Article(id=1320165855833473029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1320165840046117035, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0020.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=1752508800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681667525, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681667525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681667525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681667525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165840046117035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681663762, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681663762, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165856055771142, articleId=1320165855833473029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Comparative study and analysis on the determination standards of combustible gas explosion index at home and abroad, columnId=1307033097116086459, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Fire theory study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The determination standards of explosion index at home and abroad are compared and analyzed from the aspects of determination principle, test device, test concentration, result expression and safety requirements. The requirements of test devices in domestic and foreign standards are the key parts of comparative analysis. It is found that there are significant differences in the flexibility, test principle, result expression and safety requirements of test devices between domestic and foreign standards. The domestic standard needs to be improved in terms of the flexibility of the test device, and it is necessary to refer to the relevant research and standards to formulate more strict and clear regulations. The domestic standard should consider turning to absolute pressure to improve the accuracy and reliability of the test.

, authors=Tingting Luan1, Jun Huang1, Guoliang Yang2, Changxing Ren3, authorsList=Tingting Luan, Jun Huang, Guoliang Yang, Changxing Ren, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changxing Ren, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165856651362311, articleId=1320165855833473029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=国内外可燃气体爆炸指数测定标准对比研究与分析, columnId=1307033099062243517, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=消防理论研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从测定原理、测试装置、测试浓度、结果表达以及安全要求等方面对比分析国内外爆炸指数的测定标准,国内外标准中对测试装置的要求是重点对比分析的部分。研究发现,当前国内外标准在测试装置的灵活性、测试原理和结果表达以及安全要求方面存在显著差异。国内标准在测试装置的灵活性方面有待提升,需要参考有关研究和标准,制定更加严格和明确的规定;应考虑转向使用绝对压力以提高试验的准确性和可靠性。

, authors=栾婷婷1, 黄俊1, 杨国梁2, 任常兴3, authorsList=栾婷婷, 黄俊, 杨国梁, 任常兴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任常兴, authorNote=

栾婷婷,北京石油化工学院副教授,博士,主要从事安全风险评估与应急管理研究工作,北京市大兴区清源北路19号,102617。

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任常兴,应急管理部天津消防研究所研究员,博士,。
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栾婷婷,北京石油化工学院副教授,博士,主要从事安全风险评估与应急管理研究工作,北京市大兴区清源北路19号,102617。

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栾婷婷,北京石油化工学院副教授,博士,主要从事安全风险评估与应急管理研究工作,北京市大兴区清源北路19号,102617。

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Measurement standards comparison

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测定标准应用范围测试装置点火装置安全要求
GB/T
803—2008
密闭容器内,可燃气体与空气的混合气爆炸指数测定,适用于测定有限空间内混合气被点燃后的爆炸指数一个容积为1 m³的圆柱形容器,长度与直径之比为1∶1采用电火花点燃,推荐使用300 VA电压互感器作为点火电源,产生高压为15 kV(有效值)、持续时间为0.5 s的感应火花无
EN 15967:2022在环境温度和压力下,封闭体积内静止可燃性气体/空气/惰性气体混合物的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率的测定方法试验容器为球形或圆柱形,内部容积≥0.005 m³,圆柱形容器长度与直径之比为1±0.05推荐的点火系统为感应火花和熔断丝。感应火花由两个电极之间的火花序列组成,电极由不锈钢制成,最大直径4 mm,尖端角度(60±3)°,尖端间距(5±0.1)mm。熔断丝由连接在两根金属杆之间的NiCr丝产生电弧涉及气体泄漏、容器耐压、爆炸、通风、防触电等多方面
), ArticleFig(id=1320165858861760558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165855833473029, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测定标准对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测定标准应用范围测试装置点火装置安全要求
GB/T
803—2008
密闭容器内,可燃气体与空气的混合气爆炸指数测定,适用于测定有限空间内混合气被点燃后的爆炸指数一个容积为1 m³的圆柱形容器,长度与直径之比为1∶1采用电火花点燃,推荐使用300 VA电压互感器作为点火电源,产生高压为15 kV(有效值)、持续时间为0.5 s的感应火花无
EN 15967:2022在环境温度和压力下,封闭体积内静止可燃性气体/空气/惰性气体混合物的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率的测定方法试验容器为球形或圆柱形,内部容积≥0.005 m³,圆柱形容器长度与直径之比为1±0.05推荐的点火系统为感应火花和熔断丝。感应火花由两个电极之间的火花序列组成,电极由不锈钢制成,最大直径4 mm,尖端角度(60±3)°,尖端间距(5±0.1)mm。熔断丝由连接在两根金属杆之间的NiCr丝产生电弧涉及气体泄漏、容器耐压、爆炸、通风、防触电等多方面
), ArticleFig(id=1320165858937258031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165855833473029, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The determination results of maximum explosion pressure under certain conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考试验条件测试气体数据来源最大爆炸压力/kPa
容器形状容器体积
/L
初始温度
/K
初始压力
/kPa
张春燕等[19]球形20.029325~100H2试验+模拟<800
邓军等[20]——300101CH4/或CH4/(CO、C2 H6、H2)模拟<1 100
董冰岩等[21]球形20.0298101CH4/H2试验+模拟680
张丽等[22]圆柱形11.6298101CH4试验<250
LEL B W等[23]球形20.0300100CH4/H2模拟771
WANG H等[24]球形20.0298101CH4/(CO、C2 H6、H2)试验884
GIERAS M[25]圆柱形40.0293~473101CH4试验<800
MA X Y等[26]球形20.0298101H2试验600
), ArticleFig(id=1320165859042115632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165855833473029, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

一定条件下最大爆炸压力的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考试验条件测试气体数据来源最大爆炸压力/kPa
容器形状容器体积
/L
初始温度
/K
初始压力
/kPa
张春燕等[19]球形20.029325~100H2试验+模拟<800
邓军等[20]——300101CH4/或CH4/(CO、C2 H6、H2)模拟<1 100
董冰岩等[21]球形20.0298101CH4/H2试验+模拟680
张丽等[22]圆柱形11.6298101CH4试验<250
LEL B W等[23]球形20.0300100CH4/H2模拟771
WANG H等[24]球形20.0298101CH4/(CO、C2 H6、H2)试验884
GIERAS M[25]圆柱形40.0293~473101CH4试验<800
MA X Y等[26]球形20.0298101H2试验600
), ArticleFig(id=1320165859138584625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165855833473029, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter requirements of pressuremeasurement system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力传感器数据记录系统压力测量系统
量程/kPa共振频率
/kHz
分辨率
/位
采样率
/kHz
精度
/kPa
时间分辨率
/ms
2 000
(或根据实际
情况降低)
≥20≥12≥20≥5≥0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320165859214082098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165855833473029, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

压力测量系统有关参数要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力传感器数据记录系统压力测量系统
量程/kPa共振频率
/kHz
分辨率
/位
采样率
/kHz
精度
/kPa
时间分辨率
/ms
2 000
(或根据实际
情况降低)
≥20≥12≥20≥5≥0.1
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国内外可燃气体爆炸指数测定标准对比研究与分析
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栾婷婷 1 , 黄俊 1 , 杨国梁 2 , 任常兴 3
消防科学与技术 | 消防理论研究 2026,45(5): 20-25
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消防科学与技术 |消防理论研究 2026 , 45 (5) : 20 -25
国内外可燃气体爆炸指数测定标准对比研究与分析
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栾婷婷1, 黄俊1, 杨国梁2, 任常兴3
作者信息
  • 1北京石油化工学院 安全工程学院,北京 102617
  • 2中国安全生产科学研究院,北京 100012
  • 3应急管理部天津消防研究所,天津 300381
通讯作者:
任常兴,应急管理部天津消防研究所研究员,博士,。
作者简介:

栾婷婷,北京石油化工学院副教授,博士,主要从事安全风险评估与应急管理研究工作,北京市大兴区清源北路19号,102617。

Comparative study and analysis on the determination standards of combustible gas explosion index at home and abroad
Tingting Luan1, Jun Huang1, Guoliang Yang2, Changxing Ren3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Safety Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
  • 2China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China
  • 3Tianjin Fire Science and;Technology Research Institute of MEM, Tianjin 300381, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0020.06
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从测定原理、测试装置、测试浓度、结果表达以及安全要求等方面对比分析国内外爆炸指数的测定标准,国内外标准中对测试装置的要求是重点对比分析的部分。研究发现,当前国内外标准在测试装置的灵活性、测试原理和结果表达以及安全要求方面存在显著差异。国内标准在测试装置的灵活性方面有待提升,需要参考有关研究和标准,制定更加严格和明确的规定;应考虑转向使用绝对压力以提高试验的准确性和可靠性。

可燃气体  /  爆炸指数  /  测定标准  /  爆炸标准

The determination standards of explosion index at home and abroad are compared and analyzed from the aspects of determination principle, test device, test concentration, result expression and safety requirements. The requirements of test devices in domestic and foreign standards are the key parts of comparative analysis. It is found that there are significant differences in the flexibility, test principle, result expression and safety requirements of test devices between domestic and foreign standards. The domestic standard needs to be improved in terms of the flexibility of the test device, and it is necessary to refer to the relevant research and standards to formulate more strict and clear regulations. The domestic standard should consider turning to absolute pressure to improve the accuracy and reliability of the test.

combustible gas  /  explosion index  /  determination standard  /  explosion standard
栾婷婷, 黄俊, 杨国梁, 任常兴. 国内外可燃气体爆炸指数测定标准对比研究与分析. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (5) : 20 -25 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0020.06
Tingting Luan, Jun Huang, Guoliang Yang, Changxing Ren. Comparative study and analysis on the determination standards of combustible gas explosion index at home and abroad[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (5) : 20 -25 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0020.06
气体爆炸指数是评估和计算可燃气体与空气混合气爆炸危险性的重要参数,目前国内外关于气体爆炸指数的测定标准基本一致,主要包括爆炸压力(pm)、最大爆炸压力(pmax)、爆炸压力上升率((dp/dt)m)、最大爆炸压力上升率((dp/dt)max)、爆炸指数(K)、爆炸指数最大值(Kmax)等,国外有关标准EN 15967:2022[1]于2022年进行了修改,在测试方法、应用范围、技术要求等多方面进行了完善,国内有关标准GB/T 803—2008[2]也正处于修订阶段。
国内外许多学者也进行过爆炸参数测定标准的研究。TASCÓN A等[3]比较了北美和欧洲关于筒仓粉尘爆炸通风的标准NFPA 68和EN 14491,分析了根据这2个标准计算出的通风面积对保护成本的影响。MOLNARNE M等[4]探讨了欧洲和美国标准在气体可燃性(爆炸)极限和限制氧浓度测定上的差异,通过术语、测试方法、判断标准等多方面的对比分析,揭示了测试装置、程序和评判标准(如火焰传播与压力上升)对数据的显著影响。乐有邦等[5]从标准管理体系结构、粉尘防爆标准、粉尘防爆标准应用体系等多个方面对比分析了中美两国的粉尘防爆标准体系。江湖一佳等[6]对比分析了国内外粉尘爆炸特性参数测定标准,指出了国内外标准的主要差异,并针对国内标准的不足提出参考意见。任常兴等[7]研究了高温高压条件下国内外测定可燃气体爆炸极限的标准,对比分析了国内外标准在多方面的差异。
目前爆炸参数测定标准的研究主要集中于粉尘爆炸或者爆炸极限,对于气体爆炸压力测定标准的研究还存在不足。因此,进行国内外可燃气体爆炸压力测定标准对比,分析国内标准与国外标准的不同,借鉴国外标准建设的经验。
国外制定爆炸特性参数测定标准的机构有国际标准化组织(ISO)、国际电工委员会(IEC)、美国材料与试验协会(ASTM International)、欧洲标准化委员会(CEN)。此次对比的国外标准主要为由欧洲标准化委员会(CEN)批准的标准EN 15967:2022,为英国实施的欧洲标准,用于确定气体和蒸气的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率。该标准详细描述了测试原理、测试设备和结果表达,其中测试设备包括测试容器、点火系统、温度测量系统以及压力测量系统等关键要素。该标准适用于设计防爆措施,如防爆结构或爆炸泄压装置。
国内有关标准则是由全国消防标准化技术委员会(TC 113)负责归口上报及执行,国家消防救援局作为主管部门负责相关标准的监督管理。目前国内施行的气体爆炸指数测定标准为GB/T 803—2008《空气中可燃气体爆炸指数测定方法》,等同采用国际标准ISO 6184-2:1985[8],规定了在密闭容器内测定可燃气体与空气混合气爆炸指数的方法,并提供了其他测试方法应遵循的准则,适用于评估爆炸防护系统的效果。该标准于2024年8月开始修订,主要起草单位包括应急管理部天津消防研究所、中国安全生产科学研究院、中石化安全工程研究院有限公司、中国计量大学等。测定标准对比如表1所示。
气体爆炸指数主要测定pm、pmax、(dp/dt)m、(dp/dt)max、K、Kmax等,原理为将待测可燃气体与空气或惰性气体混合形成一定浓度的混合气体,并将混合气体通入试验容器中,使用指定的点火源点火引爆,通过压力测量系统测量混合物点火爆炸后的压力-时间曲线。由压力-时间曲线计算出该浓度下的最大(dp/dt)m)及pm,再根据式(1)可计算得到K。通过对混合物中可燃气体含量进行逐步调整进行重复测量,K、pm和(dp/dt)m的最大值分别记为Kmax、pmax、(dp/dt)max。
K=(dp/dt)m×V1/3
式中:K为爆炸指数;(dp/dt)m为一定浓度下最大的压力上升速率;V为测试容器的体积。
国内外标准对于pmax、(dp/dt)max的测定除符号表述外基本没有太大区别,但国外标准中并无对K以及其最大值Kmax测定的有关规定。参数K建立了一个相对统一的衡量标准,减少测试容器体积对气体爆炸性质的影响,这一参数在后续标准的修订与发展中应保留。
试验容器所需要考虑的包括形状、体积与材质3个方面,国内外许多学者的研究也为此提供一定的参考。BAETKNECHT W等[9]研究了pm和试验容器体积的关系,并提出了立方根定律。YAN C等[10]通过对甲烷/空气爆炸进行数值模拟,验证了这一定律。此外,一些学者[10-18]的研究表明,不同体积、不同形状的试验容器之中测得的pm和(dp/dt)m上升速率均有所不同。总体上,相较于体积较大的试验容器,在体积较小的试验容器中pm更小,(dp/dt)m则更大。若试验容器为圆柱形(管道),增加管道长度会导致管道末端的pm和(dp/dt)m增加。改变试验容器的形状,测得的pm也不相同,球形容器的pm高于圆柱形容器,如表2所示。
对比国内外标准发现,国内标准对于试验容器的尺寸和形状的规定为固定值,而国外标准则为一个可以调整的区间,这样的要求更有利于在实际试验中根据所具备的条件和所要达到的目标进行调整,更加符合未来发展的要求。
在试验容器材质方面,试验容器是测试的主体部分,是测试中爆炸发生的主要场所,因此需要具有一定程度的抗爆性,在标准EN 15967:2022中要求测试容器和所有设备(阀门、点火器、传感器等)应能承受至少2 000 kPa的压力。国内外诸多学者所得到pm结果见表2,考虑在一定压力和温度条件下,不同气体的试验情况,气体爆炸的pm均未超过2 000 kPa。但是,一些学者[27-29]的研究表明,当初始压力远高于0.1 MPa时,pm会超过2 000 kPa,因此在标准修订过程中,可以将这一数据作为参考,并结合标准的适用范围,在此基础上针对实际试验条件进一步做出详细要求,制定更加严格的防爆性能要求。
除此之外,针对具有特殊性质(如腐蚀性)或会与金属发生反应的气体的试验,应该对试验容器的材料做出明确规定,或在标准的适用范围中对能进行试验的气体做出明确规定,以免出现试验数据不准确或者导致事故发生。
点火系统的主要功能是点燃可燃气体与空气的混合气体。根据标准,点火能量必须大于试验用混合气的最小点燃能量,以确保混合气能够顺利点燃并引发爆炸反应,但不同位置进行点火,不同的点火能量均会对爆炸指数的测量造成影响。
王金贵等[30]通过数值模拟测试了分别在中心、0.5R处和R处点火时CH4/空气预混气体的爆炸特性,结果表明,中心点火时(dp/dt)m最大,较0.5R处点火和R处点火分别增大了94.5%和141.8%。郑立刚等[31]在不同位置进行点火,分析点火源位置对CH4-空气预混气爆燃超压特征的影响。试验结果表明:当点火源与闭口端之间距离较小时,最大超压峰值增加。孙从煌等[32]基于Fluent软件开展数值模拟,研究不同点火条件下密闭管道中预混氢气/空气燃爆特性。研究表明:点火位置距管左端壁面越远,中间节点处温度越高,温升越快;提高点火温度,会降低管内的压力峰值。LI C W等[33]用自行设计的半封闭管道瓦斯爆炸试验系统,调节点火功率进行试验,点火能量最大(275 W)时爆炸压力最大。
综合考虑,点火源位于试验容器的中心位置时,观察到的pm和(dp/dt)m最大,更符合测试需求,有利于估计气体爆炸的危险性;同时点火能量不宜过大,较大的点火能量会提高pm和(dp/dt)m;点火方式方面,标准EN 15967:2022推荐使用感应火花和熔断丝,同时要求在试验报告中对使用的点火方法和点火能量进行记录。
压力测量系统中,传感器的选择是很重要的一环,电压式传感器、陶瓷压力传感器、压组式传感器各有优势和不足,在选择时应该结合实际情况综合考虑。除了传感器,压力测量系统中很重要的一环是各项参数的要求。在国内标准中,对于压力测量系统的具体要求没有详尽的规定。然而,EN 15967:2022对压力测量系统提出了明确的要求,这些要求涉及压力传感器和数据记录系统。具体要求如表3所示。
在国内标准中,对于初始温度的测量没有详细的要求。然而,根据一些学者[34-37]的研究,在其他条件保持不变的情况下,改变爆炸的初始温度,在一定温度范围内,温度的变化对(dp/dt)m没有明显影响,但pm随着温度的上升而降低。此外,根据国际标准EN 15967:2022规定,在试验中因点火后导致的温度上升不能超过15 K。因此,为了更准确地控制和测量爆炸试验中的初始温度,建议增加温度测量系统,以确保爆炸时的初始温度得到有效检测和记录。这样的措施有助于提高试验的准确性和安全性,同时也符合国际标准的要求。
国内标准中对于混合气体的浓度范围规定为“在宽的气体浓度范围内”,这一规定所表述的范围模糊,增加了试验的工作量。在标准EN 15967:2022中提出了以化学计量比为基础的测试浓度选择,这种方法更为精确和规范。闫晨朝等[38]进行乙醇/CH4/氢气预混气体爆炸特性研究,在不同的初始温度和乙醇掺混比例下试验得到的pmax、(dp/dt)max出现在当量比为1.3时,混合气体的浓度略高于化学计量比得到的结果。韦一等[39]进行CH4和正庚烷的爆炸特性试验,得到的pmax和(dp/dt)max大约出现在体积分数为11%时,是按化学计量比计算结果的1.15倍。这些研究表明,由于化学反应的不完全性、燃烧产物的解离及二次反应等因素,气体的最佳爆炸体积分数通常大于化学计量体积分数。
基于化学计量比设置测试浓度,不仅规范了浓度的选择,还在一定程度上减少了试验的工作量。这种方法提供了一种更为科学和精确的方式确定混合气体的测试浓度,有助于提高试验的效率和安全性。通过这种方法,研究人员可以更准确地预测和控制试验条件,获得更可靠的试验结果。
在GB/T 803—2008《空气中可燃气体爆炸指数测定方法》中压力使用的是超压,即相对于大气压的压力,也是压力表所显示的压力值。使用超压表示压力是日常生活中较为常用的压力表达方式,同时较直观地反映了测量值相较于大气压的压力增加量,有利于非专业人员理解。但超压值依赖于环境大气压的变化,因此在不同海拔或气候条件下,即使超压读数相同,实际的压力可能不同;在需要精确控制压力的场合,因为超压不包含绝对压力的全部信息,使用超压表达压力可能不够精确。而在EN 15967:2022中压力使用的是绝对压力,即相对于完全真空的压力,是从零开始测量的压力值。它提供了完整的压力信息,是标准的压力度量方式,同时不受环境大气压变化的影响,因此在不同海拔或气候条件下都能提供一致的压力读数。但测量绝对压力需要更复杂的设备,增加了成本。
总体而言,中国的国家标准制定时间较早,鉴于当时的技术条件和测试便利性,选择了使用表压力(超压)表示测量得到的压力值。然而,随着技术的进步和精确度要求的提高,采用绝对压力表达压力值不仅能够达到更高的精度,而且有助于促进科学技术的发展。绝对压力的引入使得压力测量不再依赖环境大气压的变化,在不同环境条件下都能保持测量结果的一致性和可靠性,这对于科学研究尤为重要。因此,随着技术的发展,转向使用绝对压力作为压力值的表达方式,将更有利于推动科技创新和提高工业应用的安全性与效率。
标准EN 15967:2022中重点提及了安全要求,要求严格保障试验人员的安全,国内标准这部分则有所欠缺,针对这一不足,本文提出以下建议。
1)在进行爆炸试验之前,应该对试验气体信息进行详细了解,对于有毒有害气体应该做好相应的防护和应急措施。
2)在开始测试之前应仔细检查所有试验装置的垫圈和接头,防止气体泄漏;试验的区域应该具有良好的通风系统,防止测试气体泄漏聚集达到爆炸极限。
3)考虑到试验过程中可能发生试验容器破裂造成的伤害,应该严格按照有关规定进行安装,并在试验开始之前对试验容器的质量做详细检查,确保其质量达到要求。同时,应按照有关规定配备相应级别和相应类型的防护装置。
4)在组装试验装置的电气电路时,应遵循标准的布线和接地的操作要求。如果使用了高压电路,因其存在触电风险,需要采取适当的联锁和屏蔽措施防止触电。
5)在进行所有测试之前,应先进行少量气体的爆炸测试,避免因气体过多导致爆炸压力过大,引发事故。
6)在试验过程中如果出现故障,操作人员应在安全防护区域内进行操作。
7)在购买、搬运、储存和使用气瓶时应该严格遵守有关规定,防止发生泄漏和爆炸。
8)试验后,对于产生的气体或未成功点火的混合气体,需要通入足量惰性气体(如氮气),使试验容器内的气体稀释到爆炸下限以下,并经验证合格后,再按照规定进行排放。
以上建议是针对“物”提出的安全要求,随着人们对安全的愈发重视,进行气体爆炸这类具有重大危险性的试验,不仅要在试验开始之前做好足够的风险评估与安全检查,还应对试验人员做好有关安全培训,提高其安全意识;同时,进一步完善试验安全操作要求,试验人员在试验过程中严格遵守有关安全规定,保障试验安全顺利进行。此外,有关单位还应该针对有关试验建立健全应急预案,保障应急物资充足,并定期组织开展应急演练,在尽可能避免事故发生的同时还应做好相应的应急措施。
1)国内标准在测试装置的灵活性方面有待提升。EN 15967:2022对试验容器的尺寸和形状规定为可调整的区间,更利于实际试验中根据条件和目标进行调整,而GB/T 803—2008则规定为固定值。此外,在试验容器材质方面,国外标准明确要求测试容器和设备应能承受的最大压力,而国内标准未明确规定,因此,国内标准在修订过程中,应参考国外标准,结合实际试验条件,制定更加严格的测试容器要求,并对试验容器的材料做出更明确的规定。
2)在测试原理和结果表达方面,国内外标准存在差异。国外标准中并无对爆炸指数及其最大值测定的有关规定。而在结果表达上,国内标准使用超压表示压力,虽然直观但依赖环境大气压的变化,不够精确;国外标准使用绝对压力,不受环境大气压变化影响,精度更高。随着技术的发展,国内标准应考虑转向使用绝对压力表达压力值,以提高试验的准确性和可靠性。
3)安全要求方面,国外标准EN 15967:2022重点提及并严格保障试验人员的安全,而国内标准则有所欠缺。针对这一不足,国内标准在修订时应从防泄漏、防爆炸、防触电等多方面增加并完善安全要求。同时,还应从人员培训和应急准备两方面入手,减少因试验事故而造成的损失。

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2026年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0020.06
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-07-15
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    1北京石油化工学院 安全工程学院,北京 102617
    2中国安全生产科学研究院,北京 100012
    3应急管理部天津消防研究所,天津 300381

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任常兴,应急管理部天津消防研究所研究员,博士,。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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