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Article(id=1320165874670088544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1320165840046117035, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0079.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=1771862400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681672016, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681672016, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681672016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681672016, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165840046117035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681663762, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681663762, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165878331715937, articleId=1320165874670088544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Design and performance study on powered air-purifying respirator for forest fire fighting, columnId=1307033137213624599, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Study of fire equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the practical problems existing in individual respiratory protection equipment for firefighters during forest fire extinguishing and rescue operations, such as high breathing resistance, limited service duration and insufficient comfort, this study developed a new type of air-supply respiratory protection equipment for firefighters in forest fire fighting based on the structural principle of powered air-purifying respirators. By analyzing the special respiratory protection requirements for forest fire suppression, combined with relevant studies on the actual carrying mode, air supply system and adaptive functions of respirators, the respiratory protection equipment with dual-canister smoke filtration and dual-hose air supply structure was developed by comprehensively adopting CFD simulation, theoretical calculation and experimental testing, and integrating devices including ambient air bypass and fire-resistant exhalation valve. The results show that the dual-hose air supply structure equipped with dual-canister smoke filtration is superior to the single-hose air supply structure with single-canister smoke filtration in performance indicators such as static pressure, flow velocity, dynamic pressure and breathing resistance. Especially in the air hose section, the average flow velocity and dynamic pressure of the dual-hose structure are reduced by 63.1% and 86.4% respectively compared with the single-hose mode, and the service duration is increased by 46.1%.

, authors=Kai Zhou1, 3, Kun Zhang1, 2, Shensi Hao1, 4, Kai Jing1, 5, authorsList=Kai Zhou, Kun Zhang, Shensi Hao, Kai Jing, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165886531580284, articleId=1320165874670088544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=森林灭火动力送风过滤式呼吸器的设计与性能研究, columnId=1307033137440117017, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防设备研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前森林灭火救援作业过程中消防员个体呼吸防护装备存在的呼吸阻力较高、续航时长有限以及舒适性不足等实际问题，基于动力送风过滤式呼吸器的结构原理，研发了一种新型消防员森林灭火送风呼吸防护装备。通过对森林火灾扑救特殊呼吸防护需求的分析，结合呼吸器实战携行方式、供气系统和适配功能的相关研究，综合运用CFD仿真、理论计算和试验测试等方法，集成环境空气旁通、阻火呼气阀等装置，研制出具备双罐滤烟和双管供气结构的呼吸防护装备。研究结果表明，配置双罐滤烟的双管供气结构在静压、流速、动压以及呼吸阻力等性能指标方面均优于单罐滤烟的单管供气结构，尤其在气管区，双管结构的平均流速和动压相较于单管模式分别降低了63.1％和86.4％，续航时间提升46.1％。

, authors=周凯1, 3, 张堃1, 2, 郝慎思1, 4, 景凯1, 5, authorsList=周凯, 张堃, 郝慎思, 景凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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Boundary conditions and target setting

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条件来源送风量 120 L/min，呼气阀阻力50 Pa
边界名称入口出口
边界类型体积流量静压
边界条件0.002 m3/s50 Pa
求解目标平均静压/平均流速
), ArticleFig(id=1320165894857273802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边界条件与目标设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件来源送风量 120 L/min，呼气阀阻力50 Pa
边界名称入口出口
边界类型体积流量静压
边界条件0.002 m3/s50 Pa
求解目标平均静压/平均流速
), ArticleFig(id=1320165894936965579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison table of key area parameters

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区域名称平均静压/Pa平均流速/m/s
双管单管双管单管
送风区103.99114.260.7851.470
气管区76.5478.351.5834.285
口鼻区54.2155.312.5392.762
颜面区71.5874.100.1570.178
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895041823180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键区域参数对照表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域名称平均静压/Pa平均流速/m/s
双管单管双管单管
送风区103.99114.260.7851.470
气管区76.5478.351.5834.285
口鼻区54.2155.312.5392.762
颜面区71.5874.100.1570.178
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895121514957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Respiratory resistance test data sheet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试参数测试条件测试数据
状态呼吸频率
/次/min		潮气量
/L		单管/Pa双管/Pa
吸气阻力关机201.5498.2455.8
开机252.031.523.7
呼气阻力开机252.0229.3223.6
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895184429518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

呼吸阻力测试数据表

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测试参数测试条件测试数据
状态呼吸频率
/次/min		潮气量
/L		单管/Pa双管/Pa
吸气阻力关机201.5498.2455.8
开机252.031.523.7
呼气阻力开机252.0229.3223.6
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895247344079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Flow rate and dynamic pressure test data table

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区域名称流速/m/s动压/Pa
双管单管双管单管
送风区0.71.30.2941.014
气管区1.43.91.1769.126
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895322841552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

流速及动压测试数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域名称流速/m/s动压/Pa
双管单管双管单管
送风区0.71.30.2941.014
气管区1.43.91.1769.126
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895406727633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Battery runtime test data table

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测试参数测试数据
双管单管
电池容量/mAh5 0005 000
电池总能量/Wh118118
工作电压/V23.6123.39
工作电流/A1.221.76
实际输出功率/W28.941.2
测试续航时间/h3.82.6
理论续航时间1/h4.102.84
理论续航时间2/h4.082.86
理论公式1：续航时间1=电池容量/工作电流；
理论公式2：续航时间2=电池总能量/实际输出功率
), ArticleFig(id=1320165895478030802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165874670088544, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

续航时间测试数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试参数测试数据
双管单管
电池容量/mAh5 0005 000
电池总能量/Wh118118
工作电压/V23.6123.39
工作电流/A1.221.76
实际输出功率/W28.941.2
测试续航时间/h3.82.6
理论续航时间1/h4.102.84
理论续航时间2/h4.082.86
理论公式1：续航时间1=电池容量/工作电流；
理论公式2：续航时间2=电池总能量/实际输出功率
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森林灭火动力送风过滤式呼吸器的设计与性能研究
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周凯 1, 3 , 张堃 1, 2 , 郝慎思 1, 4 , 景凯 1, 5
消防科学与技术 | 消防设备研究 2026,45(5): 79-86
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消防科学与技术 |消防设备研究 2026 , 45 (5) : 79 -86
森林灭火动力送风过滤式呼吸器的设计与性能研究
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周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

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周凯1, 3 , 张堃1, 2, 郝慎思1, 4, 景凯1, 5
作者信息
  • 1森林草原火灾风险防控应急管理部重点实验室，北京 102202
  • 2山西虹安科技股份有限公司，山西 太原 030032
  • 3应急管理部上海消防研究所，上海 200032
  • 4中国消防救援学院 森林草原防灭火研究中心，北京 102202
  • 5山西虹安应急科技有限公司，山西 太原 030032
作者简介:

周凯，应急管理部上海消防研究所副研究员，主要从事消防员个人防护技术与装备研究，上海市徐汇区中山南二路601号，200032，。

Design and performance study on powered air-purifying respirator for forest fire fighting
Kai Zhou1, 3 , Kun Zhang1, 2, Shensi Hao1, 4, Kai Jing1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Forest and Grassland Fire Risk Prevention, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 102202, China
  • 2Shanxi Hong'an Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan Shanxi 030032, China
  • 3Shanghai Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shanghai 200032, China
  • 4Forest Fire Research Center, China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102202, China
  • 5Shanxi Hong'an Emergency Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan Shanxi 030032, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0079.08
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摘要
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针对目前森林灭火救援作业过程中消防员个体呼吸防护装备存在的呼吸阻力较高、续航时长有限以及舒适性不足等实际问题，基于动力送风过滤式呼吸器的结构原理，研发了一种新型消防员森林灭火送风呼吸防护装备。通过对森林火灾扑救特殊呼吸防护需求的分析，结合呼吸器实战携行方式、供气系统和适配功能的相关研究，综合运用CFD仿真、理论计算和试验测试等方法，集成环境空气旁通、阻火呼气阀等装置，研制出具备双罐滤烟和双管供气结构的呼吸防护装备。研究结果表明，配置双罐滤烟的双管供气结构在静压、流速、动压以及呼吸阻力等性能指标方面均优于单罐滤烟的单管供气结构，尤其在气管区，双管结构的平均流速和动压相较于单管模式分别降低了63.1％和86.4％，续航时间提升46.1％。

森林灭火  /  呼吸防护  /  动力送风呼吸器  /  环境空气旁通  /  阻燃呼气阀

Aiming at the practical problems existing in individual respiratory protection equipment for firefighters during forest fire extinguishing and rescue operations, such as high breathing resistance, limited service duration and insufficient comfort, this study developed a new type of air-supply respiratory protection equipment for firefighters in forest fire fighting based on the structural principle of powered air-purifying respirators. By analyzing the special respiratory protection requirements for forest fire suppression, combined with relevant studies on the actual carrying mode, air supply system and adaptive functions of respirators, the respiratory protection equipment with dual-canister smoke filtration and dual-hose air supply structure was developed by comprehensively adopting CFD simulation, theoretical calculation and experimental testing, and integrating devices including ambient air bypass and fire-resistant exhalation valve. The results show that the dual-hose air supply structure equipped with dual-canister smoke filtration is superior to the single-hose air supply structure with single-canister smoke filtration in performance indicators such as static pressure, flow velocity, dynamic pressure and breathing resistance. Especially in the air hose section, the average flow velocity and dynamic pressure of the dual-hose structure are reduced by 63.1% and 86.4% respectively compared with the single-hose mode, and the service duration is increased by 46.1%.

forest fire fighting  /  respiratory protection  /  powered air-supply respirator  /  ambient air bypass  /  fire-resistant exhalation valve
周凯, 张堃, 郝慎思, 景凯. 森林灭火动力送风过滤式呼吸器的设计与性能研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (5) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0079.08
Kai Zhou, Kun Zhang, Shensi Hao, Kai Jing. Design and performance study on powered air-purifying respirator for forest fire fighting[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (5) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0079.08
正文
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森林火灾突发性强、破坏性大、危险性高，常发生于地形复杂且交通不便的地区。消防员不仅需要在地形复杂的山岳环境中执行长时间、高强度的救援任务，还需对火场的高温、明火与有毒有害气体进行防护。因此，为保障消防员在执行森林灭火救援作业过程中的生命安全与长期职业健康，必须为其配备安全可靠的个体呼吸防护装备。
森林火灾现场属于开放式环境，其燃烧产物主要包含CO2、CO等气体和微小颗粒物［1］，单位空间内的危险气体浓度较低，氧气浓度在大部分时间完全满足人体呼吸所需。因此，森林消防员队伍配备的个体呼吸防护装备主要包括防烟面罩、防毒面具等［2］。然而，我国现有装备在应对森林火灾特殊环境时仍存在多方面的性能局限，如防烟面罩的过滤效率低，不足以高效滤除有害烟气［3］；防毒面具虽能提供更高级别的防护，但其较高的呼吸阻力无法适配消防员的呼吸强度［4］。杨小兵等［5］针对我国使用人群制定了动力送风过滤式呼吸器的使用标准；刘志强等［6］研究发现呼吸阻力和死腔均会增强受试者的不适性；马冬冬［7］为降低面罩使用过程中内部的温度，利用数值模拟技术设计制冷效果优异的热电冷却装置；荆鹏俐［8］则以风幕代替面罩研发了多孔动力送风呼吸器，得到最优孔排布为当量直径为3 mm的10个孔口或当量直径为2.5 mm的16个孔口。XIA X等［9］研究发现面罩存在一定的死腔空间，佩戴时间过久会引起作业者头痛、眩晕等不适现象；HAN C等［10］研究发现佩戴动力呼吸器能够减少空气颗粒物的吸入，从而降低收缩压；BROSSEAU L M［11］、ROBERGE R J［12］在气溶胶环境中测试了动力送风过滤式呼吸器的过滤效率，发现在高浓度环境下此装备的防护性能优于其他类型装备。国外的森林灭火的呼吸防护装备主要是面罩配合口罩，防护效能虽优于防烟面罩，呼吸阻力也低于防毒面具，然而整体防护能力仍显不足［13］。在长时间使用过程中，其过滤效率会迅速下降，无法为使用者提供全周期的呼吸保护。
国内外相关标准均规定了动力送风呼吸器送风量的最低值，送风量低于此值会降低防护效率，影响佩戴舒适感，而送风量高于此值则会缩短呼吸器的有效工作时长［14-15］。因此，针对当前森林救援中呼吸防护装备的局限性，研究设计了一种全面罩送风过滤式呼吸器，该装备综合考虑了呼吸防护装具的防护功能、使用时长、装备体积和质量等关键指标，旨在为消防员提供更高效、更可靠的呼吸防护。
1　设计结构分析
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动力送风过滤式呼吸器是利用电动风机克服呼吸器部件阻力的一种过滤式呼吸防护装备，产品一般由面罩、主机和供气管组成，其中主机内集成电力送风和过滤元件等设备［16］。在构建装备的设计模型时，以森林消防员的实际呼吸防护需求为核心依据，确保装备的功能性和舒适性能够满足消防员在实战作业场景下的使用要求。
1.1　携行方式
传统动力送风过滤式呼吸器的主机通常固定于使用者的后背腰部区域，但消防员在执行森林灭火作业时需背负风力灭火机、灭火水枪用水箱等装备［17］，采用传统佩戴方式会导致动力送风过滤式呼吸器与上述灭火装备互相干涉而无法佩戴。本研究将呼吸器主机置于胸前，如图1所示，需要呼吸防护时，可快速完成佩戴，提升装备便捷性和兼容性的同时缩短了供气管的长度，满足人机工程学需求，可一定程度减少通气阻力，有助于降低风机能耗。
1.2　气路形式
动力送风过滤式呼吸器依靠风机驱动和人体自吸协同作用，促使周围空气流经过滤元件进入主机，最终通过供气管输送至面罩。普通动力送风呼吸器的气路系统通常采用单一供气管道结构，如图2（a）所示。然而，若将该结构与主机胸挂的携行方式进行耦合设计，则需加长单供气管以确保人员头部拥有充分的转动空间，这将导致管路折叠进而增大通气阻力。因此，本设计采用双供气管对称布置，如图2（b）所示。该供气结构能够为面罩中部的功能接口留出足够空间。
为尽可能减少体力消耗，该呼吸器采用双罐过滤和双管供气系统，气路原理如图3所示，以实现气路中的气流阻力最小化。具体而言，在不启动风机的情况下，即可提供长时间的自吸过滤功能，满足消防员在森林火场烟气浓度较低时的呼吸需求，从而在一定程度上降低风机能耗，延长装备整体防护时间。此外，该装备采用双路供气设计，当单侧供气管路因弯折等原因发生阻塞时，系统可自动切换至另一侧管路维持正常供气，从而形成冗余保障机制，显著提升使用的安全性与可靠性。
1.3　适配功能分析
森林火场环境具有高度动态性与复杂性，具体表现为火点分布广泛、过火面积巨大、火线延伸绵长，且常要求消防员进行大范围跨区域机动作战。在地形复杂的山间，因风向不定，易引起火势的突变，同时烟气蔓延速度极快，超过燃烧速度的5倍。在此场景下，如果呼吸防护不到位，极易造成重大伤亡。数据显示，森林火灾中烟熏致死人数是燃烧致死人数的4~5倍［18］。因此，必须根据森林火灾特点确定呼吸器的适配功能，以确保使用的安全性与可靠性。
消防员在抵近火线、转移阵地或在安全区域休息时，环境烟气较少，可直接呼吸新鲜空气。当火势突变、烟气来袭时，则需迅速启用呼吸防护装备。因此，为提高使用的便捷性，呼吸器需具备环境空气旁通功能。通过该功能，消防员无须摘脱装备即可启闭空气旁通装置，延长装备整体使用时间的同时提升呼吸舒适性。
2　结构设计
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装备的整体设计遵循GB 30864—2014《呼吸防护 动力送风过滤式呼吸器》的要求［14］。
2.1　整体设计
动力送风过滤式呼吸器的系统设计如图4所示。该方案采用双滤罐集成式结构：2个滤烟罐通过精密螺纹接口对称固定于主机本体下部两侧；主机上部两侧各设一出气端口，通过2根柔性供气管路分别与全面罩两侧的进气阀接口可靠连接，构成完整的呼吸防护气路。
主机内部集成了电池组、风机和驱动器等关键部件，并对内部风道进行了优化，以最大限度地减少通气阻力。对风机的进风口和出风口进行气密性隔离设计，确保气流单向流动，省去主机端的进气阀和出气阀模块，简化结构，减少故障点。
面罩设计为密合型全面罩，满足GB 30864—2014对消防用面罩的要求。环境旁通装置设置于面屏中部，穿透面屏且与口鼻罩内部空间直接连通，与机械式通话器采用一体化设计，在确保应急通气功能的同时保障了面罩通话、视野等基础功能的完整性。呼气阀设置在面屏下部，内置有特殊结构的阻火单元，可有效防止环境中飞火的侵入。
2.2　风机性能分析
风机作为动力送风呼吸器的核心部件，对整机的防护性能起关键作用。根据GB 30864—2014对最低送风量的要求，使用密合型全面罩送风呼吸器的最低送风量不应低于95 L/min。最低送风量参照人体中等劳动强度时的平均吸气峰值流量，根据相关研究，我国成年男性中等劳动强度时的平均吸气峰值流量为109.02 L/min［19］。考虑森林消防员队伍火灾处置的特殊性，将本装备的最低送风量设计为120 L/min。
根据标准要求，装备在关机状态下峰值吸气阻力应不超过1 100 Pa，因此，风机应满足在系统阻力达到1 100 Pa时，送风量不小于120 L/min。综合考虑体积、质量和使用寿命等因素，选取的风机为24 V微型直流无刷风机，当该风机的风压超过1 100 Pa时，风量最高可达260 L/min，远超120 L/min，能够满足送风量和克服阻力的设计要求。
2.3　环境空气旁通设计
在设计环境空气旁通切换装置时，必须考虑其在森林火灾处置中的适用性。呼吸器正常供气时，旁通装置应具备防止意外开启的结构；一旦旁通装置被激活，应设置警示功能，提示消防员装置处于开启状态，同时，在有害烟气突然来袭时能够快速关闭。根据上述功能要求，设计了图5的结构，将空气旁通和机械通话功能进行了创新性集成设计，减少了面罩上影响气密性的接口。
在空气旁通装置关闭状态下，通话器座与基座之间依靠密封圈紧密配合，并通过按压卡扣锁紧机构确保面罩与外界环境完全隔离，此情景下通话薄膜能够将声音从面罩内部传导至外部。需要吸入新鲜空气时，消防员仅需手动释放两侧的按压卡扣，旁通装置自动弹起，面罩内部通过旁通气孔与外界空气直接交换，此时，旁通装置侧壁的红色警示标志明显可见。若需切断与外界的空气流通，仅需直接按下装置，关闭空气旁通。旁通装置启闭示意图见图6。
3　气路设计与仿真分析
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3.1　参数分析
气体静压值在气路系统内各处的变化分布是评估系统阻力的关键指标，直接影响风机的功耗以及人体呼吸时感受到的阻力。此外，风机驱动空气在系统内部流动，气流速度及动压关系到供气管的振动特性，也影响脸部舒适度。为进一步明确气路系统的设计结构，基于对单管和双管2种气路形式的结构优势分析，从流体力学理论出发，重点通过流速、静压和动压3项关键参数进行系统性能分析，以确定最优气路结构方案。
3.2　仿真设置
为全面评估2种供气方式在呼吸器系统各关键区域内的性能差异，采用计算流体动力学方法进行数值模拟与对比分析，采用Solidworks Flow Simulation创建仿真模型［20］，基于N-S方程构建核心数学模型。首先对物理模型进行“封盖”操作，封闭流体进出口，确保模型具有封闭的内部体积。同时为了获取脸部的仿真数据，对物理模型中面罩、口鼻罩与人脸的贴合面进行密封处理，以模拟实际佩戴时气流从供气管→颜面区→口鼻区→呼气阀的封闭路径，构建颜面区和口鼻区的仿真分析模块，从而重点反映颜面区空气流速与口鼻区呼吸阻力对佩戴舒适性的影响。然后，对三维模型的计算域进行全局网格划分，如图7所示，满足性能对比的仿真精度需求。
3.3　边界条件与目标设置
为了简化仿真项目，对2种模型的相同边界条件进行筛选，仅考虑进气流量和呼气阀阻力对系统气体静压和流速的影响，设置模型边界条件和求解目标，见表1。
3.4　仿真结果输出与分析
3.4.1　结果输出
本次仿真对呼吸器系统内部气流的平均静压和平均流速的计算结果，以流动迹线、体积参数和表面参数的形式进行输出，流动迹线结果见图8、图9，静压、流速结果见表2。通过对比表2与表4中送风区和气管区的平均流速，验证了仿真模型的有效性。
3.4.2　结果分析
如图10所示，相较于单管结构，双管结构在关键区域呈现出更低的平均静压值，特别是在送风区，差异超过了10 Pa。图10中静压差为单管静压与双管静压之差。因此，在保持相同送风量的前提下，双管结构使风机所受阻力显著降低，进而减少风机能耗［21］，口鼻区的呼吸阻力也得到一定程度的改善。单管结构在送风的源头需要提供更高的静压，这意味着单管风机需要做更多的功，或进一步降低系统设计阻力。
双管结构由于增加了过流截面积，在保持相同气流量的情况下，流速有效降低，尤其在气管区（见表2），双管模式的流速相较于单管模式降低了约63.1％，这表明单管模式下的有效通气截面积远小于双管。气流被强制通过狭窄的单一管道，导致流速升高。高流速将导致气流噪声显著增大，并引起更高的局部阻力损失，可能对佩戴者的舒适度产生负面影响。
动压是流体动能的表现，高动压意味着高流动能量和潜在的高噪音，计算见式（1）。
pd=12ρv2
式中：pd为动压，Pa；ρ为气体密度，约为1.2 kg/m³；v为气体流速，m/s。
2种情况的动压对比见图11。可以看出，双管各个区域的动压均小于单管，尤其在气管区，双管模式的动压相比单管模式降低86.4％，极大的动压差对应着气体动能的显著差异，意味着更大的气流噪音以及能量损耗。此外，虽然口鼻区和颜面区的动压绝对值较低，但双管模式在送风区和气管区更低的动压表明气流更平稳、更柔和，能够显著提升使用者的舒适度。
4　试验验证
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根据前期的理论设计与仿真分析结果，对2种结构的呼吸器进行加工、组装，并对样机的实际送风量、呼吸阻力、流速、动压及耗电量进行测试，采用2组独立样机，每组包含2种结构的呼吸器各一台，每台样机重复测试3次，取平均值作为测试结果，以进一步验证双管结构的性能优势。其中，实际送风量与呼吸阻力的试验方法符合GB 30864—2014的规定。
4.1　实际送风量
试验装置如图12所示，测试设备包括头模、抽气泵、流量计、微压计和流量调节阀等。最终测得初始实际送风量平均值为122.2 L/min，满足最低送风量120 L/min的设计要求。
4.2　呼吸阻力
试验装置如图13（a）所示，呼吸阻力曲线如图13（b）所示，可以发现呼气阻力与吸气阻力曲线在波峰存在明显差异。单管和双管结构的呼吸阻力数据如表3所示，可以看出，双管呼吸阻力均小于单管，这与通过仿真得出的静压结果相契合，表明仿真分析的有效性，进一步验证了双管结构对呼吸阻力的改善作用。测试数据显示，呼吸器在开机状态下的吸气阻力显著低于关机状态，这主要是由于动力送风过滤式呼吸器在运行时，通过风机驱动与人体自主吸气的协同作用，有效增强了周围空气经滤芯进入主机的流动效率，从而提升呼吸气流的供应能力。此外，在开机状态下，吸气阻力远小于呼气阻力。其机理在于：在吸气阶段，风机主动供气以克服滤芯等部件的气动阻力；而呼气阀为单向阀结构，仅在呼气气压达到其开启阈值时才会被推开，致使呼气阻力显著升高。
4.3　流速及动压
仿真结果表明，2款呼吸器在气管区与送风区的气体流速存在显著差异，该区域为影响呼吸器相关性能的关键部位。为验证仿真结果，对该区域气体流速进行测试。首先通过调节风机转速，并依据4.1所述方法，将2款呼吸器的实际送风量均控制在（122±0.2） L/min范围内。随后利用风速传感器测量相应位置的流速，并通过式（1）计算动压，结果见表4，与仿真计算结果一致，进一步证实了双管结构在流速及动压性能方面的优势。
4.4　耗电量
仿真与试验结果表明，双管结构呼吸器的系统阻力显著低于单管结构。为进一步验证该性能差异，对2款呼吸器的风机耗电量进行测试，将电力监测仪接入风机的供电回路中，测试直至电池电量耗尽为止，测试结果如表5所示。可以看出，在相同电池容量条件下，双管结构呼吸器具有更长的续航时间（3.8 h），比单管结构呼吸器（2.6 h）提升了约46.1％。
测试结果与理论计算结果基本吻合，但略低于理论值，主要是由于电池在实际放电过程中存在内阻损耗和温升效应，使其可用容量略低于标称值。同时，风机在持续运行中因机械摩擦和电气损耗，实际功耗略高于理论值。
5　讨 论
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5.1　双罐双管结构的优势
本研究通过仿真与试验证实，双罐双管结构在降低系统阻力、提升续航时间方面具有显著优势。其核心机制在于增大通气截面积，从而降低气流在关键区域（尤其是气管区）的流速与动压。流速降低63.1%，不仅减少了气流噪声和管路振动，降低了局部阻力损失，也是风机功耗下降和续航时间提升的流体力学基础。此外，双罐设计提供了冗余防护能力，在单一路径失效时仍可维持基本的过滤功能，这对于通信不便、撤离困难的森林火场环境具有重要的安全意义。
5.2　与国内外同类产品的比较分析
与国外主流动力送风过滤式呼吸器（如设计用于工业或城市消防的背负式产品）相比，本研究的胸挂式设计解决了与森林灭火主战装备（风力灭火机、水箱）的携行干涉问题，提高了装备兼容性。在气路设计上，国外产品多采用单管供气，本研究采用的双管对称布局在降低呼吸阻力与提升舒适性方面展现出理论优势。然而，国外产品通常在环境适应性认证（如耐高温高湿、耐久性）方面更为完善，且轻量化材料应用更为广泛，这是本装备后续工程化需重点攻关的方向。
在过滤系统方面，本研究的双罐结构虽增加了滤材用量与初期成本，但通过系统低阻设计延长了续航时间，减少了电池更换频率，从全生命周期成本角度看具有一定优势。与国内现有森林消防呼吸防护装备（如防烟面罩、防毒面具）相比，本装备在防护效能、续航能力和人机工效上实现了系统性提升，填补了适用于长时间、高负荷森林灭火作业的专业动力送风呼吸防护装备的空白。
5.3　成本、质量与实战适用性的权衡
在森林灭火这一高风险、长耗时的救援场景下，装备的可靠性、防护性能和消防员安全应置于首要位置。双罐设计带来的冗余安全、续航提升及呼吸舒适性改善，其综合效益远超滤材成本的增加。此外，试验表明系统阻力降低后，可选用功率更小、质量更轻的风机与电池，为后续轻量化集成提供了可能。未来的产品化过程将在确保核心防护性能的前提下，通过结构优化、材料选型和批量生产进一步控制成本与质量。
5.4　复杂火场环境下装备的适应性
森林火场环境中的烟尘、灰烬等颗粒物可能逐渐附着于滤芯表面，导致过滤阻力上升、送风量下降，进而影响呼吸舒适性与续航时间。此外，细颗粒物若进入风机内部，可能加速叶片磨损，影响风机寿命与稳定性。为提高装备在复杂火场环境中的适应性，本设计已采取以下措施。
1）采用双罐滤烟结构，延长滤芯使用寿命，并提供冗余防护。
2）环境空气旁通功能可在低烟阶段减少滤芯负担，延长其有效使用时间。
后续研究中，我们将开展多尘高湿环境下的长效性能测试，评估滤芯堵塞趋势与风机耐久性。
5.5　研究局限与未来展望
本研究主要基于实验室环境下的性能测试与仿真分析，尽管结果验证了设计原理的正确性，但尚未开展真实森林火场环境下的消防员穿戴试验。实际灭火作业中的极端温度、湿度、地形、运动及心理负荷等因素对装备的稳定性、舒适性和人机交互性的影响，仍需通过后续与森林消防部门的合作进行实战评估。
此外，本研究聚焦于气路结构与基础性能，未来工作将围绕以下方面展开。
1）环境适应性测试：开展高温高湿、多尘等极端环境下的长效性能测试。
2）智能化集成：探索集成生命体征监测、环境气体传感与报警功能的智能呼吸防护系统。
3）标准化对标与产品验证：系统开展与国际标准及同类成熟装备的性能对标测试，为装备的国际认证与市场定位提供数据支撑。

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2026年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0079.08
  • 接收时间：2025-11-12
  • 首发时间：2026-10-22
  • 出版时间：2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-11-12
  • 修回日期：2026-02-24
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    1森林草原火灾风险防控应急管理部重点实验室，北京 102202
    2山西虹安科技股份有限公司，山西 太原 030032
    3应急管理部上海消防研究所，上海 200032
    4中国消防救援学院 森林草原防灭火研究中心，北京 102202
    5山西虹安应急科技有限公司，山西 太原 030032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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