮,抽出深入周边含矿层中的钻井泥浆和岩屑,疏通含矿层孔隙通道,恢复地层渗透性,同时排出沉砂管内的沉积物。一般情况下,成井过程洗井水中碎屑粒径大,含量多,洗井持续时间长。产能恢复性洗井是在抽注液井周边含矿层产生堵塞后进行的洗井,其目的是排出井周边含矿层中的堵塞物,最大限度地恢复抽注液量。当沉砂管内沉积的泥砂太多,甚至高出沉砂管顶端,部分或全部淹没过滤管时,需要排出过滤器部位和沉砂管内的泥砂。产能恢复洗井水中碎屑粒径相对较小,含量少,洗井持续时间较短。
洗井方法主要有化学洗井和机械洗井。化学洗井是利用磷酸盐、盐酸、氢氟酸等化学试剂溶蚀井周边含矿层中的堵塞物;该方法不能将溶蚀后的废液排出地表,随着地球化学环境的改变,多种杂质元素又会生成新的化学沉淀,再次堵塞含矿层。活塞洗井[10]、脉冲洗井[11]、超声波洗井[4]140、高压喷射洗井[12]等机械洗井方式是通过强水力作用抽吸或冲击过滤器和含矿层,崩解井壁泥皮或化学结垢层,作业时井筒内的水位通常高于含矿层地下水水位,堵塞物可能会进一步深入含矿层。
从严格意义上讲,这些洗井方式仅是强化洗井效果的前期步骤,最后都必须进行抽水洗井。不管是用于直接洗井还是作为联合洗井[13-14]的最后工序,空压机洗井是目前应用最广泛、最有效的抽水洗井方法。
2 潜水泵洗井的可行性分析
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注液井堵塞物通常为黏土粉砂粒级矿物碎屑和化学沉淀物,非溶解态气体堵塞较少[15]。其中黏土粉砂粒级碎屑来自抽液井周边含矿层,是在水力作用下迁移,被浸出液夹带,经过地表过滤器、树脂床层过滤后吸附尾液中残留的那部分碎屑,粒径通常小于50 μm。根据科技部863计划“地浸采铀模拟与控制”项目对国内2个中性地浸铀矿山浸出液中可能生成沉淀物的溶解度和饱和指数计算,中性浸出液中可能生成的化学沉淀有CaCO3、MgCO3、FeCO3、Fe(OH)3等;气体堵塞主要是由注入的过量O2所致。
潜水泵是地浸采铀最常用的设备,安装在抽液井内,用于将浸出液提升出地表,并输送至集控室。
浸出液一般较清,仅含有少量矿物碎屑和化学沉淀物,碎屑和沉淀物属纳米至微米级细小颗粒,呈悬浮状态。经过吸附和过滤后的尾液从注液井过滤器再进入含矿层时,其夹带的碎屑和化学沉淀物一般不会沉积在沉砂管内,而是沉积在井周边含矿层孔隙中。沉砂管作为预留碎屑沉积的容器,主要用于盛装成井过程钻井液中沉淀的大量岩屑,经过洗井和验收后,沉砂管内一般不会有大量沉积物。但在抽注浸出过程中,当上部井管破裂涌入大量岩屑、或其他原因掉入的沙土和杂物等沉积在沉砂管内甚至淹没过滤器时,需要洗井排出。
潜水泵抽水洗井类似抽液井内的浸出液提升,是注液的逆过程。在反向水流的冲击下,此前沉积在近井地带含矿层中的矿物碎屑、化学沉淀物和非溶解态气体会被反向水流夹带,持续不断地抽出地表,从而实现解堵。理论上,潜水泵抽水洗井是可行的。事实上,美国地浸铀矿山在成井过程中就有使用潜水泵抽水洗井的先例(图1,左侧为钟平汝1996年赴美国Highland矿山培训照片,右侧为陆有临等1995年赴美国Rosita矿山考察照片)。
3 小直径潜水泵选型
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3.1 洗井用潜水泵一般要求
地浸采铀领域使用最多的是直径4英寸的不锈钢潜水泵,个别试验点和矿山也使用6英寸不锈钢潜水泵。本次洗井试验的注液井套管内径仅有80 mm,因此用于抽水洗井的潜水泵直径需更小。
抽水洗井的流量越大,洗井的效率就越高。洗井流量既受含矿层渗透性、水位降深的制约,也受潜水泵性能的影响。本试验采区水文地质试验实测某抽液井含矿层地下水静水位为5.64 m,稳定抽水量为6.43 m3/h,稳定水位为61.83 m,渗透系数为0.51 m/d。抽注浸出试验期间该抽液井抽液量与井内水位观测数据见表1。试验采区除一口井抽液量约5.8 m3/h、动水位约55 m外,其他抽液井抽液量均大于6.0 m3/h,最深动水位为49 m。
试验期间,抽液井没有产生明显的堵塞,而注液井出现了严重的堵塞。洗井前,平均单井注液量降幅达51.87%,近井地带含矿层渗透性已经严重恶化。洗井时,若预期抽水量为6 m3/h,估计动水位在100 m左右;若预期抽水量为3 m3/h,则动水位在50 m左右。在实际工况条件下,要求潜水泵预期抽水量对应的扬程要大于动水位。
抽水洗井初期,洗井水一般都含有大量泥砂。试验采区抽注液井过滤器筛网的孔眼直径为0.212 mm,理论上洗井时透过筛网涌入井筒内的碎屑粒径<0.212 mm,包括岩石学上的细砂(0.25 mm≥ds>0.05 mm)、粉砂(0.05 mm≥ds>0.005 mm)、黏土(ds≤0.005 mm)碎屑[15]以及化学沉淀物。孔壁和过滤器间的环空没有充填砾石,洗井过程中孔壁可能会出现垮塌掉砂现象,泥砂含量会更多。因此要求潜水泵具有较高的抗砂能力。
本试验采区浸出液pH约为7.5,属于中性至弱碱性环境,ρ(Cl-)约为200 mg/L。含矿层溶液腐蚀性弱,对潜水泵材质的抗腐蚀性要求不高,304材质不锈钢即可满足试验要求。
3.2 小直径潜水泵选型
为了选购合适的潜水泵用于洗井,筛选了6个品牌小直径304材质不锈钢潜水泵,其性能指标见表2。
从表2可看出,小直径潜水泵的流量、扬程均偏小;国产品牌小直径潜水泵与国外品牌相比,性能指标基本相近。在调研过程中,C和D品牌不提供潜水泵型号,不提供流量扬程曲线,其性能指标的可信度不高。
意大利产E潜水泵额定流量太小。丹麦产F潜水泵是多数地浸铀矿山在用的潜水泵品牌之一,口碑普遍较好,其电机和泵体性能优良,耗电量低。本试验拟选用丹麦产SQ3-105型不锈钢潜水泵。
4 潜水泵特性及流量扬程检验
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4.1 潜水泵特性
SQ3-105型潜水泵直径74 mm,额定流量3.0 m3/h,额定扬程113 m,长942 mm,净质量6.17 kg;潜水泵配备MS3型永磁电机,电源频率50 Hz,额定转速10 700 r/min,输入功率2.46 kW,额定功率1.85 kW,额定电流12.3 A,工作电压1×200-240 V,适配三芯4.0~6.0 mm2电缆;最大运行压力1.5 MPa,出水口直径 32 mm,用于抽取稀薄、干净、无腐蚀性或爆炸性、不含固体微粒或纤维的液体,液体含砂量不高于50 g/m3。SQ3-105型潜水泵属于轻巧型小直径不锈钢潜水泵,具有软启动、干转保护、轴向窜动保护、过压和欠压保护、过载和过热保护等功能。
MS3为永磁转子型单相电机,效率高,可在较广的负载范围内高效运转(图2)。SQ3-105型潜水泵叶轮为“漂浮”式设计,每个叶轮都有独立的碳化钨/陶瓷轴承(图3),过流部件采用经30%玻璃纤维强化的尼龙制成,潜水泵抗砂性能好。
4.2 潜水泵流量扬程检验
由于在实际工况条件下潜水泵提升介质的理化性能、供电电源特性等与实验室条件不同,实测的流量扬程曲线与实验室标准流量扬程曲线一般存在系统偏差。在Z0201注液井洗井结束后,开展了实际工矿条件下的潜水泵流量扬程检测试验。
潜水泵安装深度为102.3 m,与潜水泵连接的提升管和井口排水管为DN 32 mm×3.0 mm PE管,延长排水管为消防管带。在提升管底部用胶带捆绑安装1个水位自动记录仪,深度为101.0 m,水位记录间隔1 min;在井口排水管上依次安装电磁流量计、指针式压力表和阀门。在集控室改接变频器电源后,由原抽液井潜水泵电源供电。
潜水泵运行频率50 Hz,通过阀控制的起始流量约为1.0 m3/h,递增流量约0.5 m3/h,待每个试验点流量和压力基本稳定后记录时间点、流量和压力,试验结束后提出井内潜水泵,下载水位自动记录仪数据,找到对应时间点的动水位。试验得到的流量扬程检验数据见表3,表中每个试验点井内动水位是该水位距地表的高度,即抽水时的水柱高度。被测介质视为地下水,密度取1 000 kg/m3,地表管道压力可换算成当时的水柱高度[16]。实测扬程为井内水柱高度+地表管道压力换算所得的水柱高度,标准扬程是在厂方提供的流量扬程曲线上该流量对应的扬程,扬程差是同一个流量点的标准扬程减去实测扬程的值。
从检验结果可知,流量越大,扬程差越大,当流量为1.08 m3/h时,实测扬程比标准扬程仅减少了7.31%;当流量为3.74 m3/h时,实测扬程比标准扬程减少了45.53%。
5 潜水泵抽水洗井作业
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利用同一套试验设施开展了3口注液井的洗井试验,潜水泵安装深度相同,试验时阀完全打开,以潜水泵最大流量、间隙式抽水方式洗井。按照采区地下水静水位6 m、过滤管底端位置338 m、井管内径80 mm估算,过滤器及以上井筒内储水量约为1.67 m3。
注液井初始抽水量均在4.5 m3/h左右,洗井水呈淡黄色、黄色,抽水10 min左右,即1个井筒体积的水被抽出地表后,出现第1股最浑浊、颜色最深的洗井水,持续时间较长,其中Z0201井洗井水呈褐色,Z0202、Z0103井洗井水呈深灰色。随后洗井水浑浊度逐渐降低,颜色变淡,水量变小,Z0201和Z0202井抽水量约3.7 m3/h,Z0103井抽水量约3.4 m3/h。此后,多次采用间隙式抽水洗井,每次重启后约10 min均会出现一股略带浑浊的洗井水;随洗井次数增加,浑浊出水持续时间变短,直至抽出洗井水的颜色和浑浊度基本稳定。注液井内水位变化见图4。
从洗井开始至结束,Z0201注液井洗井持续时间约9.8 h,间隙式抽水4次,潜水泵累计运行3.4 h;Z0202注液井洗井持续时间约26.2 h,间隙式抽水3次,潜水泵累计运行8.4 h;Z0103注液井洗井持续时间约50.4 h,间隙式抽水5次,潜水泵累计运行13.8 h。
6 洗井水沉降物分析
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6.1 洗井水含砂量分析
分别取Z0201和Z0202注液井第1股最浑浊洗井水36.06 L和29.65 L,经过48 h沉降,采用虹吸法分离上清液,将第1次浓缩后含沉降物的浑浊水样倒入5 000 mL的玻璃杯中(图5),再澄清48 h后的性状见图6,左侧为Z0201井洗井水,右侧为Z0202井洗井水。图6上清液的性状基本上代表了该注液井最初洗井水的浑浊度和颜色,洗井结束时洗井水的浑浊度稍轻,颜色更浅一些。洗井过程采取的水样一般都要静置5~6 d后才会变得透亮,底部均有极少量的沉淀。
上述洗井水经过2次沉降、分离,最终的含水沉降物经105 ℃恒温干燥12 h后得到干渣样,称重,计算洗井水含砂量,结果见表4。
6.2 沉降干渣激光粒度分析
委托高校利用Eyetech激光粒度分析仪对沉降干渣样进行了分析,粒径体积分布结果见表5~表6。可以看出,Z0201注液井沉降干渣粒径相对较大,全部为粉砂和细砂碎屑,中位粒径52.93 μm,平均粒径53.33 μm;Z0202注液井沉降干渣粒径相对较小,主要为粉砂碎屑,极少量黏土碎屑,中位粒径12.77 μm,平均粒径12.62 μm。
6.3 沉降干渣电镜扫描分析
沉降干渣电镜扫描照片见图7。干渣样的显微形貌以片状及其集合体、细颗粒状碎屑为主,粒径从几微米到几十微米,对应岩石学上的黏土、粉砂、细砂碎屑。片状及其集合体多为黏土矿物,包裹细颗粒或充填在细颗粒之间;细颗粒多为石英、长石等矿物。可以看出,Z0201注液井沉降干渣粒径相对较大,而Z0202注液井沉降干渣粒径相对较小。
6.4 沉降干渣化学组成分析
沉降干渣样和浸出试验样的化学组成见表7,浸出试验样为取自试验采区钻孔、用于室内浸出试验的混合样。可以看出,干渣样w(SiO2)显著减少、w(Al2O3)显著增加,与激光粒度和扫描电镜分析结果(沉降物以粉砂、细砂碎屑为主)的成分特征相符。Z0201干渣样w(Fe2O3)显著高于Z0202干渣样和浸出试验样,洗井水呈褐色,系Fe3+含量高导致,沉降物中含有大量Fe(OH)3沉淀物。干渣样CO2、CaO、MgO、FeO的含量显著高于浸出试验样,沉降物中含有部分CaCO3、MgCO3和FeCO3的化学沉淀。
7 结论与建议
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1)潜水泵抽出的洗井水浑浊,最浑浊洗井水的含砂量为4.36~5.19 kg/m3,夹带的碎屑物主要为粉砂、细砂碎屑,少量黏土碎屑和化学沉淀物;潜水泵累计运行约27.5 h,没有出现任何故障。试验表明,潜水泵洗井可行,具有投资少、成本低、安全性高、实施方便等优点。
2)注液井堵塞后,近井地带含矿层渗透性变差,在相同抽水量情况下,水位降深大幅增加;在实际工矿条件下潜水泵扬程低于标准曲线扬程,洗井水中含有大量泥砂,密度与黏度提高,洗井时潜水泵的实际扬程比标准曲线扬程也会大幅减少。要求潜水泵扬程有较大的裕量,且与预期的抽水量和水位降深匹配。
3)潜水泵抽出的洗井水只是透过注液井过滤器,从电机与泵体连接处侧向涌入的携带泥砂的地层水,一般不能清洗井管内沉砂。当井管内沉积了大量泥砂或杂物时,只能采用空压机洗井,且风管必须下到沉砂界面;或下入注水管至沉砂界面,注高压清水冲刷洗井。
4)试验受注液井套管直径制约,使用了小直径潜水泵抽水洗井。在有条件的情况下,建议采用大流量高扬程潜水泵抽水洗井,并开展潜水泵与空压机抽水洗井的综合比较研究。
基金
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  • 中核集团集中研发项目(编号A60-1)
文献
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2024年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.13426/j.cnki.yky.2023.06.06
  • 接收时间：2023-06-28
  • 首发时间：2025-07-04
  • 出版时间：2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-28
基金
中核集团集中研发项目(编号A60-1)
作者信息
    1 核工业北京化工冶金研究院,北京 101149
    2 西安飞流机电设备工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710016

通讯作者:

姚益轩（1963——),男，湖南涟源人，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事地浸采铀技术研究和工程设计工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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