Article(id=1320165844114588583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, issueId=1320165840046117035, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0065.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764259200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-28, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681664731, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681664731, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681664731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681664731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165840046117035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, year='2026', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681663762, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681663762, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=65, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165844987003817, articleId=1320165844114588583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=EN, title=Design research on dry fire standpipe protection systems for super high-rise buildings, columnId=1320165844915700648, journalTitle=Fire Science and Technology, columnName=Design of fire extinguishing system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional fire water supply systems in super high-rise buildings face several challenges, including high hydrostatic pressure, poor water supply timeliness, insufficient system reliability, and limited tactical flexibility. The dry fire standpipe system offers advantages such as low risk, high flexibility, and ease of maintenance, serving as an effective and important tactical supplement and redundancy solution. This paper analyzes the working principle and core advantages of the dry fire standpipe system, characterized by "empty pipe in normal times, water supply in disasters", and demonstrates its technical feasibility by combining domestic fire truck water supply capabilities with field test data. The study focuses on the feasibility and technical pathways for converting temporary fire hydrant standpipes or concrete pump pipes from the construction phase into permanent dry fire standpipe facilities, and proposes specific design recommendations for dry fire standpipe systems in super high-rise buildings. The analysis shows that, when combined with the immediate response mechanism of building mini-fire stations and supported by rapid water supply from fire trucks, the system can achieve effective water supply within 5 minutes after fire confirmation, meeting the "golden time requirements for initial fire control" in super high-rise buildings. This study aims to provide new ideas and technical references for improving the efficiency of firefighting in super high-rise buildings.

, authors=Meiling Li1, Ruiyun Xie2, Wei Zhang1, Mengxi Li2, Liqing Huang2, Weibin Zhang3, authorsList=Meiling Li, Ruiyun Xie, Wei Zhang, Mengxi Li, Liqing Huang, Weibin Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165849080644533, articleId=1320165844114588583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, language=CN, title=超高层建筑干式消防竖管系统设计研究, columnId=1320165845343519658, journalTitle=消防科学与技术, columnName=灭火系统设计, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超高层建筑传统消防给水系统存在静水压力大、供水时效性差、系统可靠性不足及战术灵活性受限等问题。干式消防竖管系统具有低风险、高灵活、易维护的优势,可作为有效且重要的战术补充与冗余方案。本文通过分析干式竖管系统“平时空管、灾时供水”的工作原理与核心优势,结合国内消防车供水能力及实地测试数据,论证了其技术可行性,探讨了将建筑施工阶段的临时消火栓竖管或水泥泵管改造为永久性干式竖管设施的可行性及技术路径,提出了超高层建筑干式竖管系统的具体设计建议。分析表明,该系统与建筑微型消防站的即时响应机制相结合,配合消防车的快速供水,可在火灾确认后5 min内实现有效供水,满足超高层建筑火灾“初期控火黄金时间”要求,为提升超高层建筑火灾扑救效能提供新的思路与技术参考。

, authors=李梅玲1, 谢瑞云2, 张伟1, 李萌析2, 黄莉清2, 张伟斌3, authorsList=李梅玲, 谢瑞云, 张伟, 李萌析, 黄莉清, 张伟斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李梅玲,广州市消防救援支队,高级工程师,主要从事消防监督管理方面研究,广东省广州市天河区车陂路463号,510665,。

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李梅玲,广州市消防救援支队,高级工程师,主要从事消防监督管理方面研究,广东省广州市天河区车陂路463号,510665,。

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李梅玲,广州市消防救援支队,高级工程师,主要从事消防监督管理方面研究,广东省广州市天河区车陂路463号,510665,。

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pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=18, issue=12, pageStart=36, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=刘威, journalName=中国安全生产, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘威. 超高层建筑消防风险分析及消防水平提高建议[J]. 中国安全生产, 2023, 18(12): 36-37., articleTitle=超高层建筑消防风险分析及消防水平提高建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165854822645761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=建筑设计防火规范(2018年版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 50016—2014,建筑设计防火规范(2018年版)[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165854906531842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=3, pageStart=356, pageEnd=358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=余红霞, 张铁辉, 王汉良, journalName=消防科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=余红霞, 张铁辉, 王汉良. 超高层建筑消防供水系统可靠度比较[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2016, 35(3): 356-358., articleTitle=超高层建筑消防供水系统可靠度比较, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165855007195139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 50974—2014,消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320165855099469828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=徐学军, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐学军. 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fire standpipes, figureFileSmall=vNDjpjZl75y+9zuwbNW1Rg==, figureFileBig=NWvItvs0MokHMJcdZJs18w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853270754287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=图3, caption=利用混凝土泵管作为干式消防竖管, figureFileSmall=vNDjpjZl75y+9zuwbNW1Rg==, figureFileBig=NWvItvs0MokHMJcdZJs18w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853333668848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Photos from the on-site test, figureFileSmall=IM3TU1RyWJoOasax9pRkHg==, figureFileBig=OwjP4MH5neJJRMh4dKRQYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853409166321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=图4, caption=现场测试照片, figureFileSmall=IM3TU1RyWJoOasax9pRkHg==, figureFileBig=OwjP4MH5neJJRMh4dKRQYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853501441010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of the dry fire standpipe system, figureFileSmall=HBLzYfL2GX6pEFinqnN8gg==, figureFileBig=Ornf2uvKPgxPm3QeHNrYUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853572744179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=图5, caption=干式消防竖管系统示意图, figureFileSmall=HBLzYfL2GX6pEFinqnN8gg==, figureFileBig=Ornf2uvKPgxPm3QeHNrYUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165853648241652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance comparison of dry standpipe fire protection systems and traditional wet water supply systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目干式竖管系统传统湿式系统比较结论
管网状态平时空管,灾时充水常年充水干式避免静压和冻结
系统压力仅工作时段承压持续承受静水压干式对材料要求低
防冻性能优异,无须额外措施需电伴热或保温干式适合所有地区
供水响应与消防车性能相关,一般小于5 min及时但末端可能延迟各有优劣
维护成本低,无泄漏风险高,需定期检测干式更经济
), ArticleFig(id=1320165853736322037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干式消防竖管系统与传统湿式供水系统的性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目干式竖管系统传统湿式系统比较结论
管网状态平时空管,灾时充水常年充水干式避免静压和冻结
系统压力仅工作时段承压持续承受静水压干式对材料要求低
防冻性能优异,无须额外措施需电伴热或保温干式适合所有地区
供水响应与消防车性能相关,一般小于5 min及时但末端可能延迟各有优劣
维护成本低,无泄漏风险高,需定期检测干式更经济
), ArticleFig(id=1320165853807625206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fire truck dry standpipe supply performance test parameters table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度/m消防车配置测试目标
150水罐消防车50 m楼层干管供水情况
2100水罐消防车100 m楼层干管供水情况
3100水罐消防车50 m楼层处消火栓打开时,100 m楼层干管供水情况
), ArticleFig(id=1320165853899899895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

消防车干式竖管供应效能测试工况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度/m消防车配置测试目标
150水罐消防车50 m楼层干管供水情况
2100水罐消防车100 m楼层干管供水情况
3100水罐消防车50 m楼层处消火栓打开时,100 m楼层干管供水情况
), ArticleFig(id=1320165853983785976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Theoretical water filling time table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号供水路径内径
/mm
长度
/m
体积
/L
理论充水时间/s理论充水合计时间/s
1消防车出水水带76.02090.683.023.02
2至水泵接合器水带63.52063.312.115.13
3水平泵管131.015202.076.7411.87
4地面17F竖向管路131.051687.0422.9034.77
517~33F竖向管路131.047633.1615.8350.60
617~33F竖向管路(50 m栓头打开)131.047633.1621.1155.88
), ArticleFig(id=1320165854055089145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

理论充水时间表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号供水路径内径
/mm
长度
/m
体积
/L
理论充水时间/s理论充水合计时间/s
1消防车出水水带76.02090.683.023.02
2至水泵接合器水带63.52063.312.115.13
3水平泵管131.015202.076.7411.87
4地面17F竖向管路131.051687.0422.9034.77
517~33F竖向管路131.047633.1615.8350.60
617~33F竖向管路(50 m栓头打开)131.047633.1621.1155.88
), ArticleFig(id=1320165854126392314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The charging times under different operatingconditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度理论充水时间/s测试工况充水时间/s
150 m楼层干管供水情况3539
2100 m楼层干管供水情况5184
350 m楼层消火栓打开,100 m楼层干管供水情况56109
), ArticleFig(id=1320165854197695483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同工况下的充水时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度理论充水时间/s测试工况充水时间/s
150 m楼层干管供水情况3539
2100 m楼层干管供水情况5184
350 m楼层消火栓打开,100 m楼层干管供水情况56109
), ArticleFig(id=1320165854273192956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of dynamic pressure tests under different operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度消火栓口动压达到0.35 MPa的时间/s水泵出水口压力/MPa
150 m楼层干管供水情况670.90
2100 m楼层干管供水情况1601.35
350 m楼层消火栓打开,100 m楼层干管供水情况1781.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320165854361273341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274063662022745, articleId=1320165844114588583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下动压测试试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模拟建筑高度消火栓口动压达到0.35 MPa的时间/s水泵出水口压力/MPa
150 m楼层干管供水情况670.90
2100 m楼层干管供水情况1601.35
350 m楼层消火栓打开,100 m楼层干管供水情况1781.35
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超高层建筑干式消防竖管系统设计研究
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李梅玲 1 , 谢瑞云 2 , 张伟 1 , 李萌析 2 , 黄莉清 2 , 张伟斌 3
消防科学与技术 | 灭火系统设计 2026,45(5): 65-71
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消防科学与技术 |灭火系统设计 2026 , 45 (5) : 65 -71
超高层建筑干式消防竖管系统设计研究
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李梅玲,广州市消防救援支队,高级工程师,主要从事消防监督管理方面研究,广东省广州市天河区车陂路463号,510665,。

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李梅玲1 , 谢瑞云2, 张伟1, 李萌析2, 黄莉清2, 张伟斌3
作者信息
  • 1广州市消防救援支队,广东 广州 510665
  • 2斯美特(深圳)安全技术顾问有限公司,广东 深圳 518055
  • 3深圳因特安全技术有限公司,广东 深圳 518022
作者简介:

李梅玲,广州市消防救援支队,高级工程师,主要从事消防监督管理方面研究,广东省广州市天河区车陂路463号,510665,。

Design research on dry fire standpipe protection systems for super high-rise buildings
Meiling Li1 , Ruiyun Xie2, Wei Zhang1, Mengxi Li2, Liqing Huang2, Weibin Zhang3
Affiliations
  • 1Guangzhou Fire and Rescue Division, Guangzhou Guangdong 510665, China
  • 2Smart (Shenzhen) Safety Technology Consultant Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Guangdong 518055, China
  • 3Shenzhen International Safety Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Guangdong 518022, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0065.07
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超高层建筑传统消防给水系统存在静水压力大、供水时效性差、系统可靠性不足及战术灵活性受限等问题。干式消防竖管系统具有低风险、高灵活、易维护的优势,可作为有效且重要的战术补充与冗余方案。本文通过分析干式竖管系统“平时空管、灾时供水”的工作原理与核心优势,结合国内消防车供水能力及实地测试数据,论证了其技术可行性,探讨了将建筑施工阶段的临时消火栓竖管或水泥泵管改造为永久性干式竖管设施的可行性及技术路径,提出了超高层建筑干式竖管系统的具体设计建议。分析表明,该系统与建筑微型消防站的即时响应机制相结合,配合消防车的快速供水,可在火灾确认后5 min内实现有效供水,满足超高层建筑火灾“初期控火黄金时间”要求,为提升超高层建筑火灾扑救效能提供新的思路与技术参考。

超高层建筑  /  干式消防竖管  /  消防系统设计  /  临时设施改造  /  供水效能

Traditional fire water supply systems in super high-rise buildings face several challenges, including high hydrostatic pressure, poor water supply timeliness, insufficient system reliability, and limited tactical flexibility. The dry fire standpipe system offers advantages such as low risk, high flexibility, and ease of maintenance, serving as an effective and important tactical supplement and redundancy solution. This paper analyzes the working principle and core advantages of the dry fire standpipe system, characterized by "empty pipe in normal times, water supply in disasters", and demonstrates its technical feasibility by combining domestic fire truck water supply capabilities with field test data. The study focuses on the feasibility and technical pathways for converting temporary fire hydrant standpipes or concrete pump pipes from the construction phase into permanent dry fire standpipe facilities, and proposes specific design recommendations for dry fire standpipe systems in super high-rise buildings. The analysis shows that, when combined with the immediate response mechanism of building mini-fire stations and supported by rapid water supply from fire trucks, the system can achieve effective water supply within 5 minutes after fire confirmation, meeting the "golden time requirements for initial fire control" in super high-rise buildings. This study aims to provide new ideas and technical references for improving the efficiency of firefighting in super high-rise buildings.

super high-rise building  /  dry fire standpipe  /  fire protection system design  /  temporary facility conversion  /  water supply efficiency
李梅玲, 谢瑞云, 张伟, 李萌析, 黄莉清, 张伟斌. 超高层建筑干式消防竖管系统设计研究. 消防科学与技术, 2026 , 45 (5) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0065.07
Meiling Li, Ruiyun Xie, Wei Zhang, Mengxi Li, Liqing Huang, Weibin Zhang. Design research on dry fire standpipe protection systems for super high-rise buildings[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2026 , 45 (5) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0065.07
随着我国城市化进程深入推进,高层及超高层建筑数量持续增长。《高层建筑消防安全白皮书(2024)》统计,全国已建及在建的150 m以上的建筑数量超过3 500座,占全球总量的48%。然而,建筑高度的攀升使消防安全问题日益严峻。超高层建筑火灾普遍具有火势蔓延迅速(受烟囱效应、风力作用影响)、人员疏散困难(距离长、密度大)和灭火救援难度大(外部救援受限、内部供水压力不足)等特点[1-3]。国内主流消防云梯车作业高度多低于100 m,无法覆盖超高层建筑中高区,而内部供水系统一旦失效,将直接导致灭火行动中断。因此,构建“安全、快速、可靠”的内部灭火剂输送通道,已成为破解超高层建筑火灾难题的关键突破口。
传统的湿式消防给水系统在超高层应用中,面临系统静压过高、供水响应迟缓、可靠性受多重因素制约以及火场战术灵活性差等瓶颈[4]。为此,在完善和确保湿式系统可靠运行的基础上,探索一种能与之互补、提升整体系统韧性的辅助供水方式显得尤为重要。干式消防竖管系统作为一种“按需供水”的独立备用系统,为解决上述特定瓶颈问题提供了新的技术路径。本文通过研究该系统的设计原理与优势,结合测试数据,论证其作为依托微型消防站、实现快速内部响应的补充供水系统在超高层建筑中实施的可行性,并给出具体应用方案。
现行GB 50016—2014《建筑设计防火规范》(2018年版)[5]明确要求,高层建筑必须设置室内消火栓系统,同时需配备消防水泵接合器,旨在实现外部消防车能够顺利地向建筑内部供水,以此保障在火灾发生时消防用水的充足供应,为灭火救援行动提供基础支持。但在超高层建筑的实际应用与消防救援实践中,传统供水方式仍面临以下突出技术难题。
传统湿式系统管网常年充水,使得超高层建筑中产生的巨大静水压力(高度每增加10 m,静压约增加0.1 MPa)对管材、阀门及连接件构成严峻考验。为规避静压限制,系统必须进行竖向分区。然而,分区过多不仅增加了系统复杂度,还引入了更多故障点(如减压阀、中间水箱),降低了整体可靠性。目前,新建的250 m以上超高层建筑为保证供水可靠性,采取将消防水池设置在顶部的措施。此种供水方式对建筑顶部的结构强度和空间体积提出了更高要求,同时导致建筑供水低区可能需要设置减压阀,若减压不当,将引起水流不足或设备损坏[6]。
超高层建筑火灾发生后3~5 min为“初期控火黄金时间”,若无法及时供水,火势将进入猛烈燃烧阶段[7]。传统供水方式存在明显的响应延迟。内部消防泵从火灾报警触发至满负荷运行,需经过“信号传输-泵组启动-压力稳定”环节,耗时60~90 s;消防车通过水泵接合器向内部管网注水时,需依次填充从首层至着火层的所有管道(以200 m超高层建筑为例,管网容积可达50~80 m³),充水时间长达3~5 min,且随高度增加呈线性延长。2种方式均易延误初期控火时机。此外,随着高度增加,管道沿程阻力导致流量与压力显著衰减,难以保障顶层消防设施的出水需求。
系统可靠性受多重因素威胁:管网长期承压,易因阀门老化、接口渗漏引发泄漏;灭火过程中,若非起火层的消火栓被误开,将直接导致着火层压力不足甚至断流。同时,高压区管道长期处于疲劳状态,系统测试与维护需多区域协调,程序烦琐,易产生维护疏漏。
现有系统高度依赖建筑内部管网的完整性,无法有效应对管道爆裂、设备故障等突发状况。若火灾导致管道爆裂(如高温灼烧使钢管强度下降)或水泵故障,将直接切断供水链路,消防员需逐层垂直铺设水带建立临时线路。结合消防队员实际训练数据分析,200 m超高层建筑需铺设水带总长超过400 m,耗时20~30 min,且水带自质量超过80 kg,体力消耗极大。多车串联耦合供水作为应急手段,虽理论上可供水至200 m以上,但实际操作中面临3大难题:一是需协调3~4辆消防车同步加压,车辆调度难度大;二是压力控制精度要求高,压力波动超过0.2 MPa即可能导致水带爆裂;三是水带沿程压力损失大,300 m超高层建筑顶部出水压力仅为底部的30%,难以满足灭火需求。
干式消防竖管系统是独立于建筑内部消防给水管网、预设于建筑竖向通道(如楼梯间、设备井)的空管系统。其核心设计理念为“平时空管,灾时供水”。系统主要由竖向干管、首层专用消防车供水接口、各层消火栓栓口、顶端自动排气阀及必要控制阀门组成。当火灾发生时,消防车通过设置在建筑首层的专用接口向干式竖管系统注水,水流迅速填充竖管,并通过各层设置的消火栓栓口供消防人员使用。为确保快速充水,系统顶端设有自动排气阀,及时排出管道内空气,避免气阻影响供水效率。
系统工作流程分为4个关键阶段,总响应时间可控制在90~180 s。启动阶段:火灾报警触发后,消防员抵达建筑首层,移除专用接口防护盖。连接注水阶段:将消防车水带与首层接口连接,启动消防泵向竖管注水。充水排气阶段:水流沿竖管上升,顶部自动排气阀排出空气,避免气阻影响流速。稳定供水阶段:管道充满水后,消防员在着火层连接水带与消火栓栓口,实现稳定灭火。
相较于传统湿式系统,干式消防竖管系统在超高层建筑中展现出“低风险、高灵活、易维护”的显著优势,可针对性解决现有供水方式的痛点。两者的性能比较见表1。
可作为湿式系统高压分区故障或维修时的独立备用通路。
1)干式竖管平时处于空管状态,无静水压力作用于管道,无须设置复杂的竖向分区与减压阀组,系统架构大幅简化。相比之下,传统湿式供水系统在超高层应用中必须设置多个压力分区,并采用减压阀、中间水箱等复杂措施,引入了更多故障点。
2)彻底解决低温冻结问题,管道内无水状态可适应-30 ℃以下寒冷地区,无须额外设置伴热设施。
1)干式消防竖管为超高层建筑火灾扑救提供了一条独立于内部管网的“消防员专用快速通道”。在湿式系统因火灾损坏(如爆管)或内部管网情况不明时,该系统提供了一条不依赖于原系统的进攻路径,增加了战术选择。系统操作简便,接口标准化,实现了“即接即用”,避免了长距离铺设水带带来的体力消耗与时间延误。消防员在5 min内即可完成消防车与竖管的连接,无须熟悉建筑内部管网布局。
2)系统兼容多类灭火剂,可输送消防水与A类泡沫。其中,A类泡沫密度仅为水的0.9倍,沿程压力损失降低40%~50%,单车供水高度可达195 m,无须接力泵即可覆盖多数超高层建筑中高区。
3)当建筑内部湿式管网爆裂或瘫痪时,干式竖管可作为“备用供水链路”,确保灭火行动不中断。某模拟测试显示,100 m超高层建筑在湿式管网失效后,干式竖管可在60 s内恢复着火层供水。
该系统可与微型消防站配合,实现快速战术供水,用于压制初期火势。通过优化管网设计(增大管径、减少弯头、设置快速排气阀),干式竖管充水时间可大幅缩短:100 m超高层建筑充水时间为60~90 s,较湿式系统缩短50%;200 m超高层建筑充水时间为120~180 s,配合A类泡沫使用时,着火层可在200 s内实现有效灭火(充实水柱≥15 m)。
超高层建筑普遍设有微型消防站,其核心优势在于“首战力量在场”。站内受过专业培训的执勤人员可在火灾确认后1~2 min内携带轻型消防器材抵达建筑首层的干式竖管专用接口,完成与消防车或建筑内常备高压供水设备的连接,启动供水程序。其响应速度远快于等待外部消防救援站(通常要求5 min出警,到场时间更长)。因此,“微型消防站的首响处置”与“干式竖管的快速充水特性”共同构成了一个能够可靠满足“5 min黄金时间”要求的内部分区快速反应体系。干式竖管为微型消防站提供了一条操作简单、无须依赖建筑内部复杂湿式管网的专用快速供水通道,两者协同,极大提升了初起火灾的压制能力。
干式竖管无长期充水导致的腐蚀与疲劳问题,维护成本与难度显著降低:仅需每半年进行1次气压检测(保持0.05~0.10 MPa气压以监测密封性),每次维护耗时≤1 h,较湿式系统(每月1次巡检、每季度1次压力测试)维护效率提升80%;无须定期更换管网内死水,避免了水质变质导致的喷头堵塞;无渍水风险,非火灾状态下管道无水,不会因阀门误动作或管道破裂导致建筑内部水渍损失。
建筑施工阶段广泛使用的临时消火栓竖管或混凝土输送泵管,其竖向贯通路径与干式竖管需求高度契合。将其改造为永久系统,可大幅节省新建成本与工期,实现资源的有效利用。
系统供水高度计算见式(1)。
Hp= H - Hl - H0
式中:Hp为供水高度,m;H为消防车水泵扬程,m;Hl为管道阻力损失,m;H0为消火栓需求压力,m(室内消火栓要求≥0.35 MPa,约为35 m)。
国内普通主战消防车水泵扬程多为60~80 m,实际有效供水高度为20~40 m;高性能消防车扬程可达120 m,有效供水高度为40~80 m。可见,仅依靠消防车自身无法通过干式消防竖管系统将消防水输送至超高层建筑高区。但大功率供水泵可将消防水输送至200 m高的楼层,更高的楼层则需在中部配备转输水泵或手抬水泵接口,通过接力供水的方式进行转输。
对于压缩空气泡沫/A类泡沫,其密度远小于水,在竖管中输送时的沿程压力损失显著降低。研究表明,在相同初始压力下,泡沫的输送高度可达水的2倍以上。徐学军[8]的试验证实,消防车以1.0 MPa压力输送压缩空气泡沫,单车即可满足195 m高度的灭火需求,双车并联可提升至223 m。
1)蜿蜒铺设测试(深圳,48层164 m建筑):采用40型超高压水带(额定压力4.0 MPa),总长度430 m。首层供水压力2.4 MPa时,48层水枪射程达15 m,平均每层水头损失0.018 8 MPa;压力提升至3.0 MPa时,射程仅增至19 m,水头损失占比超过60%,效能提升有限。
2)垂直铺设测试(深圳,47层230 m建筑):采用40型超高压水带,总长420 m(避难层局部蜿蜒)。首层供水压力2.8 MPa时,47层水枪出口压力为0.16 MPa,平均每层水头损失0.002 3 MPa,较蜿蜒铺设降低88%,但充水时间仍需3 min 35 s,且水带垂直悬挂质量超过80 kg,存在坠落风险。
3)三泵接力测试(深圳,65层320 m建筑):采用“消防车+20层手抬泵+40层手抬泵”组合,水带总长980 m。首层供水压力3.4 MPa时,65层水枪出水时间为6 min 20 s,出口压力为0.58 MPa,虽能满足供水需求,但需协调多台设备与人员,战术复杂度高。
本文在某在建住宅建筑中开展了干式消防竖管供水测试试验,见图1~图4。该在建建筑共33层,将其DN125水泥泵管改造为干式消防供水干管,通过在17层(距地面高度50 m)和屋面层(距地面高度100 m)分别设置消火栓出水口,使用消防水罐车进行供水效能测试,测定不同工况下的出水时间及水泵出水口压力,评估消防水罐车通过干式竖管供水在高层灭火中的综合优势。试验分别选取50 m楼层(17层)和100 m楼层(屋面层)进行供水情况测试,具体工况如表2所示。
1)满水测试。采用1条DN65水带接入供水干管,结果显示供水压力为0.5 MPa时流量为30 L/s,供水压力为0.7 MPa时流量为35 L/s,供水压力为1.0 MPa时流量为40 L/s。消防泵压力在0.8 MPa时持续加压,水带流量几乎恒定不变,1条DN65水带的最大流量输出能力约为40 L/s。根据不同供水压力下的水带供水能力,通过理论计算得出消防水带充水时间,如表3所示。为保护供水管路及消防泵,实战中均采取缓慢加压方式,每次加压不超过0.2 MPa。表4显示了本次试验中的充水时间测试结果,可以看出实际测试值较理论计算值略长,尤其是当下方楼层存在漏水点或出水口时,充水时间将大幅增加。对于100 m高的楼层,当下方50 m楼层的消火栓口打开时,充水时间增加了25 s。
2)动压测试。动压测试时,测量消火栓出水压力(0.35 MPa)及充实水柱达到设计压力的时间,同时记录消防车水泵出水口压力变化(每10 s记录一次)。对于建筑高度小于100 m的高层建筑,规范要求充实水柱不小于10 m。表5显示了不同工况下的试验测量结果。当楼层从50 m增加到100 m时,达到满足要求的设计压力所需时间从67 s增加至160 s,相应的水泵出水口压力也从0.90 MPa增加至1.35 MPa。但当下方50 m楼层的消火栓口打开时,达到设计压力的时间仅增加了18 s。与垂直铺设水带相比,钢管的压力损失更小,DN125垂直钢管在40 L/s流量下,每百米扬程压力损失约为0.027 MPa,远低于水带的0.188 MPa。
徐学军曾使用独立的干式竖管对压缩空气泡沫的垂直输送性能进行研究。根据其在广西南宁380 m高的龙光大厦开展的实体试验,当管网末端接一支消防枪喷射时,DN80、DN65和DN50管径的单位长度管网压力损失分别为0.395、0.715、0.871 kPa/m。初始压力为1.0 MPa时,使用单台消防车,泡沫到达满足灭火需求的最高楼层为195 m,到达稳定供给的时间为200 s;使用2台消防车并联时,泡沫到达满足灭火需求的最高楼层为223 m,到达稳定供给的时间为100 s。结合测试情况分析:DN80竖管输送泡沫效能最优,单位长度压力损失最小,单车最高供水高度达195 m;双车并联可显著提升供水高度与速度,稳定供水时间缩短50%,适用于超高层建筑中高区火灾;泡沫灭火效率较纯水提升2.5~3.0倍,可减少灭火剂用量,降低供水系统负荷。
临时消火栓竖管与水泥泵管在超高层建筑施工阶段已完成主体铺设,其安装路径、竖向贯通性与干式竖管的“垂直供水”核心需求高度契合,将“临时工程构件”升级为“永久消防设施”,可大幅减少后期单独施工、重新布管的成本与工期,同时避免对建筑主体结构的二次破坏。
1)优势:已具备“竖管+楼层接口”基础结构,改造难度低。主要改造工作为在首层增设标准消防车接口、顶部加装自动排气阀、最低点设泄水阀,并对关键楼层接口进行标准化升级。
2)挑战与对策:需进行1.5倍设计压力的水压试验,原普通钢管可能需更换为承压能力更强的热镀锌钢管或者无缝钢管(≥2.0 MPa)。原DN100管径有可能偏小,需进行水力校核。
1)优势:泵管本身为高强度耐磨钢管(如Q345B),承压能力极强(可达4.0 MPa以上),管径大(DN125~DN200),水力性能优异,非常适合超高层大流量供水。
2)挑战与对策:改造前必须彻底清理管道内壁混凝土结块,以防堵塞和增大阻力。需在每层新增消防支管与接口,并对焊接点进行无损探伤,确保连接强度与密封性。水泥泵管通常沿建筑核心筒或外墙铺设,需调整部分管道走向,确保使用安全便捷。
基于前文理论分析与测试数据,结合GB 50974—2014《消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范》[7]要求,从系统独立性、管材选型、压力控制等维度,提出超高层建筑干式竖管系统设计建议,确保系统可靠运行。
干式竖管必须独立于建筑内部湿式消防管网,不得共用管道、阀门或水泵,避免相互干扰。系统不设常备水源,仅在火灾时由消防车或临时泵组供水,避免平时充水导致的静压问题。
1)管材:优先选用热镀锌钢管(DN100~DN150)或不锈钢管,300 m以上超高层高区选用Q345B耐磨钢管;系统承压能力应根据建筑高度确定,超100 m建筑不应低于2.0 MPa。
2)管径:通过水力计算确定,设计流量≥15 L/s,100 m以下超高层管径≥DN100,100~200 m超高层≥DN125,200 m以上超高层≥DN150。
3)标志:外壁涂刷红色消防专用漆,标注“干式消防竖管”与水流方向(箭头标志)。
1)压力分区:结合消防车供水高度及避难层,在干式竖管上设置止回阀,避免底部管道承压过高。
2)流量保障:首层水泵接合器接口口径根据流量确定,但不应小于DN100。
3)压力监测:在首层与避难层接口处设置压力表(量程0~4.0 MPa),便于消防员实时监测供水压力。
1)自动排气阀:设置于竖管顶端,选用快速排气型,阀体材质为不锈钢,防止腐蚀。
2)泄水阀:设置于竖管最低点,管径DN50,配截止阀与排水软管,软管接入排水管网,避免排水漫流。
3)楼层接口:每层设置2个DN65消火栓接口,接口高度1.1 m,加装闷盖与保护罩,接口处悬挂操作说明牌(标注“干式竖管,火灾时开启”)。
4)避难层接力接口:结合消防车供水高度和避难层,设置DN100手抬泵接口,便于消防员连接接力泵(见图5),接口处设明显标志(如“接力供水接口”)。
1)日常维护:每半年进行1次气压检测(系统充入0.05~0.10 MPa压缩空气,24 h压力降≤5%),检查阀门状态与接口密封性;每年进行1次水压试验。
2)标志管理:首层水泵接合器周围15~40 m范围内设置室外消火栓或取水口,设红色警示标志,便于消防员识别。
3)培训演练:定期组织消防演练,确保消防员熟悉干式竖管接口位置与操作流程,演练频率不少于每季度1次。
一个完备的超高层建筑消防供水体系应呈现“湿式系统为主,干式竖管为辅”的架构。湿式消火栓系统负责提供覆盖全楼、全天候、常态化的被动防护;而干式消防竖管系统则作为主动的、战术性的强化与备用手段。二者关系并非替代,而是功能上的叠加与冗余。日常消防管理应以保障湿式系统的绝对可靠性为核心;同时,干式竖管系统应保持“随时可用”的战备状态,当面临极端情况(如内部管网失效、需建立高点灭火阵地、使用特殊灭火剂)时,为消防员提供第二条可靠的生命线。
干式消防竖管系统作为超高层建筑传统湿式系统的有效补充,以其独特的“平时空管、灾时供水”模式,在规避静压风险、提升战术灵活性、增强系统可靠性和简化维护方面展现出显著优势。理论分析与实地测试均证明了其技术可行性。利用建筑施工阶段的临时竖管进行改造,是一条经济、高效的实现路径,符合资源节约原则。随着标准体系的完善与工程实践的积累,该系统有望成为超高层建筑消防系统的核心组成部分,为提升我国超高层火灾防控能力提供有力支撑。
1)标准完善:建议国家消防标准制定机构加快《超高层建筑干式消防竖管设计规范》的编制,明确系统设计参数、改造技术要求及验收标准,填补行业空白。
2)制度建设:建立与干式消防竖管系统配套的运维管理制度,将干式竖管的检查、测试及人员培训正式纳入建筑整体消防安全管理体系,明确责任主体,确保其与微型消防站协同机制的有效性,做到“平战结合”,随时可用。
3)工程推广:鼓励超高层建筑项目在设计阶段即考虑干式竖管系统,优先采用“临时构件改造”方案,将临时消火栓竖管或水泥泵管纳入永久消防系统规划,实现“施工-竣工-使用”的无缝衔接。
4)设备配套:推动消防设备厂商研发适配干式竖管的专用设备,如大流量快速排气阀、高压泡沫输送接口、便携式手抬泵等,提升系统整体效能。
5)实战演练:各地消防部门应加强超高层干式竖管系统的实战演练,重点训练接力供水、泡沫输送等复杂工况,确保火灾时系统能够高效运行。

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doi: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.05.0065.07
  • 接收时间:2025-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-28
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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    1广州市消防救援支队,广东 广州 510665
    2斯美特(深圳)安全技术顾问有限公司,广东 深圳 518055
    3深圳因特安全技术有限公司,广东 深圳 518022
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